CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Diethylstilbestrol - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bd46ca97-3c57-4c0d-a22c-aa071604faf7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Diethylstilbestrol","wgTitle":"Diethylstilbestrol","wgCurRevisionId":1268962011,"wgRevisionId":1268962011,"wgArticleId":294975,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2020","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Short description is different from Wikidata","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Drugs with no legal status","Articles needing additional references from September 2017","All articles needing additional references", "Articles needing additional references from May 2019","Articles needing additional references from August 2022","Citation overkill","Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from July 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020","Webarchive template wayback links","Abandoned drugs","Antigonadotropins","Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company","Endocrine disruptors","GPER modulators","Hormonal antineoplastic drugs","IARC Group 1 carcinogens","Intersex healthcare","4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds","Stilbenoids","Synthetic estrogens","Teratogens","Withdrawn drugs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Diethylstilbestrol","wgRelevantArticleId":294975,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q423989","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png/1200px-Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="729"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png/800px-Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="486"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png/640px-Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="389"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Diethylstilbestrol - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Diethylstilbestrol rootpage-Diethylstilbestrol skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Diethylstilbestrol" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Diethylstilbestrol" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Diethylstilbestrol" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Diethylstilbestrol" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Medical uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breast_changes_and_feminization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breast_changes_and_feminization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Breast changes and feminization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breast_changes_and_feminization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_clots_and_cardiovascular_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_clots_and_cardiovascular_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Blood clots and cardiovascular issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_clots_and_cardiovascular_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_long-term_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_long-term_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other long-term effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_long-term_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estrogenic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estrogenic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Estrogenic activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estrogenic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antigonadotropic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigonadotropic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Antigonadotropic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigonadotropic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Other activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Synthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Clinical use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Medical ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Lawsuits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Veterinary use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Veterinary use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canine_incontinence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canine_incontinence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Canine incontinence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canine_incontinence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_growth_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_growth_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Livestock growth promotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_growth_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Diethylstilbestrol</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="ثنائي إيثيل ستيلبوستيرول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي إيثيل ستيلبوستيرول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="دی‌اتیل‌استیل بسترول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دی‌اتیل‌استیل بسترول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietilestilbestrol" title="Dietilestilbestrol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dietilestilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diethylstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuethylstilbestrol" title="Deuethylstilbestrol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deuethylstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diethylstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet%C3%BC%C3%BClstilbestrool" title="Dietüülstilbestrool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dietüülstilbestrool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietilestilbestrol" title="Dietilestilbestrol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dietilestilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="دی‌اتیل‌استیل بسترول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌اتیل‌استیل بسترول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9thylstilbestrol" title="Diéthylstilbestrol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diéthylstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9-eitilstilbeastr%C3%B3l" title="Dé-eitilstilbeastról – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dé-eitilstilbeastról" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietilstilbestrolo" title="Dietilstilbestrolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dietilstilbestrolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Диетилстилбестрол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Диетилстилбестрол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ഡൈഈതൈൽസ്റ്റിൽബെസ്ട്രോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡൈഈതൈൽസ്റ്റിൽബെസ്ട്രോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di-ethylstilbestrol" title="Di-ethylstilbestrol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Di-ethylstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジエチルスチルベストロール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジエチルスチルベストロール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietylostylbestrol" title="Dietylostylbestrol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dietylostylbestrol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietilestilbestrol" title="Dietilestilbestrol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dietilestilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietilstilbestrol" title="Dietilstilbestrol – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dietilstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietilstilbestrol" title="Dietilstilbestrol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dietilstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietylstilbestrol" title="Dietylstilbestrol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dietylstilbestrol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Діетилстильбестрол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діетилстильбестрол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E7%83%AF%E9%9B%8C%E9%85%9A" title="己烯雌酚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="己烯雌酚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q423989#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Diethylstilbestrol" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Diethylstilbestrol" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Diethylstilbestrol" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&oldid=1268962011" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Diethylstilbestrol&id=1268962011&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDiethylstilbestrol">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDiethylstilbestrol">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Diethylstilbestrol&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diethylstilbestrol" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q423989" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Diethylstilbestrol</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Diethylstilbestrol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Diethylstilbestrol.svg/250px-Diethylstilbestrol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Diethylstilbestrol.svg/375px-Diethylstilbestrol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Diethylstilbestrol.svg/500px-Diethylstilbestrol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="225" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png/250px-Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png/375px-Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png/500px-Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1556" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">DES; Stilboestrol; Stilbestrol; (E)-11,12-Diethyl-4,13-stilbenediol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/cons/diethylstilbestrol.html">Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>X</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">vaginal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous injection">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> (as an <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_estrogen" title="Nonsteroidal estrogen">Nonsteroidal estrogen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03" title="ATC code G03">G03CB02</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G03CB02">WHO</a>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03" title="ATC code G03">G03CC05</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G03CC05">WHO</a>), <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L02" title="ATC code L02">L02AA01</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L02AA01">WHO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Well-absorbed<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">>95%<a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">Hydroxylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a><a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8428334-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">• <a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">(Z,Z)-Dienestrol</a><a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a><a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glucuronide" title="Glucuronide">Glucuronides</a><a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8428334-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 hours<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7154205-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a><a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8428334-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">4,4'-[(3E)-Hex-3-ene-3,4-diyl]diphenol</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=56-53-1">56-53-1</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/448537">448537</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2801">2801</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00255">DB00255</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.395306.html">395306</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/731DCA35BT">731DCA35BT</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00577">D00577</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:41922">CHEBI:41922</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL411">ChEMBL411</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3020465">DTXSID3020465</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423989#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.253">100.000.253</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423989#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C18H20O2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">268.356 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Oc2ccc%28%2FC%28%3DC%28%2Fc1ccc%28O%29cc1%29CC%29CC%29cc2">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Oc2ccc(/C(=C(/c1ccc(O)cc1)CC)CC)cc2</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C18H20O2/c1-3-17(13-5-9-15(19)10-6-13)18(4-2)14-7-11-16(20)12-8-14/h5-12,19-20H,3-4H2,1-2H3/b18-17+ <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:RGLYKWWBQGJZGM-ISLYRVAYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464188812&page2=Diethylstilbestrol">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Diethylstilbestrol (DES), also known as stilbestrol or stilboestrol, is a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_estrogen" title="Nonsteroidal estrogen">nonsteroidal estrogen</a> medication, which is presently rarely used.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2005-7">[7]</a> In the past, it was widely used for a variety of indications, including <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> support for those with a history of <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_miscarriage" title="Recurrent miscarriage">recurrent miscarriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone_therapy" title="Hormone therapy">hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal symptoms">menopausal symptoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen deficiency">estrogen deficiency</a>, treatment of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, and other uses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a> By 2007, it was only used in the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins2007-8">[8]</a> In 2011, Hoover and colleagues reported adverse reproductive health outcomes linked to DES including <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preeclampsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Preeclampsia">preeclampsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">preterm birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infant_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant death">infant death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a> prior to age 45, breast cancer, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">vaginal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> While most commonly taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>, DES was available for use by other <a href="/wiki/Routes_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Routes of administration">routes</a> as well, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">vaginal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injection</a>. DES is an <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">biological target</a> of estrogens like <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2005-7">[7]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_estrogen" title="Nonsteroidal estrogen">nonsteroidal estrogen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stilbestrol" title="Stilbestrol">stilbestrol</a> group, and differs from the <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">natural</a> estrogen <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2005-7">[7]</a> Compared to estradiol, DES has greatly improved <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> when taken by mouth, is more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, and shows relatively increased effects in certain parts of the body like the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2005-7">[7]</a> These differences result in DES having an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Blood_clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clot">blood clots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular issues</a>, and certain other adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2005-7">[7]</a> DES was discovered in 1938 and introduced for medical use in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16096877-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FeldbergLadd-Taylor2003-11">[11]</a> From about 1940 to 1971, the medication was given to pregnant women in the incorrect belief that it would reduce the risk of pregnancy complications and losses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16096877-10">[10]</a> In 1971, DES was shown to cause <a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma_of_the_vagina" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina">clear-cell carcinoma</a>, a rare <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal tumor">vaginal tumor</a>, in those who had been exposed to this medication <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">in utero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16096877-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> subsequently withdrew approval of DES as a treatment for pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16096877-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a> Follow-up studies have indicated that DES also has the potential to cause a variety of significant adverse medical complications during the lifetimes of those exposed including infertility.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16096877-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlDES_Update:_For_Consumers._Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention-12">[12]</a> The United States <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> recommends<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> children born to mothers who took DES to undergo special medical exams on a regular basis to screen for complications as a result of the medication. Individuals who were exposed to DES during their mothers' pregnancies are commonly referred to as "DES daughters" and "DES sons".<a href="#cite_note-pmid16096877-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Broadly-DES-Daughters-2017-14">[14]</a> Since the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> effects of DES, it has largely been discontinued and is now mostly no longer marketed for human treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16096877-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15063479-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Special:EditPage/Diethylstilbestrol">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> DES has been used in the past for the following indications:<a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_miscarriage" title="Recurrent miscarriage">Recurrent miscarriage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">Menopausal hormone therapy</a> for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Menopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal">menopausal</a> <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atrophic_vaginitis" title="Atrophic vaginitis">vaginal atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">Hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hypoestrogenism" title="Hypoestrogenism">hypoestrogenism</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadal_dysgenesis" title="Gonadal dysgenesis">gonadal dysgenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premature_ovarian_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature ovarian failure">premature ovarian failure</a>, and after <a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">oophorectomy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpartum">Postpartum</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactation_suppression" title="Lactation suppression">lactation suppression</a> to prevent or reverse <a href="/wiki/Breast_engorgement" title="Breast engorgement">breast engorgement</a><a href="#cite_note-Vorherr2012-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrheal</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">vaginitis</a> (discontinued following the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li> <li>Prevention of <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">tall stature</a> in tall adolescent girls</li> <li>Treatment of <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> in girls and women</li> <li>As an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency contraceptive">emergency postcoital contraceptive</a></li> <li>As a means of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a> for treating <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_offender" title="Sex offender">sex offenders</a><a href="#cite_note-Chatz1972-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>]</li> <li>Prevention of the <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> flare at the start of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_agonist" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist">gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist</a> (GnRH agonist) therapy<a href="#cite_note-pmid16986003-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8481213-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2973364-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3920802-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2969641-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7688656-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid10678560-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">Feminizing hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamburger1969-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid794803-26">[26]</a></li></ul> DES was used at a dosage of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/day in <a href="/wiki/Menopausal_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal hormone therapy">menopausal hormone therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchsbaum2012-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a> Interest in the use of DES to treat prostate cancer continues today.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29600433-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24256023-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid22578092-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14532759-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15046698-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11502463-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7500443-34">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] However, use of <a href="/wiki/Bioidentical_hormone_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioidentical hormone therapy">bioidentical</a> <a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">parenteral</a> estrogens like <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a> has been advocated in favor of oral synthetic estrogens like DES due to their much lower risk of cardiovascular toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17239273-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15046698-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7500443-34">[34]</a> In addition to prostate cancer, some interest in the use of DES to treat breast cancer continues today as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27889048a-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid1627392-37">[37]</a> However, similarly to the case of prostate cancer, arguments have been made<a href="#cite_note-EllisDehdahti2014-38">[38]</a> for the use of bioidentical estrogens like <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> instead of DES for breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27889048a-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-EllisDehdahti2014-38">[38]</a> Oral DES at 0.25 to 0.5 mg/day is effective in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a> in men undergoing <a href="/wiki/Androgen_deprivation_therapy" title="Androgen deprivation therapy">androgen deprivation therapy</a> for prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31367069-39">[39]</a> Although DES was used to support pregnancy, it was later found not to be effective for this use and to actually be harmful.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12918007-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23392570-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Langston2016-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3538427-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> At more than 1 mg/day, DES is associated with high rates of <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> including <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_discomfort" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal discomfort">abdominal discomfort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a> (incidence of 15–50%).<a href="#cite_note-pmid13638626-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breast_changes_and_feminization">Breast changes and feminization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Breast changes and feminization">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Pigmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmentation">pigmentation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> <a href="/wiki/Areolae" class="mw-redirect" title="Areolae">areolae</a> are often very dark and almost black with DES therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Del_CastilloArgonz1954-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Labhart2012-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-DavisBoynton1941-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-DavisBoynton1945-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21433876-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-LisserCurtis1947-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamblen1943-51">[51]</a> The pigmentation that occurs with synthetic estrogens such as DES is much greater than with natural estrogens such as <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Del_CastilloArgonz1954-45">[45]</a> The mechanism of the difference is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)" title="Progestogen (medication)">Progestogens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a> have been reported to reduce the nipple hyperpigmentation induced by high-dose estrogen therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14278040-52">[52]</a> In men treated with it for prostate cancer, DES has been found to produce high rates of <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> (breast development) of 41 to 77%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16321765-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_clots_and_cardiovascular_issues">Blood clots and cardiovascular issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blood clots and cardiovascular issues">edit</a>]</div> In studies of DES as a form of <a href="/wiki/High-dose_estrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="High-dose estrogen">high-dose estrogen</a> therapy for those with <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, it has been associated with considerable <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular</a> <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24256023-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4276416-5">[5]</a> The risk is dose-dependent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24256023-29">[29]</a> A dosage of 5 mg/day DES has been associated with a 36% increase in non-cancer-related (mostly cardiovascular) deaths.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24256023-29">[29]</a> In addition, there is an up to 15% incidence of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24932461-54">[54]</a> A 3 mg/day dosage of DES has been associated with an incidence of <a href="/wiki/Thromboembolism" title="Thromboembolism">thromboembolism</a> of 9.6 to 17%, with an incidence of cardiovascular complications of 33.3%.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24256023-29">[29]</a> A lower dosage of 1 mg/day DES has been associated with a rate of death due to cardiovascular events of 14.8% (relative to 8.3% for <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a> alone).<a href="#cite_note-pmid24256023-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_long-term_effects">Other long-term effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other long-term effects">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Birth_defects_of_diethylstilbestrol" title="Birth defects of diethylstilbestrol">Birth defects of diethylstilbestrol</a></div> DES has been linked to a variety of long-term adverse effects in women who were treated with it during pregnancy, and/or in their offspring, including increased risk of the following:<a href="#cite_note-pmid12918007-40">[40]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_clear-cell_adenocarcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma">vaginal clear-cell adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_adenosis" title="Vaginal adenosis">vaginal adenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-shaped_uterus" title="T-shaped uterus">T-shaped uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine fibroids">uterine fibroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_weakness" title="Cervical weakness">cervical weakness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersexuality">intersexual</a> <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">gestational defects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a></li></ul> A comprehensive animal study in 1993 found a <a href="/wiki/Plethora" title="Plethora">plethora</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> from DES such as (but not limited to) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genotoxicity</a> (due to <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenicity">teratogenicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile">penile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicular</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypoplasia" title="Hypoplasia">hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">cryptorchidism</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhesus monkey">rhesus monkeys</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Hamster" title="Hamster">hamsters</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Papillary_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary carcinoma">papillary carcinoma</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">canines</a>), and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterine</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">mesothelioma</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_monkey" title="Squirrel monkey">squirrel monkeys</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Evidence was also found linking ADHD to F2 generations, demonstrating that there is at least some neurological and transgenerational effects in addition to the carcinogenic.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li></ul> Rodent studies reveal female reproductive tract cancers and abnormalities reaching to the <a href="/wiki/F2_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="F2 generation">F2 generation</a>, and there is evidence of adverse effects such as irregular menstrual cycles intersexual in grandchildren of DES mothers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Additionally, evidence also points to transgenerational effects in F2 sons, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypospadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypospadia">hypospadias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> At this time however, the extent of DES <a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">transgenerational</a> effects in humans is not fully understood.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> DES has been assessed in the past in clinical studies at extremely high doses of as much as 1,500 to 5,000 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27889048a-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid576887-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13005120-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estrogenic_activity">Estrogenic activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Estrogenic activity">edit</a>]</div> DES is an <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a>; specifically, it is a highly potent <a href="/wiki/Full_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Full agonist">full agonist</a> of both of the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptors</a> (ERs).<a href="#cite_note-Jordan2013-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-SeilerAutrup2012-62">[62]</a> It has approximately 468% and 295% of the <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> at the <a href="/wiki/ER%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ERα">ERα</a> and <a href="/wiki/ER%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERβ">ERβ</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9048584-63">[63]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a> values of 0.18 nM and 0.06 nM of DES for the ERα and ERβ, respectively, have been reported, suggesting, in spite of its binding affinity for the two receptors, several-fold preference for activation of the ERβ over the ERα.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22294742-64">[64]</a> In addition to the nuclear ERs, DES is an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_estrogen_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor">G protein-coupled estrogen receptor</a> (GPER), albeit with relatively low affinity (~1,000 nM).<a href="#cite_note-pmid26023144-65">[65]</a> DES produces all of the same biological effects attributed to natural estrogens like estradiol.<a href="#cite_note-LacknerTulsky1941-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-JacobsenChristensen1939-67">[67]</a> This includes effects in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LacknerTulsky1941-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-JacobsenChristensen1939-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-LewisTurner1941-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-LewisTurner1942-69">[69]</a> A dosage of 1 mg/day DES is approximately equivalent to a dosage of 50 μg/day ethinylestradiol in terms of systemic estrogenic potency.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7154205-4">[4]</a> Similarly to <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, DES shows a marked and disproportionately strong effect on <a href="/wiki/Liver#Metabolism" title="Liver">liver protein synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuhl2005-7">[7]</a> Whereas its systemic estrogenic potency was about 3.8-fold of that of <a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">estropipate</a> (piperazine estrone sulfate), which has similar potency to <a href="/wiki/Micronized_estradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronized estradiol">micronized estradiol</a>, the hepatic estrogenic potency of DES was 28-fold that of estropipate (or about 7.5-fold stronger potency for a dosage with equivalent systemic estrogenic effect).<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> DES has at least three <a href="/wiki/Mechanisms_of_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanisms of action">mechanisms of action</a> in the treatment of prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-70">[70]</a> It suppresses <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonadal</a> androgen production and hence circulating androgen levels due to its <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> effects; it stimulates hepatic <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) production, thereby increasing circulating levels of SHBG and decreasing the free fraction of testosterone and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) in the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a>; and it may have direct <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytotoxic">cytotoxic</a> effects in the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-70">[70]</a> DES has also been found to decrease <a href="/wiki/DNA_synthesis" title="DNA synthesis">DNA synthesis</a> at high doses.<a href="#cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-70">[70]</a> DES is a long-acting estrogen, with a nuclear retention of around 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2013-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-WallachHammond1982-72">[72]</a> <table style="font-size: small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;" class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: 105%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relative_oral_potencies_of_estrogens" title="Template:Relative oral potencies of estrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relative_oral_potencies_of_estrogens" title="Template talk:Relative oral potencies of estrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relative_oral_potencies_of_estrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relative oral potencies of estrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Relative oral potencies of estrogens </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Estrogen</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Hot_flashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot flashes"><abbr title="Hot flashes">HF</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Hot flashes</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium" title="Vaginal epithelium"><abbr title="Vaginal epithelium">VE</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vaginal epithelium</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_calcium" title="Urinary calcium"><abbr title="Urinary calcium">UCa</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Urinary calcium</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone"><abbr title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Luteinizing hormone</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein"><abbr title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip High-density lipoprotein-<a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol"><abbr title="Cholesterol">C</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cholesterol</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid-binding_globulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroid-binding globulin"><abbr title="Corticosteroid-binding globulin">CBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Corticosteroid-binding globulin</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Angiotensinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensinogen"><abbr title="Angiotensinogen">AGT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Angiotensinogen</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><abbr title="Ratio of liver estrogenic effects to general/systemic estrogenic effects)">Liver</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrone_(medication)" title="Estrone (medication)">Estrone</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">Estriol</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>0.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate_(medication)" title="Estrone sulfate (medication)">Estrone sulfate</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.8–0.9</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>0.5–0.7</td> <td>1.4–1.5</td> <td>0.56–1.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.1–1.3</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>3.0–3.2</td> <td>1.3–1.5</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>1.3–4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equilin_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilin sulfate">Equilin sulfate</a></td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></td> <td>120</td> <td>150</td> <td>400</td> <td>60–150</td> <td>100</td> <td>400</td> <td>500–600</td> <td>500–600</td> <td>350</td> <td>2.9–5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diethylstilbestrol</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>2.9–3.4</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>26–28</td> <td>25–37</td> <td>20</td> <td>5.7–7.5 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="11" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Sources and footnotes</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> Notes: Values are ratios, with estradiol as standard (i.e., 1.0). Abbreviations: <abbr title="Hot flashes">HF</abbr> = Clinical relief of <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a>. <abbr title="Vaginal epithelium">VE</abbr> = Increased <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">proliferation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium" title="Vaginal epithelium">vaginal epithelium</a>. <abbr title="Urinary calcium">UCa</abbr> = Decrease in <a href="/wiki/Urinary_calcium" title="Urinary calcium"><abbr title="urinary calcium">UCa</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip urinary calcium. <abbr title="follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</abbr> = Suppression of <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone"><abbr title="follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone levels. <abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr> = Suppression of <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone levels. <abbr title="high-density lipoprotein">HDL</abbr>-<abbr title="cholesterol">C</abbr>, <abbr title="sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr>, <abbr title="corticosteroid-binding globulin">CBG</abbr>, and <abbr title="angiotensinogen">AGT</abbr> = Increase in the serum levels of these <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein">liver proteins</a>. Liver = Ratio of liver estrogenic effects to general/systemic estrogenic effects (hot flashes/<a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a>). Sources: See template.</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright" style="font-size: small; margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size: 105%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oral_potencies_of_estrogens" title="Template:Oral potencies of estrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oral_potencies_of_estrogens" title="Template talk:Oral potencies of estrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oral_potencies_of_estrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oral potencies of estrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Potencies of oral estrogens<a href="#cite_note-92">[data sources 1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width=100px;" rowspan="2">Compound </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6">Dosage for specific uses (mg usually)<a href="#cite_note-93">[a]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" style="width=100px;"><abbr title="Endometrial threshold dose">ETD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-2-3-94">[b]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width=100px;"><abbr title="Endometrial proliferation dose">EPD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-2-3-94">[b]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width=100px;"><abbr title="Menopausal substitution dose">MSD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-2-3-94">[b]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width=100px;"><abbr title="Menopausal substitution dose">MSD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-daily-95">[c]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width=100px;"><abbr title="Ovulation-inhibiting dose">OID</abbr><a href="#cite_note-daily-95">[c]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width=100px;"><abbr title="Testosterone suppression dose">TSD</abbr><a href="#cite_note-daily-95">[c]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol (non-micronized)</a> </th> <td>30</td> <td>≥120–300</td> <td>120</td> <td>6</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol (micronized)</a> </th> <td>6–12</td> <td>60–80</td> <td>14–42</td> <td>1–2</td> <td>>5</td> <td>>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">Estradiol valerate</a> </th> <td>6–12</td> <td>60–80</td> <td>14–42</td> <td>1–2</td> <td>-</td> <td>>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate" title="Estradiol benzoate">Estradiol benzoate</a> </th> <td>-</td> <td>60–140</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">Estriol</a> </th> <td>≥20</td> <td>120–150<a href="#cite_note-div-96">[d]</a></td> <td>28–126</td> <td>1–6</td> <td>>5</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Estriol_succinate" title="Estriol succinate">Estriol succinate</a> </th> <td>-</td> <td>140–150<a href="#cite_note-div-96">[d]</a></td> <td>28–126</td> <td>2–6</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate_(medication)" title="Estrone sulfate (medication)">Estrone sulfate</a> </th> <td>12</td> <td>60</td> <td>42</td> <td>2</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a> </th> <td>5–12</td> <td>60–80</td> <td>8.4–25</td> <td>0.625–1.25</td> <td>>3.75</td> <td>7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a> </th> <td>200 μg</td> <td>1–2</td> <td>280 μg</td> <td>20–40 μg</td> <td>100 μg</td> <td>100 μg </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a> </th> <td>300 μg</td> <td>1.5–3.0</td> <td>300–600 μg</td> <td>25–30 μg</td> <td>>80 μg</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a> </th> <td>300 μg</td> <td>2–4</td> <td>500 μg</td> <td>25–50 μg</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a> </th> <td>-</td> <td>2</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;">Diethylstilbestrol </th> <td>2.5</td> <td>20–30</td> <td>11</td> <td>0.5–2.0</td> <td>>5</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol_dipropionate" title="Diethylstilbestrol dipropionate">DES dipropionate</a> </th> <td>-</td> <td>15–30</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> </th> <td>5</td> <td>30–40</td> <td>42</td> <td>0.5–4.0</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a> </th> <td>3–5</td> <td>30–60</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> </th> <td>-</td> <td>70–110</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a> </th> <td>-</td> <td>>100</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>>48</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a> </th> <td>-</td> <td>400</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="8" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Sources and footnotes:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-pmid2215269-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid559617-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-WolfSchneider2013-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-GöretzlehnerLauritzen2012-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-KnörrBeller2013-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-HorskyPresl1981-78">[78]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Pschyrembel1968-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid779393-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lauritzen1975-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kopera1991-82">[82]</a> <a href="#cite_note-pmid29603164-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29756046-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rydén1950-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14902290-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kottmeier1947-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-RietbrockStaib2013-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenblatt1966-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-HerrRevesz1970-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid13370006-91">[91]</a> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Dosages are given in milligrams unless otherwise noted. </li> <li id="cite_note-2-3-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2-3_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2-3_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2-3_94-2">c</a> Dosed every 2 to 3 weeks </li> <li id="cite_note-daily-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daily_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daily_95-2">c</a> Dosed daily </li> <li id="cite_note-div-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-div_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-div_96-1">b</a> In divided doses, 3x/day; irregular and atypical proliferation. </li> </ol></div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_nonsteroidal_estrogens" title="Template:Parenteral potencies and durations of nonsteroidal estrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_nonsteroidal_estrogens" title="Template talk:Parenteral potencies and durations of nonsteroidal estrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenteral_potencies_and_durations_of_nonsteroidal_estrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenteral potencies and durations of nonsteroidal estrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Parenteral potencies and durations of nonsteroidal estrogens </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Estrogen</th> <th>Form</th> <th>Major brand name(s)</th> <th data-sort-type="number"><abbr title="Endometrial proliferation dose">EPD</abbr> (14 days)</th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Duration </th></tr> <tr> <td>Diethylstilbestrol (DES)</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>Metestrol</td> <td>20 mg</td> <td>1 mg ≈ 2–3 days; 3 mg ≈ 3 days </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol_dipropionate" title="Diethylstilbestrol dipropionate">Diethylstilbestrol dipropionate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>Cyren B</td> <td>12.5–15 mg</td> <td>2.5 mg ≈ 5 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>?</td> <td>5 mg</td> <td>? mg = 21–28 days </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (<abbr title="diethylstilbestrol">DES</abbr> dimethyl ether)</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>Depot-Cyren, Depot-Oestromon, Retalon Retard</td> <td>20–40 mg</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (<abbr title="diethylstilbestrol">DES</abbr> diphosphate)</a>a</td> <td>Aqueous solution</td> <td>Honvan</td> <td>?</td> <td><1 day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></td> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>Farmacyrol-Kristallsuspension</td> <td>50 mg</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol_dipropionate" title="Hexestrol dipropionate">Hexestrol dipropionate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>Hormoestrol, Retalon Oleosum</td> <td>25 mg</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol_diphosphate" title="Hexestrol diphosphate">Hexestrol diphosphate</a>a</td> <td>Aqueous solution</td> <td>Cytostesin, Pharmestrin, Retalon Aquosum</td> <td>?</td> <td>Very short </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Note: All by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> unless otherwise noted. Footnotes: a = By <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous injection">intravenous injection</a>. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antigonadotropic_effects">Antigonadotropic effects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antigonadotropic effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_levels_with_different_estrogen_therapies_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Testosterone_levels_with_different_estrogen_therapies_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png/300px-Testosterone_levels_with_different_estrogen_therapies_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Testosterone_levels_with_different_estrogen_therapies_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png/450px-Testosterone_levels_with_different_estrogen_therapies_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Testosterone_levels_with_different_estrogen_therapies_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png/600px-Testosterone_levels_with_different_estrogen_therapies_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>Testosterone levels with no treatment and with various estrogens in men with prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4359746-97">[92]</a> Determinations were made with an early <a href="/wiki/Radioimmunoassay" title="Radioimmunoassay">radioimmunoassay</a> (RIA).<a href="#cite_note-pmid4359746-97">[92]</a> Source was Shearer et al. (1973).<a href="#cite_note-pmid4359746-97">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_levels_with_0.2_to_5_mg_per_day_diethylstilbestrol_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Testosterone_levels_with_0.2_to_5_mg_per_day_diethylstilbestrol_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png/300px-Testosterone_levels_with_0.2_to_5_mg_per_day_diethylstilbestrol_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Testosterone_levels_with_0.2_to_5_mg_per_day_diethylstilbestrol_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png/450px-Testosterone_levels_with_0.2_to_5_mg_per_day_diethylstilbestrol_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Testosterone_levels_with_0.2_to_5_mg_per_day_diethylstilbestrol_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png/600px-Testosterone_levels_with_0.2_to_5_mg_per_day_diethylstilbestrol_in_men_with_prostate_cancer.png 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Testosterone levels with placebo and 0.2 to 5 mg/day diethylstilbestrol (DES) for 6 months in men with prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4699685-98">[93]</a> Determinations were made with a <a href="/wiki/Radioimmunoassay" title="Radioimmunoassay">radioimmunoassay</a> (RIA).<a href="#cite_note-pmid4699685-98">[93]</a> Source was Kent et al. (1973).<a href="#cite_note-pmid4699685-98">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> Due to its estrogenic activity, DES has <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29603164-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salam2003-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16406864-100">[95]</a> That is, it exerts <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> (HPG axis), suppresses the <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) and <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH), and suppresses <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a> production or maturation in the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29603164-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salam2003-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16406864-100">[95]</a> A study of <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a> inhibition found that 5 mg/day oral DES was 92% effective, with ovulation occurring in only a single cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Greenblatt1966B-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-HerrRevesz1970-90">[90]</a> DES consistently suppresses testosterone levels in men into the castrate range (<50 ng/dL) within 1 to 2 weeks at doses of 3 mg/day and above.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29603164-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16406864-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6436700-102">[97]</a> Conversely, a dosage of 1 mg/day DES is unable to fully suppress testosterone levels into the castrate range in men, which instead often stabilize at just above castrate levels (>50 ng/dL).<a href="#cite_note-pmid24256023-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salam2003-99">[94]</a> However, it has also been reported that 1 mg/day DES results in approximately 50% suppression of testosterone levels, albeit with wide <a href="/wiki/Interindividual_variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Interindividual variability">interindividual variability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29603164-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2669792-103">[98]</a> It has been said that doses of DES of less than 1 mg/day have no effect on testosterone levels.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29603164-83">[83]</a> However, the addition of an "extremely low" dosage of 0.1 mg/day DES to <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a> has been found to result in a synergistic antigonadotropic effect and to suppress testosterone levels into the castrate range in men.<a href="#cite_note-SchröderRadlmaier2009-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2973529-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8677581-106">[101]</a> DES at 3 mg/day has similar testosterone suppression to a dose of 300 mg/day, suggesting that suppression of testosterone levels is maximal by 3 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid5124437-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the ERs, an <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> study found that DES also possesses activity, albeit relatively weak, at a variety of other <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">steroid hormone receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22294742-64">[64]</a> Whereas the study found <a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a> values of 0.18 nM and 0.06 nM of DES for the ERα and ERβ, respectively, the medication showed significant <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> activity at a concentration of 1 μM that surpassed that of 0.1 nM <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, as well as significant <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">progesterone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">mineralocorticoid receptors</a> (75%, 85%, and 50% inhibition of positive control stimulation, respectively, all at a concentration of 1 μM).<a href="#cite_note-pmid22294742-64">[64]</a> It also showed approximately 25% inhibition of the activation of <a href="/wiki/PPAR%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="PPARγ">PPARγ</a> and <a href="/wiki/LXR%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="LXRα">LXRα</a> at a concentration of 10 μM.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22294742-64">[64]</a> The researchers stated that, to the best of their knowledge, they were the first to report such actions of DES, and hypothesized that these actions could be involved in the clinical effects of DES, for instance, in prostate cancer (notably in which particularly high dosages of DES are employed).<a href="#cite_note-pmid22294742-64">[64]</a> However, they also noted that the importance of the activities requires further study in <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal models</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacologically</a> relevant doses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22294742-64">[64]</a> DES has been identified as an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> of all three <a href="/wiki/Isoform" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoform">isotypes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor" title="Estrogen-related receptor">estrogen-related receptors</a> (ERRs), the <a href="/wiki/ERR%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ERRα">ERRα</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERR%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERRβ">ERRβ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ERR%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ERRγ">ERRγ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15161930-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16515477-109">[104]</a> Half-maximal inhibition occurs at a concentration of about 1 μM.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16515477-109">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> DES is <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption (pharmacokinetics)">well-absorbed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> With an oral dosage of 1 mg/day DES, plasma levels of DES at 20 hours following the last dose ranged between 0.9 and 1.9 ng/mL (3.4 to 7.1 nmol/L).<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">Sublingual administration</a> of DES appears to have about the same estrogenic potency of oral DES in women.<a href="#cite_note-RabinowitzMyerson1967-110">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrauterine">Intrauterine</a> DES has been studied for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Uterine_hypoplasia" title="Uterine hypoplasia">uterine hypoplasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14926876-111">[106]</a> Oral DES is thought to have about 17 to 50% of the clinical estrogenic potency of DES by injection.<a href="#cite_note-Bishop2008-112">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(pharmacology)" title="Distribution (pharmacology)">distribution</a> <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">half-life</a> of DES is 80 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> It has no affinity for SHBG or <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid-binding_globulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroid-binding globulin">corticosteroid-binding globulin</a>, and hence is not <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">bound</a> to these <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> in the circulation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7195405-113">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">plasma protein binding</a> of DES is greater than 95%.<a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">Hydroxylation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic ring">aromatic rings</a> of DES and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_group" title="Ethyl group">ethyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain">side chains</a> accounts for 80 to 90% of DES <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> accounts for the remaining 10 to 20% and is dominated by conjugation reactions.<a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8428334-3">[3]</a> Conjugation of DES consists of <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenation" title="Dehydrogenation">dehydrogenation</a> into <a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">(Z,Z)-dienestrol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8428334-3">[3]</a> The medication is also known to produce <a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">paroxypropione</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-.v-114">[109]</a> DES produces transient <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a>-like reactive <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_intermediate" title="Metabolic intermediate">intermediates</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">cellular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genetic damage</a>, which may help to explain the known <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a> effects of DES in humans.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> However, other research indicates that the toxic effects of DES may simply be due to overactivation of the ERs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15458790-115">[110]</a> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl groups</a> of DES do not undergo oxidation into an <a href="/wiki/Estrone_(medication)" title="Estrone (medication)">estrone</a>-like equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19737574-116">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of DES is 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">[1]</a> The metabolites of DES are <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreted</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8428334-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estradiol_and_diethylstilbestrol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Estradiol_and_diethylstilbestrol.png/265px-Estradiol_and_diethylstilbestrol.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Estradiol_and_diethylstilbestrol.png/398px-Estradiol_and_diethylstilbestrol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Estradiol_and_diethylstilbestrol.png/530px-Estradiol_and_diethylstilbestrol.png 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structures of <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> and DES.<a href="#cite_note-WermuthAldous2015-117">[112]</a> Note the preservation of the two <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl groups</a> in DES and the similar distance between them relative to estradiol, which is notable when it is considered that DES was discovered serendipitously.<a href="#cite_note-WermuthAldous2015-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader2005-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravina2011-119">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> DES belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Stilbestrol" title="Stilbestrol">stilbestrol</a> (4,4'-dihydroxy<a href="/wiki/Stilbene" title="Stilbene">stilbene</a>) group of compounds.<a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress1945-120">[115]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">nonsteroidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-chain_compound" title="Open-chain compound">open-ring</a> <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogue</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroidal</a> estrogen <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WermuthAldous2015-117">[112]</a> DES can be prepared from <a href="/wiki/Anethole" title="Anethole">anethole</a>, which also happens to be weakly estrogenic.<a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress1945-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaximovMcDaniel2013-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravina2011-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader2005-118">[113]</a> Anethole was <a href="/wiki/Demethylation" title="Demethylation">demethylated</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Anol" title="Anol">anol</a> and anol then spontaneously <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimerized</a> into <a href="/wiki/Dianol" title="Dianol">dianol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">hexestrol</a>, with DES subsequently being synthesized via <a href="/wiki/Molecular_modification" title="Molecular modification">structural modification</a> of hexestrol.<a href="#cite_note-AcademicPress1945-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaximovMcDaniel2013-121">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravina2011-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneader2005-118">[113]</a> As shown by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, the molecular dimensions of DES are almost identical to those of estradiol, particularly in regards to the distance between the terminal <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sneader2005-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Synthesis">edit</a>]</div> DES was first synthesized in early 1938 by Leon Golberg, then a graduate student of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Sir Robert Robinson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Dyson_Perrins_Laboratory" title="Dyson Perrins Laboratory">Dyson Perrins Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. Golberg's research was based on work by Wilfrid Lawson at the Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, (led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodds" title="Charles Dodds">Sir Edward Charles Dodds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Hospital#Middlesex_Hospital_Medical_School" title="Middlesex Hospital">Middlesex Hospital Medical School</a> now part of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>). A report of its synthesis was published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> on 5 February 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Dodds_1938-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-dodds2-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-meyers-124">[119]</a> DES research was funded by the UK Medical Research Council <a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical Research Council (UK)">(MRC)</a>, which had a policy against patenting drugs discovered using public funds. Because it was not patented, DES was produced by more than 200 pharmaceutical and chemical companies worldwide.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_use">Clinical use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clinical use">edit</a>]</div> DES was first marketed for medical use in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FeldbergLadd-Taylor2003-11">[11]</a> It was approved by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">Food and Drug Administration (FDA)</a> on September 19, 1941, in tablets up to 5 mg for four indications: <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrheal</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">vaginitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrophic_vaginitis" title="Atrophic vaginitis">atrophic vaginitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Menopausal">menopausal</a> symptoms, and postpartum <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">lactation</a> suppression to prevent breast engorgement.<a href="#cite_note-meyers-124">[119]</a> The gonorrheal vaginitis indication was dropped when the <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> became available. From its very inception, the drug was highly controversial.<a href="#cite_note-langston-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-seaman-126">[121]</a> In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Huggins" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Huggins">Charles Huggins</a> and Clarence Hodges at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> found <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate" title="Estradiol benzoate">estradiol benzoate</a> and DES to be the first effective drugs for the treatment of metastatic <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4625049-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> DES was the first cancer drug.<a href="#cite_note-Lupulescu1990-129">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">Orchiectomy</a> or DES or both were the standard initial treatment for symptomatic advanced prostate cancer for over 40 years, until the <a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a> was found to have efficacy similar to DES without estrogenic effects and was approved in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-pmid6436700-102">[97]</a> From the 1940s until the late 1980s, DES was FDA-approved as <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">estrogen replacement therapy</a> for estrogen deficiency states such as <a href="/wiki/Gonadal_dysgenesis" title="Gonadal dysgenesis">ovarian dysgenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premature_ovarian_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature ovarian failure">premature ovarian failure</a>, and after <a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">oophorectomy</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1940s, DES was used off-label to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with a history of miscarriage. On July 1, 1947, the FDA approved the use of DES for this indication. The first such approval was granted to <a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a>, allowing use of 25 mg (and later 100 mg) tablets of DES during pregnancy. Approvals were granted to other pharmaceutical companies later in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-dutton-130">[125]</a> The recommended regimen started at 5 mg per day in the seventh and eighth weeks of pregnancy (from first day of last menstrual period), increased every other week by 5 mg per day through the 14th week, and then increased every week by 5 mg per day from 25 mg per day in the 15th week to 125 mg per day in the 35th week of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-pdr1961-131">[126]</a> DES was originally considered effective and safe for both the <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnant</a> woman and the developing baby. It was aggressively marketed and routinely prescribed. Sales peaked in 1953.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the early 1950s, a <a href="/wiki/Double-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-blind">double-blind</a> clinical trial at the University of Chicago assessed pregnancy outcomes in women who were assigned to either receive or not receive DES.<a href="#cite_note-dieckmann-132">[127]</a> The study showed no benefit of taking DES during pregnancy; adverse pregnancy outcomes were not reduced in the women who were given DES. By the late 1960s, six of seven leading textbooks of obstetrics said DES was ineffective at preventing miscarriage.<a href="#cite_note-dutton-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-apfel-133">[128]</a> Despite an absence of evidence supporting the use of DES to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes, DES continued to be given to pregnant women through the 1960s. In 1971, a report published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed a probable link between DES and <a href="/wiki/Clear-cell_adenocarcinoma_of_the_vagina" title="Clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina">vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma</a> in girls and young women who had been exposed to this drug in utero. Later in the same year, the FDA sent an FDA Drug Bulletin to all U.S. physicians advising against the use of DES in pregnant women. The FDA also removed prevention of miscarriage as an indication for DES use and added pregnancy as a contraindication for DES use.<a href="#cite_note-fr1971-134">[129]</a> On February 5, 1975, the FDA ordered 25 mg and 100 mg tablets of DES withdrawn, effective February 18, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-des25mg-135">[130]</a> The number of persons exposed to DES during pregnancy or in utero during the period of 1940 to 1971 is unknown, but may be as high as 2 million in the United States. DES was also used in other countries, most notably France, the Netherlands, and Great Britain. From the 1950s through the beginning of the 1970s, DES was prescribed to prepubescent girls to begin puberty and thus stop growth by closing growth plates in the bones. Despite its clear link to cancer, doctors continued to recommend the hormone for "excess height".<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> In 1960, DES was found to be more effective than <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> in the treatment of advanced <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-AMA1960a-137">[132]</a> DES was the hormonal treatment of choice for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women until 1977, when the FDA approved <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulator</a> with efficacy similar to DES but fewer side effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7001242-138">[133]</a> Several sources from medical literature in the 1970s and 1980s indicate that DES was used as a component of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy_(male-to-female)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)">hormone therapy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> In 1973, in an attempt to restrict <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label use</a> of DES as a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency contraceptive">postcoital contraceptive</a> (which had become prevalent at many university health services following publication of an influential study in 1971 in <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">JAMA</a>) to emergency situations such as rape, an FDA Drug Bulletin was sent to all U.S. physicians and pharmacists that said the FDA had approved, under restricted conditions, postcoital contraceptive use of DES.<a href="#cite_note-pmid5171004-142">[137]</a> In 1975, the FDA said it had not actually given (and never did give) approval to any manufacturer to market DES as a postcoital contraceptive, but would approve that indication for emergency situations such as rape or incest if a manufacturer provided patient labeling and special packaging as set out in a FDA final rule published in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> To discourage off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive, the FDA in 1975 removed DES 25 mg tablets from the market and ordered the labeling of lower doses (5 mg and lower) of DES still approved for other indications changed to state: "This drug product should not be used as a postcoital contraceptive" in block capital letters on the first line of the physician prescribing information package insert and in a prominent and conspicuous location of the container and carton label.<a href="#cite_note-des25mg-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> In the 1980s, off-label use of the <a href="/wiki/Yuzpe_regimen" title="Yuzpe regimen">Yuzpe regimen</a> of certain regular <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined oral contraceptive">combined oral contraceptive</a> pills superseded off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> In 1978, the FDA removed postpartum <a href="/wiki/Lactation_suppression" title="Lactation suppression">lactation suppression</a> to prevent breast engorgement from their approved indications for DES and other estrogens.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> In the 1990s, the only approved indications for DES were treatment of advanced prostate cancer and treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The last remaining U.S. manufacturer of DES, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly</a>, stopped making and marketing it in 1997.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trials">Trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trials">edit</a>]</div> Diethylstilbestrol has been used countless times in studies on rats. Once it was discovered that DES was causing vaginal cancer, experiments began on both male and female rats.<a href="#cite_note-:1-147">[142]</a> Many of these male rats were injected with DES while other male rats were injected with olive oil, and they were considered the control group.<a href="#cite_note-:1-147">[142]</a> Each group received the same dosage on the same days, and the researchers performed light microscopy, electron microscopy, and confocal laser microscopy. With both the electron and confocal laser microscopy, it was prevalent that the Sertoli cells, which are somatic cells where spermatids develop in the testes, were formed 35 days later in the rats who were injected with Diethylstilbestrol compared to the rats in the control group.<a href="#cite_note-:1-147">[142]</a> Proceeding the completion of the trial, it was understood that rats of older age who were injected with DES experienced delay in sertoli cell maturation, underdeveloped epididymides, and drastic decrease in weight compared to its counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-147">[142]</a> The female rats used were inbred and most of them were given DES combined in their food. These rats were divided into three groups, one group who received no diethylstilbestrol, one group who had DES mixed into their diet, and the third group who had DES administered into their diet after day 13 of being pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-Kawaguchi_2009-148">[143]</a> Some rats who were given DES unfortunately died before delivering their pup.<a href="#cite_note-Kawaguchi_2009-148">[143]</a> The group that received DES in their food for 13 days while being pregnant resulted in early abortion and delivery failure.<a href="#cite_note-Kawaguchi_2009-148">[143]</a> These outcomes showed that DES had a detrimental effect on pregnancy when administered as often as it was. Providing the dosing of diethylstilbestrol later in the pregnancy term also made visible the occurrence of abortions among the rats.<a href="#cite_note-Kawaguchi_2009-148">[143]</a> Overall, any interaction with DES in female rats concluded in the rats' experiencing abortions, improper fetal growth, and the increase in sterility.<a href="#cite_note-Kawaguchi_2009-148">[143]</a> A review of people who had been treated or exposed to DES was done to find out what long-term effects would show.<a href="#cite_note-Giusti_1995-149">[144]</a> People for a long time had been treated during their pregnancy with DES, and there have been known to be toxic and adverse effects to the hormone therapy. "Exposure to DES has been associated with an increased risk for breast cancer in DES mothers (relative risk, <2.0) and with a lifetime risk of clear-cell cervicovaginal cancer in DES daughters of 1/1000 to 1/10 000."<a href="#cite_note-Giusti_1995-149">[144]</a> Side effects of DES are proving to be long-term as it can cause increased risks of cancer after use.<a href="#cite_note-Giusti_1995-149">[144]</a> There will be continued work to see how far the adverse effects of DES go after previous therapy and how it will affect offspring and the mothers longer-term.<a href="#cite_note-Giusti_1995-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulations">Regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regulations">edit</a>]</div> In 1938, the ability to test the safety of DES on animals was first obtained by the FDA. The results from the preliminary tests showed that DES harmed the reproductive systems of animals. The application of these results to humans could not be determined, so the FDA could not act in a regulatory manner.<a href="#cite_note-:3-150">[145]</a> New Drug Applications for DES approval were withdrawn in 1940 in a decision made by the FDA based on scientific uncertainty. However, this decision resulted in significant political pressure, so the FDA came to a compromise. The compromise meant that DES would be available only by prescription and would have to have warnings about its effects on the bottle, but the warning was dropped in 1945. In 1947, DES finally gained FDA approval for prescription to pregnant women who had diabetes as a method of preventing miscarriages. This led to the widespread prescription of DES to all pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-:3-150">[145]</a> In 1971, the FDA recommended against the prescription of DES to pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-:4-151">[146]</a> As a result, DES then began to see a withdraw from the US market starting in 1972 and in the European market starting in 1978, but the FDA still did not withdraw its approval for the use of DES in humans.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> DES was classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. After classification as a carcinogen, DES had its FDA approval withdrawn in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:4-151">[146]</a> DES is currently only in use for veterinary practices and in research trials as allowed by the FDA.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_ethics">Medical ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Medical ethics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical Ethics</a> in regard to the approval and use of Diethylstilbestrol have been dismissed because of the actions of the FDA and pharmaceutical companies that were making DES at the time of its use. The Vice President of the American Drug Manufacturers Association, Carson Frailey, was employed by drug companies creating DES in order to help get it approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). Nancy Langston, the author of The Retreat from Precaution: Regulating Diethylstilbestrol (DES), Endocrine Disruptors, and Environmental Health, states that "Frailey persuaded fifty-four doctors from around the country to write to the FDA, describing their clinical experiences with a total of more than five thousand patients. Only four of these fifty-four doctors felt that DES should not be approved, and the result was that, against the concerns of many of the FDA medical staff, the FDA's drug chief Theodore Klumpp recommended that the FDA approve DES."<a href="#cite_note-:2-154">[149]</a> This excerpt describes how DES was unethically approved and shows that the motivation behind its approval was for the benefit of drug companies rather than the people who were going to use the drug. This approval of DES violates the values of medical ethics, <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-maleficence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-maleficence">non-maleficence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beneficence_(ethics)" title="Beneficence (ethics)">beneficence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> as there was little thought put into how DES would affect its users.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> The decisions made by the FDA leaders to approve DES without further study and convince doctors to dissimulate their opinions on the use of DES is unethical. Once DES was approved for public consumption the "warnings [for DES were] made available only on a separate circular that patients would not see. Doctors could get this warning circular only by writing to the drug companies and requesting it. Letters between companies and FDA regulators reveal that both groups feared that if a woman ever saw how many potential risks DES might present, she might refuse to take the drug—or else she might sue the company and the prescribing doctors if she did get cancer or liver damage after taking the drug."<a href="#cite_note-:2-154">[149]</a> Women were not informed about the possible effects of DES because doctors and FDA regulators were afraid DES would fail and never be approved costing the drug companies millions of dollars. The act of distributing potentially dangerous medicine to patients regardless of the effect and harm it may do solely for monetary gain is unethical.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuits">Lawsuits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lawsuits">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s, the negative publicity surrounding the discovery of DES's long-term effects resulted in a huge wave of lawsuits in the United States against its manufacturers. These culminated in a landmark 1980 decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindell_v._Abbott_Laboratories" title="Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories">Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories</a>, in which the court imposed a <a href="/wiki/Rebuttable_presumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebuttable presumption">rebuttable presumption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Market_share_liability" title="Market share liability">market share liability</a> upon all DES manufacturers, proportional to their share of the market at the time the drug was consumed by the mother of a particular plaintiff.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Eli Lilly, a pharmaceutical company manufacturing DES, and the University of Chicago, had an action filed against them in regard to clinical trials from the 1950s. Three women filed the claim that their daughters had developments of abnormal cervical cellular formations as well as reproductive abnormalities in themselves and their sons.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> The plaintiffs had asked the courts to certify their case as a class action but were declined by the courts. However, the courts issued an opinion that their case had merit. The court held that Eli Lilly had a duty to notify about the risks of DES once they became aware of them or should have become aware of them.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> Under Illinois tort law, for the plaintiffs to recover under theories of breach of duty to warn and strict liability, the plaintiffs must have alleged injury to themselves. Ultimately, under their claims of breach of duty to warn and strict liability due to the plaintiffs citing risk of physical injury to others, not physical injury to themselves, the case was dismissed by the courts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> Although the case was not certified as class action and their claims of breach of duty to warn and strict liability was dismissed, the courts did not dismiss the battery allegations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> The issue was then to determine whether the University of Chicago had committed battery against these women but the case was settled before trial.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> Part of the settlement agreement for this case, Mink v. University of Chicago, attorneys for the plaintiffs negotiated for the university to provide free medical exams for all offspring exposed to DES in utero during the 1950 experiments as well as treat the daughters of any women involved who develop DES-associated vaginal or cervical cancer.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> As of February 1991, there were over a thousand pending legal actions against DES manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> There are over 300 companies that manufactured DES according to the same formula and the largest barrier to recovery is determining which manufacturer supplied the drug in each particular case.<a href="#cite_note-:0-156">[151]</a> Many of the successful cases have relied on joint or several parties holding liability. A lawsuit was filed in Boston Federal Court by 53 DES daughters who say their breast cancers were the result of DES being prescribed to their mothers while pregnant with them. Their cases survived a <a href="/wiki/Daubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Daubert">Daubert</a> hearing. In 2013, the Fecho sisters who initiated the breast cancer/DES link litigation agreed to an undisclosed settlement amount on the second day of trial. The remaining litigants have received various settlements.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> The advocacy group <a href="/wiki/DES_Action_USA" title="DES Action USA">DES Action USA</a> helped provide information and support for DES-exposed persons engaged in lawsuits.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, the ground-breaking <a href="/wiki/Cryptographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographer">cryptographer</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Computing_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing science">computing science</a> and programmable computers, who also proposed the actual <a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Basis_of_Morphogenesis" title="The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis">theoretical model of biological morphogenesis</a>, was forcefully given this drug to induce chemical castration as a punitive and discredited "treatment" for homosexual behaviour, shortly before he died in ambiguous circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> At least on one occasion in New Zealand in the early 1960s, diethylstilbestrol was prescribed for the "treatment" of homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Herriot" title="James Herriot">James Herriot</a> describes a case regarding treating a small dog's testicular <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertoli cell tumor">Sertoli cell tumor</a> in his 1974 book All Things Bright and Beautiful. Herriot decided to prescribe a high dose of stilboestrol for the recurring tumor, with the amusing side effect that the male dog became "attractive to other male dogs", who followed the terrier around the village for a few weeks. Herriot comments in the story that he knew "The new drug was said to have a feminising effect, but surely not to that extent."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_use">Veterinary use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Veterinary use">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canine_incontinence">Canine incontinence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Canine incontinence">edit</a>]</div> DES has been very successful in treating female canine incontinence stemming from poor sphincter control. It is still available from compounding pharmacies, and at the low (1 mg) dose, does not have the carcinogenic properties that were so problematic in humans.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> It is generally administered once a day for seven to ten days and then once every week as needed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_growth_promotion">Livestock growth promotion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Livestock growth promotion">edit</a>]</div> The greatest usage of DES was in the livestock industry, used to improve <a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">feed conversion</a> in beef and poultry. During the 1960s, DES was used as a <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a> in the beef and poultry industries. It was later found to cause cancer by 1971, but was not phased out until 1979.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlenvirocancer.cornell.edu-163">[158]</a> Although DES was discovered to be harmful to humans, its veterinary use was not immediately halted. As of 2011, DES was still being used as a growth promoter in terrestrial livestock or fish in some parts of the world including China.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ChabnerLongo1996-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChabnerLongo1996_1-12">m</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChabnerLongo1996" class="citation book cs1">Chabner B, Longo DL (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZNrAAAAMAAJ">Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice</a>. Lippincott-Raven Publishers. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-51418-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-51418-2"><bdi>978-0-397-51418-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211828/https://books.google.com/books?id=TZNrAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2020-09-03. <q>Piperazine estrone sulfate and micronized estradiol were equipotent with respect to increases in SHBG, whereas [...] DES was 28.4-fold more potent [...]. With respect to decreased FSH, [...] DES was 3.8-fold, and ethinyl estradiol was 80 to 200-fold more potent than was piperazine estrone sulfate. The dose equivalents for ethinyl estradiol (50 μg) and DES (1 mg) reflect these relative potencies.220 [...] DES, a potent synthetic estrogen (Fig. 6-12), is absorbed well after an oral dosage. Patients given 1 mg of DES daily had plasma concentrations at 20 hours ranging from 0.9 to 1.9 ng per mL. The initial half-life of DES is 80 minutes, with a secondary half-life of 24 hours.223 The principal pathways of metabolism are conversion to the glucuronide and oxidation. The oxidative pathways include aromatic hydroxylation of the ethyl side chains and dehydrogenation to (Z,Z)-dienestrol, producing transient quinone-like intermediates that react with cellular macromolecules and cause genetic damage in eukaryotic cells.223 Metabolic activation of DES may explain its well-established carcinogenic properties.224</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+Chemotherapy+and+Biotherapy%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Lippincott-Raven+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-397-51418-2&rft.aulast=Chabner&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Longo%2C+DL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZNrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OelschlägerRothley1988-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OelschlägerRothley1988_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOelschlägerRothleyDunzendorfer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Oelschläger H, Rothley D, Dunzendorfer U (1988). "New Results on the Pharmacokinetics of Fosfestrol". Urologia Internationalis. 43 (1): 15–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000281427">10.1159/000281427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1423-0399">1423-0399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urologia+Internationalis&rft.atitle=New+Results+on+the+Pharmacokinetics+of+Fosfestrol&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000281427&rft.issn=1423-0399&rft.aulast=Oelschl%C3%A4ger&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Rothley%2C+D&rft.au=Dunzendorfer%2C+U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8428334-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8428334_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8428334_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8428334_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8428334_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8428334_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid8428334_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrozKattanBonnayChraibi1993" class="citation journal cs1">Droz JP, Kattan J, Bonnay M, Chraibi Y, Bekradda M, Culine S (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819930201%2971%3A3%2B%3C1123%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820711434%3E3.0.CO%3B2-T">"High-dose continuous-infusion fosfestrol in hormone-resistant prostate cancer"</a>. Cancer. 71 (3 Suppl): 1123–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819930201%2971%3A3%2B%3C1123%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820711434%3E3.0.CO%3B2-T">10.1002/1097-0142(19930201)71:3+<1123::AID-CNCR2820711434>3.0.CO;2-T</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8428334">8428334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23078614">23078614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=High-dose+continuous-infusion+fosfestrol+in+hormone-resistant+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3+Suppl&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1123-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23078614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8428334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819930201%2971%3A3%2B%3C1123%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820711434%3E3.0.CO%3B2-T&rft.aulast=Droz&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Kattan%2C+J&rft.au=Bonnay%2C+M&rft.au=Chraibi%2C+Y&rft.au=Bekradda%2C+M&rft.au=Culine%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F1097-0142%252819930201%252971%253A3%252B%253C1123%253A%253AAID-CNCR2820711434%253E3.0.CO%253B2-T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7154205-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7154205_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7154205_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramsonMiller1982" class="citation journal cs1">Abramson FP, Miller HC (December 1982). "Bioavailability, distribution and pharmacokinetics of diethystilbestrol produced from stilphostrol". J Urol. 128 (6): 1336–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2953502-8">10.1016/s0022-5347(17)53502-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7154205">7154205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Urol&rft.atitle=Bioavailability%2C+distribution+and+pharmacokinetics+of+diethystilbestrol+produced+from+stilphostrol&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1336-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1982-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2953502-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7154205&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=FP&rft.au=Miller%2C+HC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4276416-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4276416_5-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNollerFish1974" class="citation journal cs1">Noller KL, Fish CR (July 1974). "Diethylstilbestrol usage: Its interesting past, important present, and questionable future". Med. Clin. North Am. 58 (4): 793–810. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-7125%2816%2932122-8">10.1016/S0025-7125(16)32122-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4276416">4276416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med.+Clin.+North+Am.&rft.atitle=Diethylstilbestrol+usage%3A+Its+interesting+past%2C+important+present%2C+and+questionable+future&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E793-%3C%2Fspan%3E810&rft.date=1974-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0025-7125%2816%2932122-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4276416&rft.aulast=Noller&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Fish%2C+CR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elks2014-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Elks2014_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElks2014" class="citation book cs1">Elks J (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA396">The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies</a>. Springer. pp. 396–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3"><bdi>978-1-4757-2085-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Drugs%3A+Chemical+Data%3A+Chemical+Data%2C+Structures+and+Bibliographies&rft.pages=396-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3&rft.aulast=Elks&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vXTBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhl2005-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2005_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2005_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2005_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2005_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2005_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuhl2005_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhl2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhl H (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf">"Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration"</a> (PDF). Climacteric. 8 (Suppl 1): 3–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13697130500148875">10.1080/13697130500148875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16112947">16112947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24616324">24616324</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822055012/http://hormonebalance.org/images/documents/Kuhl%2005%20%20Pharm%20Estro%20Progest%20Climacteric_1313155660.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2018-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+estrogens+and+progestogens%3A+influence+of+different+routes+of+administration&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24616324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16112947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13697130500148875&rft.aulast=Kuhl&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhormonebalance.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2FKuhl%252005%2520%2520Pharm%2520Estro%2520Progest%2520Climacteric_1313155660.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watkins2007-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Watkins2007_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Watkins ES (16 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tz4J4_hgdIC&pg=PA26">The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America</a>. JHU Press. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8602-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8602-7"><bdi>978-0-8018-8602-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211905/https://books.google.com/books?id=-tz4J4_hgdIC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Estrogen+Elixir%3A+A+History+of+Hormone+Replacement+Therapy+in+America&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8602-7&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=ES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tz4J4_hgdIC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/public-health-impact/des">"Effects of Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a Trans-placental Carcinogen"</a>. dceg.cancer.gov. 20 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208075515/https://dceg.cancer.gov/research/public-health-impact/des">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dceg.cancer.gov&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Diethylstilbestrol+%28DES%29%2C+a+Trans-placental+Carcinogen&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdceg.cancer.gov%2Fresearch%2Fpublic-health-impact%2Fdes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16096877-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16096877_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16096877_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16096877_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16096877_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16096877_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16096877_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16096877_10-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeurinkKosterBerg2005" class="citation journal cs1">Veurink M, Koster M, Berg LT (June 2005). "The history of DES, lessons to be learned". Pharm World Sci. 27 (3): 139–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11096-005-3663-z">10.1007/s11096-005-3663-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16096877">16096877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12630813">12630813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharm+World+Sci&rft.atitle=The+history+of+DES%2C+lessons+to+be+learned&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12630813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16096877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11096-005-3663-z&rft.aulast=Veurink&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Koster%2C+M&rft.au=Berg%2C+LT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeldbergLadd-Taylor2003-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeldbergLadd-Taylor2003_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeldbergLadd-Taylor2003_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldbergLadd-TaylorLi2003" class="citation book cs1">Feldberg GD, Ladd-Taylor M, Li A (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CRjtHlq1INcC&pg=PA103">Women, Health and Nation: Canada and the United States Since 1945</a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 103–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2501-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2501-6"><bdi>978-0-7735-2501-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114183724/https://books.google.com/books?id=CRjtHlq1INcC&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2020-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Health+and+Nation%3A+Canada+and+the+United+States+Since+1945&rft.pages=103-&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2501-6&rft.aulast=Feldberg&rft.aufirst=GD&rft.au=Ladd-Taylor%2C+M&rft.au=Li%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCRjtHlq1INcC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlDES_Update:_For_Consumers._Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention-12"><a href="#cite_ref-urlDES_Update:_For_Consumers._Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/des/consumers/">"DES Update: For Consumers"</a>. United States Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211201613/https://www.cdc.gov/des/consumers/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2011-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DES+Update%3A+For+Consumers&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services%3A+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fdes%2Fconsumers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/des-fact-sheet">"Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Cancer"</a>. National Cancer Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223031713/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/DES">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2011-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diethylstilbestrol+%28DES%29+and+Cancer&rft.pub=National+Cancer+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fabout-cancer%2Fcauses-prevention%2Frisk%2Fhormones%2Fdes-fact-sheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broadly-DES-Daughters-2017-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Broadly-DES-Daughters-2017_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2017" class="citation news cs1">Arnold A (January 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/zmbvp9/des-daughters-the-devastating-effects-of-a-1940s-wonder-pill-haunt-women-generations-later">"The Devastating Effects of a 1940s 'Wonder Pill' Haunt Women Generations Later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Broadly" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadly">Broadly</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814152808/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/zmbvp9/des-daughters-the-devastating-effects-of-a-1940s-wonder-pill-haunt-women-generations-later">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadly&rft.atitle=The+Devastating+Effects+of+a+1940s+%27Wonder+Pill%27+Haunt+Women+Generations+Later&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fzmbvp9%2Fdes-daughters-the-devastating-effects-of-a-1940s-wonder-pill-haunt-women-generations-later&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15063479-15"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15063479_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoelingh_Bennink2004" class="citation journal cs1">Coelingh Bennink HJ (April 2004). "Are all estrogens the same?". Maturitas. 47 (4): 269–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.11.009">10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.11.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15063479">15063479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Are+all+estrogens+the+same%3F&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2003.11.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15063479&rft.aulast=Coelingh+Bennink&rft.aufirst=HJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vorherr2012-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Vorherr2012_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorherr2012" class="citation book cs1">Vorherr H (2 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYxirvD2X2IC&pg=PA201">The Breast: Morphology, Physiology, and Lactation</a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 201–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15726-1"><bdi>978-0-323-15726-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211849/https://books.google.com/books?id=wYxirvD2X2IC&pg=PA201#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Breast%3A+Morphology%2C+Physiology%2C+and+Lactation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-323-15726-1&rft.aulast=Vorherr&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYxirvD2X2IC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatz1972-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatz1972_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatz1972" class="citation journal cs1">Chatz, T.L. (June 1972). "Recognizing and Treating Dangerous Sex Offenders". International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 16 (2): 109–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306624X7201600202">10.1177/0306624X7201600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-6933">1552-6933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-624X">0306-624X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:74365268">74365268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Offender+Therapy+and+Comparative+Criminology&rft.atitle=Recognizing+and+Treating+Dangerous+Sex+Offenders&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=1972-06&rft.issn=0306-624X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A74365268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1552-6933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306624X7201600202&rft.aulast=Chatz&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16986003-18"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16986003_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson IM (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476081">"Flare Associated with LHRH-Agonist Therapy"</a>. Rev Urol. 3 (Suppl 3): S10–4. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1476081">1476081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16986003">16986003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Urol&rft.atitle=Flare+Associated+with+LHRH-Agonist+Therapy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=S10-4&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1476081%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16986003&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=IM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1476081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8481213-19"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8481213_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaletsckySmith1993" class="citation journal cs1">Scaletscky R, Smith JA (April 1993). "Disease flare with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues. How serious is it?". Drug Saf. 8 (4): 265–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00002018-199308040-00001">10.2165/00002018-199308040-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8481213">8481213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36964191">36964191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Saf&rft.atitle=Disease+flare+with+gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+%28GnRH%29+analogues.+How+serious+is+it%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1993-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36964191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8481213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00002018-199308040-00001&rft.aulast=Scaletscky&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Smith%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2973364-20"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2973364_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreisAhmannJordande_Haan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kreis W, Ahmann FR, Jordan VC, de Haan H, Scott M (October 1988). "Oestrogen pre-treatment abolishes luteinising hormone-releasing hormone testosterone stimulation". Br J Urol. 62 (4): 352–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.1988.tb04364.x">10.1111/j.1464-410X.1988.tb04364.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2973364">2973364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Urol&rft.atitle=Oestrogen+pre-treatment+abolishes+luteinising+hormone-releasing+hormone+testosterone+stimulation&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.1988.tb04364.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2973364&rft.aulast=Kreis&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Ahmann%2C+FR&rft.au=Jordan%2C+VC&rft.au=de+Haan%2C+H&rft.au=Scott%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3920802-21"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3920802_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinSmith1985" class="citation journal cs1">Stein BS, Smith JA (April 1985). "DES lead-in to use of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogs in treatment of metastatic carcinoma of prostate". Urology. 25 (4): 350–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2885%2990484-4">10.1016/0090-4295(85)90484-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3920802">3920802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=DES+lead-in+to+use+of+luteinizing+hormone+releasing+hormone+analogs+in+treatment+of+metastatic+carcinoma+of+prostate&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1985-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2885%2990484-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3920802&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=BS&rft.au=Smith%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2969641-22"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2969641_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez_del_MoralLitjensWeilDebruyne1988" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandez del Moral P, Litjens TT, Weil EH, Debruyne FM (August 1988). "Can combined DES and LHRH depot therapy (ICI 118630) prevent endocrinologic and clinical flare-up in metastatic prostate cancer?". Urology. 32 (2): 137–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2888%2990316-0">10.1016/0090-4295(88)90316-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2969641">2969641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Can+combined+DES+and+LHRH+depot+therapy+%28ICI+118630%29+prevent+endocrinologic+and+clinical+flare-up+in+metastatic+prostate+cancer%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1988-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2888%2990316-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2969641&rft.aulast=Fernandez+del+Moral&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Litjens%2C+TT&rft.au=Weil%2C+EH&rft.au=Debruyne%2C+FM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7688656-23"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7688656_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruchovskyGoldenbergAkakuraRennie1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bruchovsky N, Goldenberg SL, Akakura K, Rennie PS (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819930901%2972%3A5%3C1685%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820720532%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3">"Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists in prostate cancer. Elimination of flare reaction by pretreatment with cyproterone acetate and low-dose diethylstilbestrol"</a>. Cancer. 72 (5): 1685–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819930901%2972%3A5%3C1685%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820720532%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3">10.1002/1097-0142(19930901)72:5<1685::AID-CNCR2820720532>3.0.CO;2-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7688656">7688656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21824595">21824595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Luteinizing+hormone-releasing+hormone+agonists+in+prostate+cancer.+Elimination+of+flare+reaction+by+pretreatment+with+cyproterone+acetate+and+low-dose+diethylstilbestrol&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1685-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21824595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7688656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819930901%2972%3A5%3C1685%3A%3AAID-CNCR2820720532%3E3.0.CO%3B2-3&rft.aulast=Bruchovsky&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Goldenberg%2C+SL&rft.au=Akakura%2C+K&rft.au=Rennie%2C+PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F1097-0142%252819930901%252972%253A5%253C1685%253A%253AAID-CNCR2820720532%253E3.0.CO%253B2-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10678560-24"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10678560_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotakeUsamiAkazaKoiso1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kotake T, Usami M, Akaza H, Koiso K, Homma Y, Kawabe K, Aso Y, Orikasa S, Shimazaki J, Isaka S, Yoshida O, Hirao Y, Okajima E, Naito S, Kumazawa J, Kanetake H, Saito Y, Ohi Y, Ohashi Y (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjjco%2F29.11.562">"Goserelin acetate with or without antiandrogen or estrogen in the treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial in Japan. Zoladex Study Group"</a>. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 29 (11): 562–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjjco%2F29.11.562">10.1093/jjco/29.11.562</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10678560">10678560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jpn.+J.+Clin.+Oncol.&rft.atitle=Goserelin+acetate+with+or+without+antiandrogen+or+estrogen+in+the+treatment+of+patients+with+advanced+prostate+cancer%3A+a+multicenter%2C+randomized%2C+controlled+trial+in+Japan.+Zoladex+Study+Group&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E562-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjjco%2F29.11.562&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10678560&rft.aulast=Kotake&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Usami%2C+M&rft.au=Akaza%2C+H&rft.au=Koiso%2C+K&rft.au=Homma%2C+Y&rft.au=Kawabe%2C+K&rft.au=Aso%2C+Y&rft.au=Orikasa%2C+S&rft.au=Shimazaki%2C+J&rft.au=Isaka%2C+S&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+O&rft.au=Hirao%2C+Y&rft.au=Okajima%2C+E&rft.au=Naito%2C+S&rft.au=Kumazawa%2C+J&rft.au=Kanetake%2C+H&rft.au=Saito%2C+Y&rft.au=Ohi%2C+Y&rft.au=Ohashi%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjjco%252F29.11.562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamburger1969-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamburger1969_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamburger1969" class="citation book cs1">Hamburger C (1969). "Endocrine treatment of male and female transsexualism". In Money J, Green R (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eGm1tQEACAAJ">Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment</a>. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 291–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801810381" title="Special:BookSources/9780801810381"><bdi>9780801810381</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6866559">6866559</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211819/https://books.google.com/books?id=eGm1tQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2020-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endocrine+treatment+of+male+and+female+transsexualism&rft.btitle=Transsexualism+and+Sex+Reassignment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6866559&rft.isbn=9780801810381&rft.aulast=Hamburger&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeGm1tQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid794803-26"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid794803_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOber1976" class="citation journal cs1">Ober WB (1976). "Stilbestrol: a pathologist's view". Pathol Annu. 11: 227–54. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/794803">794803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pathol+Annu&rft.atitle=Stilbestrol%3A+a+pathologist%27s+view&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F794803&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=WB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchsbaum2012-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchsbaum2012_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchsbaum2012" class="citation book cs1">Buchsbaum HJ (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0LuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">The Menopause</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 60–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-5525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-5525-3"><bdi>978-1-4612-5525-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211851/https://books.google.com/books?id=z0LuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Menopause&rft.pages=60-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-5525-3&rft.aulast=Buchsbaum&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0LuBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29600433-28"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29600433_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisZaniGarcía-Perdomo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Reis LO, Zani EL, García-Perdomo HA (June 2018). "Estrogen therapy in patients with prostate cancer: a contemporary systematic review". Int Urol Nephrol. 50 (6): 993–1003. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11255-018-1854-5">10.1007/s11255-018-1854-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29600433">29600433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4403709">4403709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+Urol+Nephrol&rft.atitle=Estrogen+therapy+in+patients+with+prostate+cancer%3A+a+contemporary+systematic+review&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E993-%3C%2Fspan%3E1003&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4403709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29600433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11255-018-1854-5&rft.aulast=Reis&rft.aufirst=LO&rft.au=Zani%2C+EL&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Perdomo%2C+HA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24256023-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24256023_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24256023_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24256023_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24256023_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24256023_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24256023_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24256023_29-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuroSmolskiEslerKujawa2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turo R, Smolski M, Esler R, Kujawa ML, Bromage SJ, Oakley N, Adeyoju A, Brown SC, Brough R, Sinclair A, Collins GN (February 2014). "Diethylstilboestrol for the treatment of prostate cancer: past, present and future". Scand J Urol. 48 (1): 4–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F21681805.2013.861508">10.3109/21681805.2013.861508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24256023">24256023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34563641">34563641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scand+J+Urol&rft.atitle=Diethylstilboestrol+for+the+treatment+of+prostate+cancer%3A+past%2C+present+and+future&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34563641%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24256023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F21681805.2013.861508&rft.aulast=Turo&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Smolski%2C+M&rft.au=Esler%2C+R&rft.au=Kujawa%2C+ML&rft.au=Bromage%2C+SJ&rft.au=Oakley%2C+N&rft.au=Adeyoju%2C+A&rft.au=Brown%2C+SC&rft.au=Brough%2C+R&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+A&rft.au=Collins%2C+GN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22578092-30"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22578092_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBossetAlbigesSeisende_la_Motte_Rouge2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bosset PO, Albiges L, Seisen T, de la Motte Rouge T, Phé V, Bitker MO, Rouprêt M (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2012.11206.x">"Current role of diethylstilbestrol in the management of advanced prostate cancer"</a>. BJU Int. 110 (11 Pt C): E826–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2012.11206.x">10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11206.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22578092">22578092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21407416">21407416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJU+Int.&rft.atitle=Current+role+of+diethylstilbestrol+in+the+management+of+advanced+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=11+Pt+C&rft.pages=E826-9&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21407416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22578092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2012.11206.x&rft.aulast=Bosset&rft.aufirst=PO&rft.au=Albiges%2C+L&rft.au=Seisen%2C+T&rft.au=de+la+Motte+Rouge%2C+T&rft.au=Ph%C3%A9%2C+V&rft.au=Bitker%2C+MO&rft.au=Roupr%C3%AAt%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1464-410X.2012.11206.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14532759-31"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14532759_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherrPitts2003" class="citation journal cs1">Scherr DS, Pitts WR (November 2003). "The nonsteroidal effects of diethylstilbestrol: the rationale for androgen deprivation therapy without estrogen deprivation in the treatment of prostate cancer". J. Urol. 170 (5): 1703–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ju.0000077558.48257.3d">10.1097/01.ju.0000077558.48257.3d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14532759">14532759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=The+nonsteroidal+effects+of+diethylstilbestrol%3A+the+rationale+for+androgen+deprivation+therapy+without+estrogen+deprivation+in+the+treatment+of+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1703-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.ju.0000077558.48257.3d&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14532759&rft.aulast=Scherr&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Pitts%2C+WR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15046698-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15046698_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15046698_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOh2002" class="citation journal cs1">Oh WK (September 2002). "The evolving role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer". Clin Prostate Cancer. 1 (2): 81–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3816%2Fcgc.2002.n.009">10.3816/cgc.2002.n.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15046698">15046698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Prostate+Cancer&rft.atitle=The+evolving+role+of+estrogen+therapy+in+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3816%2Fcgc.2002.n.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15046698&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=WK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11502463-33"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11502463_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkowicz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Malkowicz SB (August 2001). "The role of diethylstilbestrol in the treatment of prostate cancer". Urology. 58 (2 Suppl 1): 108–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0090-4295%2801%2901252-3">10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01252-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11502463">11502463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+diethylstilbestrol+in+the+treatment+of+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2+Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0090-4295%2801%2901252-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11502463&rft.aulast=Malkowicz&rft.aufirst=SB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7500443-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7500443_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid7500443_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxCrawford1995" class="citation journal cs1">Cox RL, Crawford ED (December 1995). "Estrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer". J. Urol. 154 (6): 1991–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2801%2966670-9">10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66670-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7500443">7500443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=Estrogens+in+the+treatment+of+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1991-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2801%2966670-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7500443&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=RL&rft.au=Crawford%2C+ED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17239273-35"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17239273_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLycetteBlandGarzottoBeer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lycette JL, Bland LB, Garzotto M, Beer TM (December 2006). "Parenteral estrogens for prostate cancer: can a new route of administration overcome old toxicities?". Clin Genitourin Cancer. 5 (3): 198–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3816%2FCGC.2006.n.037">10.3816/CGC.2006.n.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17239273">17239273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Genitourin+Cancer&rft.atitle=Parenteral+estrogens+for+prostate+cancer%3A+can+a+new+route+of+administration+overcome+old+toxicities%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3816%2FCGC.2006.n.037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17239273&rft.aulast=Lycette&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Bland%2C+LB&rft.au=Garzotto%2C+M&rft.au=Beer%2C+TM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27889048a-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27889048a_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27889048a_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid27889048a_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoelingh_BenninkVerhoevenDutmanThijssen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coelingh Bennink HJ, Verhoeven C, Dutman AE, Thijssen J (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2016.10.010">"The use of high-dose estrogens for the treatment of breast cancer"</a>. Maturitas. 95: 11–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2016.10.010">10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27889048">27889048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=The+use+of+high-dose+estrogens+for+the+treatment+of+breast+cancer&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2016.10.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27889048&rft.aulast=Coelingh+Bennink&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft.au=Verhoeven%2C+C&rft.au=Dutman%2C+AE&rft.au=Thijssen%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.maturitas.2016.10.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1627392-37"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1627392_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarselosTomatis1992" class="citation journal cs1">Marselos M, Tomatis L (1992). "Diethylstilboestrol: I, Pharmacology, Toxicology and carcinogenicity in humans". Eur. J. Cancer. 28A (6–7): 1182–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0959-8049%2892%2990482-h">10.1016/0959-8049(92)90482-h</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1627392">1627392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eur.+J.+Cancer&rft.atitle=Diethylstilboestrol%3A+I%2C+Pharmacology%2C+Toxicology+and+carcinogenicity+in+humans&rft.volume=28A&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1182-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0959-8049%2892%2990482-h&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1627392&rft.aulast=Marselos&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Tomatis%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EllisDehdahti2014-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EllisDehdahti2014_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EllisDehdahti2014_38-1">b</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisDehdahtiKommareddyJamalabadi-Majidi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis MJ, Dehdahti F, Kommareddy A, Jamalabadi-Majidi S, Crowder R, Jeffe DB, et al. (2014). "A randomized phase 2 trial of low dose (6 mg daily) versus high dose (30 mg daily) estradiol for patients with estrogen receptor positive aromatase inhibitor resistant advanced breast cancer". Cancer Research. 69 (2 Supplement): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.SABCS-16">10.1158/0008-5472.SABCS-16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-5472">0008-5472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=A+randomized+phase+2+trial+of+low+dose+%286+mg+daily%29+versus+high+dose+%2830+mg+daily%29+estradiol+for+patients+with+estrogen+receptor+positive+aromatase+inhibitor+resistant+advanced+breast+cancer.&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2+Supplement&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.SABCS-16&rft.issn=0008-5472&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Dehdahti%2C+F&rft.au=Kommareddy%2C+A&rft.au=Jamalabadi-Majidi%2C+S&rft.au=Crowder%2C+R&rft.au=Jeffe%2C+DB&rft.au=Gao%2C+F&rft.au=Fleming%2C+G&rft.au=Silverman%2C+P&rft.au=Dickler%2C+M&rft.au=Carey%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31367069-39"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31367069_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorthyLaxman_PrabhuVenugopal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Moorthy HK, Laxman Prabhu GG, Venugopal P (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6639989">"The resurgence of estrogens in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer"</a>. Indian J Urol. 35 (3): 189–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fiju.IJU_56_19">10.4103/iju.IJU_56_19</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6639989">6639989</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31367069">31367069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+J+Urol&rft.atitle=The+resurgence+of+estrogens+in+the+treatment+of+castration-resistant+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6639989%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31367069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2Fiju.IJU_56_19&rft.aulast=Moorthy&rft.aufirst=HK&rft.au=Laxman+Prabhu%2C+GG&rft.au=Venugopal%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6639989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12918007-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12918007_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid12918007_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamigboyeMorris2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bamigboye AA, Morris J (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9039959">"Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes"</a>. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003 (3): CD004353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004353">10.1002/14651858.CD004353</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9039959">9039959</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12918007">12918007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+Syst+Rev&rft.atitle=Oestrogen+supplementation%2C+mainly+diethylstilbestrol%2C+for+preventing+miscarriages+and+other+adverse+pregnancy+outcomes&rft.volume=2003&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD004353&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9039959%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12918007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004353&rft.aulast=Bamigboye&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Morris%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9039959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23392570-41"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23392570_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilakivi-Clarkede_AssisWarri2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hilakivi-Clarke L, de Assis S, Warri A (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635108">"Exposures to synthetic estrogens at different times during the life, and their effect on breast cancer risk"</a>. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 18 (1): 25–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10911-013-9274-8">10.1007/s10911-013-9274-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3635108">3635108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23392570">23392570</a>. <q>From the early 1940's until 1970's, DES was given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage, which is often proceeded by a decline in estrogen levels. It later became apparent that DES treatment was mostly ineffective in preventing miscarriage [66], but nevertheless physicians continued prescribing DES to pregnant women. A recent article summarizes the effects of maternal exposure to DES during pregnancy and its adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal development in women [67], and show that this exposure increased 2nd trimester miscarriage by 3.8 -fold.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mammary+Gland+Biol+Neoplasia&rft.atitle=Exposures+to+synthetic+estrogens+at+different+times+during+the+life%2C+and+their+effect+on+breast+cancer+risk&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3635108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23392570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10911-013-9274-8&rft.aulast=Hilakivi-Clarke&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=de+Assis%2C+S&rft.au=Warri%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3635108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langston2016-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Langston2016_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangston2016" class="citation book cs1">Langston, Lucy (2016). "Better Safe Than Sorry: Risk, Stigma, and Research During Pregnancy". Clinical Research Involving Pregnant Women. Research Ethics Forum. Vol. 3. Springer International Publishing. pp. 33–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-26512-4_3">10.1007/978-3-319-26512-4_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-9537">2212-9537</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26510-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26510-0"><bdi>978-3-319-26510-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-9529">2212-9529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Better+Safe+Than+Sorry%3A+Risk%2C+Stigma%2C+and+Research+During+Pregnancy&rft.btitle=Clinical+Research+Involving+Pregnant+Women&rft.series=Research+Ethics+Forum&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-26512-4_3&rft.issn=2212-9529&rft.eissn=2212-9537&rft.isbn=978-3-319-26510-0&rft.aulast=Langston&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3538427-43"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3538427_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarterOrrHatchShingleton1986" class="citation journal cs1">Barter JF, Orr JW, Hatch KD, Shingleton HM (December 1986). "Diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy: an update". South Med J. 79 (12): 1531–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007611-198612000-00016">10.1097/00007611-198612000-00016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3538427">3538427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33869704">33869704</a>. <q>Several decades ago, diethylstilbestrol (DES) was considered efficacious in improving pregnancy outcome. Later data did not support this, and the exposed mothers and offspring have suffered from a variety of problems attributed to the drug.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Med+J&rft.atitle=Diethylstilbestrol+in+pregnancy%3A+an+update&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1531-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1986-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33869704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3538427&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007611-198612000-00016&rft.aulast=Barter&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Orr%2C+JW&rft.au=Hatch%2C+KD&rft.au=Shingleton%2C+HM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13638626-44"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13638626_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwyer1959" class="citation journal cs1">Swyer GI (April 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1993181">"The oestrogens"</a>. Br Med J. 1 (5128): 1029–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5128.1029">10.1136/bmj.1.5128.1029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1993181">1993181</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13638626">13638626</a>. <q>[Diethylstilbestrol] suffers from the serious drawback that in doses above 1 mg. a day it is likely to produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, headache, and bloating in a proportion of patients varyingly estimated from 15 to 50%.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+Med+J&rft.atitle=The+oestrogens&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5128&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1029-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1959-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1993181%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13638626&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5128.1029&rft.aulast=Swyer&rft.aufirst=GI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1993181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Del_CastilloArgonz1954-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Del_CastilloArgonz1954_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Del_CastilloArgonz1954_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDell_CastilloArgonz1954" class="citation journal cs1">Dell Castillo EB, Argonz J (April 1954). "Oestrogen treatment in cases of rudimentary ovary syndrome". Acta Endocrinologica. 15 (4): 299–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.0150299">10.1530/acta.0.0150299</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13157878">13157878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinologica&rft.atitle=Oestrogen+treatment+in+cases+of+rudimentary+ovary+syndrome&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1954-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.0150299&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13157878&rft.aulast=Dell+Castillo&rft.aufirst=EB&rft.au=Argonz%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labhart2012-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Labhart2012_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabhart2012" class="citation book cs1">Labhart A (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAgJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA720">Clinical Endocrinology: Theory and Practice</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 720–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-96158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-96158-8"><bdi>978-3-642-96158-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211837/https://books.google.com/books?id=DAgJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA720#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Endocrinology%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=720-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-96158-8&rft.aulast=Labhart&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAgJCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavisBoynton1941-47"><a href="#cite_ref-DavisBoynton1941_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisBoynton1941" class="citation journal cs1">Davis ME, Boynton MW (1941). "Indications, clinical use and toxicity of 4-4' dihydroxy diethyl stilbene". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1 (4): 339–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-1-4-339">10.1210/jcem-1-4-339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-972X">0021-972X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Indications%2C+clinical+use+and+toxicity+of+4-4%27+dihydroxy+diethyl+stilbene&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-1-4-339&rft.issn=0021-972X&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Boynton%2C+MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavisBoynton1945-48"><a href="#cite_ref-DavisBoynton1945_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisBoyntonFergusonRothman1945" class="citation journal cs1">Davis ME, Boynton MW, Ferguson JH, Rothman S (1945). "Studies on Pigmentation of Endocrine Origin". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 5 (3): 138–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-5-3-138">10.1210/jcem-5-3-138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-972X">0021-972X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Pigmentation+of+Endocrine+Origin&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-5-3-138&rft.issn=0021-972X&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Boynton%2C+MW&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+JH&rft.au=Rothman%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21433876-49"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21433876_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1939" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis RM (December 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602231">"The Clinical Use of Stilbestrol, A Synthetic Estrogen: Preliminary Report"</a>. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 12 (2): 235–8. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602231">2602231</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21433876">21433876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Clinical+Use+of+Stilbestrol%2C+A+Synthetic+Estrogen%3A+Preliminary+Report&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1939-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2602231%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21433876&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2602231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LisserCurtis1947-50"><a href="#cite_ref-LisserCurtis1947_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisserCurtis1947" class="citation journal cs1">Lisser H, Curtis LE (October 1947). "The syndrome of congenitally aplastic ovaries with sexual infantilism, high urinary gonadotropins, short stature and other congenital abnormalities; tabular presentation of 25 previously unpublished cases". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 7 (10): 665–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-7-10-665">10.1210/jcem-7-10-665</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20270944">20270944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=The+syndrome+of+congenitally+aplastic+ovaries+with+sexual+infantilism%2C+high+urinary+gonadotropins%2C+short+stature+and+other+congenital+abnormalities%3B+tabular+presentation+of+25+previously+unpublished+cases&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E665-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1947-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-7-10-665&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20270944&rft.aulast=Lisser&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Curtis%2C+LE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamblen1943-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamblen1943_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblen1943" class="citation journal cs1">Hamblen EC (1943). "Endocrine therapy in gynecology and obstetrics". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 45 (1): 147–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2843%2990672-6">10.1016/S0002-9378(43)90672-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9378">0002-9378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Endocrine+therapy+in+gynecology+and+obstetrics&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2843%2990672-6&rft.issn=0002-9378&rft.aulast=Hamblen&rft.aufirst=EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14278040-52"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14278040_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyMacdonald1965" class="citation journal cs1">Crowley LG, Macdonald I (April 1965). "Delalutin and estrogens for the treatment of advanced mammary carcinoma in the postmenopausal woman". Cancer. 18 (4): 436–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%28196504%2918%3A4%3C436%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820180407%3E3.0.co%3B2-d">10.1002/1097-0142(196504)18:4<436::aid-cncr2820180407>3.0.co;2-d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14278040">14278040</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31370289">31370289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Delalutin+and+estrogens+for+the+treatment+of+advanced+mammary+carcinoma+in+the+postmenopausal+woman&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E436-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1965-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31370289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14278040&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%28196504%2918%3A4%3C436%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820180407%3E3.0.co%3B2-d&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=LG&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16321765-53"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16321765_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_LorenzoAutorinoPerdonàDe_Placido2005" class="citation journal cs1">Di Lorenzo G, Autorino R, Perdonà S, De Placido S (December 2005). "Management of gynaecomastia in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review". Lancet Oncol. 6 (12): 972–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2805%2970464-2">10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70464-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16321765">16321765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet+Oncol.&rft.atitle=Management+of+gynaecomastia+in+patients+with+prostate+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E972-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1470-2045%2805%2970464-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16321765&rft.aulast=Di+Lorenzo&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Autorino%2C+R&rft.au=Perdon%C3%A0%2C+S&rft.au=De+Placido%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24932461-54"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24932461_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsShahDuongAbel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips I, Shah SI, Duong T, Abel P, Langley RE (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052190">"Androgen Deprivation Therapy and the Re-emergence of Parenteral Estrogen in Prostate Cancer"</a>. Oncol Hematol Rev. 10 (1): 42–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17925%2Fohr.2014.10.1.42">10.17925/ohr.2014.10.1.42</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052190">4052190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24932461">24932461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oncol+Hematol+Rev&rft.atitle=Androgen+Deprivation+Therapy+and+the+Re-emergence+of+Parenteral+Estrogen+in+Prostate+Cancer&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4052190%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24932461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17925%2Fohr.2014.10.1.42&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Shah%2C+SI&rft.au=Duong%2C+T&rft.au=Abel%2C+P&rft.au=Langley%2C+RE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4052190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarselosTomatis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Marselos M, Tomatis L (1993). "Diethylstilboestrol: II, pharmacology, toxicology and carcinogenicity in experimental animals". European Journal of Cancer. 29A (1): 149–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0959-8049%2893%2990597-9">10.1016/0959-8049(93)90597-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1445734">1445734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Diethylstilboestrol%3A+II%2C+pharmacology%2C+toxicology+and+carcinogenicity+in+experimental+animals&rft.volume=29A&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0959-8049%2893%2990597-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1445734&rft.aulast=Marselos&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Tomatis%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKioumourtzoglouCoullO'ReillyAscherio2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kioumourtzoglou MA, Coull BA, O'Reilly ÉJ, Ascherio A, Weisskopf MG (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137513">"Association of Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol During Pregnancy With Multigenerational Neurodevelopmental Deficits"</a>. JAMA Pediatrics. 172 (7): 670–677. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2018.0727">10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0727</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137513">6137513</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29799929">29799929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Association+of+Exposure+to+Diethylstilbestrol+During+Pregnancy+With+Multigenerational+Neurodevelopmental+Deficits&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E670-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6137513%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29799929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamapediatrics.2018.0727&rft.aulast=Kioumourtzoglou&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Coull%2C+BA&rft.au=O%27Reilly%2C+%C3%89J&rft.au=Ascherio%2C+A&rft.au=Weisskopf%2C+MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6137513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitus-ErnstoffTroisiHatchWise2006" class="citation journal cs1">Titus-Ernstoff L, Troisi R, Hatch EE, Wise LA, Palmer J, Hyer M, et al. (August 2006). "Menstrual and reproductive characteristics of women whose mothers were exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES)". International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (4): 862–868. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyl106">10.1093/ije/dyl106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16723367">16723367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Menstrual+and+reproductive+characteristics+of+women+whose+mothers+were+exposed+in+utero+to+diethylstilbestrol+%28DES%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E862-%3C%2Fspan%3E868&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyl106&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16723367&rft.aulast=Titus-Ernstoff&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Troisi%2C+R&rft.au=Hatch%2C+EE&rft.au=Wise%2C+LA&rft.au=Palmer%2C+J&rft.au=Hyer%2C+M&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+R&rft.au=Adam%2C+E&rft.au=Strohsnitter%2C+W&rft.au=Noller%2C+K&rft.au=Herbst%2C+AL&rft.au=Gibson-Chambers%2C+J&rft.au=Hartge%2C+P&rft.au=Hoover%2C+RN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalfaParisSoyer-GobillardDaures2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kalfa N, Paris F, Soyer-Gobillard MO, Daures JP, Sultan C (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2011.02.047">"Prevalence of hypospadias in grandsons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy: a multigenerational national cohort study"</a>. Fertility and Sterility. 95 (8): 2574–2577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2011.02.047">10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21458804">21458804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertility+and+Sterility&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+hypospadias+in+grandsons+of+women+exposed+to+diethylstilbestrol+during+pregnancy%3A+a+multigenerational+national+cohort+study&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2574-%3C%2Fspan%3E2577&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fertnstert.2011.02.047&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21458804&rft.aulast=Kalfa&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Paris%2C+F&rft.au=Soyer-Gobillard%2C+MO&rft.au=Daures%2C+JP&rft.au=Sultan%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.fertnstert.2011.02.047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid576887-59"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid576887_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterSedranskKelleyAnsfield1977" class="citation journal cs1">Carter AC, Sedransk N, Kelley RM, Ansfield FJ, Ravdin RG, Talley RW, Potter NR (May 1977). "Diethylstilbestrol: recommended dosages for different categories of breast cancer patients. Report of the Cooperative Breast Cancer Group". JAMA. 237 (19): 2079–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1977.03270460065023">10.1001/jama.1977.03270460065023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/576887">576887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Diethylstilbestrol%3A+recommended+dosages+for+different+categories+of+breast+cancer+patients.+Report+of+the+Cooperative+Breast+Cancer+Group&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2079-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1977-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1977.03270460065023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F576887&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Sedransk%2C+N&rft.au=Kelley%2C+RM&rft.au=Ansfield%2C+FJ&rft.au=Ravdin%2C+RG&rft.au=Talley%2C+RW&rft.au=Potter%2C+NR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13005120-60"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13005120_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnaky1952" class="citation journal cs1">Karnaky KJ (December 1952). "Micronized stilbestrol for dysfunctional uterine bleeding and endometriosis". South. Med. J. 45 (12): 1166–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00007611-195212000-00009">10.1097/00007611-195212000-00009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13005120">13005120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South.+Med.+J.&rft.atitle=Micronized+stilbestrol+for+dysfunctional+uterine+bleeding+and+endometriosis&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1166-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1952-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00007611-195212000-00009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13005120&rft.aulast=Karnaky&rft.aufirst=KJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan2013-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan2013_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2013" class="citation book cs1">Jordan VC (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejS6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">Estrogen Action, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, and Women's Health: Progress and Promise</a>. World Scientific. pp. 143–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-958-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-958-6"><bdi>978-1-84816-958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estrogen+Action%2C+Selective+Estrogen+Receptor+Modulators%2C+and+Women%27s+Health%3A+Progress+and+Promise&rft.pages=143-&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-958-6&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=VC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejS6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeilerAutrup2012-62"><a href="#cite_ref-SeilerAutrup2012_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeilerAutrupAutrup2012" class="citation book cs1">Seiler JP, Autrup JL, Autrup H (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZlfrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Diversification in Toxicology — Man and Environment: Proceedings of the 1997 EUROTOX Congress Meeting Held in Århus, Denmark, June 25–28, 1997</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-46856-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-46856-8"><bdi>978-3-642-46856-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversification+in+Toxicology+%E2%80%94+Man+and+Environment%3A+Proceedings+of+the+1997+EUROTOX+Congress+Meeting+Held+in+%C3%85rhus%2C+Denmark%2C+June+25%E2%80%9328%2C+1997&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-642-46856-8&rft.aulast=Seiler&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Autrup%2C+JL&rft.au=Autrup%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlfrCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9048584-63"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9048584_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiperCarlssonGrandienEnmark1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, Enmark E, Häggblad J, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA (March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.138.3.4979">"Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta"</a>. Endocrinology. 138 (3): 863–870. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo.138.3.4979">10.1210/endo.138.3.4979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9048584">9048584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+ligand+binding+specificity+and+transcript+tissue+distribution+of+estrogen+receptors+alpha+and+beta&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E863-%3C%2Fspan%3E870&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo.138.3.4979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9048584&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=GG&rft.au=Carlsson%2C+B&rft.au=Grandien%2C+K&rft.au=Enmark%2C+E&rft.au=H%C3%A4ggblad%2C+J&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+S&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fendo.138.3.4979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22294742-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22294742_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22294742_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22294742_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22294742_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22294742_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid22294742_64-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCossJonesParkeNarayanan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Coss CC, Jones A, Parke DN, Narayanan R, Barrett CM, Kearbey JD, Veverka KA, Miller DD, Morton RA, Steiner MS, Dalton JT (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2011-1608">"Preclinical characterization of a novel diphenyl benzamide selective ERα agonist for hormone therapy in prostate cancer"</a>. Endocrinology. 153 (3): 1070–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2011-1608">10.1210/en.2011-1608</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22294742">22294742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Preclinical+characterization+of+a+novel+diphenyl+benzamide+selective+ER%CE%B1+agonist+for+hormone+therapy+in+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=153&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1070-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2011-1608&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22294742&rft.aulast=Coss&rft.aufirst=CC&rft.au=Jones%2C+A&rft.au=Parke%2C+DN&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+R&rft.au=Barrett%2C+CM&rft.au=Kearbey%2C+JD&rft.au=Veverka%2C+KA&rft.au=Miller%2C+DD&rft.au=Morton%2C+RA&rft.au=Steiner%2C+MS&rft.au=Dalton%2C+JT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fen.2011-1608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26023144-65"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26023144_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProssnitzArterburn2015" class="citation journal cs1">Prossnitz ER, Arterburn JB (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485017">"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCVII. G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor and Its Pharmacologic Modulators"</a>. Pharmacological Reviews. 67 (3): 505–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fpr.114.009712">10.1124/pr.114.009712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4485017">4485017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26023144">26023144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacological+Reviews&rft.atitle=International+Union+of+Basic+and+Clinical+Pharmacology.+XCVII.+G+Protein-Coupled+Estrogen+Receptor+and+Its+Pharmacologic+Modulators&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4485017%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26023144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fpr.114.009712&rft.aulast=Prossnitz&rft.aufirst=ER&rft.au=Arterburn%2C+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4485017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LacknerTulsky1941-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LacknerTulsky1941_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LacknerTulsky1941_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacknerTulsky1941" class="citation journal cs1">Lackner JE, Tulsky AS (1941). "Effect of stilbestrol on the myometrial and endometrial activity of the human castrate uterus". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1 (5): 415–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-1-5-415">10.1210/jcem-1-5-415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-972X">0021-972X</a>. <q>[Diethylstilbestrol], differing distinctly in chemical structure from the previously known estrogens, has been shown to produce all the biologic effects attributed to them, such as suppression of the antuitary (2), inhibition of body growth (2), proliferation of the ductile system of the breast (3), suppression of engorgement incident to lactation (4), hyperemia, edema, and distention of the uterus (5), proliferation of the endometrium (6), vaginal cornification (7), and swelling of the sexual skin (8). It likewise presumably has the supposed carcinogenic propensities of the true estrogens (9).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Effect+of+stilbestrol+on+the+myometrial+and+endometrial+activity+of+the+human+castrate+uterus&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-1-5-415&rft.issn=0021-972X&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Tulsky%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JacobsenChristensen1939-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JacobsenChristensen1939_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JacobsenChristensen1939_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsenChristensen1939" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen E, Christensen SS (1939). "Comparison of the effects of stilboestrol and oestrone on the mammary tissue of castrated female rats". Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica. 16 (4): 359–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0463.1939.tb06045.x">10.1111/j.1600-0463.1939.tb06045.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0365-5555">0365-5555</a>. <q>After it was shown by Dodds, Goldberg, Lawson, and Robinson that stilboestrol (4.4' dioxy-α-β-diethylstilbene had the same effects as the natural oestrones on the vaginal mucosa of castrated female rats, a great number of works have appeared, which show that this substance, despite its very great chemical difference from the natural female sexual hormones has practically the same effect as these in all respects. The most important of these investigations have been made by Dodds, Lawson and Noble, by Noble, by Bishop, Boycott and Zuckermann, by Erik Guldberg, by Engelhardt, by Winterton and MacGregor, by Erik Jacobsen and most recently by Kreitmair and Sickman, by Buschbeck and Hausknecht, by Cobet, Ratschow and Stechner. The previous experiments have been made on hens, mice, rats, guineapigs, rabbits, monkeys, and human subjects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Pathologica+et+Microbiologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+the+effects+of+stilboestrol+and+oestrone+on+the+mammary+tissue+of+castrated+female+rats&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E364&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0463.1939.tb06045.x&rft.issn=0365-5555&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Christensen%2C+SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisTurner1941-68"><a href="#cite_ref-LewisTurner1941_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisTurner1941" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis AA, Turner CW (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2841%2995467-X">"Effect of Stilbestrol on the Mammary Gland of the Mouse, Rat, Rabbit, and Goat"</a>. Journal of Dairy Science. 24 (10): 845–860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2841%2995467-X">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(41)95467-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0302">0022-0302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Stilbestrol+on+the+Mammary+Gland+of+the+Mouse%2C+Rat%2C+Rabbit%2C+and+Goat&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E845-%3C%2Fspan%3E860&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2841%2995467-X&rft.issn=0022-0302&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Turner%2C+CW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3168%252Fjds.S0022-0302%252841%252995467-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisTurner1942-69"><a href="#cite_ref-LewisTurner1942_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisTurner1942" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis AA, Turner CW (1942). "Effect of Diethylstilbestrol on Mammary Gland Development in Dairy Animals1". Endocrinology. 31 (5): 520–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-31-5-520">10.1210/endo-31-5-520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-7227">0013-7227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Diethylstilbestrol+on+Mammary+Gland+Development+in+Dairy+Animals1&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E520-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo-31-5-520&rft.issn=0013-7227&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Turner%2C+CW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenisGriffiths1999-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DenisGriffiths1999_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenisGriffiths1999_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenisGriffiths1999_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenisGriffiths1999_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenisGriffiths1999_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenisGriffiths1999_70-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenisGriffithsKaisaryMurphy1999" class="citation book cs1">Denis LJ, Griffiths E, Kaisary AV, Murphy GP (1 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GreZlojD-tYC&pg=PA297">Textbook of Prostate Cancer: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment: Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment</a>. CRC Press. pp. 294, 297–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85317-422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85317-422-3"><bdi>978-1-85317-422-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114183722/https://books.google.com/books?id=GreZlojD-tYC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Prostate+Cancer%3A+Pathology%2C+Diagnosis+and+Treatment%3A+Pathology%2C+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.pages=294%2C+297-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85317-422-3&rft.aulast=Denis&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+E&rft.au=Kaisary%2C+AV&rft.au=Murphy%2C+GP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGreZlojD-tYC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2013-71"><a href="#cite_ref-RunnebaumRabe2013_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunnebaumRabe2013" class="citation book cs1">Runnebaum B, Rabe T (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBF9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Gynäkologische Endokrinologie und Fortpflanzungsmedizin: Band 1: Gynäkologische Endokrinologie</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 88–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-07635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-07635-4"><bdi>978-3-662-07635-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114073135/https://books.google.com/books?id=mBF9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gyn%C3%A4kologische+Endokrinologie+und+Fortpflanzungsmedizin%3A+Band+1%3A+Gyn%C3%A4kologische+Endokrinologie&rft.pages=88-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-3-662-07635-4&rft.aulast=Runnebaum&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Rabe%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBF9BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WallachHammond1982-72"><a href="#cite_ref-WallachHammond1982_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondMaxson1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond CB, Maxson WS (January 1982). "Current status of estrogen therapy for the menopause". Fertility and Sterility. 37 (1): 5–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0015-0282%2816%2945970-4">10.1016/S0015-0282(16)45970-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6277697">6277697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertility+and+Sterility&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+estrogen+therapy+for+the+menopause&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1982-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0015-0282%2816%2945970-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6277697&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=Maxson%2C+WS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2215269-73"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2215269_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauritzen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lauritzen C (September 1990). "Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens". Maturitas. 12 (3): 199–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P">10.1016/0378-5122(90)90004-P</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2215269">2215269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Clinical+use+of+oestrogens+and+progestogens&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-5122%2890%2990004-P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2215269&rft.aulast=Lauritzen&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid559617-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid559617_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauritzen1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lauritzen C (June 1977). "[Estrogen thearpy in practice. 3. Estrogen preparations and combination preparations]" [Estrogen therapy in practice. 3. Estrogen preparations and combination preparations]. Fortschritte Der Medizin (in German). 95 (21): 1388–92. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/559617">559617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortschritte+Der+Medizin&rft.atitle=%5BEstrogen+thearpy+in+practice.+3.+Estrogen+preparations+and+combination+preparations%5D&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1388-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=1977-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F559617&rft.aulast=Lauritzen&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WolfSchneider2013-75"><a href="#cite_ref-WolfSchneider2013_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfSchneider2013" class="citation book cs1">Wolf AS, Schneider HP (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books-id=IArLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Östrogene in Diagnostik und Therapie</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 78–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-75101-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-75101-1"><bdi>978-3-642-75101-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96strogene+in+Diagnostik+und+Therapie&rft.pages=78-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.isbn=978-3-642-75101-1&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Schneider%2C+HP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks-id%3DIArLBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GöretzlehnerLauritzen2012-76"><a href="#cite_ref-GöretzlehnerLauritzen2012_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöretzlehnerLauritzenRömerRossmanith2012" class="citation book cs1">Göretzlehner G, Lauritzen C, Römer T, Rossmanith W (1 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books-id=TIs2WhfYzZ4C&pg=PA44">Praktische Hormontherapie in der Gynäkologie</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 44–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-024568-4"><bdi>978-3-11-024568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktische+Hormontherapie+in+der+Gyn%C3%A4kologie&rft.pages=44-&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-024568-4&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6retzlehner&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+C&rft.au=R%C3%B6mer%2C+T&rft.au=Rossmanith%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks-id%3DTIs2WhfYzZ4C%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KnörrBeller2013-77"><a href="#cite_ref-KnörrBeller2013_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörrBellerLauritzen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knörr K, Beller FK, Lauritzen C (17 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books-id=ACybBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">Lehrbuch der Gynäkologie</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 212–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-00942-0"><bdi>978-3-662-00942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Gyn%C3%A4kologie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.isbn=978-3-662-00942-0&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Beller%2C+FK&rft.au=Lauritzen%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks-id%3DACybBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorskyPresl1981-78"><a href="#cite_ref-HorskyPresl1981_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorskýPresl1981" class="citation book cs1">Horský J, Presl J (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7IrpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA310">"Hormonal Treatment of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle"</a>. In Horsky J, Presl J (eds.). Ovarian Function and its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 309–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11">10.1007/978-94-009-8195-9_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8195-9"><bdi>978-94-009-8195-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Treatment+of+Disorders+of+the+Menstrual+Cycle&rft.btitle=Ovarian+Function+and+its+Disorders%3A+Diagnosis+and+Therapy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-8195-9_11&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8195-9&rft.aulast=Horsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Presl%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7IrpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pschyrembel1968-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Pschyrembel1968_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPschyrembel1968" class="citation book cs1">Pschyrembel W (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books-id=vVaTnHDFzZ0C&pg=PA598">Praktische Gynäkologie: für Studierende und Ärzte</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 598–599. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-150424-7"><bdi>978-3-11-150424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praktische+Gyn%C3%A4kologie%3A+f%C3%BCr+Studierende+und+%C3%84rzte&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E598-%3C%2Fspan%3E599&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-3-11-150424-7&rft.aulast=Pschyrembel&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks-id%3DvVaTnHDFzZ0C%26pg%3DPA598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid779393-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid779393_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauritzen1976" class="citation journal cs1">Lauritzen CH (January 1976). "The female climacteric syndrome: significance, problems, treatment". Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. Supplement. 51: 47–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00016347509156433">10.3109/00016347509156433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/779393">779393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Obstetricia+Et+Gynecologica+Scandinavica.+Supplement&rft.atitle=The+female+climacteric+syndrome%3A+significance%2C+problems%2C+treatment&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1976-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00016347509156433&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F779393&rft.aulast=Lauritzen&rft.aufirst=CH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lauritzen1975-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Lauritzen1975_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauritzen1975" class="citation journal cs1">Lauritzen C (1975). "The Female Climacteric Syndrome: Significance, Problems, Treatment". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 54 (s51): 48–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00016347509156433">10.3109/00016347509156433</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6349">0001-6349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Obstetricia+et+Gynecologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=The+Female+Climacteric+Syndrome%3A+Significance%2C+Problems%2C+Treatment&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=s51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00016347509156433&rft.issn=0001-6349&rft.aulast=Lauritzen&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopera1991-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Kopera1991_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopera1991" class="citation book cs1">Kopera H (1991). "Hormone der Gonaden". Hormonelle Therapie für die Frau. Kliniktaschenbücher. pp. 59–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-95670-6_6">10.1007/978-3-642-95670-6_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-54554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-54554-5"><bdi>978-3-540-54554-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-777X">0172-777X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hormone+der+Gonaden&rft.btitle=Hormonelle+Therapie+f%C3%BCr+die+Frau&rft.series=Kliniktaschenb%C3%BCcher&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0172-777X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-95670-6_6&rft.isbn=978-3-540-54554-5&rft.aulast=Kopera&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29603164-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29603164_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29603164_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29603164_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29603164_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29603164_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid29603164_83-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottMenonWalsh1980" class="citation journal cs1">Scott WW, Menon M, Walsh PC (April 1980). "Hormonal Therapy of Prostatic Cancer". Cancer. 45 (Suppl 7): 1929–1936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.1980.45.s7.1929">10.1002/cncr.1980.45.s7.1929</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29603164">29603164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Therapy+of+Prostatic+Cancer&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=Suppl+7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1929-%3C%2Fspan%3E1936&rft.date=1980-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcncr.1980.45.s7.1929&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29603164&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=WW&rft.au=Menon%2C+M&rft.au=Walsh%2C+PC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29756046-84"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29756046_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinungFeustelJoseph2018" class="citation journal cs1">Leinung MC, Feustel PJ, Joseph J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5944393">"Hormonal Treatment of Transgender Women with Oral Estradiol"</a>. Transgender Health. 3 (1): 74–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Ftrgh.2017.0035">10.1089/trgh.2017.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5944393">5944393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29756046">29756046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transgender+Health&rft.atitle=Hormonal+Treatment+of+Transgender+Women+with+Oral+Estradiol&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5944393%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29756046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Ftrgh.2017.0035&rft.aulast=Leinung&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Feustel%2C+PJ&rft.au=Joseph%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5944393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rydén1950-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Rydén1950_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyden1950" class="citation journal cs1">Ryden AB (1950). "Natural and synthetic oestrogenic substances; their relative effectiveness when administered orally". Acta Endocrinologica. 4 (2): 121–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.0040121">10.1530/acta.0.0040121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15432047">15432047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinologica&rft.atitle=Natural+and+synthetic+oestrogenic+substances%3B+their+relative+effectiveness+when+administered+orally&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.0040121&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15432047&rft.aulast=Ryden&rft.aufirst=AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14902290-86"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14902290_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyden1951" class="citation journal cs1">Ryden AB (1951). "The effectiveness of natural and synthetic oestrogenic substances in women". Acta Endocrinologica. 8 (2): 175–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.0080175">10.1530/acta.0.0080175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14902290">14902290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinologica&rft.atitle=The+effectiveness+of+natural+and+synthetic+oestrogenic+substances+in+women&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.0080175&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14902290&rft.aulast=Ryden&rft.aufirst=AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kottmeier1947-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Kottmeier1947_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottmeier1947" class="citation journal cs1">Kottmeier HL (1947). "Ueber blutungen in der menopause: Speziell der klinischen bedeutung eines endometriums mit zeichen hormonaler beeinflussung: Part I". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 27 (s6): 1–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00016344709154486">10.3109/00016344709154486</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6349">0001-6349</a>. <q>There is no doubt that the conversion of the endometrium with injections of both synthetic and native estrogenic hormone preparations succeeds, but the opinion whether native, orally administered preparations can produce a proliferation mucosa changes with different authors. PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD (1939) was able to show that 90% of the folliculin taken up in the blood of the vena portae is inactivated in the liver. Neither KAUFMANN (1933, 1935), RAUSCHER (1939, 1942) nor HERRNBERGER (1941) succeeded in bringing a castration endometrium into proliferation using large doses of orally administered preparations of estrone or estradiol. Other results are reported by NEUSTAEDTER (1939), LAUTERWEIN (1940) and FERIN (1941); they succeeded in converting an atrophic castration endometrium into an unambiguous proliferation mucosa with 120–300 oestradiol or with 380 oestrone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Obstetricia+et+Gynecologica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=Ueber+blutungen+in+der+menopause%3A+Speziell+der+klinischen+bedeutung+eines+endometriums+mit+zeichen+hormonaler+beeinflussung%3A+Part+I&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=s6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00016344709154486&rft.issn=0001-6349&rft.aulast=Kottmeier&rft.aufirst=HL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RietbrockStaib2013-88"><a href="#cite_ref-RietbrockStaib2013_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietbrockStaibLoew2013" class="citation book cs1">Rietbrock N, Staib AH, Loew D (11 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books-id=FkwEBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA426">Klinische Pharmakologie: Arzneitherapie</a>. Springer-Verlag. pp. 426–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-57636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-57636-2"><bdi>978-3-642-57636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klinische+Pharmakologie%3A+Arzneitherapie&rft.pages=426-&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.isbn=978-3-642-57636-2&rft.aulast=Rietbrock&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Staib%2C+AH&rft.au=Loew%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks-id%3DFkwEBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenblatt1966-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenblatt1966_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-ManautouRudel1966" class="citation book cs1">Martinez-Manautou J, Rudel HW (1966). "Antiovulatory Activity of Several Synthetic and Natural Estrogens". In Robert Benjamin Greenblatt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=le1qAAAAMAAJ">Ovulation: Stimulation, Suppression, and Detection</a>. Lippincott. pp. 243–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiovulatory+Activity+of+Several+Synthetic+and+Natural+Estrogens&rft.btitle=Ovulation%3A+Stimulation%2C+Suppression%2C+and+Detection&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Martinez-Manautou&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rudel%2C+HW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dle1qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerrRevesz1970-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HerrRevesz1970_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HerrRevesz1970_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrReveszMansonJewell1970" class="citation book cs1">Herr F, Revesz C, Manson AJ, Jewell JB (1970). "Biological Properties of Estrogen Sulfates". Chemical and Biological Aspects of Steroid Conjugation. pp. 368–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-49793-3_8">10.1007/978-3-642-49793-3_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-49506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-49506-9"><bdi>978-3-642-49506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+Properties+of+Estrogen+Sulfates&rft.btitle=Chemical+and+Biological+Aspects+of+Steroid+Conjugation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E408&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-49793-3_8&rft.isbn=978-3-642-49506-9&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Revesz%2C+C&rft.au=Manson%2C+AJ&rft.au=Jewell%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13370006-91"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13370006_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanKistnerMansell1956" class="citation journal cs1">Duncan CJ, Kistner RW, Mansell H (October 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/citation/1956/10000/suppression_of_ovulation_by_tri_p_anisyl.4.aspx">"Suppression of ovulation by trip-anisyl chloroethylene (TACE)"</a>. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 8 (4): 399–407. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13370006">13370006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Suppression+of+ovulation+by+trip-anisyl+chloroethylene+%28TACE%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.date=1956-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13370006&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Kistner%2C+RW&rft.au=Mansell%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fgreenjournal%2Fcitation%2F1956%2F10000%2Fsuppression_of_ovulation_by_tri_p_anisyl.4.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4359746-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4359746_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4359746_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4359746_97-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearerHendrySommervilleFergusson1973" class="citation journal cs1">Shearer RJ, Hendry WF, Sommerville IF, Fergusson JD (December 1973). "Plasma testosterone: an accurate monitor of hormone treatment in prostatic cancer". Br J Urol. 45 (6): 668–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410x.1973.tb12238.x">10.1111/j.1464-410x.1973.tb12238.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4359746">4359746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Urol&rft.atitle=Plasma+testosterone%3A+an+accurate+monitor+of+hormone+treatment+in+prostatic+cancer&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E668-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1973-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410x.1973.tb12238.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4359746&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Hendry%2C+WF&rft.au=Sommerville%2C+IF&rft.au=Fergusson%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4699685-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4699685_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4699685_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid4699685_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentBischoffArduinoMellinger1973" class="citation journal cs1">Kent JR, Bischoff AJ, Arduino LJ, Mellinger GT, Byar DP, Hill M, Kozbur X (May 1973). "Estrogen dosage and suppression of testosterone levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma". J. Urol. 109 (5): 858–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2960564-0">10.1016/s0022-5347(17)60564-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4699685">4699685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=Estrogen+dosage+and+suppression+of+testosterone+levels+in+patients+with+prostatic+carcinoma&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E858-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1973-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2960564-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4699685&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Bischoff%2C+AJ&rft.au=Arduino%2C+LJ&rft.au=Mellinger%2C+GT&rft.au=Byar%2C+DP&rft.au=Hill%2C+M&rft.au=Kozbur%2C+X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salam2003-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salam2003_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salam2003_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salam2003_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalam2003" class="citation book cs1">Salam MA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y50kTcCCfEcC&pg=PA684">Principles & Practice of Urology: A Comprehensive Text</a>. Universal-Publishers. pp. 684–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-412-5"><bdi>978-1-58112-412-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+%26+Practice+of+Urology%3A+A+Comprehensive+Text&rft.pages=684-&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-412-5&rft.aulast=Salam&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy50kTcCCfEcC%26pg%3DPA684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16406864-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16406864_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16406864_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16406864_100-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamLeppertVemulapalliShvarts2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lam JS, Leppert JT, Vemulapalli SN, Shvarts O, Belldegrun AS (January 2006). "Secondary hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer". J. Urol. 175 (1): 27–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2805%2900034-0">10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00034-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406864">16406864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=Secondary+hormonal+therapy+for+advanced+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2805%2900034-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16406864&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Leppert%2C+JT&rft.au=Vemulapalli%2C+SN&rft.au=Shvarts%2C+O&rft.au=Belldegrun%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenblatt1966B-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenblatt1966B_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-ManautouRudel1966" class="citation book cs1">Martinez-Manautou J, Rudel HW (1966). "Antiovulatory Activity of Several Synthetic and Natural Estrogens". In Robert Benjamin Greenblatt (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=le1qAAAAMAAJ">Ovulation: Stimulation, Suppression, and Detection</a>. Lippincott. pp. 243–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780397590100" title="Special:BookSources/9780397590100"><bdi>9780397590100</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114183724/https://books.google.com/books?id=le1qAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-14. Retrieved 2020-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiovulatory+Activity+of+Several+Synthetic+and+Natural+Estrogens&rft.btitle=Ovulation%3A+Stimulation%2C+Suppression%2C+and+Detection&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780397590100&rft.aulast=Martinez-Manautou&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rudel%2C+HW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dle1qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6436700-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid6436700_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid6436700_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Leuprolide_Study_Group1984" class="citation journal cs1">The Leuprolide Study Group (November 1984). "Leuprolide versus diethylstilbestrol for metastatic prostate cancer". N Engl J Med. 311 (20): 1281–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198411153112004">10.1056/NEJM198411153112004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6436700">6436700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&rft.atitle=Leuprolide+versus+diethylstilbestrol+for+metastatic+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1281-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1984-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM198411153112004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6436700&rft.au=The+Leuprolide+Study+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2669792-103"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2669792_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeftelSpirnakResnick1989" class="citation journal cs1">Seftel AD, Spirnak JP, Resnick MI (1989). "Hormonal therapy for advanced prostatic carcinoma". J Surg Oncol. 42 (Suppl 1): 14–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjso.2930420505">10.1002/jso.2930420505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2669792">2669792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44250508">44250508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Surg+Oncol&rft.atitle=Hormonal+therapy+for+advanced+prostatic+carcinoma&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44250508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2669792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjso.2930420505&rft.aulast=Seftel&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Spirnak%2C+JP&rft.au=Resnick%2C+MI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchröderRadlmaier2009-104"><a href="#cite_ref-SchröderRadlmaier2009_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröderRadlmaier2009" class="citation book cs1">Schröder FH, Radlmaier A (2009). "Steroidal Antiandrogens". Hormone Therapy in Breast and Prostate Cancer. pp. 325–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-59259-152-7_15">10.1007/978-1-59259-152-7_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60761-471-5"><bdi>978-1-60761-471-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steroidal+Antiandrogens&rft.btitle=Hormone+Therapy+in+Breast+and+Prostate+Cancer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-59259-152-7_15&rft.isbn=978-1-60761-471-5&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=FH&rft.au=Radlmaier%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2973529-105"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2973529_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenbergBruchovskyRennieCoppin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Goldenberg SL, Bruchovsky N, Rennie PS, Coppin CM (December 1988). "The combination of cyproterone acetate and low dose diethylstilbestrol in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma". J. Urol. 140 (6): 1460–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2817%2942073-8">10.1016/S0022-5347(17)42073-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2973529">2973529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Urol.&rft.atitle=The+combination+of+cyproterone+acetate+and+low+dose+diethylstilbestrol+in+the+treatment+of+advanced+prostatic+carcinoma&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1460-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2817%2942073-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2973529&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Bruchovsky%2C+N&rft.au=Rennie%2C+PS&rft.au=Coppin%2C+CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8677581-106"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8677581_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenbergBruchovskyGleaveSullivan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Goldenberg SL, Bruchovsky N, Gleave ME, Sullivan LD (June 1996). "Low-dose cyproterone acetate plus mini-dose diethylstilbestrol--a protocol for reversible medical castration". Urology. 47 (6): 882–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0090-4295%2896%2900048-9">10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00048-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8677581">8677581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Low-dose+cyproterone+acetate+plus+mini-dose+diethylstilbestrol--a+protocol+for+reversible+medical+castration&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E882-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0090-4295%2896%2900048-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8677581&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Bruchovsky%2C+N&rft.au=Gleave%2C+ME&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+LD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5124437-107"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5124437_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonThomas1971" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson MR, Thomas BS (November 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1799485">"Effect of hormonal therapy on plasma testosterone levels in prostatic carcinoma"</a>. Br Med J. 4 (5784): 391–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.4.5784.391">10.1136/bmj.4.5784.391</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1799485">1799485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5124437">5124437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+Med+J&rft.atitle=Effect+of+hormonal+therapy+on+plasma+testosterone+levels+in+prostatic+carcinoma&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5784&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1971-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1799485%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5124437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.4.5784.391&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Thomas%2C+BS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1799485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15161930-108"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15161930_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreschikFlaigRenaudMoras2004" class="citation journal cs1">Greschik H, Flaig R, Renaud JP, Moras D (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M402195200">"Structural basis for the deactivation of the estrogen-related receptor gamma by diethylstilbestrol or 4-hydroxytamoxifen and determinants of selectivity"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (32): 33639–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M402195200">10.1074/jbc.M402195200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15161930">15161930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Structural+basis+for+the+deactivation+of+the+estrogen-related+receptor+gamma+by+diethylstilbestrol+or+4-hydroxytamoxifen+and+determinants+of+selectivity&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33639-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M402195200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15161930&rft.aulast=Greschik&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Flaig%2C+R&rft.au=Renaud%2C+JP&rft.au=Moras%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M402195200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16515477-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16515477_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16515477_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriaziJordan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ariazi EA, Jordan VC (2006). "Estrogen-related receptors as emerging targets in cancer and metabolic disorders". Curr Top Med Chem. 6 (3): 203–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1568026610606030203">10.2174/1568026610606030203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16515477">16515477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Top+Med+Chem&rft.atitle=Estrogen-related+receptors+as+emerging+targets+in+cancer+and+metabolic+disorders&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1568026610606030203&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16515477&rft.aulast=Ariazi&rft.aufirst=EA&rft.au=Jordan%2C+VC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RabinowitzMyerson1967-110"><a href="#cite_ref-RabinowitzMyerson1967_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitzMyerson1967" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitz JL, Myerson RM (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXBtAAAAMAAJ">Topics in Medicinal Chemistry</a>. Wiley-Interscience. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-70468-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-70468-3"><bdi>978-0-471-70468-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512211851/https://books.google.com/books?id=YXBtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2020-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-471-70468-3&rft.aulast=Rabinowitz&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Myerson%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXBtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14926876-111"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14926876_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedberg1951" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Friedberg V (October 1951). "Die Behandlung der genitalen Hypoplasie mit intrauterinen Cyren-B-Kristallsuspensionen" [Intrauterine Cyren-B Crystal Suspensions in Therapy of Genital Hypoplasia]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd (in German). 11 (10): 923–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-5751">0016-5751</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14926876">14926876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geburtshilfe+Frauenheilkd&rft.atitle=Die+Behandlung+der+genitalen+Hypoplasie+mit+intrauterinen+Cyren-B-Kristallsuspensionen&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E923-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1951-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14926876&rft.issn=0016-5751&rft.aulast=Friedberg&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop2008-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Bishop2008_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2008" class="citation book cs1">Bishop PM (2008). "The Difficulty of Evaluating the Potency of Steroid Hormones by Different Routes of Administration in Humans". Ciba Foundation Symposium - Steroid Hormone Administration (Book II of Colloquia on Endocrinology, Vol. 3). Novartis Foundation Symposia. pp. 349–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470715154.ch10">10.1002/9780470715154.ch10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470715154" title="Special:BookSources/9780470715154"><bdi>9780470715154</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-4657">1935-4657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Difficulty+of+Evaluating+the+Potency+of+Steroid+Hormones+by+Different+Routes+of+Administration+in+Humans&rft.btitle=Ciba+Foundation+Symposium+-+Steroid+Hormone+Administration+%28Book+II+of+Colloquia+on+Endocrinology%2C+Vol.+3%29&rft.series=Novartis+Foundation+Symposia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E349-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1935-4657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470715154.ch10&rft.isbn=9780470715154&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7195405-113"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7195405_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugeatDunnNisula1981" class="citation journal cs1">Pugeat MM, Dunn JF, Nisula BC (July 1981). "Transport of steroid hormones: interaction of 70 drugs with testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 53 (1): 69–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-53-1-69">10.1210/jcem-53-1-69</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7195405">7195405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Transport+of+steroid+hormones%3A+interaction+of+70+drugs+with+testosterone-binding+globulin+and+corticosteroid-binding+globulin+in+human+plasma&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1981-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-53-1-69&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7195405&rft.aulast=Pugeat&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Dunn%2C+JF&rft.au=Nisula%2C+BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-.v-114"><a href="#cite_ref-.v_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambersGünzel2013" class="citation book cs1">Chambers PL, Günzel P (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUH1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA276">Mechanism of Toxic Action on Some Target Organs: Drugs and Other Substances</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 276–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-67265-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-67265-1"><bdi>978-3-642-67265-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanism+of+Toxic+Action+on+Some+Target+Organs%3A+Drugs+and+Other+Substances&rft.pages=276-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.isbn=978-3-642-67265-1&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=G%C3%BCnzel%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUH1CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15458790-115"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15458790_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouseKorach2004" class="citation journal cs1">Couse JF, Korach KS (December 2004). "Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates the detrimental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in the murine reproductive tract". Toxicology. 205 (1–2): 55–63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Toxgy.205...55C">2004Toxgy.205...55C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tox.2004.06.046">10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15458790">15458790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology&rft.atitle=Estrogen+receptor-alpha+mediates+the+detrimental+effects+of+neonatal+diethylstilbestrol+%28DES%29+exposure+in+the+murine+reproductive+tract&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15458790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tox.2004.06.046&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Toxgy.205...55C&rft.aulast=Couse&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Korach%2C+KS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19737574-116"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19737574_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenJacobsonWalfFrye2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen EV, Jacobson HI, Walf AA, Frye CA (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834267">"Estrogen action: a historic perspective on the implications of considering alternative approaches"</a>. Physiol. Behav. 99 (2): 151–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2009.08.013">10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.08.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834267">2834267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19737574">19737574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physiol.+Behav.&rft.atitle=Estrogen+action%3A+a+historic+perspective+on+the+implications+of+considering+alternative+approaches&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2834267%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19737574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2009.08.013&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=EV&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+HI&rft.au=Walf%2C+AA&rft.au=Frye%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2834267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WermuthAldous2015-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WermuthAldous2015_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WermuthAldous2015_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WermuthAldous2015_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermuthAldousRaboissonRognan2015" class="citation book cs1">Wermuth CG, Aldous D, Raboisson P, Rognan D (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtScBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry</a>. Elsevier Science. pp. 244–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-417213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-417213-5"><bdi>978-0-12-417213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-12-417213-5&rft.aulast=Wermuth&rft.aufirst=CG&rft.au=Aldous%2C+D&rft.au=Raboisson%2C+P&rft.au=Rognan%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdtScBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sneader2005-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sneader2005_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sneader2005_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sneader2005_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sneader2005_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneader2005" class="citation book cs1">Sneader W (31 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA196">Drug Discovery: A History</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01552-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-01552-0"><bdi>978-0-470-01552-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drug+Discovery%3A+A+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.isbn=978-0-470-01552-0&rft.aulast=Sneader&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjglFsz5EJR8C%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravina2011-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ravina2011_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravina2011_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravina2011_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavina2011" class="citation book cs1">Ravina (11 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA177">T he Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 177–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32669-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-32669-3"><bdi>978-3-527-32669-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T+he+Evolution+of+Drug+Discovery%3A+From+Traditional+Medicines+to+Modern+Drugs&rft.pages=177-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft.isbn=978-3-527-32669-3&rft.au=Ravina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDNy0XxGqT8C%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AcademicPress1945-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicPress1945_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicPress1945_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AcademicPress1945_120-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.5563">Vitamins and Hormones</a>. Academic Press. 1945. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.5563/page/n253">233</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-086600-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-086600-0"><bdi>978-0-08-086600-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vitamins+and+Hormones&rft.pages=233-&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-0-08-086600-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.5563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaximovMcDaniel2013-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaximovMcDaniel2013_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaximovMcDaniel2013_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaximovMcDanielJordan2013" class="citation book cs1">Maximov PY, McDaniel RE, Jordan VC (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-W5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Tamoxifen: Pioneering Medicine in Breast Cancer</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 3–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-0664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0348-0664-0"><bdi>978-3-0348-0664-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamoxifen%3A+Pioneering+Medicine+in+Breast+Cancer&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.isbn=978-3-0348-0664-0&rft.aulast=Maximov&rft.aufirst=PY&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+RE&rft.au=Jordan%2C+VC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-W5BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodds_1938-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodds_1938_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoddsGoldbergLawsonRobinson1938" class="citation journal cs1">Dodds EC, Goldberg L, Lawson W, Robinson R (1938). "Estrogenic activity of certain synthetic compounds". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 141 (3562): 247–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F141247b0">10.1038/141247b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4078256">4078256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Estrogenic+activity+of+certain+synthetic+compounds&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3562&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F141247b0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4078256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+L&rft.au=Lawson%2C+W&rft.au=Robinson%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dodds2-123"><a href="#cite_ref-dodds2_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds1957" class="citation book cs1">Dodds EC (1957). Biochemical contributions to endocrinology; experiments in hormonal research. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1483899">1483899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemical+contributions+to+endocrinology%3B+experiments+in+hormonal+research&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1483899&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyers-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meyers_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meyers_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1983" class="citation book cs1">Meyers R (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desbitterpill00meye">D.E.S., the bitter pill</a>. New York: Seaview/Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-31008-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-31008-8"><bdi>0-399-31008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.E.S.%2C+the+bitter+pill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seaview%2FPutnam&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-399-31008-8&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesbitterpill00meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-langston-125"><a href="#cite_ref-langston_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangston2010" class="citation book cs1">Langston N (2010). Toxic bodies: Hormone disruptors and the legacy of DES. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13607-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13607-4"><bdi>978-0-300-13607-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxic+bodies%3A+Hormone+disruptors+and+the+legacy+of+DES&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13607-4&rft.aulast=Langston&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seaman-126"><a href="#cite_ref-seaman_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaman2003" class="citation book cs1">Seaman B (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatestexperime00barb">The greatest experiment ever performed on women: Exploding the estrogen myth</a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6853-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6853-7"><bdi>978-0-7868-6853-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+greatest+experiment+ever+performed+on+women%3A+Exploding+the+estrogen+myth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7868-6853-7&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatestexperime00barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4625049-127"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid4625049_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugginsHodges1972" class="citation journal cs1">Huggins C, Hodges CV (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.22.4.232">"Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate"</a>. CA. 22 (4): 232–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.22.4.232">10.3322/canjclin.22.4.232</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4625049">4625049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19786742">19786742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA&rft.atitle=Studies+on+prostatic+cancer.+I.+The+effect+of+castration%2C+of+estrogen+and+androgen+injection+on+serum+phosphatases+in+metastatic+carcinoma+of+the+prostate&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19786742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4625049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcanjclin.22.4.232&rft.aulast=Huggins&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Hodges%2C+CV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3322%252Fcanjclin.22.4.232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1943/12/15/archives/prostate-cancer-yields-to-a-drug-control-of-disease-by-taking.html">"Prostate cancer yields to a drug"</a>. The New York Times: 29. 15 December 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513000656/https://www.nytimes.com/1943/12/15/archives/prostate-cancer-yields-to-a-drug-control-of-disease-by-taking.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prostate+cancer+yields+to+a+drug&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1943-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1943%2F12%2F15%2Farchives%2Fprostate-cancer-yields-to-a-drug-control-of-disease-by-taking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lupulescu1990-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Lupulescu1990_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupulescu1990" class="citation book cs1">Lupulescu A (24 October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VddUa-2cp-YC&pg=PA36">Hormones and Vitamins in Cancer Treatment</a>. CRC Press. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-5973-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-5973-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-5973-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512212413/https://books.google.com/books?id=VddUa-2cp-YC&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hormones+and+Vitamins+in+Cancer+Treatment&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1990-10-24&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-5973-6&rft.aulast=Lupulescu&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVddUa-2cp-YC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dutton-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dutton_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dutton_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1988" class="citation book cs1">Dutton DB (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worsethandisease0000dutt">Worse than the disease: pitfalls of medical progress</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34023-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34023-3"><bdi>0-521-34023-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worse+than+the+disease%3A+pitfalls+of+medical+progress&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-34023-3&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworsethandisease0000dutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdr1961-131"><a href="#cite_ref-pdr1961_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Physicians' desk reference to pharmaceutical specialties and biologicals (15th ed.). Oradell NJ: Medical Economics. 1961. p. 625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-093447-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-093447-X"><bdi>0-00-093447-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physicians%27+desk+reference+to+pharmaceutical+specialties+and+biologicals&rft.place=Oradell+NJ&rft.pages=625&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Medical+Economics&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-00-093447-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dieckmann-132"><a href="#cite_ref-dieckmann_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieckmannDavisRynkiewiczPottinger1953" class="citation journal cs1">Dieckmann WJ, Davis ME, Rynkiewicz LM, Pottinger RE (November 1953). "Does the administration of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy have therapeutic value?". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 66 (5): 1062–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2816%2938617-3">10.1016/S0002-9378(16)38617-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13104505">13104505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology&rft.atitle=Does+the+administration+of+diethylstilbestrol+during+pregnancy+have+therapeutic+value%3F&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1062-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1953-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0002-9378%2816%2938617-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13104505&rft.aulast=Dieckmann&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Davis%2C+ME&rft.au=Rynkiewicz%2C+LM&rft.au=Pottinger%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apfel-133"><a href="#cite_ref-apfel_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApfelFisher1984" class="citation book cs1">Apfel RJ, Fisher SM (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/todonoharmdesdil0000apfe">To do no harm: DES and the dilemmas of modern medicine</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03192-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03192-0"><bdi>0-300-03192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+do+no+harm%3A+DES+and+the+dilemmas+of+modern+medicine&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-300-03192-0&rft.aulast=Apfel&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Fisher%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftodonoharmdesdil0000apfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr1971-134"><a href="#cite_ref-fr1971_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration1971" class="citation journal cs1">United States Food and Drug Administration (1971). "Certain estrogens for oral or parenteral use. Drugs for human use; drug efficacy study implementation". Fed Regist. 36 (217): 21537–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fed+Regist&rft.atitle=Certain+estrogens+for+oral+or+parenteral+use.+Drugs+for+human+use%3B+drug+efficacy+study+implementation&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=217&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21537-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1971&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988">; 36 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/fr/36/21537">21537</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-des25mg-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-des25mg_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-des25mg_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFDA1975" class="citation journal cs1">FDA (1975). "Certain estrogens for oral use. Notice of withdrawal of approval of new drug applications". Fed Regist. 40 (25): 5384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fed+Regist&rft.atitle=Certain+estrogens+for+oral+use.+Notice+of+withdrawal+of+approval+of+new+drug+applications&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=5384&rft.date=1975&rft.au=FDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988">; 25 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/fr/25/5384">5384</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuger2009" class="citation web cs1">Zuger A (2009-07-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/28/health/28book.html">"At What Height, Happiness? A Medical Tale"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719081939/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/28/health/28book.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-19. Retrieved 2017-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+What+Height%2C+Happiness%3F+A+Medical+Tale&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft.aulast=Zuger&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F28%2Fhealth%2F28book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMA1960a-137"><a href="#cite_ref-AMA1960a_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_on_Drugs1960" class="citation journal cs1">Council on Drugs (1960). "Androgens and estrogens in the treatment of disseminated mammary carcinoma: retrospective study of nine hundred forty-four patients". JAMA. 172 (12): 1271–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1960.03020120049010">10.1001/jama.1960.03020120049010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Androgens+and+estrogens+in+the+treatment+of+disseminated+mammary+carcinoma%3A+retrospective+study+of+nine+hundred+forty-four+patients&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1271-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1960.03020120049010&rft.au=Council+on+Drugs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7001242-138"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7001242_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngleAhmannGreenEdmonson1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ingle JN, Ahmann DL, Green SJ, Edmonson JH, Bisel HF, Kvols LK, Nichols WC, Creagan ET, Hahn RG, Rubin J, Frytak S (January 1981). "Randomized clinical trial of diethylstilbestrol versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 304 (1): 16–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198101013040104">10.1056/NEJM198101013040104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001242">7001242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Randomized+clinical+trial+of+diethylstilbestrol+versus+tamoxifen+in+postmenopausal+women+with+advanced+breast+cancer&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1981-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM198101013040104&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7001242&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.au=Ahmann%2C+DL&rft.au=Green%2C+SJ&rft.au=Edmonson%2C+JH&rft.au=Bisel%2C+HF&rft.au=Kvols%2C+LK&rft.au=Nichols%2C+WC&rft.au=Creagan%2C+ET&rft.au=Hahn%2C+RG&rft.au=Rubin%2C+J&rft.au=Frytak%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwinCummings1984" class="citation journal cs1">Goodwin WE, Cummings RH (March 1984). "Squamous metaplasia of the verumontanum with obstruction due to hypertrophy: long-term effects of estrogen on the prostate in an aging male-to-female transsexual". The Journal of Urology. 131 (3): 553–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2950493-0">10.1016/s0022-5347(17)50493-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6199525">6199525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Urology&rft.atitle=Squamous+metaplasia+of+the+verumontanum+with+obstruction+due+to+hypertrophy%3A+long-term+effects+of+estrogen+on+the+prostate+in+an+aging+male-to-female+transsexual&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1984-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0022-5347%2817%2950493-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6199525&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=WE&rft.au=Cummings%2C+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrman1976" class="citation journal cs1">Lehrman KL (February 1976). "Pulmonary embolism in a transsexual man taking diethylstilbestrol". JAMA. 235 (5): 532–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1976.03260310046024">10.1001/jama.1976.03260310046024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/946104">946104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+embolism+in+a+transsexual+man+taking+diethylstilbestrol&rft.volume=235&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E532-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1976-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1976.03260310046024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F946104&rft.aulast=Lehrman&rft.aufirst=KL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeylerCanalisSpareReichlin1978" class="citation journal cs1">Seyler LE, Canalis E, Spare S, Reichlin S (July 1978). "Abnormal gonadotropin secretory responses to LRH in transsexual women after diethylstilbestrol priming". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 47 (1): 176–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-47-1-176">10.1210/jcem-47-1-176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/122396">122396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Abnormal+gonadotropin+secretory+responses+to+LRH+in+transsexual+women+after+diethylstilbestrol+priming&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1978-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-47-1-176&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F122396&rft.aulast=Seyler&rft.aufirst=LE&rft.au=Canalis%2C+E&rft.au=Spare%2C+S&rft.au=Reichlin%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5171004-142"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5171004_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuchera1971" class="citation journal cs1">Kuchera LK (October 1971). "Postcoital contraception with diethylstilbestrol". JAMA. 218 (4): 562–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.218.4.562">10.1001/jama.218.4.562</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5171004">5171004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Postcoital+contraception+with+diethylstilbestrol&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E562-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1971-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.218.4.562&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5171004&rft.aulast=Kuchera&rft.aufirst=LK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFDA1975" class="citation journal cs1">FDA (1975). "Diethylstilbestrol as posticoital oral contraceptive; patient labeling". Fed Regist. 40 (25): 5451–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fed+Regist&rft.atitle=Diethylstilbestrol+as+posticoital+oral+contraceptive%3B+patient+labeling&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5451-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1975&rft.au=FDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988">; 40 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/fr/40/5451">5451</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFDA1975" class="citation journal cs1">FDA (1975). "Estrogens for oral or parenteral use. Drugs for human use; drug efficacy study; amended notice". Fed Regist. 40 (39): 8242.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fed+Regist&rft.atitle=Estrogens+for+oral+or+parenteral+use.+Drugs+for+human+use%3B+drug+efficacy+study%3B+amended+notice&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=8242&rft.date=1975&rft.au=FDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988">; 39 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/fr/39/8242">8242</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcherStewartStewartGuest1982" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher RA, Stewart GK, Stewart F, Guest F, Josephs N, Dale J (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contraceptivetec0000hatc/page/152">Contraceptive Technology 1982–1983</a>. New York: Irvington Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contraceptivetec0000hatc/page/152">152–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8290-0705-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8290-0705-9"><bdi>0-8290-0705-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contraceptive+Technology+1982%E2%80%931983&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=152-7&rft.pub=Irvington+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8290-0705-9&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Stewart%2C+GK&rft.au=Stewart%2C+F&rft.au=Guest%2C+F&rft.au=Josephs%2C+N&rft.au=Dale%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontraceptivetec0000hatc%2Fpage%2F152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFDA1978" class="citation journal cs1">FDA (1978). "Estrogens for postpartum breast engorgement". Fed Regist. 43 (206): 49564–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fed+Regist&rft.atitle=Estrogens+for+postpartum+breast+engorgement&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=206&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49564-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1978&rft.au=FDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988">; 43 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">FR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/fr/43/49564">49564</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_147-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyamaOhkawaOkuMaekawa2001" class="citation journal cs1">Toyama Y, Ohkawa M, Oku R, Maekawa M, Yuasa S (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1939-4640.2001.tb02197.x">"Neonatally administered diethylstilbestrol retards the development of the blood-testis barrier in the rat"</a>. Journal of Andrology. 22 (3): 413–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1939-4640.2001.tb02197.x">10.1002/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02197.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11330641">11330641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14127534">14127534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Andrology&rft.atitle=Neonatally+administered+diethylstilbestrol+retards+the+development+of+the+blood-testis+barrier+in+the+rat&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14127534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11330641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1939-4640.2001.tb02197.x&rft.aulast=Toyama&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Ohkawa%2C+M&rft.au=Oku%2C+R&rft.au=Maekawa%2C+M&rft.au=Yuasa%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fj.1939-4640.2001.tb02197.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawaguchi_2009-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kawaguchi_2009_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kawaguchi_2009_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kawaguchi_2009_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kawaguchi_2009_148-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kawaguchi_2009_148-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawaguchiMiyoshiMiyamotoSouda2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kawaguchi H, Miyoshi N, Miyamoto Y, Souda M, Umekita Y, Yasuda N, Yoshida H (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1292%2Fjvms.001309">"Effects of exposure period and dose of diethylstilbestrol on pregnancy in rats"</a>. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 71 (10): 1309–1315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1292%2Fjvms.001309">10.1292/jvms.001309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19887736">19887736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Veterinary+Medical+Science&rft.atitle=Effects+of+exposure+period+and+dose+of+diethylstilbestrol+on+pregnancy+in+rats&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1309-%3C%2Fspan%3E1315&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1292%2Fjvms.001309&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19887736&rft.aulast=Kawaguchi&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Miyoshi%2C+N&rft.au=Miyamoto%2C+Y&rft.au=Souda%2C+M&rft.au=Umekita%2C+Y&rft.au=Yasuda%2C+N&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1292%252Fjvms.001309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giusti_1995-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giusti_1995_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giusti_1995_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giusti_1995_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giusti_1995_149-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiustiIwamotoHatch1995" class="citation journal cs1">Giusti RM, Iwamoto K, Hatch EE (May 1995). "Diethylstilbestrol revisited: a review of the long-term health effects". Annals of Internal Medicine. 122 (10): 778–788. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00008">10.7326/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7717601">7717601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25131834">25131834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Diethylstilbestrol+revisited%3A+a+review+of+the+long-term+health+effects&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E778-%3C%2Fspan%3E788&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25131834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7717601&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00008&rft.aulast=Giusti&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Iwamoto%2C+K&rft.au=Hatch%2C+EE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangston2008" class="citation journal cs1">Langston N (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F13.1.41">"The Retreat from Precaution: Regulating Diethylstilbestrol (Des), Endocrine Disruptors, and Environmental Health"</a>. Environmental History. 13 (1): 41–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F13.1.41">10.1093/envhis/13.1.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-5453">1084-5453</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473193">25473193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=The+Retreat+from+Precaution%3A+Regulating+Diethylstilbestrol+%28Des%29%2C+Endocrine+Disruptors%2C+and+Environmental+Health&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1084-5453&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25473193%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F13.1.41&rft.aulast=Langston&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fenvhis%252F13.1.41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora-León2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zamora-León P (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507770">"Are the Effects of DES Over? A Tragic Lesson from the Past"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18 (19): 10309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph181910309">10.3390/ijerph181910309</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8507770">8507770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639609">34639609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Are+the+Effects+of+DES+Over%3F+A+Tragic+Lesson+from+the+Past&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=10309&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8507770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34639609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph181910309&rft.aulast=Zamora-Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8507770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveFerversLe_RomancerEtienne-Selloum2020" class="citation journal cs1">Eve L, Fervers B, Le Romancer M, Etienne-Selloum N (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731339">"Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Risk of Breast Cancer"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (23): 9139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms21239139">10.3390/ijms21239139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7731339">7731339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33266302">33266302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Exposure+to+Endocrine+Disrupting+Chemicals+and+Risk+of+Breast+Cancer&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=9139&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7731339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33266302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms21239139&rft.aulast=Eve&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Fervers%2C+B&rft.au=Le+Romancer%2C+M&rft.au=Etienne-Selloum%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7731339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareyNaderChaiCarreiro2017" class="citation journal cs1">Carey JL, Nader N, Chai PR, Carreiro S, Griswold MK, Boyle KL (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779632">"Drugs and Medical Devices: Adverse Events and the Impact on Women's Health"</a>. Clinical Therapeutics. 39 (1): 10–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2016.12.009">10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.12.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5779632">5779632</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28069260">28069260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Drugs+and+Medical+Devices%3A+Adverse+Events+and+the+Impact+on+Women%27s+Health&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5779632%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28069260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2016.12.009&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Nader%2C+N&rft.au=Chai%2C+PR&rft.au=Carreiro%2C+S&rft.au=Griswold%2C+MK&rft.au=Boyle%2C+KL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5779632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangston2008" class="citation journal cs1">Langston N (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F13.1.41">"The retreat from precaution: Regulating diethylstilbestrol (DES), endocrine disruptors, and environmental health"</a>. Environmental History. 13 (1): 41–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F13.1.41">10.1093/envhis/13.1.41</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=The+retreat+from+precaution%3A+Regulating+diethylstilbestrol+%28DES%29%2C+endocrine+disruptors%2C+and+environmental+health.&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F13.1.41&rft.aulast=Langston&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fenvhis%252F13.1.41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2018" class="citation book cs1">Beauchamp TL (2018). "The principles of biomedical ethics as universal principles.". Islamic Perspectives on the Principles of Biomedical Ethics: Muslim Religious Scholars and Biomedical Scientists in Face-to-Face Dialogue with Western Bioethicists. Intercultural Dialogue in Bioethics. Vol. 1. pp. 91–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9781786340481_0004">10.1142/9781786340481_0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78634-047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78634-047-4"><bdi>978-1-78634-047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+principles+of+biomedical+ethics+as+universal+principles.&rft.btitle=Islamic+Perspectives+on+the+Principles+of+Biomedical+Ethics%3A+Muslim+Religious+Scholars+and+Biomedical+Scientists+in+Face-to-Face+Dialogue+with+Western+Bioethicists&rft.series=Intercultural+Dialogue+in+Bioethics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9781786340481_0004&rft.isbn=978-1-78634-047-4&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=TL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_156-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastroianniFadenFederman1994" class="citation journal cs1">Mastroianni AC, Faden R, Federman D (March 1994). "Women and health research: a report from the Institute of Medicine". Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 4 (1): 55–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fken.0.0121">10.1353/ken.0.0121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10132589">10132589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31494934">31494934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kennedy+Institute+of+Ethics+Journal&rft.atitle=Women+and+health+research%3A+a+report+from+the+Institute+of+Medicine&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1994-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31494934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10132589&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fken.0.0121&rft.aulast=Mastroianni&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Faden%2C+R&rft.au=Federman%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavoie2013" class="citation news cs1">Lavoie D (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110093212/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/09/des-pregnancy-drug-lawsuit-melnick-sisters_n_2442937.html">"DES Pregnancy Drug Lawsuit: Settlement Reached Between Melnick Sisters And Eli Lilly And Co"</a>. Huffington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/09/des-pregnancy-drug-lawsuit-melnick-sisters_n_2442937.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=DES+Pregnancy+Drug+Lawsuit%3A+Settlement+Reached+Between+Melnick+Sisters+And+Eli+Lilly+And+Co.&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Lavoie&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F09%2Fdes-pregnancy-drug-lawsuit-melnick-sisters_n_2442937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/996">"Collection: DES Action USA records | Smith College Finding Aids"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609184734/https://findingaids.smith.edu/repositories/2/resources/996">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-09. Retrieved 2020-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection%3A+DES+Action+USA+records+%7C+Smith+College+Finding+Aids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.smith.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest-Taylor2016" class="citation web cs1">West-Taylor Z (24 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203130225/http://affinitymagazine.us/2016/09/24/the-alan-turing-law-a-formal-pardon-for-unpardonable-homophobia/">"The Alan Turing Law – a Formal Pardon for Unpardonable Homophobia"</a>. Affinity magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://affinitymagazine.us/2016/09/24/the-alan-turing-law-a-formal-pardon-for-unpardonable-homophobia/">the original</a> on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Affinity+magazine&rft.atitle=The+Alan+Turing+Law+%E2%80%93+a+Formal+Pardon+for+Unpardonable+Homophobia&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.aulast=West-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Z&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faffinitymagazine.us%2F2016%2F09%2F24%2Fthe-alan-turing-law-a-formal-pardon-for-unpardonable-homophobia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgallon,_Steve2023" class="citation web cs1">Kilgallon, Steve (22 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/130948087/how-gay-conversion-drugs-ruined-this-mans-life/">"How 'gay conversion' drugs ruined this man's life"</a>. Stuff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122031006/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/130948087/how-gay-conversion-drugs-ruined-this-mans-life">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=How+%27gay+conversion%27+drugs+ruined+this+man%27s+life&rft.date=2023-01-22&rft.au=Kilgallon%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fhealth%2F130948087%2Fhow-gay-conversion-drugs-ruined-this-mans-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckvetmanual.com/?cfile=htm/bc/191024.htm">"Urinary Incontinence"</a>. Merck Veterinary Manual. <a href="/wiki/Merck_Veterinary_Manual" title="Merck Veterinary Manual">Merck Veterinary Manual</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429134419/https://www.merckvetmanual.com/?cfile=htm/bc/191024.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merck+Veterinary+Manual&rft.atitle=Urinary+Incontinence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2F%3Fcfile%3Dhtm%2Fbc%2F191024.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisWaring2012" class="citation journal cs1">Harris RM, Waring RH (June 2012). "Diethylstilboestrol--a long-term legacy". Maturitas. 72 (2): 108–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2012.03.002">10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22464649">22464649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maturitas&rft.atitle=Diethylstilboestrol--a+long-term+legacy&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.maturitas.2012.03.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22464649&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Waring%2C+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlenvirocancer.cornell.edu-163"><a href="#cite_ref-urlenvirocancer.cornell.edu_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhiSnedeker2000" class="citation web cs1">Gandhi R, Snedeker S (2000-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/14514/fs37.hormones.pdf">"Consumer Concerns About Hormones in Food"</a> (PDF). Fact Sheet #37, June 2000. Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors, Cornell University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719175735/http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/Factsheet/Diet/fs37.hormones.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact+Sheet+%2337%2C+June+2000&rft.atitle=Consumer+Concerns+About+Hormones+in+Food&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Snedeker%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1813%2F14514%2Ffs37.hormones.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWJ2018" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, WJ, et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5876997">"Removal and Biodegradation of 17β-Estradiol and Diethylstilbestrol by the Freshwater Microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata"</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (3): 452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph15030452">10.3390/ijerph15030452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5876997">5876997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29510598">29510598</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4711788">4711788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Removal+and+Biodegradation+of+17%CE%B2-Estradiol+and+Diethylstilbestrol+by+the+Freshwater+Microalgae+Raphidocelis+subcapitata&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=452&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5876997%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4711788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29510598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph15030452&rft.au=Liu&rft.au=WJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5876997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2017" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston E (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/653258">"Poisoned subjects: life writing of DES daughters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers:_A_Journal_of_Women_Studies" title="Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies">Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</a>. 38 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>: 31–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0031">10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0031">10.5250/fronjwomestud.38.1.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152010855">152010855</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730113306/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/653258">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2017-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=Poisoned+subjects%3A+life+writing+of+DES+daughters&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152010855%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5250%2Ffronjwomestud.38.1.0031&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F653258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiethylstilbestrol" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/hormones/des-fact-sheet">Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and Cancer</a> National Cancer Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/DES/">DES Update</a> from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://desaction.org/">DES Action USA</a> national consumer organization providing comprehensive information for DES-exposed individuals</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604145531/http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/ACSRB/pubs/DES_Pubs/directory.html">DES Booklets</a> from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1980)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desfollowupstudy.org/">DES Follow-up Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929172627/http://www.desfollowupstudy.org/">Archived</a> 2011-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Cancer Institute's longterm study of DES-exposed persons (including the DES-AD Project)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voices.uchicago.edu/ccaregistry/">University of Chicago DES Registry</a> of patients with CCA (clear cell adenocarcinoma) of the vagina and/or cervix</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diethylstilbestrol.co.uk/">DES Diethylstilbestrol</a> Provides resources and social media links for general DES awareness</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogens_and_antiestrogens109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template talk:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogens_and_antiestrogens109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">testosterone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">nandrolone esters</a>) (via estrogenic metabolites)</li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">etynodiol diacetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">tibolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomestrone" title="Clomestrone">Clomestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol_acetate" title="Cloxestradiol acetate">Cloxestradiol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estriol" title="Conjugated estriol">Conjugated estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">Epiestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimestrol" title="Epimestrol">Epimestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol_(medication)" title="Estetrol (medication)">Estetrol</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estradiol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_acetate" title="Estradiol acetate">estradiol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate" title="Estradiol benzoate">estradiol benzoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate" title="Estradiol cypionate">estradiol cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_enanthate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol enanthate">estradiol enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_undecylate" title="Estradiol undecylate">estradiol undecylate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_ester_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol ester mixture">estradiol ester mixtures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climacteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteron">Climacteron</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estriol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estriol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estriol_succinate" title="Estriol succinate">estriol succinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate" title="Polyestriol phosphate">polyestriol phosphate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogenic_substances" title="Estrogenic substances">Estrogenic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_(medication)" title="Estrone (medication)">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estrone_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estrone esters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate_(medication)" title="Estrone sulfate (medication)">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">Ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyestrone_diacetate" title="Hydroxyestrone diacetate">Hydroxyestrone diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxestrol" title="Moxestrol">Moxestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilestriol" title="Nilestriol">Nilestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">Prasterone sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promestriene" title="Promestriene">Promestriene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestradol" title="Quinestradol">Quinestradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Benzestrol" title="Benzestrol">Benzestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Diethylstilbestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestilbol" title="Mestilbol">Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynoestrol" title="Doisynoestrol">Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Hexestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Hexestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol" title="Methestrol">Methestrol (promethestrol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol_dipropionate" title="Methestrol dipropionate">Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrosilan" title="Quadrosilan">Quadrosilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylbromoethylene" title="Triphenylbromoethylene">Triphenylbromoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylchloroethylene" title="Triphenylchloroethylene">Triphenylchloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> (gonadorelin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone"><abbr title="follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone, <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor antagonists (incl. <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip selective estrogen receptor modulators/<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_downregulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor downregulators"><abbr title="selective estrogen receptor downregulators">SERDs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip selective estrogen receptor downregulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolbifene" title="Acolbifene">Acolbifene</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordrin" title="Anordrin">Anordrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broparestrol" title="Broparestrol">Broparestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclofenil" title="Cyclofenil">Cyclofenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">Enclomifene</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Exclusively antagonistic: <a href="/wiki/Elacestrant" title="Elacestrant">Elacestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Noncompetitive inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">Aromatase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First-generation: <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testolactone" title="Testolactone">Testolactone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Second-generation: <a href="/wiki/Fadrozole" title="Fadrozole">Fadrozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Third-generation: <a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">Anastrozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letrozole" title="Letrozole">Letrozole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">testosterone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">nandrolone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">fluoxymesterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> releasers) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">goserelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">elagolix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mixed mechanism of action: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Androstenedione immunogens: <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal estrogens">List of estrogens</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogen_receptor_modulators1222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogen_receptor_modulators1222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17%CE%B2-ol" title="3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol">3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B2,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Hydroxytibolone" title="3α-Hydroxytibolone">3α-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxytibolone" title="3β-Hydroxytibolone">3β-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroestradiol" title="4-Fluoroestradiol">4-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Oxo-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methylestradiol" title="7α-Methylestradiol">7α-Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestradiol" title="8,9-Dehydroestradiol">8,9-Dehydroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestrone" title="8,9-Dehydroestrone">8,9-Dehydroestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8%CE%B2-VE2" title="8β-VE2">8β-VE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10%CE%B2,17%CE%B2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one" title="10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one">10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Chloromethylestradiol" title="11β-Chloromethylestradiol">11β-Chloromethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methoxyestradiol" title="11β-Methoxyestradiol">11β-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B1-Hydroxyestradiol" title="15α-Hydroxyestradiol">15α-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Fluoroestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Fluoroestradiol">16α-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="16α-Hydroxy-DHEA">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Iodoestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Iodoestradiol">16α-Iodoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-LE2" title="16α-LE2">16α-LE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">alfatradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilenin" title="17α-Dihydroequilenin">17α-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilin" title="17α-Dihydroequilin">17α-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Dihydroequilenin">17β-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilin" title="17β-Dihydroequilin">17β-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Methyl-17%CE%B1-dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin">17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alestramustine" title="Alestramustine">Alestramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almestrone" title="Almestrone">Almestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrimustine" title="Atrimustine">Atrimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butolame" title="Butolame">Butolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomestrone" title="Clomestrone">Clomestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol" title="Cloxestradiol">Cloxestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol_acetate" title="Cloxestradiol acetate">Cloxestradiol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estriol" title="Conjugated estriol">Conjugated estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclodiol" title="Cyclodiol">Cyclodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotriol" title="Cyclotriol">Cyclotriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent-Estradiol" title="Ent-Estradiol">ent-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimestrol" title="Epimestrol">Epimestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilenin" title="Equilenin">Equilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilin" title="Equilin">Equilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-63" title="ERA-63">ERA-63 (ORG-37663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estradiol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">Polyestradiol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine" title="Estramustine">Estramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrapronicate" title="Estrapronicate">Estrapronicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrazinol" title="Estrazinol">Estrazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estriol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estriol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate" title="Polyestriol phosphate">Polyestriol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrofurate" title="Estrofurate">Estrofurate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogenic_substances" title="Estrogenic substances">Estrogenic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estromustine" title="Estromustine">Estromustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estrone_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estrone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_methyl_ether" title="Estrone methyl ether">Estrone methyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamestrol" title="Etamestrol">Etamestrol (eptamestrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_3-benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate">Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">Ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestriol" title="Ethinylestriol">Ethinylestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestradiol" title="Ethylestradiol">Ethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexolame" title="Hexolame">Hexolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippulin" title="Hippulin">Hippulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyestrone_diacetate" title="Hydroxyestrone diacetate">Hydroxyestrone diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxestrol" title="Moxestrol">Moxestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytatrienediol" title="Mytatrienediol">Mytatrienediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilestriol" title="Nilestriol">Nilestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestrate" title="Orestrate">Orestrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolame" title="Pentolame">Pentolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodiame" title="Prodiame">Prodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolame" title="Prolame">Prolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promestriene" title="Promestriene">Promestriene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-16117" title="RU-16117">RU-16117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestradol" title="Quinestradol">Quinestradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(S,S)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene" title="2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene">2,8-DHHHC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-LGND1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-LGND1 (page does not exist)">β-LGND1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-LGND2" title="Β-LGND2">β-LGND2 (GTx-878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-186 (page does not exist)">AC-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenestrol" title="Allenestrol">Allenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenolic_acid" title="Allenolic acid">Allenolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzestrol" title="Benzestrol">Benzestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisdehydrodoisynolic_acid" title="Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid">Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butestrol" title="Butestrol">Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbestrol" title="Carbestrol">Carbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-15414" title="D-15414">D-15414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCW234" title="DCW234">DCW234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diethylstilbestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Diethylstilbestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Diethylstilbestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (dianisylhexene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylstilbestrol" title="Dimethylstilbestrol">Dimethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynoestrol" title="Doisynoestrol">Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynolic_acid" title="Doisynolic acid">Doisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elacestrant" title="Elacestrant">Elacestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-196" title="ERB-196">ERB-196 (WAY-202196)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteberel" title="Erteberel">Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrobin" title="Estrobin">Estrobin (DBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenestrel" title="Fenestrel">Fenestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FERb_033" title="FERb 033">FERb 033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furostilbestrol" title="Furostilbestrol">Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTx-758" title="GTx-758">GTx-758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Hexestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Hexestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-85966" title="ICI-85966">ICI-85966 (Stilbostat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2613" title="M2613">M2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Butestrol" title="Meso-Butestrol">meso-Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Hexestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Meso-Hexestrol">meso-Hexestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestilbol" title="Mestilbol">Mestilbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol" title="Methestrol">Methestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol_dipropionate" title="Methestrol dipropionate">Methestrol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentafluranol" title="Pentafluranol">Pentafluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenestrol" title="Phenestrol">Phenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinaberel" title="Prinaberel">Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrosilan" title="Quadrosilan">Quadrosilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-3296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-3296 (page does not exist)">SC-3296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-4289" title="SC-4289">SC-4289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERBA-2" title="SERBA-2">SERBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82,958" title="SKF-82,958">SKF-82,958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfluranol" title="Terfluranol">Terfluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylbromoethylene" title="Triphenylbromoethylene">Triphenylbromoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylchloroethylene" title="Triphenylchloroethylene">Triphenylchloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenyliodoethylene" title="Triphenyliodoethylene">Triphenyliodoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethylethylene" title="Triphenylmethylethylene">Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-166818" title="WAY-166818">WAY-166818</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-169916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-169916 (page does not exist)">WAY-169916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-200070" title="WAY-200070">WAY-200070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-204688" title="WAY-204688">WAY-204688 (SIM-688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-214156" title="WAY-214156">WAY-214156</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/ERB-26" title="ERB-26">ERB-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-45" title="ERA-45">ERA-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-79" title="ERB-79">ERB-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZK-283197" title="ZK-283197">ZK-283197</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Xenoestrogens: <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a>-related (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anethole" title="Anethole">anethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anol" title="Anol">anol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianethole" title="Dianethole">dianethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianol" title="Dianol">dianol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoanethole" title="Photoanethole">photoanethole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalconoid" title="Chalconoid">Chalconoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin" title="Isoliquiritigenin">isoliquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phloretin" title="Phloretin">phloretin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlorizin" title="Phlorizin">phlorizin (phloridzin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedelolactone" title="Wedelolactone">wedelolactone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumestan" title="Coumestan">Coumestans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coumestrol" title="Coumestrol">coumestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoralidin" title="Psoralidin">psoralidin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/7,8-Dihydroxyflavone" class="mw-redirect" title="7,8-Dihydroxyflavone">7,8-DHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/8-Prenylnaringenin" title="8-Prenylnaringenin">8-prenylnaringenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">apigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">baicalein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochanin_A" title="Biochanin A">biochanin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calycosin" title="Calycosin">calycosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">catechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">daidzein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzin" title="Daidzin">daidzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">equol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formononetin" title="Formononetin">formononetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabrene" title="Glabrene">glabrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabridin" title="Glabridin">glabridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">genistein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistin" title="Genistin">genistin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycitein" title="Glycitein">glycitein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquiritigenin" title="Liquiritigenin">liquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirificin" title="Mirificin">mirificin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">myricetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">naringenin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penduletin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penduletin (page does not exist)">penduletin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinocembrin" title="Pinocembrin">pinocembrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunetin" title="Prunetin">prunetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">puerarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">tectoridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectorigenin" title="Tectorigenin">tectorigenin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Enterodiol" title="Enterodiol">enterodiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterolactone" title="Enterolactone">enterolactone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyasol" title="Nyasol">nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloestrogen" title="Metalloestrogen">Metalloestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">alternariol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">dieldrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">endosulfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">fenarimol</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPTE" title="HPTE">HPTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">methiocarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">methoxychlor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclocarban" title="Triclocarban">triclocarban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">triclosan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosteroid" title="Phytosteroid">Phytosteroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Digitoxin" title="Digitoxin">digitoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">guggulsterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">Phytosterols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-sitosterol">β-sitosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resorcylic_acid_lactone" title="Resorcylic acid lactone">Resorcylic acid lactones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zearalanone" title="Zearalanone">zearalanone</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-zearalenol">α-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-zearalenol">β-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">zearalenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">zeranol (α-zearalanol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taleranol" title="Taleranol">taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid</a>-like (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Deoxymiroestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxymiroestrol">deoxymiroestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroestrol" title="Miroestrol">miroestrol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">Stilbenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhaponticin" title="Rhaponticin">rhaponticin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_xenoestrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic xenoestrogen">Synthetic xenoestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkylphenol" title="Alkylphenol">alkylphenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">BPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">BPF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">BPS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraben" title="Paraben">parabens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyl" title="Polybrominated biphenyl">PBBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxybenzoic acid">PHBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>)</li> <li>Others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Agnuside" title="Agnuside">agnuside</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotundifuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotundifuran (page does not exist)">rotundifuran</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed (<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenylbenzofuran" title="2-Phenylbenzofuran">2-Phenylbenzofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Phenylbenzothiophene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Phenylbenzothiophene (page does not exist)">2-Phenylbenzothiophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Hydroxynorendoxifen" title="4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen">4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acefluranol" title="Acefluranol">Acefluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolbifene" title="Acolbifene">Acolbifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordiol" title="Anordiol">Anordiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordrin" title="Anordrin">Anordrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzoxifene" title="Arzoxifene">Arzoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilanestrant" title="Brilanestrant">Brilanestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broparestrol" title="Broparestrol">Broparestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camizestrant" title="Camizestrant">Camizestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifenoxide" title="Clomifenoxide">Clomifenoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CN-55945-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CN-55945-27 (page does not exist)">CN-55945-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclofenil" title="Cyclofenil">Cyclofenil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-15413&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-15413 (page does not exist)">D-15413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylchlorotrianisene" title="Desmethylchlorotrianisene">Desmethylchlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droloxifene" title="Droloxifene">Droloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">Enclomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">Endoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etacstil" title="Etacstil">Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethamoxytriphetol" title="Ethamoxytriphetol">Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femarelle" title="Femarelle">Femarelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fispemifene" title="Fispemifene">Fispemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-7604&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-7604 (page does not exist)">GW-7604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-55548" class="mw-redirect" title="ICI-55548">ICI-55548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoxifene" title="Idoxifene">Idoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levormeloxifene" title="Levormeloxifene">Levormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-1643" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-1643">LN-1643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-2299" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-2299">LN-2299</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-117018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-117018 (page does not exist)">LY-117018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menerba" title="Menerba">Menerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene" title="Miproxifene">Miproxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene_phosphate" title="Miproxifene phosphate">Miproxifene phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRL-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRL-37 (page does not exist)">MRL-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafoxidine" title="Nafoxidine">Nafoxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromifene" title="Nitromifene">Nitromifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_45-0095" title="NNC 45-0095">NNC 45-0095</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0320&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0320 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0320</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0781 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0781</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-1506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-1506 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-1506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panomifene" title="Panomifene">Panomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipendoxifene" title="Pipendoxifene">Pipendoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promensil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promensil (page does not exist)">Promensil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimostil" title="Rimostil">Rimostil (P-081)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1010 (page does not exist)">SS1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxifene" title="Trioxifene">Trioxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TZE-5323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TZE-5323 (page does not exist)">TZE-5323</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11555A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11555A (page does not exist)">U-11555A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11634&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11634 (page does not exist)">U-11634</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-134&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y-134 (page does not exist)">Y-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zindoxifene" title="Zindoxifene">Zindoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclomifene" title="Zuclomifene">Zuclomifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroindazole (page does not exist)">Chloroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytestrol_acetate" title="Cytestrol acetate">Cytestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-800 (page does not exist)">EM-800 (SCH-57050)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERA-90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERA-90 (page does not exist)">ERA-90</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERB-88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERB-88 (page does not exist)">ERB-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyceollin" title="Glyceollin">Glyceollins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_I" title="Glyceollin I">I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin II (page does not exist)">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_III" title="Glyceollin III">III</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin IV (page does not exist)">IV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-164384" title="ICI-164384">ICI-164384</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-101906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-101906 (page does not exist)">MDL-101906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpiperidinopyrazole" title="Methylpiperidinopyrazole">Methylpiperidinopyrazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxabicycloheptene_sulfonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate (page does not exist)">Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHTPP" title="PHTPP">PHTPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-39411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-39411 (page does not exist)">RU-39411</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-58668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-58668 (page does not exist)">RU-58668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1020 (page does not exist)">SS1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZB716" title="ZB716">ZB716</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-164015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-164015 (page does not exist)">ZK-164015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-191703&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-191703 (page does not exist)">ZK-191703</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Coregulator-binding modulators: <a href="/wiki/ERX-11" title="ERX-11">ERX-11</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Noncompetitive inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_estrogen_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor"><abbr title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor">GPER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrazine" title="Atrazine">Atrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/P,p%27-DDT" class="mw-redirect" title="P,p'-DDT">p,p'-DDT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27,p%27-DDE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O',p'-DDE (page does not exist)">o',p'-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">Equol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L1 (page does not exist)">GPER-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L2 (page does not exist)">GPER-L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytyrosol" title="Hydroxytyrosol">Hydroxytyrosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Kepone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">Nicotinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">Oleuropein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2%27,5%27-PCB-4-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH (page does not exist)">2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STX_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STX (drug) (page does not exist)">STX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">Tectoridin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">CCL18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-15_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-15 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-36_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-36 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal estrogens">List of estrogens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogen-related_receptor_modulators1393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen-related_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen-related receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogen-related_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Estrogen-related receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen-related_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen-related receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogen-related_receptor_modulators1393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor" title="Estrogen-related receptor">Estrogen-related receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen-related receptor alpha"><abbr title="Estrogen-related receptor alpha">ERRα</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen-related receptor alpha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=6,3%E2%80%B2,4%E2%80%B2-Trihydroxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6,3′,4′-Trihydroxyflavone (page does not exist)">6,3′,4′-Trihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochanin_A" title="Biochanin A">Biochanin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_AF" title="Bisphenol AF">Bisphenol AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLU-PP-332" title="SLU-PP-332">SLU-PP-332</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCT-790" title="XCT-790">XCT-790</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_beta" title="Estrogen-related receptor beta"><abbr title="Estrogen-related receptor beta">ERRβ</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen-related receptor beta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=DY-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DY-131 (page does not exist)">DY-131 (GSK-9089)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-4716&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-4716 (page does not exist)">GSK-4716 (GW-4716)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLU-PP-332" title="SLU-PP-332">SLU-PP-332</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">4-Hydroxytamoxifen (afimoxifene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_AF" title="Bisphenol AF">Bisphenol AF</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_gamma" title="Estrogen-related receptor gamma"><abbr title="Estrogen-related receptor gamma">ERRγ</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen-related receptor gamma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DY-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DY-131 (page does not exist)">DY-131 (GSK-9089)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-4716&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-4716 (page does not exist)">GSK-4716 (GW-4716)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLU-PP-332" title="SLU-PP-332">SLU-PP-332</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">4-Hydroxytamoxifen (afimoxifene)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&oldid=1268962011">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&oldid=1268962011</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abandoned_drugs" title="Category:Abandoned drugs">Abandoned drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antigonadotropins" title="Category:Antigonadotropins">Antigonadotropins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_developed_by_Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Category:Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company">Drugs developed by Eli Lilly and Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Endocrine_disruptors" title="Category:Endocrine disruptors">Endocrine disruptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:GPER_modulators" title="Category:GPER modulators">GPER modulators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hormonal_antineoplastic_drugs" title="Category:Hormonal antineoplastic drugs">Hormonal antineoplastic drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IARC_Group_1_carcinogens" title="Category:IARC Group 1 carcinogens">IARC Group 1 carcinogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intersex_healthcare" title="Category:Intersex healthcare">Intersex healthcare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4-Hydroxyphenyl_compounds" title="Category:4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds">4-Hydroxyphenyl compounds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stilbenoids" title="Category:Stilbenoids">Stilbenoids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synthetic_estrogens" title="Category:Synthetic estrogens">Synthetic estrogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Teratogens" title="Category:Teratogens">Teratogens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Withdrawn_drugs" title="Category:Withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn drugs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2020">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs_with_no_legal_status" title="Category:Drugs with no legal status">Drugs with no legal status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2017">Articles needing additional references from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2019">Articles needing additional references from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2022">Articles needing additional references from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_overkill" title="Category:Citation overkill">Citation overkill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_tagged_with_the_inline_citation_overkill_template_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from July 2024">Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 January 2025, at 10:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diethylstilbestrol&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Diethylstilbestrol</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 23 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f5945bd9d-6fbn5","wgBackendResponseTime":134,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.163","walltime":"2.434","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19017,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":660397,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24624,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":707463,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2080.860 1 -total"," 49.14% 1022.593 3 Template:Reflist"," 25.86% 538.011 106 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.33% 339.735 1 Template:Infobox_drug"," 14.76% 307.155 43 Template:Cite_book"," 12.27% 255.373 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.00% 124.880 13 Template:Fix"," 5.65% 117.644 1 Template:Relative_oral_potencies_of_estrogens"," 4.74% 98.626 34 Template:No_selflink"," 4.60% 95.787 8 Template:Cn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.230","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10046644,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","240","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","4.2"],["[others]","300","20.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-wq4s6","timestamp":"20250217060212","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Diethylstilbestrol","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diethylstilbestrol","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q423989","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q423989","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-12T19:25:46Z","dateModified":"2025-01-12T10:24:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/50\/Diethylstilbestrol_molecule_ball.png","headline":"chemical compound"}</script> </body> </html>