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id="toc-Subsurface_Zeners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsurface_Zeners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Subsurface Zeners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsurface_Zeners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noise_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noise generator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waveform_clipper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waveform_clipper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Waveform clipper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waveform_clipper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voltage_shifter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voltage_shifter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Voltage shifter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voltage_shifter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voltage_regulator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voltage_regulator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Voltage regulator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voltage_regulator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zener diode</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerdiode" title="Zenerdiode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zenerdiode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ثنائي زينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي زينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A1" title="জেনাৰ ডায়ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জেনাৰ ডায়ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stablitron" title="Stablitron – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stablitron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="জেনার ডায়োড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেনার ডায়োড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Ценеров диод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ценеров диод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADode_Zener" title="Díode Zener – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Díode Zener" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerova_dioda" title="Zenerova dioda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zenerova dioda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerdiode" title="Zenerdiode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zenerdiode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Diode" title="Z-Diode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Z-Diode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilitron" title="Stabilitron – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stabilitron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%96%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Δίοδος Ζένερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίοδος Ζένερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo_Zener" title="Diodo Zener – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diodo Zener" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diodo" title="Zener diodo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zener diodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%B1" title="دیود زنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیود زنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_Zener" title="Diode Zener – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diode Zener" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9-%C3%B3id_Zener" title="Dé-óid Zener – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dé-óid Zener" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%84%88_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%93%9C" title="제너 다이오드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제너 다이오드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ստաբիլիտրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստաբիլիտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="जेनर डायोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेनर डायोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerova_dioda" title="Zenerova dioda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zenerova dioda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda_Zener" title="Dioda Zener – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dioda Zener" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo_Zener" title="Diodo Zener – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diodo Zener" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="דיודת זנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיודת זנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಝೀನರ್‌ ಡಯೋಡ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಝೀನರ್‌ ಡಯೋಡ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стабилитрон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стабилитрон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стабилитрон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стабилитрон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodus_Zener" title="Diodus Zener – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Diodus Zener" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilitrons" title="Stabilitrons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stabilitrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilitronas" title="Stabilitronas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stabilitronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diod_Zener" title="Diod Zener – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Diod Zener" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-di%C3%B3da" title="Z-dióda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Z-dióda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Зенерова диода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зенерова диода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സെനർ ഡയോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെനർ ഡയോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Тогтворжуулагч диод – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тогтворжуулагч диод" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerdiode" title="Zenerdiode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zenerdiode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ツェナーダイオード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツェナーダイオード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerdiode" title="Zenerdiode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zenerdiode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diod_(Stabilitron)" title="Zener diod (Stabilitron) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zener diod (Stabilitron)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioda_Zenera" title="Dioda Zenera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dioda Zenera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo_Zener" title="Diodo Zener – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diodo Zener" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стабилитрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стабилитрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_dioda" title="Zener dioda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zener dioda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zener diode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerova_di%C3%B3da" title="Zenerova dióda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zenerova dióda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Зенер диода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зенер диода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerova_dioda" title="Zenerova dioda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zenerova dioda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerdiodi" title="Zenerdiodi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zenerdiodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenerdiod" title="Zenerdiod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zenerdiod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஜீனர் டையோடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜீனர் டையோடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ซีเนอร์ไดโอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีเนอร์ไดโอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стабилитрон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Стабилитрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diyot" title="Zener diyot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zener diyot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Діод Зенера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діод Зенера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88" title="زینر ڈائیوڈ – 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Diode that allows current to flow in the reverse direction at a specific voltage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Zener diode</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zener_Diode.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zener_Diode.JPG/220px-Zener_Diode.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zener_Diode.JPG/330px-Zener_Diode.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zener_Diode.JPG/440px-Zener_Diode.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zener diode</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">Passive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Working principle<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zener_effect" title="Zener effect">Zener effect</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Invented</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Zener" title="Clarence Zener">Clarence Melvin Zener</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Pin configuration </span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">Anode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Electronic symbol</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg/55px-Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg/83px-Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg/110px-Zener_diode_symbol-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="88" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Zener diode</b> is a special type of <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a> designed to reliably allow <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> to flow "backwards" (inverted <a href="/wiki/Electric_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric polarity">polarity</a>) when a certain set reverse <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>, known as the <i><b>Zener voltage</b></i>, is reached. </p><p>Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of Zener voltages and some are even variable. Some Zener diodes have an abrupt, heavily doped <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a> with a low Zener voltage, in which case the reverse conduction occurs due to electron <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunnelling</a> in the short distance between p and n regions − this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Zener_effect" title="Zener effect">Zener effect</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Zener" title="Clarence Zener">Clarence Zener</a>. Diodes with a higher Zener voltage have lighter doped junctions which causes their mode of operation to involve <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_breakdown" title="Avalanche breakdown">avalanche breakdown</a>. Both breakdown types are present in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating at lower voltages and avalanche breakdown at higher voltages. </p><p>They are used to generate low-power stabilized supply rails from a higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect circuits from <a href="/wiki/Overvoltage" title="Overvoltage">overvoltage</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">electrostatic discharge</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The device is named after American physicist <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Zener" title="Clarence Zener">Clarence Zener</a> who first described the <a href="/wiki/Zener_effect" title="Zener effect">Zener effect</a> in 1934 in his primarily theoretical studies of breakdown of electrical insulator properties. Later, his work led to the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> implementation of the effect in form of an electronic device, the Zener diode.<sup id="cite_ref-WS93_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS93-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3.4V_Zener_diode_V-A_characteristic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/3.4V_Zener_diode_V-A_characteristic.svg/300px-3.4V_Zener_diode_V-A_characteristic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/3.4V_Zener_diode_V-A_characteristic.svg/450px-3.4V_Zener_diode_V-A_characteristic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/3.4V_Zener_diode_V-A_characteristic.svg/600px-3.4V_Zener_diode_V-A_characteristic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Current-voltage characteristic of a Zener diode with a breakdown voltage of 3.4 V.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperaturkennlinie_von_Z-Dioden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Temperaturkennlinie_von_Z-Dioden.svg/300px-Temperaturkennlinie_von_Z-Dioden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Temperaturkennlinie_von_Z-Dioden.svg/450px-Temperaturkennlinie_von_Z-Dioden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Temperaturkennlinie_von_Z-Dioden.svg/600px-Temperaturkennlinie_von_Z-Dioden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Temperature coefficient of Zener voltage against nominal Zener voltage.</figcaption></figure> <p>A conventional solid-state diode allows significant current if it is <a href="/wiki/Reverse-biased" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse-biased">reverse-biased</a> above its reverse breakdown voltage. When the reverse bias breakdown voltage is exceeded, a conventional diode will conduct a high current due to avalanche breakdown. Unless this current is limited by external circuits, the diode may be permanently damaged due to overheating at the small (localized) areas of the semiconductor junction where avalanche breakdown conduction is occurring. A Zener diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device is specially designed so as to have a reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called Zener voltage. By contrast with the conventional device, a reverse-biased Zener diode exhibits a controlled breakdown and allows the current to keep the voltage across the Zener diode close to the Zener breakdown voltage. For example, a diode with a Zener breakdown voltage of 3.2 V exhibits a voltage drop of very nearly 3.2 V across a wide range of reverse currents. The Zener diode is therefore well suited for applications such as the generation of a <a href="/wiki/Voltage_reference" title="Voltage reference">reference voltage</a> (e.g. for an <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current applications.<sup id="cite_ref-JM79_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM79-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another mechanism that produces a similar effect is the avalanche effect as in the <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">avalanche diode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JM79_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM79-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two types of diode are in fact constructed in a similar way and both effects are present in diodes of this type. In silicon diodes up to about 5.6 volts, the <a href="/wiki/Zener_effect" title="Zener effect">Zener effect</a> is the predominant effect and shows a marked negative <a href="/wiki/Temperature_coefficient" title="Temperature coefficient">temperature coefficient</a>. Above 5.6 volts, the avalanche effect dominates and exhibits a positive temperature coefficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorf93_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorf93-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 5.6 V diode, the two effects occur together, and their temperature coefficients nearly cancel each other out, thus the 5.6 V diode is useful in temperature-critical applications. An alternative, which is used for voltage references that need to be highly stable over long periods of time, is to use a Zener diode with a temperature coefficient (TC) of +2 mV/°C (breakdown voltage 6.2–6.3 V) connected in series with a forward-biased silicon diode (or a transistor B-E junction) manufactured on the same chip.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forward-biased diode has a temperature coefficient of −2 mV/°C, causing the TCs to cancel out for a net nearly zero temperature coefficient. </p><p>It is also worth noting that the temperature coefficient of a 4.7 V Zener diode is close to that of the emitter-base junction of a silicon transistor at around -2 mV/°C, so in a simple regulating circuit where the 4.7 V diode sets the voltage at the base of an NPN transistor (i.e. their coefficients are acting in parallel), the emitter will be at around 4 V and quite stable with temperature. </p><p>Modern designs have produced devices with voltages lower than 5.6 V with negligible temperature coefficients,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Higher voltage devices have a temperature coefficient that is approximately proportional to the amount by which the breakdown voltage exceeds 5 V. Thus a 75 V diode has 10 times the coefficient of a 12 V diode.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Zener and avalanche diodes, regardless of breakdown voltage, are usually marketed under the umbrella term of "Zener diode". </p><p>Under 5.6 V, where the Zener effect dominates, the IV curve near breakdown is much more rounded, which calls for more care in choosing its biasing conditions. The IV curve for Zeners above 5.6 V (being dominated by avalanche), is much more precise at breakdown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zener diode's operation depends on the heavy <a href="/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)" title="Doping (semiconductor)">doping</a> of its <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a>. The depletion region formed in the diode is very thin (<1 μm) and the electric field is consequently very high (about 500 kV/m) even for a small reverse bias voltage of about 5 V, allowing <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunneling" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum tunneling">tunnel</a> from the valence band of the p-type material to the conduction band of the n-type material. </p><p>At the atomic scale, this tunneling corresponds to the transport of valence band electrons into the empty conduction band states; as a result of the reduced barrier between these bands and high electric fields that are induced due to the high levels of doping on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorf93_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorf93-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breakdown voltage can be controlled quite accurately by the doping process. Adding impurities, or doping, changes the behaviour of the semiconductor material in the diode. In the case of Zener diodes, this heavy doping creates a situation where the diode can operate in the breakdown region. While tolerances within 0.07% are available, commonly available tolerances are 5% and 10%. Breakdown voltage for commonly available Zener diodes can vary from 1.2 V to 200 V. </p><p>For diodes that are lightly doped, the breakdown is dominated by the avalanche effect rather than the Zener effect. Consequently, the breakdown voltage is higher (over 5.6 V) for these devices.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_Zeners">Surface Zeners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surface Zeners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emitter-base junction of a bipolar <a href="/wiki/NPN_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="NPN transistor">NPN transistor</a> behaves as a Zener diode, with breakdown voltage at about 6.8 V for common bipolar processes and about 10 V for lightly doped base regions in <a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a> processes. Older processes with poor control of doping characteristics had the variation of Zener voltage up to ±1 V, newer processes using ion implantation can achieve no more than ±0.25 V. The NPN transistor structure can be employed as a <i>surface Zener diode</i>, with collector and emitter connected together as its cathode and base region as anode. In this approach the base doping profile usually narrows towards the surface, creating a region with intensified electric field where the avalanche breakdown occurs. <a href="/wiki/Hot_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot carrier">Hot carriers</a> produced by acceleration in the intense field can inject into the oxide layer above the junction and become trapped there. The accumulation of trapped charges can then cause 'Zener walkout', a corresponding change of the Zener voltage of the junction. The same effect can be achieved by <a href="/wiki/Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">radiation damage</a>. </p><p>The emitter-base Zener diodes can handle only low currents as the energy is dissipated in the base depletion region which is very small. Higher amounts of dissipated energy (higher current for longer time, or a short very high current spike) causes thermal damage to the junction and/or its contacts. Partial damage of the junction can shift its Zener voltage. Total destruction of the Zener junction by overheating it and causing migration of metallization across the junction ("spiking") can be used intentionally as a 'Zener zap' <a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">antifuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsurface_Zeners">Subsurface Zeners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsurface Zeners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buried_zener_structure-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Buried_zener_structure-en.svg/220px-Buried_zener_structure-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Buried_zener_structure-en.svg/330px-Buried_zener_structure-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Buried_zener_structure-en.svg/440px-Buried_zener_structure-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Buried Zener structure</figcaption></figure> <p>A subsurface Zener diode, also called 'buried Zener', is a device similar to the surface Zener, but the doping and design is such that the avalanche region is located deeper in the structure, typically several micrometers below the oxide. Hot carriers then lose energy by collisions with the semiconductor lattice before reaching the oxide layer and cannot be trapped there. The Zener walkout phenomenon therefore does not occur here, and the buried Zeners have stable voltage over their entire lifetime. Most buried Zeners have breakdown voltage of 5–7 volts. Several different junction structures are used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zener_3D_and_ckt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zener_3D_and_ckt.png/100px-Zener_3D_and_ckt.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zener_3D_and_ckt.png/150px-Zener_3D_and_ckt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zener_3D_and_ckt.png/200px-Zener_3D_and_ckt.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption>Zener diode shown with typical packages. <i>Reverse</i> current <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -i_{Z}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -i_{Z}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92ea0f8905c8149731e936fb6126eea66a3b2e76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.031ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -i_{Z}}"></span> is shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(electrical)" title="Shunt (electrical)">shunt</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">regulators</a> to regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown voltage. From that point on, the low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across the diode at that value.<sup id="cite_ref-PHWH89_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHWH89-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zener_diode_voltage_regulator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zener_diode_voltage_regulator.svg/220px-Zener_diode_voltage_regulator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zener_diode_voltage_regulator.svg/330px-Zener_diode_voltage_regulator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zener_diode_voltage_regulator.svg/440px-Zener_diode_voltage_regulator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In this circuit, a typical voltage reference or regulator, an input voltage, <i>U</i><sub>in</sub> (with + on the top), is regulated down to a stable output voltage <i>U</i><sub>out</sub>. The breakdown voltage of diode D is stable over a wide current range and holds <i>U</i><sub>out</sub> approximately constant even though the input voltage may fluctuate over a wide range. Because of the low impedance of the diode when operated like this, resistor <i>R</i> is used to limit current through the circuit. </p><p>In the case of this simple reference, the current flowing in the diode is determined using Ohm's law and the known voltage drop across the resistor <i>R</i>; </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{\text{diode}}={\frac {U_{\text{in}}-U_{\text{out}}}{R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>diode</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>in</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>out</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{\text{diode}}={\frac {U_{\text{in}}-U_{\text{out}}}{R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41da7da787a348d001e047ad8570532b41bedbca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.254ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{\text{diode}}={\frac {U_{\text{in}}-U_{\text{out}}}{R}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The value of <i>R</i> must satisfy two conditions: </p> <ol><li><i>R</i> must be small enough that the current through D keeps D in reverse breakdown. The value of this current is given in the data sheet for D. For example, the common BZX79C5V6<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> device, a 5.6 V 0.5 W Zener diode, has a recommended reverse current of 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>mA. If insufficient current exists through D, then <i>U</i><sub>out</sub> is unregulated and less than the nominal breakdown voltage (this differs from <a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">voltage-regulator tubes</a> where the output voltage is higher than nominal and could rise as high as <i>U</i><sub>in</sub>). When calculating <i>R</i>, allowance must be made for any current through the external load, not shown in this diagram, connected across <i>U</i><sub>out</sub>.</li> <li><i>R</i> must be large enough that the current through D does not destroy the device. If the current through D is <i>I</i><sub>D</sub>, its breakdown voltage <i>V</i><sub>B</sub> and its maximum power dissipation <i>P</i><sub>max</sub> correlate as such: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{D}V_{B}<P_{\text{max}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{D}V_{B}<P_{\text{max}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b043d05ee9db044f3b44b8797698960b40af24d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.333ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{D}V_{B}<P_{\text{max}}}"></span>.</li></ol> <p>A load may be placed across the diode in this reference circuit, and as long as the Zener stays in reverse breakdown, the diode provides a stable voltage source to the load. Zener diodes in this configuration are often used as stable references for more advanced voltage regulator circuits. </p><p>Shunt regulators are simple, but the requirements that the ballast resistor be small enough to avoid excessive voltage drop during worst-case operation (low input voltage concurrent with high load current) tends to leave a lot of current flowing in the diode much of the time, making for a fairly wasteful regulator with high quiescent power dissipation, suitable only for smaller loads. </p><p>These devices are also encountered, typically in series with a base-emitter junction, in transistor stages where selective choice of a device centered on the avalanche or Zener point can be used to introduce compensating temperature co-efficient balancing of the transistor <a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction" title="P–n junction">p–n junction</a>. An example of this kind of use would be a DC <a href="/wiki/Error_amplifier_(electronics)" title="Error amplifier (electronics)">error amplifier</a> used in a <a href="/wiki/Regulated_power_supply" title="Regulated power supply">regulated power supply</a> circuit feedback loop system. </p><p>Zener diodes are also used in <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector" title="Surge protector">surge protectors</a> to limit transient voltage spikes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_generator">Noise generator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Noise generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another application of the Zener diode is using its <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_breakdown" title="Avalanche breakdown">avalanche breakdown</a> <a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)#Avalanche_noise" title="Noise (electronics)">noise</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Noise_generator#Zener_diode" title="Noise generator">noise generator § Zener diode</a>), which for instance can be used for <a href="/wiki/Dithering" class="mw-redirect" title="Dithering">dithering</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a> when at a <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square_(RMS)_amplitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Root mean square (RMS) amplitude">rms level</a> equivalent to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> to 1 <a href="/wiki/Least_Significant_Bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Significant Bit">lsb</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to create a <a href="/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator" title="Hardware random number generator">random number generator</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waveform_clipper">Waveform clipper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Waveform clipper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaveClipper1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WaveClipper1.png/240px-WaveClipper1.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WaveClipper1.png/360px-WaveClipper1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/WaveClipper1.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaveClipper2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/WaveClipper2.png/240px-WaveClipper2.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/WaveClipper2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of a waveform clipper (V<sub>in</sub> polarity is irrelevant)</div></div></div></div> <p>Two Zener diodes facing each other in series clip both halves of an input signal. <a href="/wiki/Clipper_(electronics)" title="Clipper (electronics)">Waveform clippers</a> can be used not only to reshape a signal, but also to prevent voltage spikes from affecting circuits that are connected to the power supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Electronic_Devices_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronic_Devices-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage_shifter">Voltage shifter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Voltage shifter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VoltageShifter1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/VoltageShifter1.png/240px-VoltageShifter1.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/VoltageShifter1.png/360px-VoltageShifter1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/VoltageShifter1.png/480px-VoltageShifter1.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VoltageShifter2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VoltageShifter2.png/240px-VoltageShifter2.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VoltageShifter2.png/360px-VoltageShifter2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/VoltageShifter2.png/480px-VoltageShifter2.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of a voltage shifter</div></div></div></div> <p>A Zener diode can be applied to a circuit with a resistor to act as a voltage shifter. This circuit lowers the output voltage by a quantity that is equal to the Zener diode's breakdown voltage. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage_regulator">Voltage regulator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voltage regulator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:488px;max-width:488px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VoltageRegulator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VoltageRegulator.png/240px-VoltageRegulator.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VoltageRegulator.png/360px-VoltageRegulator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VoltageRegulator.png/480px-VoltageRegulator.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="287" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VoltageRegulator2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VoltageRegulator2.png/240px-VoltageRegulator2.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/VoltageRegulator2.png/360px-VoltageRegulator2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/VoltageRegulator2.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of a voltage regulator (V<sub>in</sub> + is in the top)</div></div></div></div> <p>A Zener diode can be applied in a <a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">voltage regulator</a> circuit to regulate the voltage applied to a load, such as in a <a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">linear regulator</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_diode" title="Backward diode">Backward diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-series_of_preferred_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="E-series of preferred numbers">E-series of preferred numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_voltage_suppression_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient voltage suppression diode">Transient voltage suppression diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BZX79_voltage_regulator_diodes" title="BZX79 voltage regulator diodes">BZX79 voltage regulator diodes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WS93-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WS93_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaxon1993" class="citation news cs1">Saxon, Wolfgang (July 6, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/06/obituaries/clarence-m-zener-87-physicist-and-professor-at-carnegie-mellon.html">"Clarence M. Zener, 87, Physicist And Professor at Carnegie Mellon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clarence+M.+Zener%2C+87%2C+Physicist+And+Professor+at+Carnegie+Mellon&rft.date=1993-07-06&rft.aulast=Saxon&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F07%2F06%2Fobituaries%2Fclarence-m-zener-87-physicist-and-professor-at-carnegie-mellon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM79-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JM79_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM79_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillman1979" class="citation book cs1">Millman, Jacob (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microelectronics00mill/page/45"><i>Microelectronics</i></a>. McGraw Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microelectronics00mill/page/45">45–48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0071005968" title="Special:BookSources/978-0071005968"><bdi>978-0071005968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microelectronics&rft.pages=45-48&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0071005968&rft.aulast=Millman&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicroelectronics00mill%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorf93-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorf93_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorf93_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorf1993" class="citation book cs1">Dorf, Richard C., ed. (1993). <i>The Electrical Engineering Handbook</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0185-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0185-8"><bdi>0-8493-0185-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electrical+Engineering+Handbook&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8493-0185-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Calibration: Philosophy in Practice</i>. Fluke. 1994. pp. 7–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0963865005" title="Special:BookSources/0963865005"><bdi>0963865005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calibration%3A+Philosophy+in+Practice&rft.pages=7-10&rft.pub=Fluke&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0963865005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rakesh Kumar Garg, Ashish Dixit, Pavan Yadav, <i>Basic Electronics</i>, p. 150, Firewall Media, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8131803023" title="Special:BookSources/8131803023">8131803023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Comer, Donald T. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1996%2F23706">"Zener Zap Anti-Fuse Trim in VLSI Circuits"</a>. <i>VLSI Design</i>. <b>5</b>: 89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F1996%2F23706">10.1155/1996/23706</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VLSI+Design&rft.atitle=Zener+Zap+Anti-Fuse+Trim+in+VLSI+Circuits&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F1996%2F23706&rft.aulast=Comer&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F1996%252F23706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2005" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Alan (2005). <i>The Art of Analog Layout</i> (Second ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780131464100" title="Special:BookSources/9780131464100"><bdi>9780131464100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Analog+Layout&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780131464100&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHWH89-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHWH89_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitzHill1989" class="citation book cs1">Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofelectronics00horo/page/68"><i>The Art of Electronics</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofelectronics00horo/page/68">68–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37095-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37095-7"><bdi>0-521-37095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Electronics&rft.pages=68-69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-37095-7&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hill%2C+Winfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofelectronics00horo%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairchildsemi.com/pf/BZ/BZX79C5V6.html">"BZX79C5V6 − 5.6V, 0.5W Zener Diode – data sheet"</a>. Fairchild Semiconductor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BZX79C5V6+%E2%88%92+5.6V%2C+0.5W+Zener+Diode+%E2%80%93+data+sheet&rft.pub=Fairchild+Semiconductor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairchildsemi.com%2Fpf%2FBZ%2FBZX79C5V6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2004" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Richard (2004) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikrocontroller.net/attachment/341426/Understanding_digital_signal_processing.pdf"><i>Understanding Digital Signal Processing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-108989-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-108989-7"><bdi>0-13-108989-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405030831/https://www.mikrocontroller.net/attachment/341426/Understanding_digital_signal_processing.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Digital+Signal+Processing&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=509&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-13-108989-7&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikrocontroller.net%2Fattachment%2F341426%2FUnderstanding_digital_signal_processing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electronic_Devices-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electronic_Devices_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffenderfer2005" class="citation book cs1">Diffenderfer, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bs6sz1TlfaIC&q=waveform+clipper+zener+diode&pg=PA94"><i>Electronic Devices: Systems and Applications</i></a>. Thomas Delmar Learning. pp. 95–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1401835147" title="Special:BookSources/1401835147"><bdi>1401835147</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+Devices%3A+Systems+and+Applications&rft.pages=95-100&rft.pub=Thomas+Delmar+Learning&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1401835147&rft.aulast=Diffenderfer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBs6sz1TlfaIC%26q%3Dwaveform%2Bclipper%2Bzener%2Bdiode%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZener+diode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>TVS/Zener Theory and Design Considerations</i>; ON Semiconductor; 127 pages; 2005; HBD854/D. <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708062839/http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/HBD854-D.PDF">(Free PDF download)</a></small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zener_diode&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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