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<li id="toc-Precursor_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursor devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Invention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wider_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wider_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wider adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wider_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low_power_triodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_power_triodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Low power triodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_power_triodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-power_triodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-power_triodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>High-power triodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-power_triodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighthouse_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighthouse_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lighthouse tubes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighthouse_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Triode</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="صمام ثلاثي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صمام ثلاثي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triod" title="Triod – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Triod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="ট্রায়োড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রায়োড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Трыёд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Трыёд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трыёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADode" title="Tríode – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tríode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenr%C3%B6hre#Triode" title="Elektronenröhre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronenröhre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triood" title="Triood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Triood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triodo" title="Triodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Triodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triodo" title="Triodo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Triodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ترایود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترایود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode_(%C3%A9lectronique)" title="Triode (électronique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Triode (électronique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%B3id" title="Trióid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trióid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%EA%B7%B9_%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5%EA%B4%80" title="3극 진공관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="3극 진공관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="ट्रायोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रायोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvola_termoionica#Triodo" title="Valvola termoionica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valvola termoionica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="טריודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ტრიოდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიოდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Триод – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Триод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triodas" title="Triodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Triodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%B3da" title="Trióda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trióda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Триода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Триода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ട്രയോഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രയോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="三極真空管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三極真空管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADodo" title="Tríodo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tríodo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triod%C4%83" title="Triodă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Triodă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Триод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Триод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Триода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Триода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronr%C3%B6r#Trioden" title="Elektronrör – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronrör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ไตรโอด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไตรโอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Тріод – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тріод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4ng_3_c%E1%BB%B1c" title="Đèn điện tử chân không 3 cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn điện tử chân không 3 cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1" title="三极管 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三极管" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="三極管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三極管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triody_var.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Triody_var.jpg/250px-Triody_var.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Triody_var.jpg/375px-Triody_var.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Triody_var.jpg/500px-Triody_var.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Examples of low power triodes from 1918 <i>(left)</i> to miniature tubes of the 1960s <i>(right)</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Single-grid amplifying vacuum tube having three active electrodes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the electronic vacuum tube. For the Eastern Orthodox structure of hymns, see <a href="/wiki/Triodion" title="Triodion">Triodion</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:321px;max-width:321px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg/132px-Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg/198px-Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg/264px-Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="2279" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECC83" class="mw-redirect" title="ECC83">ECC83</a>, a dual triode used in 1960-era audio equipment, showing the orange glow of the hot cathode.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3CX1500A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/3CX1500A7.jpg/181px-3CX1500A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/3CX1500A7.jpg/272px-3CX1500A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/3CX1500A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">3CX1500A7, a modern 1.5 kW power triode used in radio transmitters. The cylindrical structure is a heat sink attached to the plate, through which air is blown during operation.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>triode</b> is an electronic <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifying</a> <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> (or <i>thermionic valve</i> in British English) consisting of three <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> inside an evacuated glass envelope: a heated <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Control_grid" title="Control grid">grid</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">plate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>). Developed from <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a>'s 1906 <a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a>, a partial vacuum tube that added a grid electrode to the <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermionic diode">thermionic diode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a>), the triode was the first practical <a href="/wiki/Electronic_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic amplifier">electronic amplifier</a> and the ancestor of other types of vacuum tubes such as the <a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">tetrode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">pentode</a>. Its invention helped make amplified <a href="/wiki/Radio_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio technology">radio technology</a> and long-distance <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> possible. <sup id="cite_ref-Nebeker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebeker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Triodes were widely used in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> devices such as radios and televisions until the 1970s, when <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> replaced them. Today, their main remaining use is in high-power <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> amplifiers in <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">radio transmitters</a> and industrial RF heating devices. In recent years there has been a resurgence in demand for low power triodes due to renewed interest in tube-type audio systems by audiophiles who prefer<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (October 2021)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> the sound of tube-based electronics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The name "triode" was coined by British physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Eccles_(physicist)" title="William Eccles (physicist)">William Eccles</a><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ginoux_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginoux-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some time around 1920, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> τρίοδος, <i>tríodos</i>, from <i>tri-</i> (three) and <i>hodós</i> (road, way), originally meaning the place where three roads meet. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_devices">Precursor devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursor devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triode_tube_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/230px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/345px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/460px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>De Forest Audion tube from 1908, the first triode. The flat plate is visible on the top, with the zigzag wire grid under it. The filament was originally present under the grid but was burnt out.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieben-Reisz_vacuum_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lieben-Reisz_vacuum_tube.jpg/90px-Lieben-Reisz_vacuum_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lieben-Reisz_vacuum_tube.jpg/135px-Lieben-Reisz_vacuum_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lieben-Reisz_vacuum_tube.jpg/180px-Lieben-Reisz_vacuum_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Lieben-Reisz tube, another primitive triode developed the same time as the Audion by Robert v. Lieben</figcaption></figure> <p>Before thermionic valves were invented, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> used the principle of grid control while conducting photoelectric experiments in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> used in radio<sup id="cite_ref-Aitken2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aitken2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermionic diode">thermionic diode</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a> in 1904 as a <a href="/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">detector</a> for <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a>. It was an evacuated glass bulb containing two electrodes, a heated filament (cathode) and a plate (anode). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invention">Invention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Triodes came about in 1906 when American engineer <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tyne6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyne6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Austrian physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_von_Lieben" title="Robert von Lieben">Robert von Lieben</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tyne8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyne8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independently patented tubes that added a third electrode, a <a href="/wiki/Control_grid" title="Control grid">control grid</a>, between the filament and plate to control current.<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_A._Huurdeman_2003,_page_226_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_A._Huurdeman_2003,_page_226-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Lieben's partially-evacuated three-element tube, patented in March 1906, contained a trace of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury vapor</a> and was intended to amplify weak telephone signals.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyne8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyne8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in October 1906<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_A._Huurdeman_2003,_page_226_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton_A._Huurdeman_2003,_page_226-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Forest patented a number of three-element tube designs by adding an electrode to the diode, which he called <a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audions</a>, intended to be used as radio detectors.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Forest_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Forest-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyne6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyne6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The one which became the design of the triode, in which the grid was located between the filament and plate, was patented January 29, 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-AudionPatent_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AudionPatent-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyne6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyne6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hijiya_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hijiya-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the von Lieben vacuum tube, De Forest's Audions were incompletely evacuated and contained some gas at low pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Okamura_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okamura-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von Lieben's vacuum tube did not see much development due to his death seven years after its invention, shortly before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Forest's Audion did not see much use until its ability to amplify was recognized around 1912 by several researchers,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nebeker_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebeker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who used it to build the first successful amplifying radio receivers and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">electronic oscillators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hempstead_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hempstead-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong1915_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1915-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many uses for amplification motivated its rapid development. By 1913 improved versions with higher vacuum were developed by Harold Arnold at <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph Company">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a>, which had purchased the rights to the Audion from De Forest, and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, who named his tube the "Pliotron",<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nebeker_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebeker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the first <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> triodes.<sup id="cite_ref-Okamura_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okamura-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "triode" appeared later, when it became necessary to distinguish it from other kinds of vacuum tubes with more or fewer elements (<a href="/wiki/Diode#Vacuum_tube_diodes" title="Diode">diodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">tetrodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">pentodes</a>, etc.). There were lengthy lawsuits between De Forest and von Lieben, and De Forest and the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a>, who represented <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a>, the inventor of the diode.<sup id="cite_ref-Hijiya92_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hijiya92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wider_adoption">Wider adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wider adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of the triode's amplifying ability in 1912 revolutionized electrical technology, creating the new field of <i><a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nebeker_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebeker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the technology of <a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">active</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifying</a>) electrical devices. The triode was immediately applied to many areas of communication. During World War I, <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> voice <a href="/wiki/Two_way_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Two way radio">two way radio</a> sets were made possible in 1917 (see <a href="/wiki/TM_(triode)" title="TM (triode)">TM (triode)</a>) which were simple enough that the pilot in a single seat aircraft could use it while flying. Triode "<a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">continuous wave</a>" <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">radio transmitters</a> replaced the cumbersome inefficient "<a href="/wiki/Damped_wave_(radio_transmission)" title="Damped wave (radio transmission)">damped wave</a>" <a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark-gap transmitters</a>, allowing the transmission of sound by <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> (AM). Amplifying triode <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a>, which had the power to drive <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>, replaced weak <a href="/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal radios</a>, which had to be listened to with <a href="/wiki/Earphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Earphones">earphones</a>, allowing families to listen together. This resulted in the evolution of radio from a commercial message service to the first <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a> medium, with the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a> around 1920. Triodes made transcontinental telephone service possible. Vacuum tube triode <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a>, invented at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">Bell Telephone</a> after its purchase of the Audion rights, allowed telephone calls to travel beyond the unamplified limit of about 800 miles. The opening by Bell of the first transcontinental telephone line was celebrated 3 years later, on January 25, 1915. Other inventions made possible by the triode were <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">public address systems</a>, electric <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talking_motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking motion picture">talking motion pictures</a>. </p><p>The triode served as the technological base from which later vacuum tubes developed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">tetrode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Schottky" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Schottky">Walter Schottky</a>, 1916) and <a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">pentode</a> (Gilles Holst and Bernardus Dominicus Hubertus Tellegen, 1926), which remedied some of the shortcomings of the triode detailed below. </p><p>The triode was very widely used in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> such as radios, televisions, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio system">audio systems</a> until it was replaced in the 1960s by the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>, invented in 1947, which brought the "vacuum tube era" introduced by the triode to a close. Today triodes are used mostly in high-power applications for which solid state <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">semiconductor devices</a> are unsuitable, such as radio transmitters and industrial heating equipment. However, more recently the triode and other vacuum tube devices have been experiencing a resurgence and comeback in high fidelity audio and musical equipment. They also remain in use as vacuum fluorescent displays (VFDs), which come in a variety of implementations but all are essentially triode devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triode-english-text.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Triode-english-text.svg/220px-Triode-english-text.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Triode-english-text.svg/330px-Triode-english-text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Triode-english-text.svg/440px-Triode-english-text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a modern low-power triode vacuum tube. The glass and outer electrodes are shown partly cut away to reveal the construction.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triode_schematic_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triode_schematic_labeled.svg/220px-Triode_schematic_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triode_schematic_labeled.svg/330px-Triode_schematic_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triode_schematic_labeled.svg/440px-Triode_schematic_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Schematic_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Schematic symbol">Schematic symbol</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagrams</a> for a triode, showing symbols for electrodes.</figcaption></figure> <p>All triodes have a hot <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> electrode heated by a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a>, which releases electrons, and a flat metal <a href="/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">plate electrode</a> (anode) to which the electrons are attracted, with a <a href="/wiki/Control_grid" title="Control grid">grid</a> consisting of a screen of wires between them to control the current. These are sealed inside a glass container from which the air has been removed to a high vacuum, about 10<sup>−9</sup> atm. Since the filament eventually burns out, the tube has a limited lifetime and is made as a replaceable unit; the electrodes are attached to terminal pins which plug into a socket. The operating lifetime of a triode is about 2000 hours for small tubes and 10,000 hours for power tubes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_power_triodes">Low power triodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Low power triodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low power triodes have a concentric construction <i>(see drawing right)</i>, with the grid and anode as circular or oval cylinders surrounding the cathode. The <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> is a narrow metal tube down the center. Inside the cathode is a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a> called the "heater" consisting of a narrow strip of high resistance <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> wire, which heats the cathode red-hot (800 - 1000 °C). This type is called an "<a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">indirectly heated cathode</a>". The cathode is coated with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth">alkaline earth</a> oxides such as calcium and <a href="/wiki/Thorium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium oxide">thorium oxide</a> which reduces its <a href="/wiki/Work_function" title="Work function">work function</a> so it produces more electrons. The grid is constructed of a helix or screen of thin wires surrounding the cathode. The anode is a cylinder or rectangular box of sheet metal surrounding the grid. It is blackened to radiate heat and is often equipped with heat-radiating fins. The electrons travel in a radial direction, from cathode through the grid to the anode. The elements are held in position by <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> or ceramic <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a> and are supported by stiff wires attached to the base, where the electrodes are brought out to connecting pins. A "<a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getter</a>", a small amount of shiny <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> metal evaporated onto the inside of the glass, helps maintain the vacuum by absorbing gas released in the tube over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-power_triodes">High-power triodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: High-power triodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-power triodes generally use a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a> which serves as the cathode (a directly heated cathode) because the emission coating on <a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">indirectly heated cathodes</a> is destroyed by the higher ion bombardment in power tubes. A <a href="/wiki/Thoriated_tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoriated tungsten">thoriated tungsten</a> filament is most often used, in which <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> added to the tungsten diffuses to the surface and forms a monolayer which increases electron emission. As the monolayer is removed by ion bombardment it is continually renewed by more thorium diffusing to the surface. These generally run at higher temperatures than indirectly heated cathodes. The envelope of the tube is often made of more durable ceramic rather than glass, and all the materials have higher melting points to withstand higher heat levels produced. Tubes with anode power dissipation over several hundred watts are usually actively cooled; the anode, made of heavy copper, projects through the wall of the tube and is attached to a large external finned metal <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a> which is cooled by forced air or water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighthouse_tubes">Lighthouse tubes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lighthouse tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Triode" title="Special:EditPage/Triode">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheib3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scheib3.jpg/220px-Scheib3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scheib3.jpg/330px-Scheib3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scheib3.jpg/440px-Scheib3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Soviet lighthouse tube <b>6С5Д</b> (6S5D)</figcaption></figure> <p>A type of low power triode for use at <a href="/wiki/Ultrahigh_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrahigh frequency">ultrahigh frequencies</a> (UHF), the "lighthouse" tube, has a planar construction to reduce interelectrode <a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a> and lead <a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">inductance</a>, which gives it the appearance of a "lighthouse". The disk-shaped cathode, grid and plate form planes up the center of the tube - a little like a sandwich with spaces between the layers. The cathode at the bottom is attached to the tube's pins, but the grid and plate are brought out to low inductance terminals on the upper level of the tube: the grid to a metal ring halfway up, and the plate to a metal button at the top. These are one example of "disk seal" design. Smaller examples dispense with the octal pin base shown in the illustration and rely on contact rings for all connections, including heater and D.C. cathode. </p><p>As well, high-frequency performance is limited by transit time: the time required for electrons to travel from cathode to anode. Transit time effects are complicated, but one simple effect is input conductance, also known as grid loading. At extreme high frequencies, electrons arriving at the grid may become out of phase with those departing towards the anode. This imbalance of charge causes the grid to exhibit a reactance that is much less than its low-frequency "open circuit" characteristic. </p><p>Transit time effects are reduced by reduced spacings in the tube. Tubes such as the 416B (a Lighthouse design) and the 7768 (an all-ceramic miniaturised design) are specified for operation to 4 GHz. They feature greatly reduced grid-cathode spacings of the order of 0.1 mm. </p><p>These greatly reduced grid spacings also give a much higher amplification factor than conventional axial designs. The 7768 has an amplification factor of 225, compared with 100 for the 6AV6 used in domestic radios and about the maximum possible for an axial design. </p><p>Anode-grid capacitance is not especially low in these designs. The 6AV6 anode-grid capacitance is 2 picofarads (pF), the 7768 has a value of 1.7 pF. The close electrode spacing used in microwave tubes <i>increases</i> capacitances, but this increase is offset by their overall reduced dimensions compared to lower-frequency tubes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:375px;max-width:375px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triode_with_filament_and_cathode_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Triode_with_filament_and_cathode_labeled.svg/123px-Triode_with_filament_and_cathode_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Triode_with_filament_and_cathode_labeled.svg/185px-Triode_with_filament_and_cathode_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Triode_with_filament_and_cathode_labeled.svg/246px-Triode_with_filament_and_cathode_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Triode with separate cathode and filament.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triode_with_filament_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Triode_with_filament_labeled.svg/120px-Triode_with_filament_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Triode_with_filament_labeled.svg/180px-Triode_with_filament_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Triode_with_filament_labeled.svg/240px-Triode_with_filament_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="184" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Triode in which filament serves as cathode.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triode_with_cathode_labeled.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Triode_with_cathode_labeled.svg/120px-Triode_with_cathode_labeled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Triode_with_cathode_labeled.svg/180px-Triode_with_cathode_labeled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Triode_with_cathode_labeled.svg/240px-Triode_with_cathode_labeled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Filament omitted from diagram.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Schematic circuit symbols for triodes. (<i>F</i>) filament, (<i>C</i>) cathode, (<i>G</i>) grid, (<i>P</i>) plate</div></div></div></div> <p>In the triode, <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> are released into the tube from the metal <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> by heating it, a process called <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a>. The cathode is heated red hot by a separate current flowing through a thin metal <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a>. In some tubes the filament itself is the cathode, while in most tubes there is a separate filament which heats the cathode but is electrically isolated from it. The interior of the tube is well <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">evacuated</a> so that electrons can travel between the cathode and the anode without losing energy in collisions with gas molecules. A positive DC voltage, which can be as low as 20V or up to thousands of volts in some transmitting tubes, is present on the anode. The negative electrons are attracted to the positively charged <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> (or "plate"), and flow through the spaces between the grid wires to it, creating a flow of electrons through the tube from cathode to anode. </p><p>The magnitude of this current can be controlled by a voltage applied on the grid (relative to the cathode). The grid acts like a gate for the electrons. A more negative voltage on the grid will repel more of the electrons, so fewer get through to the anode, reducing the anode current. A less negative voltage on the grid will allow more electrons from the cathode to reach the anode, increasing the anode current. Therefore, an input AC signal on the grid of a few volts (or less), even at a very high impedance (since essentially no current flows through the grid) can control a much more powerful anode current, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplification</a>. When used in its linear region, variation in the grid voltage will cause an approximately proportional variation in the anode current; this ratio is called the <a href="/wiki/Transconductance" title="Transconductance">transconductance</a>. If a suitable load resistance is inserted in the anode circuit, although the transconductance is somewhat lowered, the varying anode current will cause a varying voltage across that resistance which can be much larger than the input voltage variations, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Voltage_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage gain">voltage gain</a>. </p><p>The triode is a normally "on" device; and current flows to the anode with zero voltage on the grid. The anode current is progressively reduced as the grid is made more negative relative to the cathode. Usually a constant DC voltage ("bias") is applied to the grid along with the varying signal voltage superimposed on it. That bias is required so that the positive peaks of the signal never drive the grid positive with respect to the cathode which would result in grid current and non-linear behaviour. A sufficiently negative voltage on the grid (usually around 3-5 volts in small tubes such as the 6AV6, but as much as –130 volts in early audio power devices such as the '45), will prevent any electrons from getting through to the anode, turning off the anode current. This is called the "cutoff voltage". Since beyond cutoff the anode current ceases to respond to the grid voltage, the voltage on the grid must remain above the cutoff voltage for faithful (linear) amplification as well as not exceeding the cathode voltage. </p><p>The triode is somewhat similar in operation to the n-channel <a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">JFET</a>; it is normally on, and exhibits progressively lower and lower plate/drain current as the grid/gate is pulled increasingly negative relative to the source/cathode. Cutoff voltage corresponds to the JFET's pinch-off voltage (V<sub>p</sub>) or VGS(off); i.e., the voltage point at which output current essentially reaches zero. This similarity is limited, however. The triode's anode current is highly dependent on anode voltage as well as grid voltage, thus limiting the <a href="/wiki/Voltage_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage gain">voltage gain</a>. Because, in contrast, the JFET's drain current is virtually unaffected by drain voltage, it appears as a constant-current device, similar in action to a tetrode or pentode tube (high dynamic output impedance). Both the JFET and tetrode/pentode valves are thereby capable of much higher voltage gains than the triode which seldom exceeds 100. However the <a href="/wiki/Power_gain" title="Power gain">power gain</a>, or the output power obtained from a certain AC input voltage is often of greater interest. When these devices are used as <a href="/wiki/Cathode_follower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode follower">cathode followers</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Source_follower" class="mw-redirect" title="Source follower">source followers</a>), they all have a voltage "gain" of just under 1, but with a large <a href="/wiki/Current_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Current gain">current gain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Triode" title="Special:EditPage/Triode">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Although S.G. Brown's Type G Telephone Relay (using a magnetic "earphone" mechanism driving a carbon microphone element) was able to give power amplification and had been in use as early as 1914, it was a purely mechanical device with limited frequency range and fidelity. It was suited only to a limited range of audio frequencies - essentially voice frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The triode was the first non-mechanical device to provide power gain at audio and radio frequencies, and made <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> practical. Triodes are used for <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscillator_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator (electronics)">oscillators</a>. Many types are used only at low to moderate frequency and power levels. Large water-cooled triodes may be used as the final amplifier in radio transmitters, with ratings of thousands of watts. Specialized types of triode ("lighthouse" tubes, with low capacitance between elements) provide useful gain at microwave frequencies. </p><p>Vacuum tubes are obsolete in mass-marketed <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, having been overtaken by less expensive transistor-based <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state (electronics)">solid-state</a> devices. However, more recently, vacuum tubes have been making somewhat of a comeback. Triodes continue to be used in certain high-power <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">RF</a> amplifiers and <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a>. While proponents of vacuum tubes claim their superiority in areas such as <a href="/wiki/High-end_audio" title="High-end audio">high-end</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">professional audio</a> applications, the solid-state MOSFET has similar performance characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png/370px-TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png/555px-TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png/740px-TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>ECC83 triode operating characteristic</figcaption></figure> <p>In triode datasheets, characteristics linking the anode current (I<sub>a</sub>) to anode voltage (V<sub>a</sub>) and grid voltage (V<sub>g</sub>) are usually given. From here, a circuit designer can choose the <a href="/wiki/Biasing" title="Biasing">operating point</a> of the particular triode. Then the output voltage and amplification of the triode can be evaluated graphically by drawing a <a href="/wiki/Load_line_(electronics)" title="Load line (electronics)">load line</a> on the graph. </p><p>In the example characteristic shown on the image, suppose we wish to operate it at a quiescent anode voltage V<sub>a</sub> of 200 V and a grid <a href="/wiki/Voltage_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage bias">voltage bias</a> of −1 V. This implies a quiescent plate (anode) current of 2.2 mA (using the yellow curve on the graph). In a <a href="/wiki/Class-A_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Class-A amplifier">class-A</a> triode amplifier, one might place an anode resistor (connected between the anode and the positive power supply). If we choose R<sub>a</sub> = 10000 Ω, the voltage drop on it would be V<sub>+</sub> − V<sub>a</sub> = I<sub>a</sub> × R<sub>a</sub> = 22 V for the chosen anode current of I<sub>a</sub> = 2.2 mA. Thus we require a power supply voltage V<sub>+</sub> = 222 V in order to obtain V<sub>a</sub> = 200 V on the anode. </p><p>Now suppose we impress on the −1 V bias voltage a signal of 1 V peak-peak, so that the grid voltage varies between −0.5 V and −1.5 V. When V<sub>g</sub> = −0.5 V, the anode current will increase to 3.1 mA, lowering the anode voltage to V<sub>a</sub> = V<sub>+</sub> − 10 kΩ × 3.1 mA = 191 V (orange curve). When V<sub>g</sub> = −1.5 V, the anode current will decrease to 1.4 mA, raising the anode voltage to V<sub>a</sub> = V<sub>+</sub> − 10 kΩ × 1.4 mA = 208 V (green curve). Therefore a 1 V peak-peak signal on the input (grid) causes an output voltage change of about 17 V. </p><p>Thus voltage amplification of the signal is obtained. The ratio of these two changes, the <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)#Voltage_gain" title="Gain (electronics)">voltage amplification factor</a> (or <i>mu</i>) is 17 in this case. It is also possible to use triodes as <a href="/wiki/Valve_amplifier#Output_impedance" title="Valve amplifier">cathode followers</a> in which there is no voltage amplification but a huge reduction in dynamic <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a>; in other words, the <i>current</i> is <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)#Current_gain" title="Gain (electronics)">greatly amplified</a> (as it also is in the <a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Common_terminal" title="Amplifier">common-cathode configuration</a> described above). Amplifying either the voltage or current results in power amplification, the general purpose of an amplifying tube (after all, either the current or voltage alone could be increased by decreasing the other just using a transformer, a passive device). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_amplification" title="Faithful amplification">Faithful amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanso_Idzerda" title="Hanso Idzerda">Hanso Idzerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum_tubes" title="List of vacuum tubes">List of vacuum tubes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nebeker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nebeker_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nebeker_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nebeker_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nebeker_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNebeker2009" class="citation book cs1">Nebeker, Frederik (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwmH6-q5O5AC&q=nebeker+audion+%22De+forest&pg=PA14"><i>Dawn of the Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470409749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470409749"><bdi>978-0470409749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+the+Electronic+Age%3A+Electrical+Technologies+in+the+Shaping+of+the+Modern+World%2C+1914+to+1945&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0470409749&rft.aulast=Nebeker&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxwmH6-q5O5AC%26q%3Dnebeker%2Baudion%2B%2522De%2Bforest%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1921" class="citation book cs1">Turner, L. B. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R6voAgAAQBAJ&q=triode+eccles&pg=PA78"><i>Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/110762956X" title="Special:BookSources/110762956X"><bdi>110762956X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Telegraphy+and+Telephony&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=110762956X&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR6voAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtriode%2Beccles%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginoux-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ginoux_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ginoux, Jean-Marc; Rosetto, Bruno, "The Singing Arc: The oldest memrister?" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamatzkyChen2013" class="citation book cs1">Adamatzky, Andrew; Chen, Guanrong (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tve6CgAAQBAJ&q=triode+eccles&pg=PA500"><i>Chaos, CNN, Memristors and Beyond</i></a>. World Scientific. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814434812" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814434812"><bdi>978-9814434812</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaos%2C+CNN%2C+Memristors+and+Beyond&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9814434812&rft.aulast=Adamatzky&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Chen%2C+Guanrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTve6CgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtriode%2Beccles%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2004" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Russell W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eUUy8-VvwoC&q=Lenard+%22Grid+Control%22&pg=PA339"><i>Communications: An International History of the Formative Years</i></a>. London: Institute of Electrical Engineers. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863413277" title="Special:BookSources/0863413277"><bdi>0863413277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communications%3A+An+International+History+of+the+Formative+Years&rft.place=London&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0863413277&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Russell+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eUUy8-VvwoC%26q%3DLenard%2B%2522Grid%2BControl%2522%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aitken2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aitken2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken2014" class="citation book cs1">Aitken, Hugh G.J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ebr_AwAAQBAJ&q=Fleming+valve&pg=PA195"><i>The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio, 1900-1932</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400854608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400854608"><bdi>978-1400854608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuous+Wave%3A+Technology+and+American+Radio%2C+1900-1932&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1400854608&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Hugh+G.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Debr_AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFleming%2Bvalve%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherFisher1996" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, David E.; Fisher, Marshall (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eApTAAAAMAAJ&q=%22first+vacuum+tube%22+fleming+valve&pg=PA54"><i>Tube: The Invention of Television</i></a>. Counterpoint. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1887178171" title="Special:BookSources/1887178171"><bdi>1887178171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tube%3A+The+Invention+of+Television&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1887178171&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeApTAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522first%2Bvacuum%2Btube%2522%2Bfleming%2Bvalve%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyne6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyne6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyne6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyne6_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyne1943" class="citation journal cs1">Tyne, Gerald F. J. (September 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-News/40s/Radio-News-1943-09.pdf">"The Saga of the Vacuum Tube, Part 6"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radio News</i>. <b>30</b> (3). Chicago, IL: Ziff-Davis: 26–28, 91<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+News&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+the+Vacuum+Tube%2C+Part+6&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=26-28%2C+91&rft.date=1943-09&rft.aulast=Tyne&rft.aufirst=Gerald+F.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Radio-News%2F40s%2FRadio-News-1943-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyne8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyne8_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyne8_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyne1943" class="citation journal cs1">Tyne, Gerald F. J. (November 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-News/40s/Radio-News-1943-11-R.pdf">"The Saga of the Vacuum Tube, Part 8"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radio News</i>. <b>30</b> (5). Chicago, IL: Ziff-Davis: 26–28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+News&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+the+Vacuum+Tube%2C+Part+8&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=26-28&rft.date=1943-11&rft.aulast=Tyne&rft.aufirst=Gerald+F.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Radio-News%2F40s%2FRadio-News-1943-11-R.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anton_A._Huurdeman_2003,_page_226-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anton_A._Huurdeman_2003,_page_226_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anton_A._Huurdeman_2003,_page_226_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton A. Huurdeman, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, John Wiley & Sons - 2003, page 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bray, The Communications Miracle: The Telecommunication Pioneers from Morse to the Information Superhighway, Springe - 2013, pages 64-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hts-homepage.de/Lieben/Lieben.html">[1]</a> DRP 179807</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tapan_K._Sarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapan K. Sarkar">Tapan K. Sarkar</a> (ed.) "History of wireless", John Wiley and Sons, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-71814-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-71814-9">0-471-71814-9</a>, p.335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sōgo Okamura (ed), <i>History of Electron Tubes</i>, IOS Press, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5199-145-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-5199-145-2">90-5199-145-2</a> page 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Forest-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_Forest_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Forest1906" class="citation journal cs1">De Forest, Lee (January 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112089533605&view=1up&seq=356">"The Audion; A New Receiver for Wireless Telegraphy"</a>. <i>Trans. AIEE</i>. <b>25</b>. American Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: 735–763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Ft-aiee.1906.4764762">10.1109/t-aiee.1906.4764762</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trans.+AIEE&rft.atitle=The+Audion%3B+A+New+Receiver+for+Wireless+Telegraphy&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=735-763&rft.date=1906-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Ft-aiee.1906.4764762&rft.aulast=De+Forest&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112089533605%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span> The link is to a reprint of the paper in the <i>Scientific American Supplement</i>, Nos. 1665 and 1666, November 30, 1907 and December 7, 1907, p.348-350 and 354-356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AudionPatent-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AudionPatent_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US879532">U.S. patent 879,532</a></span>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US879532">Space Telegraphy</a></i>, filed January 29, 1907, issued February 18, 1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hijiya-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hijiya_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHijiya1997" class="citation book cs1">Hijiya, James A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYylHhmoNZ4C&q=%22+audion+%22+1907&pg=PA77"><i>Lee de Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio</i></a>. Lehigh University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934223238" title="Special:BookSources/0934223238"><bdi>0934223238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+de+Forest+and+the+Fatherhood+of+Radio&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Lehigh+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0934223238&rft.aulast=Hijiya&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYylHhmoNZ4C%26q%3D%2522%2Baudion%2B%2522%2B1907%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okamura-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okamura_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okamura_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkamura1994" class="citation book cs1">Okamura, Sōgo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHFyngmO95YC&q=Audion+triode&pg=PA21"><i>History of Electron Tubes</i></a>. IOS Press. pp. 17–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9051991452" title="Special:BookSources/9051991452"><bdi>9051991452</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Electron+Tubes&rft.pages=17-22&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9051991452&rft.aulast=Okamura&rft.aufirst=S%C5%8Dgo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHFyngmO95YC%26q%3DAudion%2Btriode%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Thomas H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uoj3IWFxbVYC&q=Audion+triode&pg=PA13"><i>Planar Microwave Engineering: A Practical Guide to Theory, Measurement, and Circuits</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521835267" title="Special:BookSources/0521835267"><bdi>0521835267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planar+Microwave+Engineering%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Theory%2C+Measurement%2C+and+Circuits&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0521835267&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duoj3IWFxbVYC%26q%3DAudion%2Btriode%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bray, The Communications Miracle: The Telecommunication Pioneers from Morse to the Information Superhighway, Springe - 2013, page 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hempstead-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hempstead_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHempsteadWilliam_E._Worthington2005" class="citation book cs1">Hempstead, Colin; William E. Worthington (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wkIlnNjDWcC&q=%22H+J+triode%22+audion&pg=PA648"><i>Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology, Vol. 2</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 643. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579584640" title="Special:BookSources/1579584640"><bdi>1579584640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+20th-Century+Technology%2C+Vol.+2&rft.pages=643&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1579584640&rft.aulast=Hempstead&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=William+E.+Worthington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0wkIlnNjDWcC%26q%3D%2522H%2BJ%2Btriode%2522%2Baudion%26pg%3DPA648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong1915-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong1915_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1915" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Armstrong, E.H.</a> (September 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432482">"Some Recent Developments in the Audion Receiver"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the IRE</i>. <b>3</b> (9): 215–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fjrproc.1915.216677">10.1109/jrproc.1915.216677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2116636">2116636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IRE&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Developments+in+the+Audion+Receiver&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=215-247&rft.date=1915-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjrproc.1915.216677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2116636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span>. Republished as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Armstrong, E.H.</a> (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/documents/00573757.pdf">"Some Recent Developments in the Audion Receiver"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the IEEE</i>. <b>85</b> (4): 685–697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fjproc.1997.573757">10.1109/jproc.1997.573757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Developments+in+the+Audion+Receiver&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=685-697&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjproc.1997.573757&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fdocuments%2F00573757.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hijiya92-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hijiya92_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Hijiya, <i>Lee de Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio Political, and Economic Development </i> Lehigh University Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934223238" title="Special:BookSources/0934223238">0934223238</a>, pages 93-94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyne, Gerald F.J., Saga of the Vacuum Tube, 1977, Howard W. Sams, pp 201~202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/analog/article/21794430/tubes-versus-solidstate-audio-ampsthe-last-word-or-house-of-fire-part-2">"Tubes Versus Solid-State Audio Amps—The Last Word (Or "House Of Fire," Part 2)"</a>. <i>www.electronicdesign.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electronicdesign.com&rft.atitle=Tubes+Versus+Solid-State+Audio+Amps%E2%80%94The+Last+Word+%28Or+%22House+Of+Fire%2C%22+Part+2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicdesign.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fanalog%2Farticle%2F21794430%2Ftubes-versus-solidstate-audio-ampsthe-last-word-or-house-of-fire-part-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriode" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triode&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vacuum_triodes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vacuum triodes">Vacuum triodes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paillard.claude.free.fr/"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les lampes radio</i></span></a> — A French page on thermionic valves. Of particular interest is the 17-minute video showing the manual production of triodes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/valves-tubes/triode-valve-vacuum-tube.php">Triode valve tutorial</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thermionic_valves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thermionic_valves" title="Template:Thermionic valves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thermionic_valves" title="Template talk:Thermionic valves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thermionic_valves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thermionic valves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thermionic_valves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Thermionic valves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">Thermionic emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_function" title="Work function">Work function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_cathode" title="Hot cathode">Hot cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_charge" title="Space charge">Space charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_grid" title="Control grid">Control grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressor_grid" title="Suppressor grid">Suppressor grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">Anode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glowing_plate" title="Glowing plate">Glowing anode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">Getter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum_tubes" title="List of vacuum tubes">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube#Diodes" title="Vacuum tube">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Triode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additron_tube" title="Additron tube">Additron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidophor" title="Eidophor">Eidophor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaria_projector" title="Talaria projector">Talaria projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numbering systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RMA_tube_designation" title="RMA tube designation">RMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RETMA_tube_designation" title="RETMA tube designation">RETMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi-Osram_tube_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marconi-Osram tube designation">Marconi-Osram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullard%E2%80%93Philips_tube_designation" title="Mullard–Philips tube designation">Mullard–Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_tube_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="JIS tube designation">JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tube_designations" title="Russian tube designations">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum_tubes" title="List of vacuum tubes">List of vacuum tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_socket" title="Tube socket">List of tube sockets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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