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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_vs_current_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Time vs current characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_vs_current_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_I2t_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_I2t_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The I<sup>2</sup>t value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_I2t_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breaking_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breaking_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Breaking capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breaking_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rated_voltage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rated_voltage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rated voltage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rated_voltage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voltage_drop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voltage_drop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voltage drop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voltage_drop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_derating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_derating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Temperature derating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_derating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Markings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packages_and_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packages_and_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Packages and materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packages_and_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dimensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dimensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Special features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuse_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuse_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Fuse standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fuse_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fuse standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fuse_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IEC_60269_fuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IEC_60269_fuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>IEC 60269 fuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEC_60269_fuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UL_248_fuses_(North_America)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UL_248_fuses_(North_America)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>UL 248 fuses (North America)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UL_248_fuses_(North_America)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive_fuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive_fuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Automotive fuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive_fuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_voltage_fuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_voltage_fuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>High voltage fuses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-High_voltage_fuses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle High voltage fuses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-High_voltage_fuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expulsion_fuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_fuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Expulsion fuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_fuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_circuit_breakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_circuit_breakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Comparison with circuit breakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_circuit_breakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuse_boxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuse_boxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Fuse boxes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fuse_boxes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fuse boxes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fuse_boxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_of_fuses_in_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_of_fuses_in_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Coordination of fuses in series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_of_fuses_in_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_circuit_protectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_circuit_protectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Other circuit protectors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_circuit_protectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other circuit protectors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_circuit_protectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resettable_fuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettable_fuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Resettable fuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettable_fuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_fuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_fuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Thermal fuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_fuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_limiter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_limiter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Cable limiter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_limiter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Unicode symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuse (electrical)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="فاصمة منصهرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاصمة منصهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible" title="Fusible – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fusible" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%B9-juh" title="Hiù-juh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiù-juh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Электрычны засцерагальнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрычны засцерагальнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Електрически предпазител – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически предпазител" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_osigura%C4%8D" title="Električni osigurač – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Električni osigurač" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible" title="Fusible – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fusible" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavn%C3%A1_pojistka" title="Tavná pojistka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tavná pojistka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_sikring" title="Elektrisk sikring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk sikring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmelzsicherung" title="Schmelzsicherung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmelzsicherung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulavkaitse" title="Sulavkaitse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sulavkaitse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρική ασφάλεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρική ασφάλεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible" title="Fusible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fusible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandogardilo" title="Fandogardilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fandogardilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible" title="Fusible – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fusible" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="فیوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible_(%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9)" title="Fusible (électricité) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fusible (électricité)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%BAs_(leictreach)" title="Fiús (leictreach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiús (leictreach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusible" title="Fusible – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fusible" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%93%A8%EC%A6%88" title="퓨즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퓨즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C" title="फ्यूज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्यूज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osigura%C4%8D" title="Osigurač – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osigurač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekring" title="Sekring – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekring" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusibile_elettrico" title="Fusibile elettrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fusibile elettrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%98%D7%97" title="מבטח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבטח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9kring" title="Sékring – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sékring" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಫ್ಯೂಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಿಕ್ ಫ್ಯೂಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Сақтандырғыш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сақтандырғыш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyuzi" title="Fyuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fyuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik_(py%C3%A8s_metal)" title="Fizik (pyès metal) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fizik (pyès metal)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugiklis" title="Saugiklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saugiklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusibel" title="Fusibel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fusibel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvad%C3%B3biztos%C3%ADt%C3%B3" title="Olvadóbiztosító – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olvadóbiztosító" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Осигурувач – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Осигурувач" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈദ്യുതഫ്യൂസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുതഫ്യൂസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fius_elektrik" title="Fius elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fius elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeltveiligheid" title="Smeltveiligheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Smeltveiligheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C" title="फ्युज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्युज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ヒューズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒューズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikring_(elektrisk)" title="Sikring (elektrisk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sikring (elektrisk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_(%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2)" title="ਫਿਊਜ਼ (ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੀਕਲ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਿਊਜ਼ (ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੀਕਲ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpiecznik_elektryczny" title="Bezpiecznik elektryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bezpiecznik elektryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fus%C3%ADvel" title="Fusível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fusível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siguran%C8%9B%C4%83_fuzibil%C4%83" title="Siguranță fuzibilă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Siguranță fuzibilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Электрический предохранитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрический предохранитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92)" title="පිලිසිය (විදිලි) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පිලිසිය (විදිලි)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse" title="Fuse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fuse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poistka_(elektrotechnika)" title="Poistka (elektrotechnika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poistka (elektrotechnika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Електрични осигурач – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрични осигурач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osigura%C4%8D" title="Osigurač – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Osigurač" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulake" title="Sulake – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulake" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4kring" title="Säkring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Säkring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="உருகுக்கம்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருகுக்கம்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิวส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิวส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigorta_(elektrik)" title="Sigorta (elektrik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sigorta (elektrik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Запобіжник (електрика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Запобіжник (електрика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_ch%C3%AC" title="Cầu chì – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu chì" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9%E4%B8%9D" title="保险丝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="保险丝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%A3%AB_(%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF)" title="菲士 (電路) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲士 (電路)" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electrical safety device that provides overcurrent protection</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fuse (disambiguation)">Fuse</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Fuse</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tektronixoscilloscope442backfuse-ccbysawikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tektronixoscilloscope442backfuse-ccbysawikipedia.jpg/220px-Tektronixoscilloscope442backfuse-ccbysawikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tektronixoscilloscope442backfuse-ccbysawikipedia.jpg/330px-Tektronixoscilloscope442backfuse-ccbysawikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Tektronixoscilloscope442backfuse-ccbysawikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A miniature time-delay 250 V fuse that will interrupt a 0.3 A current at after 100 s, or a 15 A current in 0.1 s. 32 mm (1 1/4") long.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)" title="Passivity (engineering)">Passive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Working principle<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">Melting of internal conductor</span> due to heat generated by excessive current flow</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_symbol" title="Electronic symbol">Electronic symbol</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuse-basic-symbols.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuse-basic-symbols.svg/50px-Fuse-basic-symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuse-basic-symbols.svg/75px-Fuse-basic-symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fuse-basic-symbols.svg/100px-Fuse-basic-symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="726" /></a></span><br /><i>Electronic symbols for a fuse</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, a <b>fuse</b> is an electrical safety device that operates to provide <a href="/wiki/Overcurrent" title="Overcurrent">overcurrent</a> protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current. It is a <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial device">sacrificial device</a>; once a fuse has operated, it is an open circuit, and must be replaced or rewired, depending on its type. </p><p>Fuses have been used as essential safety devices from the early days of electrical engineering. Today there are thousands of different fuse designs which have specific current and voltage ratings, breaking capacity, and response times, depending on the application. The time and current operating characteristics of fuses are chosen to provide adequate protection without needless interruption. Wiring regulations usually define a maximum fuse current rating for particular circuits. A fuse can be used to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short circuits</a>, overloading, mismatched loads, or device failure. When a damaged live wire makes contact with a metal case that is connected to ground, a short circuit will form and the fuse will melt. </p><p>A fuse is an automatic means of removing power from a faulty system, often abbreviated to ADS (automatic disconnection of supply). <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breakers</a> can be used as an alternative to fuses, but have significantly different characteristics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Earthing_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthing systems">Earthing systems</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Cl%C3%A9ment_Fran%C3%A7ois_Breguet" title="Louis Clément François Breguet">Louis Clément François Breguet</a> recommended the use of reduced-section conductors to protect telegraph stations from <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning strikes</a>; by melting, the smaller wires would protect apparatus and wiring inside the building.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of wire or foil fusible elements were in use to protect telegraph cables and lighting installations as early as 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fuse was patented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in 1890 as part of his electric distribution system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross-section compared to the circuit conductors, mounted between a pair of electrical terminals, and (usually) enclosed by a non-combustible housing. The fuse is arranged in <a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">series</a> to carry all the charge passing through the protected circuit. The resistance of the element generates heat due to the current flow. The size and construction of the element is (empirically) determined so that the heat produced for a normal current does not cause the element to attain a high temperature. If too high of a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">soldered</a> joint within the fuse, opening the circuit. </p><p>The fuse element is made of zinc, copper, silver, aluminum,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or alloys among these or other various metals to provide stable and predictable characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fuse ideally would carry its rated current indefinitely, and melt quickly on a small excess. The element must not be damaged by minor harmless surges of current, and must not oxidize or change its behavior after possibly years of service. </p><p>The fuse elements may be shaped to increase heating effect. In large fuses, current may be divided between multiple strips of metal. A dual-element fuse may contain a metal strip that melts instantly on a short circuit, and also contain a low-melting solder joint that responds to long-term overload of low values compared to a short circuit. Fuse elements may be supported by steel or nichrome wires, so that no strain is placed on the element, but a spring may be included to increase the speed of parting of the element fragments. </p><p>The fuse element may be surrounded by air, or by materials intended to speed the quenching of the arc. <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</a> sand or non-conducting liquids may be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rated_current_IN">Rated current I<sub>N</sub></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rated current IN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A maximum current that the fuse can continuously conduct without interrupting the circuit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_vs_current_characteristics">Time vs current characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Time vs current characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The speed at which a fuse blows depends on how much current flows through it and the material of which the fuse is made. Manufacturers can provide a plot of current vs time, often plotted on logarithmic scales, to characterize the device and to allow comparison with the characteristics of protective devices upstream and downstream of the fuse. </p><p>The operating time is not a fixed interval but decreases as the current increases. Fuses are designed to have particular characteristics of operating time compared to current. A standard fuse may require twice its rated current to open in one second, a fast-blow fuse may require twice its rated current to blow in 0.1 seconds, and a slow-blow fuse may require twice its rated current for tens of seconds to blow. </p><p>Fuse selection depends on the load's characteristics. Semiconductor devices may use a fast or <i>ultrafast</i> fuse as semiconductor devices heat rapidly when excess current flows. The fastest blowing fuses are designed for the most sensitive electrical equipment, where even a short exposure to an overload current could be damaging. Normal fast-blow fuses are the most general purpose fuses. A <i>time-delay fuse</i> (also known as an <i>anti-surge</i> or <i>slow-blow</i> fuse) is designed to allow a current which is above the rated value of the fuse to flow for a short period of time without the fuse blowing. These types of fuse are used on equipment such as motors, which can draw larger than normal currents for up to several seconds while coming up to speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_I2t_value">The I<sup>2</sup>t value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The I2t value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myslivna,_taven%C3%AD_pojistky_(011)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Myslivna%2C_taven%C3%AD_pojistky_%28011%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Myslivna%2C_taven%C3%AD_pojistky_%28011%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Myslivna%2C_taven%C3%AD_pojistky_%28011%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Myslivna%2C_taven%C3%AD_pojistky_%28011%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Myslivna%2C_taven%C3%AD_pojistky_%28011%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Myslivna%2C_taven%C3%AD_pojistky_%28011%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>Melting fuse on electrical power line pole</figcaption></figure> <p>The I<sup>2</sup>t rating is related to the amount of energy let through by the fuse element when it clears the electrical fault. This term is normally used in short circuit conditions and the values are used to perform co-ordination studies in electrical networks. I<sup>2</sup>t parameters are provided by charts in manufacturer data sheets for each fuse family. For coordination of fuse operation with upstream or downstream devices, both melting I<sup>2</sup>t and clearing I<sup>2</sup>t are specified. The melting I<sup>2</sup>t is proportional to the amount of energy required to begin melting the fuse element. The clearing I<sup>2</sup>t is proportional to the total energy let through by the fuse when clearing a fault. The energy is mainly dependent on current and time for fuses as well as the available fault level and system voltage. Since the I<sup>2</sup>t rating of the fuse is proportional to the energy it lets through, it is a measure of the thermal damage from the heat and magnetic forces that will be produced by a fault end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breaking_capacity">Breaking capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Breaking capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breaking_capacity" title="Breaking capacity">Breaking capacity</a></div> <p>The breaking capacity is the maximum current that can safely be interrupted by the fuse. This should be higher than the <a href="/wiki/Prospective_short-circuit_current" title="Prospective short-circuit current">prospective short-circuit current</a>. Miniature fuses may have an interrupting rating only 10 times their rated current. Fuses for small, <a href="/wiki/Low_voltage" title="Low voltage">low-voltage</a>, usually residential, wiring systems are commonly rated, in North American practice, to interrupt 10,000 amperes. Fuses for commercial or industrial power systems must have higher interrupting ratings, with some low-voltage current-limiting high interrupting fuses rated for 300,000 amperes. Fuses for high-voltage equipment, up to 115,000 volts, are rated by the total <a href="/wiki/Apparent_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent power">apparent power</a> (megavolt-amperes, <a href="/wiki/Volt-ampere" title="Volt-ampere">MVA</a>) of the fault level on the circuit. </p><p>Some fuses are designated high rupture capacity (HRC) or high breaking capacity (HBC)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are usually filled with sand or a similar material.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial_NH1_Fuse_100A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Industrial_NH1_Fuse_100A.jpg/220px-Industrial_NH1_Fuse_100A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Industrial_NH1_Fuse_100A.jpg/330px-Industrial_NH1_Fuse_100A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Industrial_NH1_Fuse_100A.jpg/440px-Industrial_NH1_Fuse_100A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption>HRC fuse with red blown indication</figcaption></figure> <p>Low-voltage high rupture capacity (HRC) fuses are used in the area of main distribution boards in low-voltage networks where there is a high prospective short circuit current. They are generally larger than screw-type fuses, and have ferrule cap or blade contacts. High rupture capacity fuses may be rated to interrupt current of 120 kA. </p><p>HRC fuses are widely used in industrial installations and are also used in the public power grid, e.g. in transformer stations, main distribution boards, or in building junction boxes and as meter fuses. </p><p>In some countries, because of the high fault current available where these fuses are used, local regulations may permit only trained personnel to change these fuses. Some varieties of HRC fuse include special handling features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rated_voltage">Rated voltage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rated voltage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The voltage rating of the fuse must be equal to or, greater than, what would become the open-circuit voltage. For example, a glass tube fuse rated at 32 volts would not reliably interrupt current from a voltage source of 120 or 230 V. If a 32 V fuse attempts to interrupt the 120 or 230 V source, an <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a> may result. <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a> inside the glass tube may continue to conduct current until the current diminishes to the point where the plasma becomes a non-conducting gas. Rated voltage should be higher than the maximum <a href="/wiki/Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">voltage source</a> it would have to disconnect. Connecting fuses in series does not increase the rated voltage of the combination, nor of any one fuse. </p><p>Medium-voltage fuses rated for a few thousand volts are never used on low voltage circuits, because of their cost and because they cannot properly clear the circuit when operating at very low voltages.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voltage_drop">Voltage drop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Voltage drop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The manufacturer may specify the voltage drop across the fuse at rated current. There is a direct relationship between a fuse's cold resistance and its voltage drop value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Once current is applied, resistance and voltage drop of a fuse will constantly grow with the rise of its <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a> until the fuse finally reaches thermal equilibrium. The voltage drop should be taken into account, particularly when using a fuse in low-voltage applications. Voltage drop often is not significant in more traditional wire type fuses, but can be significant in other technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a> (PPTC) type fuses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperature_derating">Temperature derating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Temperature derating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ambient temperature will change a fuse's operational parameters. A fuse rated for 1 A at 25 °C may conduct up to 10% or 20% more current at −40 °C and may open at 80% of its rated value at 100 °C. Operating values will vary with each fuse family and are provided in manufacturer data sheets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markings">Markings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D01-Neozed-16A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/D01-Neozed-16A.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="70" /></a><figcaption>A sample of the many <a href="/wiki/Conformance_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformance mark">markings</a> that can be found on a fuse.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most fuses are <a href="/wiki/Conformance_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformance mark">marked</a> on the body or <a href="/wiki/IEC_60269#Markings" title="IEC 60269">end caps</a> with markings that indicate their ratings. <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">Surface-mount technology</a> "chip type" fuses feature few or no markings, making identification very difficult. </p><p>Similar appearing fuses may have significantly different properties, identified by their markings. Fuse markings<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will generally convey the following information, either explicitly as text, or else implicit with the approval agency marking for a particular type: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampacity" title="Ampacity">Current rating</a> of the fuse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">Voltage</a> rating of the fuse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">current</a> characteristic; i.e. fuse speed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">Approvals</a> by national and international standards agencies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Part_number" title="Part number">part number</a>/series.</li> <li>Interrupting rating (<a href="/wiki/Breaking_capacity" title="Breaking capacity">breaking capacity</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packages_and_materials">Packages and materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Packages and materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuseholders_no-bg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fuseholders_no-bg.jpg/170px-Fuseholders_no-bg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="732" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fuseholders_no-bg.jpg/255px-Fuseholders_no-bg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fuseholders_no-bg.jpg/340px-Fuseholders_no-bg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Various holders for cartridge ferrule fuses</figcaption></figure> <p>Fuses come in a vast array of sizes and styles to serve in many applications, manufactured in standardised package layouts to make them easily interchangeable. Fuse bodies may be made of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, molded <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">laminates</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molded</a> compressed fibre depending on application and voltage class. </p><p>Cartridge (<a href="/wiki/Ferrule" title="Ferrule">ferrule</a>) fuses have a cylindrical body terminated with metal end caps. Some cartridge fuses are manufactured with end caps of different sizes to prevent accidental insertion of the wrong fuse rating in a holder, giving them a bottle shape. </p><p>Fuses for low voltage power circuits may have <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(fastener)" title="Bolt (fastener)">bolted</a> blade or tag <a href="/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)#Types_of_terminals" title="Terminal (electronics)">terminals</a> which are secured by screws to a fuseholder. Some blade-type terminals are held by spring clips. Blade type fuses often require the use of a special purpose extractor tool to remove them from the fuse holder. </p><p>Renewable fuses have replaceable fuse elements, allowing the fuse body and terminals to be reused if not damaged after a fuse operation. </p><p>Fuses designed for <a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit board</a> have radial or axial <a href="/wiki/Through-hole_technology#Axial_and_radial_leads" title="Through-hole technology">wire leads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surface-mount_technology" title="Surface-mount technology">Surface mount</a> fuses have <a href="/wiki/Contact_pad" title="Contact pad">solder pads</a> instead of leads. </p><p>High-voltage fuses of the expulsion type have fiber or glass-reinforced plastic tubes and an open end, and can have the fuse element replaced. </p><p><i>Semi-enclosed fuses</i> are fuse wire carriers in which the fusible wire itself can be replaced. The exact fusing current is not as well controlled as an enclosed fuse, and it is extremely important to use the correct diameter and material when replacing the fuse wire, and for these reasons these fuses are slowly falling from favour. </p><p>These are still used in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer unit">consumer units</a> in some parts of the world, but are becoming less common. While glass fuses have the advantage of a fuse element visible for inspection purposes, they have a low <a href="/wiki/Breaking_capacity" title="Breaking capacity">breaking capacity</a> (interrupting rating), which generally restricts them to applications of 15 A or less at 250 V<sub>AC</sub>. Ceramic fuses have the advantage of a higher breaking capacity, facilitating their use in circuits with higher <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>. Filling a fuse body with <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> provides additional cooling of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a> and increases the breaking capacity of the fuse. Medium-voltage fuses may have liquid-filled envelopes to assist in the extinguishing of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a>. Some types of distribution switchgear use fuse links immersed in the <a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil" title="Transformer oil">oil</a> that fills the equipment. </p><p>Fuse packages may include a rejection feature such as a pin, slot, or tab, which prevents interchange of otherwise similar appearing fuses. For example, fuse holders for North American class RK fuses have a pin that prevents installation of similar-appearing class H fuses, which have a much lower breaking capacity and a solid blade terminal that lacks the slot of the RK type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuses can be built with different sized enclosures to prevent interchange of different ratings of fuse. For example, <i>bottle style</i> fuses distinguish between ratings with different cap diameters. Automotive glass fuses were made in different lengths, to prevent high-rated fuses being installed in a circuit intended for a lower rating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_features">Special features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Special features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass cartridge and plug fuses allow direct inspection of the fusible element. Other fuses have other indication methods including: </p> <ul><li>Indicating pin or striker pin — extends out of the fuse cap when the element is blown.</li> <li>Indicating disc — a coloured disc (flush mounted in the end cap of the fuse) falls out when the element is blown.</li> <li>Element window — a small window built into the fuse body to provide visual indication of a blown element.</li> <li>External trip indicator — similar function to striker pin, but can be externally attached (using clips) to a compatible fuse.</li></ul> <p>Some fuses allow a special purpose micro switch or relay unit to be fixed to the fuse body. When the fuse element blows, the indicating pin extends to activate the <a href="/wiki/Micro_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro switch">micro switch</a> or relay, which, in turn, triggers an event. </p><p>Some fuses for medium-voltage applications use two or three separate barrels and two or three fuse elements in parallel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuse_standards">Fuse standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fuse standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEC_60269_fuses">IEC 60269 fuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: IEC 60269 fuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartridge_Fuse.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cartridge_Fuse.svg/220px-Cartridge_Fuse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cartridge_Fuse.svg/330px-Cartridge_Fuse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cartridge_Fuse.svg/440px-Cartridge_Fuse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a screw-type fuse holder with Diazed fuse</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">IEC 60269</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> publishes standard 60269 for <a href="/wiki/Low-voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-voltage">low-voltage</a> power fuses. The standard is in four volumes, which describe general requirements, fuses for industrial and commercial applications, fuses for residential applications, and fuses to protect semiconductor devices. The IEC standard unifies several national standards, thereby improving the interchangeability of fuses in international trade. All fuses of different technologies tested to meet IEC standards will have similar time-current characteristics, which simplifies design and maintenance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UL_248_fuses_(North_America)"><span id="UL_248_fuses_.28North_America.29"></span>UL 248 fuses (North America)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: UL 248 fuses (North America)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States and Canada, low-voltage fuses to 1 kV AC rating are made in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriters Laboratories">Underwriters Laboratories</a> standard UL 248 or the harmonized <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Standards Association">Canadian Standards Association</a> standard C22.2 No. 248. This standard applies to fuses rated 1 kV or less, AC or DC, and with <a href="/wiki/Breaking_capacity" title="Breaking capacity">breaking capacity</a> up to 200 kA. These fuses are intended for installations following Canadian Electrical Code, Part I (CEC), or the <a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Code" title="National Electrical Code">National Electrical Code</a>, NFPA 70 (NEC). </p><p>The standard ampere ratings for fuses (and <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breakers</a>) in USA/Canada are considered 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 amperes. Additional standard ampere ratings for fuses are 1, 3, 6, 10, and 601. </p><p>UL 248 currently has 19 "parts". UL 248-1 sets the general requirements for fuses, while the latter parts are dedicated to specific fuses sizes (ex: 248-8 for Class J, 248-10 for Class L), or for categories of fuses with unique properties (ex: 248-13 for semiconductor fuses, 248-19 for photovoltaic fuses). The general requirements (248-1) apply except as modified by the supplemental part (240-x). For example, UL 248-19 allows photovoltaic fuses to be rated up to 1500 volts, DC, versus 1000 volts under the general requirements. </p><p>IEC and UL nomenclature varies slightly. IEC standards refer to a "fuse" as the assembly of a <a href="/wiki/Fusible_link" title="Fusible link">fusible link</a> and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_holder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuse holder (page does not exist)">fuse holder</a>. In North American standards, the <i>fuse</i> is the replaceable portion of the assembly, and a <i>fuse link</i> would be a bare metal element for installation in a fuse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automotive_fuses">Automotive fuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Automotive fuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">Fuse (automotive)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electrical_fuses,_blade_type.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electrical_fuses%2C_blade_type.svg/440px-Electrical_fuses%2C_blade_type.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electrical_fuses%2C_blade_type.svg/660px-Electrical_fuses%2C_blade_type.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electrical_fuses%2C_blade_type.svg/880px-Electrical_fuses%2C_blade_type.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Blade type fuses come in six physical sizes: micro2, micro3, low-profile mini, mini, regular and maxi</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Automotive fuses</i> are used to protect the wiring and electrical equipment for vehicles. There are several different types of automotive fuses and their usage is dependent upon the specific application, voltage, and current demands of the electrical circuit. Automotive fuses can be mounted in fuse blocks, inline fuse holders, or fuse clips. Some automotive fuses are occasionally used in non-automotive electrical applications. Standards for automotive fuses are published by <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE International</a> (formerly known as the Society of Automotive Engineers). </p><p>Automotive fuses can be classified into four distinct categories: </p> <ul><li>Blade fuses</li> <li>Glass tube or Bosch type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusible_link" title="Fusible link">Fusible links</a></li> <li>Fuse limiters</li></ul> <p>Most automotive fuses rated at 32 volts are used on circuits rated 24 volts DC and below. Some vehicles use a dual <a href="/wiki/42-volt_electrical_system" title="42-volt electrical system">12/42 V DC electrical system</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that will require a fuse rated at 58 V DC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_voltage_fuses">High voltage fuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: High voltage fuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blown_Fuse_Cutout_640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blown_Fuse_Cutout_640.jpg/220px-Blown_Fuse_Cutout_640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blown_Fuse_Cutout_640.jpg/330px-Blown_Fuse_Cutout_640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Blown_Fuse_Cutout_640.jpg/440px-Blown_Fuse_Cutout_640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption> A set of pole-top fusible cutouts with one fuse blown, protecting a <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> - the white tube on the left is hanging down</figcaption></figure> <p>Fuses are used on power systems up to 115,000 volts AC. High-voltage fuses are used to protect instrument <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> used for electricity metering, or for small power <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> where the expense of a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breaker</a> is not warranted. A circuit breaker at 115 kV may cost up to five times as much as a set of power fuses, so the resulting saving can be tens of thousands of dollars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In medium-voltage distribution systems, a power fuse may be used to protect a transformer serving 1–3 houses. Pole-mounted distribution transformers are nearly always protected by a <a href="/wiki/Cutout_(electric_power_distribution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutout (electric power distribution)">fusible cutout</a>, which can have the fuse element replaced using <a href="/wiki/Live-line_working" title="Live-line working">live-line maintenance</a> tools. </p><p>Medium-voltage fuses are also used to protect motors, capacitor banks and transformers and may be mounted in metal enclosed switchgear, or (rarely in new designs) on open switchboards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_fuses">Expulsion fuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Expulsion fuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large power fuses use fusible elements made of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> to provide stable and predictable performance. High voltage <i>expulsion fuses</i> surround the fusible link with gas-evolving substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a>. When the fuse blows, heat from the arc causes the boric acid to evolve large volumes of gases. The associated high pressure (often greater than 100 atmospheres) and cooling gases rapidly quench the resulting arc. The hot gases are then explosively expelled out of the end(s) of the fuse. Such fuses can only be used outdoors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuse_115kv_640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fuse_115kv_640.jpg/220px-Fuse_115kv_640.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fuse_115kv_640.jpg/330px-Fuse_115kv_640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fuse_115kv_640.jpg/440px-Fuse_115kv_640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A 115 kV high-voltage fuse in a substation near a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> power plant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochspannungssicherung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hochspannungssicherung.jpg/220px-Hochspannungssicherung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hochspannungssicherung.jpg/330px-Hochspannungssicherung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hochspannungssicherung.jpg/440px-Hochspannungssicherung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Older medium-voltage fuse for a <span class="nowrap">20 kV</span> network</figcaption></figure> <p>These type of fuses may have an impact pin to operate a switch mechanism, so that all three phases are interrupted if any one fuse blows. </p><p><i>High-power fuse</i> means that these fuses can interrupt several kiloamperes. Some manufacturers have tested their fuses for up to 63 kA <a href="/wiki/Prospective_short-circuit_current" title="Prospective short-circuit current">short-circuit</a> current. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_circuit_breakers">Comparison with circuit breakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comparison with circuit breakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuses have the advantages of often being less costly and simpler than a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breaker</a> for similar ratings. The blown fuse must be replaced with a new device which is less convenient than simply resetting a breaker and therefore likely to discourage people from ignoring faults. On the other hand, replacing a fuse without isolating the circuit first (most building wiring designs do not provide individual isolation switches for each fuse) can be dangerous in itself, particularly if the fault is a short circuit. </p><p>In terms of protection response time, fuses tend to isolate faults more quickly (depending on their operating time) than circuit breakers. A fuse can clear a fault within a quarter cycle of the fault current, while a circuit breaker may take around half to one cycle to clear the fault. The response time of a fuse can be as fast as 0.002 seconds, whereas a circuit breaker typically responds in the range of 0.02 to 0.05 seconds. </p><p>High rupturing capacity fuses can be rated to safely interrupt up to 300,000 amperes at 600 V AC. Special current-limiting fuses are applied ahead of some molded-case breakers to protect the breakers in low-voltage power circuits with high short-circuit levels. </p><p><i>Current-limiting</i> fuses operate so quickly that they limit the total "let-through" energy that passes into the circuit, helping to protect downstream equipment from damage. These fuses open in less than one cycle of the AC power frequency; circuit breakers cannot match this speed. </p><p>Some types of circuit breakers must be maintained on a regular basis to ensure their mechanical operation during an interruption. This is not the case with fuses, which rely on melting processes where no mechanical operation is required for the fuse to operate under fault conditions. </p><p>In a multi-phase power circuit, if only one fuse opens, the remaining phases will have higher than normal currents, and unbalanced voltages, with possible damage to motors. Fuses only sense overcurrent, or to a degree, over-temperature, and cannot usually be used independently with <a href="/wiki/Relay#Overload_protection_relay" title="Relay">protective relaying</a> to provide more advanced protective functions, for example, ground fault detection. </p><p>Some manufacturers of medium-voltage distribution fuses combine the overcurrent protection characteristics of the fusible element with the flexibility of relay protection by adding a <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic">pyrotechnic</a> device to the fuse operated by external <a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">protective relays</a>. </p><p>For domestic applications, <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker#Low-voltage" title="Circuit breaker">Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)</a> are widely used as an alternative to fuses. Their rated current depend on the load current of the equipment to be protected and the ambient operational temperature. They are available in the following ratings: 6A, 10A, 16A, 20A, 25A, 32A, 45A, 50A, 63A, 80A, 100A, 125A.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fuse_boxes">Fuse boxes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fuse boxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, older electrical <a href="/wiki/Consumer_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer unit">consumer units</a> (also called fuse boxes) are fitted either with semi-enclosed (rewirable) fuses <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_3036&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 3036 (page does not exist)">BS 3036</a>)</span> or cartridge fuses <span class="nowrap">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_1361&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 1361 (page does not exist)">BS 1361</a>).</span> (Fuse wire is commonly supplied to consumers as short lengths of 5 A-, 15 A- and 30 A-rated wire wound on a piece of cardboard.) Modern consumer units usually contain <a href="/wiki/Miniature_circuit_breaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Miniature circuit breaker">miniature circuit breakers</a> (MCBs) instead of fuses, though cartridge fuses are sometimes still used, as in some applications MCBs are prone to nuisance tripping. </p><p>Renewable fuses (rewirable or cartridge) allow user replacement, but this can be hazardous as it is easy to put a higher-rated or double fuse element (link or wire) into the holder (<i>overfusing</i>), or simply fitting it with copper wire or even a totally different type of conducting object (coins, hairpins, paper clips, nails, etc.) to the existing carrier. One form of fuse box abuse was to put a <a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">penny</a> in the socket, which defeated overcurrent protection and resulted in a dangerous condition. Such tampering will not be visible without full inspection of the fuse. <a href="/wiki/Fuse_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse wire">Fuse wire</a> was never used in North America for this reason, although renewable fuses continue to be made for distribution boards. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">UK fuse boxes and rewirable fuses</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MEM_1957_cu_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MEM rewirable fuse box with four rewirable fuse holders (two 30 A and two 15 A) installed c. 1957 (cover removed)"><img alt="MEM rewirable fuse box with four rewirable fuse holders (two 30 A and two 15 A) installed c. 1957 (cover removed)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MEM_1957_cu_open.jpg/83px-MEM_1957_cu_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MEM_1957_cu_open.jpg/124px-MEM_1957_cu_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/MEM_1957_cu_open.jpg/166px-MEM_1957_cu_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MEM rewirable fuse box with four rewirable fuse holders (two 30 A and two 15 A) installed c. 1957 (cover removed)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MEM_1957_fuseholders.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MEM rewirable fuse holders (30 A and 15 A)"><img alt="MEM rewirable fuse holders (30 A and 15 A)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MEM_1957_fuseholders.jpg/174px-MEM_1957_fuseholders.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MEM_1957_fuseholders.jpg/261px-MEM_1957_fuseholders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/MEM_1957_fuseholders.jpg/347px-MEM_1957_fuseholders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MEM rewirable fuse holders (30 A and 15 A)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FuseBoxforWikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wylex standard fuse box with eight rewirable fuse holders"><img alt="Wylex standard fuse box with eight rewirable fuse holders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FuseBoxforWikipedia.jpg/180px-FuseBoxforWikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FuseBoxforWikipedia.jpg/270px-FuseBoxforWikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/FuseBoxforWikipedia.jpg/360px-FuseBoxforWikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wylex standard fuse box with eight rewirable fuse holders</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuse_wire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fuse wire as sold to UK consumers"><img alt="Fuse wire as sold to UK consumers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fuse_wire.jpg/68px-Fuse_wire.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fuse_wire.jpg/102px-Fuse_wire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fuse_wire.jpg/136px-Fuse_wire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fuse wire as sold to UK consumers</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <i>Wylex standard</i> consumer unit was very popular in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> until the wiring regulations started demanding <a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">residual-current devices</a> (RCDs) for sockets that could feasibly supply equipment outside the equipotential zone. The design does not allow for fitting of RCDs or <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker#Other_breakers" title="Circuit breaker">RCBOs</a>. Some Wylex standard models were made with an RCD instead of the main switch, but (for consumer units supplying the entire installation) this is no longer compliant with the <a href="/wiki/BS_7671" title="BS 7671">wiring regulations</a> as alarm systems should <i>not</i> be RCD-protected. There are two styles of fuse base that can be screwed into these units: one designed for rewirable fusewire carriers and one designed for cartridge fuse carriers. Over the years MCBs have been made for both styles of base. In both cases, higher rated carriers had wider pins, so a carrier couldn't be changed for a higher rated one without also changing the base. Cartridge fuse carriers are also now available for DIN-rail enclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North America, fuses were used in buildings wired before 1960. These <i><a href="/wiki/Edison_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison base">Edison base</a></i> fuses would screw into a fuse socket similar to Edison-base incandescent lamps. Ratings were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 amperes. To prevent installation of fuses with an excessive current rating, later fuse boxes included rejection features in the fuse-holder socket, commonly known as <i>Rejection Base (Type S fuses)</i> which have smaller diameters that vary depending on the rating of the fuse. This means that fuses can only be replaced by the preset (Type S) fuse rating. This is a North American, tri-national standard (UL 4248–11; CAN/CSA-C22.2 NO. 4248.11-07 (R2012); and, NMX-J-009/4248/11-ANCE). Existing Edison fuse boards can easily be converted to only accept Rejection Base (Type S) fuses, by screwing-in a tamper-proof adapter. This adapter screws into the existing Edison fuse holder, and has a smaller diameter threaded hole to accept the designated Type S rated fuse.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edison-base-and-Type-S-fuses.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edison base (left) and Type S fuses (right)"><img alt="Edison base (left) and Type S fuses (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edison-base-and-Type-S-fuses.jpg/180px-Edison-base-and-Type-S-fuses.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edison-base-and-Type-S-fuses.jpg/270px-Edison-base-and-Type-S-fuses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Edison-base-and-Type-S-fuses.jpg/360px-Edison-base-and-Type-S-fuses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="2004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edison base (left) and Type S fuses (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray-fuse-box.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An older fuse box of the type used in North America"><img alt="An older fuse box of the type used in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Murray-fuse-box.jpg/93px-Murray-fuse-box.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Murray-fuse-box.jpg/139px-Murray-fuse-box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Murray-fuse-box.jpg/186px-Murray-fuse-box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An older fuse box of the type used in North America</div> </li> </ul> <p>Some companies manufacture resettable miniature thermal <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breakers</a>, which screw into a fuse socket.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some installations use these Edison-base circuit breakers. However, any such breaker sold today does have one flaw. It may be installed in a circuit-breaker box with a door. If so, if the door is closed, the door may hold down the breaker's reset button. While in this state, the breaker is effectively useless: it does not provide any overcurrent protection.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, fuses in new residential or industrial construction for branch circuit protection were superseded by low voltage circuit breakers. </p><p>Fuses are widely used for protection of electric motor circuits; for small overloads, the motor protection circuit will open the controlling contactor automatically, and the fuse will only operate for short circuits or extreme overload. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coordination_of_fuses_in_series">Coordination of fuses in series</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Coordination of fuses in series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where several fuses are connected in series at the various levels of a power distribution system, it is desirable to blow (clear) only the fuse (or other overcurrent device) electrically closest to the fault. This process is called "coordination" and may require the time-current characteristics of two fuses to be plotted on a common current basis. Fuses are selected so that the minor branch fuse disconnects its circuit well before the supplying, feeder fuse starts to melt. In this way, only the faulty circuit is interrupted with minimal disturbance to other circuits fed by a common supplying fuse. </p><p>Where the fuses in a system are of similar types, simple rule-of-thumb ratios between ratings of the fuse closest to the load and the next fuse towards the source can be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_circuit_protectors">Other circuit protectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other circuit protectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resettable_fuses">Resettable fuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Resettable fuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">Resettable fuse</a></div> <p>So-called <a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">self-resetting fuses</a> use a thermoplastic conductive element known as a <a href="/wiki/Polymeric_positive_temperature_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric positive temperature coefficient">polymeric positive temperature coefficient</a> (PPTC) <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistor</a> that impedes the circuit during an overcurrent condition (by increasing device resistance). The PPTC thermistor is self-resetting in that when current is removed, the device will cool and revert to low resistance. These devices are often used in aerospace/nuclear applications where replacement is difficult, or on a computer motherboard so that a shorted mouse or keyboard does not cause motherboard damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_fuses">Thermal fuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Thermal fuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal_cutoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thermal_cutoff.jpg/220px-Thermal_cutoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thermal_cutoff.jpg/330px-Thermal_cutoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Thermal_cutoff.jpg/440px-Thermal_cutoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Thermal cutoff</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_cutoff" title="Thermal cutoff">Thermal cutoff</a></div> <p>A <i>thermal fuse</i> is often found in consumer equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Coffee_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee maker">coffee makers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_dryer" title="Hair dryer">hair dryers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> powering small consumer electronics devices. They contain a fusible, temperature-sensitive composition which holds a spring contact mechanism normally closed. When the surrounding temperature gets too high, the composition melts and allows the spring contact mechanism to break the circuit. The device can be used to prevent a fire in a hair dryer for example, by cutting off the power supply to the heater elements when the air flow is interrupted (e.g., the blower motor stops or the air intake becomes accidentally blocked). Thermal fuses are a 'one shot', non-resettable device which must be replaced once they have been activated (blown). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable_limiter">Cable limiter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cable limiter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cable limiter is similar to a fuse but is intended only for protection of low voltage power cables. It is used, for example, in networks where multiple cables may be used in parallel. It is not intended to provide overload protection, but instead protects a cable that is exposed to a short circuit. The characteristics of the limiter are matched to the size of cable so that the limiter clears a fault before the cable insulation is damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_symbol">Unicode symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Unicode symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unicode character for the fuse's schematic symbol, found in the <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical" title="Miscellaneous Technical">Miscellaneous Technical</a> block, is <span title="⏛"><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Upluslink" title="Unicode">U+</a>23DB</span> (⏛). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">Programmable ROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recloser" title="Recloser">Recloser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunt_(electrical)" title="Shunt (electrical)">Shunt (electrical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bead (electrical)">Bead (electrical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-ohm_link" title="Zero-ohm link">Zero-ohm link</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Schossig <i>Introduction to the history of selective protection</i>, <i>PAC Magazine</i>, Summer 2007 pp. 70–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Wright, P. Gordon Newbery <i>Electric fuses 3rd edition</i>, Institution of Electrical Engineers (IET), 2004, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86341-379-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86341-379-X">0-86341-379-X</a>, pp. 2–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edison.rutgers.edu/patents/00438305.PDF">edison.rutgers.edu/patents/ — U.S. Patent Office number 438305 "Fuse Block" (.pdf)</a> Edison writes, "The passage of an abnormal electric current fuses the safety-catch and breaks the circuit, as will be understood."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527021439/http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/bussmann/Electrical/Resources/solution-center/frequently_asked_questions/BUS_Ele_FAQ_Fuse_Element_Fatigue.pdf">"Fuse Element Fatigue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cooper Bussmann</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/bussmann/Electrical/Resources/solution-center/frequently_asked_questions/BUS_Ele_FAQ_Fuse_Element_Fatigue.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cooper+Bussmann&rft.atitle=Fuse+Element+Fatigue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperindustries.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fpublic%2Fbussmann%2FElectrical%2FResources%2Fsolution-center%2Ffrequently_asked_questions%2FBUS_Ele_FAQ_Fuse_Element_Fatigue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Wright,_P.G._Newber2004" class="citation book cs1">A. Wright, P.G. Newber (Jan 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DxJHlzRADvgC&q=copper%2C+silver"><i>Electric Fuses, 3rd Edition</i></a>. IET. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863413995" title="Special:BookSources/9780863413995"><bdi>9780863413995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Fuses%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.pub=IET&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9780863413995&rft.au=A.+Wright%2C+P.G.+Newber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDxJHlzRADvgC%26q%3Dcopper%252C%2Bsilver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.rs-online.com/web/p/fuse-kits/6118983/">"RS PRO HBC Fuse Kit | RS Components"</a>. <i>uk.rs-online.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uk.rs-online.com&rft.atitle=RS+PRO+HBC+Fuse+Kit+%26%23124%3B+RS+Components&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.rs-online.com%2Fweb%2Fp%2Ffuse-kits%2F6118983%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tlc-direct.co.uk/Book/3.6.2.htm">"TLC Electrical Supplies"</a>. <i>www.tlc-direct.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tlc-direct.co.uk&rft.atitle=TLC+Electrical+Supplies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlc-direct.co.uk%2FBook%2F3.6.2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. G. Fink, H.W. Beaty, <i>Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers Eleventh Edition</i>, McGraw Hill 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-020974-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-020974-X">0-07-020974-X</a> pp. 10–116 through 10-119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swe-check.com.au/pages/learn_fuse_markings.php">"Identify a fuse by its markings"</a>. Swe-Check<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identify+a+fuse+by+its+markings&rft.pub=Swe-Check&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swe-check.com.au%2Fpages%2Flearn_fuse_markings.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070129200637/http://lees.mit.edu/public/In_the_News/Electrical%20Rebuilder%27s%20Exchange.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lees.mit.edu/public/In_the_News/Electrical+Rebuilder%27s+Exchange.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flees.mit.edu%2Fpublic%2FIn_the_News%2FElectrical%2BRebuilder%2527s%2BExchange.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/miniature-circuit-breaker-mcb-working/">Miniature circuit breaker (MCB) – Principle of operation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514093219/http://www.hager.com.sg/menu/product/protection-connection/fuse-carrier/800-2343.htm">"Fuse Carrier Hager"</a>. <i>Hager Group website > Products</i>. Hager Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hager.com.sg/menu/product/protection-connection/fuse-carrier/800-2343.htm">the original</a> on 2009-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hager+Group+website+%26gt%3B+Products&rft.atitle=Fuse+Carrier+Hager&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hager.com.sg%2Fmenu%2Fproduct%2Fprotection-connection%2Ffuse-carrier%2F800-2343.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elliottelectric.com/Products/Detail.aspx?v=BUS&c=S7"><i>S7 7A 125V TD Rejection Base Plug Fuse</i></a>, Elliott Electric Supply<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S7+7A+125V+TD+Rejection+Base+Plug+Fuse&rft.pub=Elliott+Electric+Supply&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elliottelectric.com%2FProducts%2FDetail.aspx%3Fv%3DBUS%26c%3DS7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119164431/http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/bussmann/electrical/products/supplemental/edison_base_rejectionplugfuse/mb.catalog_numbers_(amps).html">"MB"</a>. Cooper Bussmann. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/bussmann/electrical/products/supplemental/edison_base_rejectionplugfuse/mb.catalog_numbers_(amps).html">the original</a> on 2013-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MB&rft.pub=Cooper+Bussmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperindustries.com%2Fcontent%2Fpublic%2Fen%2Fbussmann%2Felectrical%2Fproducts%2Fsupplemental%2Fedison_base_rejectionplugfuse%2Fmb.catalog_numbers_%28amps%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211192322/http://www.connecticut-electric.com/CutSheets/_MiniBreaker%20Cut%20Sheet.pdf">"Mini-Breaker Spec St"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Connecticut Electric, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connecticut-electric.com/CutSheets/_MiniBreaker%20Cut%20Sheet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-02-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mini-Breaker+Spec+St&rft.pub=Connecticut+Electric%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connecticut-electric.com%2FCutSheets%2F_MiniBreaker%2520Cut%2520Sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikeholt.com/technical.php?id=nec/unformatted/215-240&type=u&title=NEC%20Articles%20215%20through%20240">"NEC Articles 215 through 240"</a>. Mike Holt Enterprises, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEC+Articles+215+through+240&rft.pub=Mike+Holt+Enterprises%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikeholt.com%2Ftechnical.php%3Fid%3Dnec%2Funformatted%2F215-240%26type%3Du%26title%3DNEC%2520Articles%2520215%2520through%2520240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuse+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Kussy, <i>Design Fundamentals for Low-Voltage Distribution and Control</i>, CRC Press, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824775155" title="Special:BookSources/0824775155">0824775155</a> page 298</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Richard C. Dorf (ed.) <i>The Electrical Engineering Handbook</i>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0185-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0185-8">0-8493-0185-8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuse_(electrical)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrical_fuses" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electrical fuses">Electrical fuses</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edn.com/design/components-and-packaging/4348977/EDN-Access--09-26-96-The-fuse-selection-checklist-a-quick-updat">Fuse-selection checklist</a> Len Lundy, "The fuse-selection checklist: a quick update", EDN Magazine, 26 Sept 1996, p121</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.diyfaq.org.uk/index.php?title=MCB#Comparison_with_Fuses">wiki.diyfaq.org.uk - Fuses vs MCBs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electronic components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electronic_components254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Electronic components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductor<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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