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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Initial consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Final consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_prefixation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_prefixation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Simple prefixation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_prefixation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simple_infixation[9]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_infixation[9]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Simple infixation<sup><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_infixation[9]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduplicative_infixation:_incopyfixation[9]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplicative_infixation:_incopyfixation[9]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Reduplicative infixation: incopyfixation<sup><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplicative_infixation:_incopyfixation[9]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_and_permuted_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_and_permuted_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Basic and permuted word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_and_permuted_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deixis,_directionality_and_voice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deixis,_directionality_and_voice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Deixis, directionality and voice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deixis,_directionality_and_voice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon_and_semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon_and_semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lexicon and semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon_and_semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_from_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_from_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Influences from other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_from_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangerment_and_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangerment_and_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Endangerment and extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangerment_and_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_%C3%A1sliques" title="Llingües ásliques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües ásliques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tataramon_na_Asliyano" title="Mga tataramon na Asliyano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tataramon na Asliyano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_aslianes" title="Llengües aslianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües aslianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_%C3%A1slicas" title="Lenguas áslicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas áslicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_asliennes" title="Langues asliennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues asliennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_aslianas" title="Linguas aslianas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas aslianas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="아슬리어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아슬리어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asli_jezici" title="Asli jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asli jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_nga_Asliano" title="Sasao nga Asliano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao nga Asliano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Asli" title="Rumpun bahasa Asli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Asli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Asli" title="Bahasa-bahasa Asli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Asli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="アスリ諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスリ諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_aslijskie" title="Języki aslijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki aslijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslispr%C3%A5k" title="Aslispråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aslispråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="அசிலியான் மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசிலியான் மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Аслійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аслійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_Asli" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Asli – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Asli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="亚斯里语支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚斯里语支" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3111082#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aslian_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to 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searchaux" style="display:none">Subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightcoral;">Aslian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Aslian</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoic_languages" title="Senoic languages">Senoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></i></li> <li>?<a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a></li> <li>?<i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/asli1243">asli1243</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austroasiatic-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/300px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/450px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Austroasiatic-en.svg/600px-Austroasiatic-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="615" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#55ce00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Aslian</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Aslian languages</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) are the southernmost branch of <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. They are the languages of many of the <i><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a></i>, the aboriginal inhabitants of the peninsula. The total number of native speakers of Aslian languages is about fifty thousand and all are in danger of extinction. Aslian languages recognized by the Malaysian administration include <a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Austroasiatic_Subgroupings_And_Prehistory_In_The_Malay_Peninsula_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austroasiatic_Subgroupings_And_Prehistory_In_The_Malay_Peninsula-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origin">History and origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aslian languages originally appeared on the western side of the main mountains and eventually spread eastwards into <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearest relatives to the Aslian languages are <a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_are_Aslian_speakers_Austronesian_in_culture._3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_are_Aslian_speakers_Austronesian_in_culture.-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a possibility the early Monic and Nicobarese people had contact with the migrants who moved into the Malay Peninsula from further north. </p><p>Aslian languages contain a complex <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> of loanwords from linguistic communities that no longer exist on the Malay Peninsula. Their former residence can be traced from the etymologies and the archaeological evidence for the succession of cultures in the region. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that Aslian languages have many <a href="/wiki/Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornean languages">Bornean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a> loanwords, pointing to a former presence of Bornean and Chamic speakers on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. </p><p>Blagden (1906),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans (1937)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Blench (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Blench2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blench2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> note that Aslian languages, especially the Northern Aslian (<a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic</a>) group, contain many words that cannot be traced to any currently known language family. The extinct <a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> also contains many words of unknown origin in addition to words of Austroasiatic and Austronesian origin. </p><p>Sidwell (2023) proposed that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian</a> had arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> region prior to <a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon dominance</a>, and was part of an early southern dispersal that also included <a href="/wiki/Nicobaric_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicobaric languages">Nicobaric</a>. Due to its early split from the rest of Austroasiatic, Aslian contains many retentions and has escaped the areal influences that had later swept <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_linguistic_area" title="Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area">mainland Southeast Asia</a>. Aslian likely arrived at around the <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> area and then spread inland and upstream.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic languages</a></b> ("Northern Aslian"): <a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a> (Mos); (Eastern) <a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a>; (Western) <a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a> (Kentaqbong).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senoic_languages" title="Senoic languages">Senoic languages</a></b> ("Central Aslian"): <a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a>, *<a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern Aslian languages</a></b> (Semelaic): <a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a> (Besisi), <a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></i>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aslian_language_classification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aslian_language_classification.jpg/220px-Aslian_language_classification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aslian_language_classification.jpg/330px-Aslian_language_classification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aslian_language_classification.jpg/440px-Aslian_language_classification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Aslian language classification </figcaption></figure> <p>The extinct <a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi language</a> is unclassified, and may or may not be Aslian. </p><p>Phillips (2012:194)<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists the following consonant sound changes that each Aslian branch had innovated from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Northern Aslian</a>: Proto-Aslian *sə- > ha-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern Aslian</a>: loss of Proto-Aslian *-ʔ (final glottal stop)</li> <li>Proto-Aslian *-N > *-DN in all branches except <a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian language</a></div> <p>The Proto-Aslian language has been reconstructed by Timothy Phillips (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aslian words may either be monosyllabic, sesquisyllabic or disyllabic: </p> <dl><dd><b>Monosyllabic</b>: either simple CV(C) or complex CCV(C).<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Sesquisyllabic</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Tonogenesis_in_Southeast_Asia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tonogenesis_in_Southeast_Asia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consist of a major syllable with fully stressed vowel, preceded by a minor syllable <dl><dd><b>Temiar</b> <i>ləpud</i> 'caudal fin'</dd> <dd><b>Semai</b> <i>kʔɛːp</i> [kɛʔɛːp] 'centipede'<sup id="cite_ref-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages._11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages.-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Disyllabic:</b> more morphologically complex, resulting from various <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infixation">infixations</a>. Compounds with unreduced though unstressed vowels also occur: <dl><dd><b>Temiar</b> <i>diŋ-rəb</i> 'shelter'</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Loanwords from Malay are a further source of disyllables: <dl><dd><b>Jah Hut</b> <i>suraʔ</i> 'sing', from Malay; <i>suara</i> 'voice'</dd> <dd><b>Semai</b> <i>tiba:ʔ</i> 'arrive', from Malay; <i>tiba</i> 'arrive'<sup id="cite_ref-Semoq_Beri:_some_preliminary_remarks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semoq_Beri:_some_preliminary_remarks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Temiar even has phonetic <b>trisyllables</b> in morphological categories such as the middle <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a> (<i>tərakɔ̄w</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the continuative causative (<i>tərɛwkɔ̄w</i>), or in words with <a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">proclitics</a> (<i>barhalab ~ behalab</i> 'go downriver').</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_consonants">Initial consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aslian words generally start with a consonant. Words which start with a vowel will be followed by a glottal stop.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most Aslian languages, <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> consonants are analyzed as sequences of two phonemes, one of which happens to be <i>h</i>. </p><p>Aslian syllable-initial consonant clusters are rich and varied. <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stops</a> for example may cluster without restrictions to their <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a>: </p> <dl><dd><b>Jah Hut</b> <i>tkak</i> 'palate', <i>dkaŋ</i> 'bamboo rat', <i>bkul</i> 'gray', <i>bgɔk</i> 'goiter'<sup id="cite_ref-Jah_Hut,_an_Austroasiatic_language_of_Malaysia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jah_Hut,_an_Austroasiatic_language_of_Malaysia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Articulation of laryngeal consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔ/</span> may be superimposed upon the vowel midway in its articulation, giving the impression of two identical vowels interrupted by the laryngeals. </p> <dl><dd><b>Jah Hut</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʔaŋ/<span class="wrap"> </span>[jaʔaŋ]</span> 'bone', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲhɔːʡ/<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɲɔˑhɔˑʡ]</span> 'tree'<sup id="cite_ref-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages._11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages.-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical Aslian vowel system is displayed by <b>Northern</b> <b>Temiar</b>, which has 30 vocalic nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="2">Oral</th> <th colspan="2">Nasal </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><i>short</i></th> <th><i>long</i></th> <th><i>short</i></th> <th><i>long</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ<span class="wrap"> </span>u</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ũ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩː<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>ũː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>o</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː<span class="wrap"> </span>əː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː</span></td> <td>N/A</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛː<span class="wrap"> </span>aː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ã<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̃</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>ãː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̃ː</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The functional load of the nasal/oral contrast is not very high in Aslian languages (not many <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimal pairs">minimal pairs</a> can be cited). Diffloth<sup id="cite_ref-Towards_a_history_of_Mon–Khmer:_proto-Semai_vowels_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Towards_a_history_of_Mon–Khmer:_proto-Semai_vowels-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that this phenomenon is unpredictable and irregular in <b>Semai</b> dialects, especially on vowels preceded by <i>h</i>- or<i> ʔ</i>-. </p><p>Phonemic vowel length has been retained in Senoic languages such as <b>Semai</b>, <b>Temiar</b> and <b>Sabum</b>. Contrastive length has been lost in the Northern and Southern Aslian branches. The loss of vowel length must have led to complex reorganizations in the vocalic systems of the affected languages, by developing new contrasts elsewhere. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diphthongization" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongization">Diphthongization</a> is not as obvious in Aslian languages as compared to the other branches of Mon–Khmer. Proto-<b>Semai</b> is reconstructed with 10-11 long monophthongal vowels, but with only one diphthong, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senoic infixes are sensitive to the number of initial consonants in a root. Rising diphthongs like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̯ə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̯ə]</span> are ambiguous, since the glide may be interpreted as either a feature of the initial or of the vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_consonants">Final consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Final consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aslian languages are well endowed with final consonants,<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most of the languages placing a lot of stress on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>-r, -l, -s, -h</i> and <i>-ʔ</i> are represented and well-preserved in Aslian.<sup id="cite_ref-Sino-Tibetan:_a_Conspectus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sino-Tibetan:_a_Conspectus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a tendency to shorten long vowels before these finals.<sup id="cite_ref-The_vocalism_of_Proto_Mon–Khmer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_vocalism_of_Proto_Mon–Khmer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It has been reported that Temiar -<i>h</i> has bilabial friction after -<i>u</i>-, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tuh/</span> 'speak' pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tuɸ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the Aslian family, final nasals are <a href="/wiki/Pre-stopped_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-stopped nasal">pre-stopped</a>. In Northern Aslian this has gone further, with final nasals merging with the plosive series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Aslian languages that have been thoroughly studied have constructive usage of various morphophonemic devices – prefixation, infixation and reduplication. Also, most Aslian languages preserve fossilized traces of other morphological patterns that are no longer productive.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also noted that the use of the suffix in Aslian languages was a product of recent use of Malay loan words. For example, the use of the infix 'n' is prominent in various Aslian language and it encompasses a myriad of definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_prefixation">Simple prefixation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Simple prefixation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>C(C)VC → (P)(P)–C(C)VC</b></li></ul> <p>Example: <b>Jah Hut</b> causatives<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Affixes</th> <th>Simplex</th> <th>Causative </th></tr> <tr> <td>p-</td> <td><i>cyɛk</i> 'sleep'</td> <td><i>pcyɛk</i> 'put to sleep' </td></tr> <tr> <td>pr-</td> <td><i>bhec</i> 'be afraid'</td> <td><i>prbhec</i> 'frighten' </td></tr> <tr> <td>pn-</td> <td><i>tlas</i> 'escape'</td> <td><i>pntlas</i> 'release' </td></tr> <tr> <td>tr-</td> <td><i>hus</i> 'get loose (clothes)'</td> <td><i>trhus</i> 'undress' </td></tr> <tr> <td>kr-</td> <td><i>lʉy</i> 'be inside'</td> <td><i>krlʉy</i> 'put inside' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_infixation[9]"><span id="Simple_infixation.5B9.5D"></span>Simple infixation<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Simple infixation[9]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>C (C) V C → C-I-(C) V C</b></li></ul> <p>Aslian languages insert infixes between two consonants. Simple infixation is when the infix is inserted into the root. The most important liquid infix is the causative -r-, which is productive in Semai and Temiar. </p> <ul><li><b>Semai</b> (root has 2 initial consonants, infix comes between them): <i>kʔā:c</i> 'be wet', <i>krʔā:c</i> 'moisten something'.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambiguïtè_morphologique_en_semai_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambiguïtè_morphologique_en_semai-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Nasal infixes are also found in Aslian, especially used as nominalizers of verbal roots. </p> <ul><li><b>Jah Hut</b> (the agentive nominalizing prefix is <i>mʔ-</i>): <i>lyɛp</i> 'plait palm leaves' → <i>mlayɛp</i> 'one who plaits'; <i>cyɛk</i> 'sleep' → <i>mʔcyɛk</i> 'one who sleeps a lot'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplicative_infixation:_incopyfixation[9]"><span id="Reduplicative_infixation:_incopyfixation.5B9.5D"></span>Reduplicative infixation: incopyfixation<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reduplicative infixation: incopyfixation[9]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reduplication of the final consonant of the root is being infixed to the root. This process<sup id="cite_ref-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages._11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages.-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurs in all 3 branches of Aslian. </p> <ol><li><b>Incopyfix of final alone</b> (roots complex by nature):<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>Kensiw</b>: <i>plɔɲ</i> 'sing' → <i>pɲlɔɲ</i> 'singing'</li> <li><b>Che' Wong</b>: <i>hwæc</i> 'whistle' → <i>hcwæc</i> 'whistling'</li></ul></li> <li><b>Root-external infix plus incopyfix.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> In <b>Semai</b>, count nouns are derived from mass nouns by using a root-external nasal infix and an incopyfix of the final. When the root-initial is simple, the incopyfix precedes the infix: <ul><li><i>teːw</i> 'river' (mass) →<i>twneːw</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tuniːw]</span> 'id.' (count).<br />When the root-initial is complex, the infix precedes the incopyfix:</li> <li><i>slaːy</i> 'swidden' (mass) → <i>snylaːy</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[snilaːj]</span> 'id.' (count)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Root-external prefix plus incopyfix.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> Simple-initialled verbs are formed by inserting the prefix <i>n-</i> and incopyfixing the final between prefix and the root-initial: <ul><li><b>Batek</b>: <i>jɯk</i> 'breathe' → <i>nkjɯk</i> 'the act of breathing'</li></ul></li> <li><b>Reduplication of the initial and a root-external infix.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> This is present in <b>Semai</b> and <b>Temiar</b>, which have a verbal infix <i>-a-</i>. In <b>Semai</b>, it forms resultative verbs, while in <b>Temiar</b>, it marks the 'simulfactive aspect'.<sup id="cite_ref-Minor-syllable_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minor-syllable_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both languages, if the root has two consonants, the suffix<i>-a-</i> is inserted between them: <ul><li><b>Semai</b>: <i>slɔːr</i> 'lay flat objects into round container' → <i>salɔːr</i> 'be in layers (in round container)'</li> <li><b>Temiar</b>: <i>slɔg</i> 'lie down, sleep, marry' → <i>salɔg</i> 'go straight off to sleep'<br />If the consonant initial of the root is simple, it is reduplicated so that the <i>-a-</i> can be inserted between the original and its copy.</li> <li><b>Semai</b>: <i>cɛ̃ːs</i> 'tear off' → <i>cacɛ̃ːs</i> 'be torn off'</li> <li><b>Temiar</b>: <i>gəl</i> 'sit' → <i>gagəl</i> 'sit down suddenly'</li></ul></li> <li><b>Reduplication of the initial and incopyfixation of the final.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> A simple initial is reduplicated for the incopyfixation of the final. In Aslian, this is used to derive the progressive verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Les_langues_mon-khmer_de_Malaisie_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Les_langues_mon-khmer_de_Malaisie-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b>Batek</b> (N.Aslian): <i>kɯc</i> 'grate' → <i>kckɯc</i> 'is grating'</li> <li><b>Semelai</b> (S.Aslian): <i>tʰəm</i> 'pound' → <i>tmtʰəm</i> 'is pounding'</li> <li><b>Semai</b> (Senoic): <i>laal</i> 'stick out one's tongue' → <i>lllaal</i> 'is sticking out one's tongue'</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aslian syntax is presumably conservative with respect to Austroasiatic as a whole, though Malay influence is apparent in some details of the grammar (e.g. use of numeral classifiers).<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_and_permuted_word_order">Basic and permuted word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Basic and permuted word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Senoic sentences are prepositional and seem to fall into two basic types – process (active) and stative. In stative sentences, the predicate comes first:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mənūʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">VP</p><p style="margin: 0px;">big</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔəh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">NP (Subject)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">it</p></div><p style="display: none;">Mənūʔ ʔəh</p><p style="display: none;">VP {NP (Subject)}</p><p style="display: none;">big it</p><p style="clear: left;">It's big.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>In process sentences, the subject normally comes first, with the object and all other complements following the verb:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Cwəʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">NP (Subj)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yəh-</p><p style="margin: 0px;">P (Pfx)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mʔmus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">V</p></div><p style="display: none;">Cwəʔ yəh- mʔmus</p><p style="display: none;">{NP (Subj)} {P (Pfx)} V</p><p style="clear: left;">The dog growls.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>In <b>Jah Hut</b>, all are complements, but the direct object require a preposition:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔihãh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">NP (Subj)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Aux</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><span class="gloss-abbr" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INTENT</span></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cɔp</p><p style="margin: 0px;">V</p><p style="margin: 0px;">stab</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rap</p><p style="margin: 0px;">N (Obj)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tuy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Det</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">han</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Prep</p><p style="margin: 0px;">with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bulus</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Obj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">spear</p></div><p style="display: none;">ʔihãh naʔ cɔp rap tuy han bulus</p><p style="display: none;">{NP (Subj)} Aux V {N (Obj)} Det Prep Obj</p><p style="display: none;">I INTENT stab boar that with spear</p><p style="clear: left;">I'll stab that boar with a spear</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Relative clauses, similar verbal modifiers, possessives, demonstratives and attributive nouns follow their head-noun:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(4)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔidɔh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">NP (Subj)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pləʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">N (H)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fruit</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kɔm</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Aux</p><p style="margin: 0px;">can</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bɔʔ-caʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">P (Pfx) V</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>-eat</p></div><p style="display: none;">ʔidɔh pləʔ kɔm bɔʔ-caʔ</p><p style="display: none;">{NP (Subj)} {N (H)} Aux {P (Pfx) V}</p><p style="display: none;">this fruit can 1PL-eat</p><p style="clear: left;">This is a fruit which we can eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>The negative morpheme precedes the verb, though the personal prefix may intervene before the verb root:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(5)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔe-loʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">why</p><p style="margin: 0px;">why</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tɔʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Neg</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ha-rɛɲrec</p><p style="margin: 0px;">P (Pfx V</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-eat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">N (h)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">meat</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mɛjmɛj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">NP (Obj)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">excellent</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Det</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><p style="display: none;">ʔe-loʔ tɔʔ ha-rɛɲrec sej mɛjmɛj naʔ</p><p style="display: none;">why Neg {P (Pfx V} {N (h)} {NP (Obj)} Det</p><p style="display: none;">why NEG 2-eat meat excellent that</p><p style="clear: left;">Why didn't you eat that excellent meat?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deixis,_directionality_and_voice"><span id="Deixis.2C_directionality_and_voice"></span>Deixis, directionality and voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deixis, directionality and voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senoic languages set much store by deictic precision. This manifests itself in their elaborate pronominal systems, which make inclusive/exclusive and dual/plural distinctions, and take the trouble to reflect the person and number of the subject by a prefixal concordpronoun on the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Locative deixis pays careful attention to the relative position (both horizontal and vertical) of speaker and hearer, even when it may be quite irrelevant to the message: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(6)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yēʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Pron</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">doh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">LOC</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ʔi-mʔog</p><p style="margin: 0px;">P (Pfx)-Prt-V</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma hãʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Prep-pron</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naʔ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">LOC</p></div><p style="display: none;">yēʔ doh ʔi-mʔog {ma hãʔ} naʔ</p><p style="display: none;">Pron LOC {P (Pfx)-Prt-V} Prep-pron LOC</p><p style="clear: left;">I here will give it to you there. (I'll give it to you)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon_and_semantics">Lexicon and semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lexicon and semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Aslian languages have borrowed words from each other due to mutual contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Austroasiatic_Subgroupings_And_Prehistory_In_The_Malay_Peninsula_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austroasiatic_Subgroupings_And_Prehistory_In_The_Malay_Peninsula-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austroasiatic languages have a penchant for encoding semantically complex ideas into unanalyzable, monomorphemic lexemes e.g. Semai <i>thãʔ</i> 'to make fun of elders sexually'.<sup id="cite_ref-Relations_between_the_animals_and_the_humans_in_Semai_society_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relations_between_the_animals_and_the_humans_in_Semai_society-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such lexical specificity makes for a proliferation of lexicon. </p><p>Lexicon elaboration is particularly great in areas which reflect the interaction of the Aslians with their natural environment (plant and animal nomenclature, swidden agriculture terminology etc.). The greatest single sweller of the Aslian vocabulary is the class of words called <i>expressive</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Expressives_in_Semai_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Expressives_in_Semai-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expressives are words which describe sounds, visual phenomena, bodily sensations, emotions, smells, tastes etc., with minute precision and specificity.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are characterized by special morphophonemic patterns, and make extensive use of sound symbolism. Unlike nouns and verbs, expressives are lexically non-discrete, in that they are subject to a virtually unlimited number of semantic nuancings that are conveyed by small changes in their pronunciation. </p><p>For example, in Semai, various noises and movements of flapping wings, thrashing fish etc. are depicted by an open set of morphophonemically related expressives like <i>parparpar, krkpur, knapurpur, purpurpur</i> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_from_other_languages">Influences from other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influences from other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Aslian languages have links with numerous languages. This is evident in the numerous borrowings from early Austronesian languages, specifically those from Borneo. There was a possibility that migrants from Borneo settled in the Malay Peninsula 3000–4000 years ago and established cultural dominance over the Aslian speakers. Aslian words also contain words of Chamic, Acehnese and Malayic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_are_Aslian_speakers_Austronesian_in_culture._3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_are_Aslian_speakers_Austronesian_in_culture.-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, several Aslian languages made use of Austronesian classifiers, even though classifiers exist in the Aslian language.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Influence_of_Non-Austroasiatic_Languages_on_Numeral_Classification_in_Austroasiatic_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Influence_of_Non-Austroasiatic_Languages_on_Numeral_Classification_in_Austroasiatic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aslian languages do not succumb to any great deal of phonological change, yet borrowings from Malay are substantial. This is a result of constant interactions between the Orang Asli and Malays around the region. There is a more significant Malay influence among the nomadic Orang Asli population than within the farming Orang Asli population, as the farmers tend to be situated in the more remote areas and lead a subsistence lifestyle, and thus are less affected by interaction with the Malay language.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangerment_and_extinction">Endangerment and extinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Endangerment and extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Aslian languages are endangered as they are spoken by a small group of people, with contributing factors including speaker deaths and linguistic assimilation with the Malay community. Some efforts are being made to preserve the Aslian languages in Malaysia. Some radio stations in Malaysia broadcast in Aslian languages for nine hours every day. Other media such as newspapers, magazine-type programs and dramas are broadcast in Aslian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a small group of Orang Asli receive formal education in the Aslian languages. Most of the younger Orang Asli use Malay as the medium of instruction in school. There is currently only a total of 5 schools in the state of Pahang and 2 schools in the state of Perak which teach Aslian languages, due to the lack of qualified teachers and teaching aids, which are still in the process of development.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Aslian languages are already extinct, such as <a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a> (also called Bila' or Lowland Semang), which was recorded having been spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Province_Wellesley" class="mw-redirect" title="Province Wellesley">Province Wellesley</a> coast opposite <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> in the early 19th century. Another extinct language is Ple-Temer, which was previously spoken near <a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Austroasiatic_Subgroupings_And_Prehistory_In_The_Malay_Peninsula-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Austroasiatic_Subgroupings_And_Prehistory_In_The_Malay_Peninsula_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Austroasiatic_Subgroupings_And_Prehistory_In_The_Malay_Peninsula_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Benjamin (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20019154">Austroasiatic Subgroupings and Prehistory in the Malay Peninsula</a> Jenner <i>et al</i> Part I, pp. 37–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_characteristics_and_usage._2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asmah Hji Omar (volume editor), 2004. 'Aslian languages', 'Aslian: characteristics and usage.', <i>The encyclopedia of Malaysia, volume 12: Languages and literatures,</i> Kuala Lumpur. Archipelago Press, pp. 46–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_are_Aslian_speakers_Austronesian_in_culture.-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Why_are_Aslian_speakers_Austronesian_in_culture._3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Why_are_Aslian_speakers_Austronesian_in_culture._3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, R. (2006): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Austroasiatic/Roger%20Blench%20Siem%20Reap%202006%20paper.pdf">Why are Aslian speakers Austronesian in culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221105722/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Austroasiatic/Roger%20Blench%20Siem%20Reap%202006%20paper.pdf">Archived</a> February 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Paper presented at the Preparatory meeting for ICAL-3, Siem Reap.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2006. Why are Aslian speakers Austronesian in culture? Papers presented at ICAL-3, Siem Reap, Cambodia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blagden, C. O. 1906. ‘Language.’ In: W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula, volume 2, London: MacMillan, pp. 379-775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, I. H. N. 1937. The Negritos of Malaya. London: Frank Cass.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSidwell2023" class="citation conference cs1">Sidwell, Paul (2023). <i>Proto-Aslian reconstruction: classification, vocalism, homeland</i>. SEALS 32 (32nd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society). Chiang Mai.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proto-Aslian+reconstruction%3A+classification%2C+vocalism%2C+homeland&rft.place=Chiang+Mai&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAslian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2012_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phillips2012_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Timothy C. 2012. <i>Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes</i>. Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslian:_Mon_Khmer_of_Malay_Peninsula_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matissoff, J. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/33:1-58.pdf">Aslian: Mon–Khmer of Malay Peninsula</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i> 33:1–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tonogenesis_in_Southeast_Asia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tonogenesis_in_Southeast_Asia_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matisoff, James A, 1973. <i>Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia</i>. In Larry M. Hyman, ed., <i>CTT</i> 71-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages.-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages._11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages._11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minor-syllabic_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages._11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard.1976a. Minor-syllably vocalism in Senoic languages. In Jenner et al., Vol. I, pp 229–2480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Semoq_Beri:_some_preliminary_remarks-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Semoq_Beri:_some_preliminary_remarks_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nik Safiah Karim and Ton Dinti Ibrahim. 1979. "Semoq Beri: some preliminary remarks." <i>FMJ (n.s)</i> 24:17–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-An_outline_of_Temiar_grammar_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, Geoffrey. 1976b. "An outline of Temiar grammar". In Jenner et al, eds., Vol I, pp. 129–87 <i>(OTG)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jah_Hut,_an_Austroasiatic_language_of_Malaysia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jah_Hut,_an_Austroasiatic_language_of_Malaysia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard. 1976c. "Jah Hut, an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia." In Nguyen Dang Liem, ed., <i>SALS</i> II:73-118, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics C-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Towards_a_history_of_Mon–Khmer:_proto-Semai_vowels-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Towards_a_history_of_Mon–Khmer:_proto-Semai_vowels_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard. 1977. "Towards a history of Mon–Khmer: proto-Semai vowels." <i>Tōnan Azia Kenkyū (Kyoto)</i> 14(4):463-495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sino-Tibetan:_a_Conspectus-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sino-Tibetan:_a_Conspectus_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict, Paul K. 1972. <i>Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus.</i> Contributing ed., James A. Matisoff. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_vocalism_of_Proto_Mon–Khmer-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_vocalism_of_Proto_Mon–Khmer_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shorto, Harry L. 1976. "The vocalism of Proto Mon–Khmer." In Jenner et al., eds., Vol. II, pp. 1041–1067</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambiguïtè_morphologique_en_semai-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ambiguïtè_morphologique_en_semai_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard. 1972b. Ambiguïtè morphologique en semai. In J. Thomas and L.Bernot, eds. LTNS I:91-93, Paris: Klincksieck</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minor-syllable_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minor-syllable_vocalism_in_Senoic_languages_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard. 1976a. "Minor-syllable vocalism in Senoic languages." In Jenner et al., Vol. I, pp. 229–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Les_langues_mon-khmer_de_Malaisie-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Les_langues_mon-khmer_de_Malaisie_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard. 1975. "Les langues mon-khmer de Malaisie: classification historique et innovations." <i>ASEMI</i> 6(4):1-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relations_between_the_animals_and_the_humans_in_Semai_society-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Relations_between_the_animals_and_the_humans_in_Semai_society_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard. 1976e. "Relations between the animals and the humans in Semai society." Handout for lecture presented at Southeast Asian Center, Kyoto University, Nov. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Expressives_in_Semai-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Expressives_in_Semai_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffloth, Gerard. 1976b. "Expressives in Semai". In Jenner et al., Vol. I, pp. 249–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Influence_of_Non-Austroasiatic_Languages_on_Numeral_Classification_in_Austroasiatic-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Influence_of_Non-Austroasiatic_Languages_on_Numeral_Classification_in_Austroasiatic_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, L, Karen. 1991. "The Influence of Non-Austroasiatic Languages on Numeral Classification in Austroasiatic". Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 111, No. 1 (Jan–Mar 1991), pp. 62–81.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Karen Lee. <i>Systems of Numeral Classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian Subfamilies of Austroasiatic</i>. [S.l: s.n.], 1982.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1976" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Geoffrey (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/benjamin1976austroasiatic.pdf">"Austroasiatic subgroupings and prehistory in the Malay peninsula"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Jenner, Philip N.; Thompson, Laurence C.; Starosta, Stanley (eds.). <i>Austroasiatic Studies Part I</i>. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. Vol. 13. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20019154">20019154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austroasiatic+subgroupings+and+prehistory+in+the+Malay+peninsula&rft.btitle=Austroasiatic+Studies+Part+I&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20019154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fbenjamin1976austroasiatic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAslian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2011. ‘The Aslian languages of Malaysia and Thailand: an assessment.’ In: Peter K. Austin & Stuart McGill (eds), <i>Language Documentation and Description, Volume 11</i>. London: Endangered Languages Project, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), pp. 136–230. ISSN 1740-6234 [2014:] www.elpublishing.org/PID/131.</li> <li>Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2014. ‘Aesthetic elements in Temiar grammar.’ In: Jeffrey Williams (ed.), <i>The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–60.[dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139030489.004]</li> <li>Burenhult, Niclas. 2005. <i>A Grammar of Jahai</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</li> <li>Burenhult, Niclas. 2006. 'Body part terms in Jahai'. <i>Language Sciences</i> 28: 162–180.</li> <li>Burenhult, Niclas. 2008. 'Spatial coordinate systems in demonstrative meaning'. <i>Linguistic Typology</i> 12: 99–142.</li> <li>Burenhult, Niclas. 2008. 'Streams of words: hydrological lexicon in Jahai'. <i>Language Sciences</i> 30: 182–199.</li> <li>Burenhult, Niclas & Nicole Kruspe. 2016. 'The language of eating and drinking: a window on Orang Asli meaning-making'. In Kirk Endicott (ed.), <i>Malaysia’s ‘Original People’: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli</i>, Singapore, NUS Press, pp. 175–202.</li> <li>Burenhult, Niclas, Nicole Kruspe & Michael Dunn. 2011. 'Language history and culture groups among Austroasiatic-speaking foragers of the Malay Peninsula'. In, N. J. Enfield (ed.), <i>Dynamics of Human Diversity: The Case of Mainland Southeast Asia</i>, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 257–277.</li> <li>Dunn, Michael, Niclas Burenhult, Nicole Kruspe, Neele Becker & Sylvia Tufvesson. 2011. 'Aslian linguistic prehistory: A case study in computational phylogenetics'. <i>Diachronica</i> 28: 291–323.</li> <li>Dunn, Michael, Nicole Kruspe & Niclas Burenhult. 2013. 'Time and place in the prehistory of the Aslian language family'. <i>Human Biology</i> 85: 383– 399.</li> <li>Jenner, Philip N., Laurence C. Thompson, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Starosta" title="Stanley Starosta">Stanley Starosta</a> eds. (1976) <i>Austroasiatic Studies</i> Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 13, 2 volumes, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0280-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0280-2">0-8248-0280-2</a></li> <li>Kruspe, Nicole. 2004. <i>A Grammar of Semelai</i>. Cambridge Grammatical Descriptions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Kruspe, Nicole. 2004. 'Adjectives in Semelai'. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds.), <i>Adjective classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 283–305.</li> <li>Kruspe, Nicole. 2009. 'Loanwords in Ceq Wong, an Austroasiatic language of Peninsular Malaysia'. In Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds.), <i>Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook of Lexical Borrowing</i>, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 659–685.</li> <li>Kruspe, Nicole. 2010. <i>A Dictionary of Mah Meri, As Spoken at Bukit Bangkong</i>. Illustrated by Azman Zainal. Oceanic Linguistics special publication no. 36. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.</li> <li>Kruspe, Nicole. 2015. 'Semaq Beri'. In Mathias Jenny & Paul Sidwell (eds), <i>The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages, Volume 1</i>, Leiden: Brill, pp. 475–518.</li> <li>Kruspe, Nicole, Niclas Burenhult & Ewelina Wnuk. 2015. 'Northern Aslian'. In Mathias Jenny & Paul Sidwell (eds), <i>The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages, Volume 1</i>, Leiden: Brill pp. 419–474.</li> <li>Wnuk, Ewelina & Niclas Burenhult. 2014. 'Contact and isolation in hunter-gatherer language dynamics: Evidence from Maniq phonology (Aslian, Malay Peninsula)'. <i>Studies in Language</i> 38: 956–981.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aslian_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/26">Ceq Wong (Chewong) Vocabulary List</a> (from the World Loanword Database)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai">http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai</a> RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6710-4@view" class="extiw" title="hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6710-4@view">http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6710-4@view</a> Aslian languages in RWAAI Digital Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/article/listen-unknown-language-discovered-in-southeast-asia">Newly discovered Jedek language</a> (Lund University, News and press release: <a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek language</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor%E2%80%93Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor–Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Johor–Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johor Malay (page does not exist)">Johor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacca_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malacca Malay (page does not exist)">Malacca Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selangor_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selangor Malay (page does not exist)">Selangor Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austroasiatic_languages605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template talk:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austroasiatic_languages605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaco%CA%BC_language" title="Kacoʼ language">Kacoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahnar_language" title="Bahnar language">Bahnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavi_language" title="Lavi language">Lavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jru%27_language" title="Jru' language">Jru'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laven_language" title="Laven language">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%27_language" title="Su' language">Su'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juk_language" title="Juk language">Juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaheun_language" title="Nyaheun language">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuan_language" title="Sapuan language">Sapuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_language" title="Oi language">Oi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brao_language" title="Brao language">Brao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_language" title="Alak language">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_language" title="Tampuan language">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrau_language" title="Chrau language">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%CA%BCong_language" title="Raʼong language">Raʼong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnong_language" title="Mnong language">Mnong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel-Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a> (East)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Katu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuong_language" title="Phuong language">Phuong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viet-Muong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese dialects">Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ tiếng Việt">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese language in China">in China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kinh_t%E1%BA%A1i_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" class="extiw" title="vi:Tiếng Kinh tại Trung Quốc">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0y_language" title="Mày language">Mày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri_language" title="Kri language">Kri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavưng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phong–Liha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phong_language" title="Phong language">Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liha_language" title="Liha language">Liha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phay-Pram</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prai_language" title="Prai language">Prai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_language" title="Mal language">Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksingmul_language" title="Ksingmul language">Ksingmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCdu_language" title="Oʼdu language">Oʼdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniang_language" title="Kniang language">Phong-Kniang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_language" title="Pear language">Pear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western<br />(Chong)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Central Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language_of_Pursat" title="Samre language of Pursat">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasong_dialect" title="Kasong dialect">Kasong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suoy_language" title="Suoy language">Suoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Somray</a> (Northern Chong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Western Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–<br />Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharam_language" title="Maharam language">Maharam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meung_Yum_language" title="Meung Yum language">Meung Yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaiq_language" title="Savaiq language">Savaiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit-Khang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lamet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kherwarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mundaric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korwa_language" title="Korwa language">Korwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asur_language" title="Asur language">Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birjia_language" title="Birjia language">Birjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birhor_language" title="Birhor language">Birhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koda_language" title="Koda language">Koda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turi_language" title="Turi language">Turi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agariya_language" title="Agariya language">Agariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Santalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Bangladesh)" title="Kol language (Bangladesh)">Kol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sora-Gorum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorum_language" title="Gorum language">Gorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juray_language" title="Juray language">Juray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhi_language" title="Lodhi language">Lodhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gutob-Remo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_language" title="Bonda language">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutob_language" title="Gutob language">Gutob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gta%CA%BC_language" title="Gtaʼ language">Gtaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juang_language" title="Juang language">Juang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaura-Teresa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancowry_language" title="Nancowry language">Nancowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorta_language" title="Camorta language">Camorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katchal_language" title="Katchal language">Katchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic</a> (Northern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senoic_languages" title="Senoic languages">Senoic</a> (Central)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semelaic (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i> (unclassified; possibly a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Khe_dialect" title="Khmer Khe dialect">Khmer Khe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a> (Pakan)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Austroasiatic</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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