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id="toc-Old_Malay_as_lingua_franca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Malay_as_lingua_franca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Old Malay as lingua franca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Malay_as_lingua_franca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_and_the_birth_of_Indonesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_and_the_birth_of_Indonesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Colonial era and the birth of Indonesian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_and_the_birth_of_Indonesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_as_the_national_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_as_the_national_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Adoption as the national language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_as_the_national_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_and_colloquial_Indonesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_and_colloquial_Indonesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Modern and colloquial Indonesian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_and_colloquial_Indonesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_related_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_related_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Classification and related languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_related_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geographical distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographical distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesian_as_a_foreign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_as_a_foreign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Indonesian as a foreign language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_as_a_foreign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Official status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Official policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Phonology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Phonology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Diphthongs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhythm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhythm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Rhythm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhythm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Affixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Noun affixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Verb affixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_affixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_affixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Adjective affixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_affixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Nouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Number </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Personal pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Possessive pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Demonstrative pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Verbs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Negation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Prohibition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Adjectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Word order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emphasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6.1 Emphasis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measure_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measure_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Measure words </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measure_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Writing system </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Writing system subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter_names_and_pronunciations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_names_and_pronunciations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Letter names and pronunciations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_names_and_pronunciations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loan_words_of_Sanskrit_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words_of_Sanskrit_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Loan words of Sanskrit origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words_of_Sanskrit_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_words_of_Chinese_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words_of_Chinese_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Loan words of Chinese origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words_of_Chinese_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_words_of_Arabic_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words_of_Arabic_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Loan words of Arabic origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words_of_Arabic_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_words_of_Portuguese_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words_of_Portuguese_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Loan words of Portuguese origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words_of_Portuguese_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_words_of_Dutch_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words_of_Dutch_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Loan words of Dutch origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words_of_Dutch_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loan_words_of_English_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loan_words_of_English_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Loan words of English origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loan_words_of_English_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_loan_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_loan_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Other loan words </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_loan_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acronyms_and_portmanteau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acronyms_and_portmanteau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Acronyms and portmanteau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acronyms_and_portmanteau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_speakers_of_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_speakers_of_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 As speakers of other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_speakers_of_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Words </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Words-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Words subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 Cardinal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.2 Ordinal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days_and_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days_and_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Days and months </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days_and_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 Days </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.2 Months </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Common phrases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English-Indonesian_dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-Indonesian_dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 English-Indonesian dictionaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-Indonesian_dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indonesian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" > 148 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ind%C3%B4n%C3%A8sia" title="Basa Indônèsia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Basa Indônèsia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesies" title="Indonesies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indonesies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%94%E1%8B%A5%E1%8A%9B" title="ኢንዶኔዥኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንዶኔዥኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्डोनेशियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इन्डोनेशियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإندونيسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإندونيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_indonesio" title="Idioma indonesio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma indonesio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইণ্ডোনেছিয়ান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_indonesiu" title="Idioma indonesiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma indonesiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya_dili" title="İndoneziya dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İndoneziya dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اندونزی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اندونزی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Basa Indonésia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইন্দোনেশীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দোনেশীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Indunisia" title="Basa Indunisia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Indunisia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-n%C3%AE-g%C3%AD" title="Ìn-nî-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-nî-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Indonesia" title="Basa Indonesia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Индонезия теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индонезия теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Інданезійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інданезійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Інданэзійская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інданэзійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडोनेशियाई भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंडोनेशियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Indones" title="Tataramon na Indones – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Indones" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Индонезийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индонезийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezijski_jezik" title="Indonezijski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indonezijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezeg" title="Indonezeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Indonezeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesi" title="Indonesi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indonesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inindonesyo" title="Inindonesyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inindonesyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9%C5%A1tina" title="Indonéština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indonéština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneseg" title="Indoneseg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Indoneseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesisk_(sprog)" title="Indonesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indonesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesische_Sprache" title="Indonesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indonesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesia_keel" title="Indoneesia keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indoneesia keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ινδονησιακή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδονησιακή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_indonesio" title="Idioma indonesio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma indonesio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezia_lingvo" title="Indonezia lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indonezia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiera" title="Indonesiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indonesiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان اندونزیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اندونزیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_bhasa" title="Indonesian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Indonesian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sien" title="Indonésien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indonésien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Indin%C3%A9isis" title="An Indinéisis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Indinéisis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indonesia" title="Lingua indonesia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua indonesia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-n%C3%AC-ng%C3%AE" title="Yin-nì-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yin-nì-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="인도네시아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도네시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ինդոնեզերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինդոնեզերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इंडोनेशियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंडोनेशियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezijski_jezik" title="Indonezijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indonezijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneziana_linguo" title="Indoneziana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Indoneziana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Indones" title="Pagsasao nga Indones – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Indones" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indonesian" title="Lingua indonesian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua indonesian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Индонезиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Индонезиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi-Indonesia" title="Isi-Indonesia – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isi-Indonesia" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%B3nes%C3%ADska" title="Indónesíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indónesíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indonesiana" title="Lingua indonesiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua indonesiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אינדונזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינדונזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Indhon%C3%A9sia" title="Basa Indhonésia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Indhonésia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಇಂಡೊನೇಷ್ಯ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಡೊನೇಷ್ಯ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ინდონეზიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდონეზიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesek" title="Indonesek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Indonesek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiindonesia" title="Kiindonesia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiindonesia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Индонезия кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Индонезия кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%AEndonez%C3%AE" title="Zimanê îndonezî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê îndonezî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາອິນໂດເນຊຽນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາອິນໂດເນຊຽນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Indonesiana" title="Lingua Indonesiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Indonesiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C4%93zie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Indonēziešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indonēziešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Indoneziečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indoneziečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Indonesia" title="Li Indonesia – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Li Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_indonexiann-a" title="Lengua indonexiann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua indonexiann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_(lingua)" title="Indonesian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Indonesian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9z_nyelv" title="Indonéz nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indonéz nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्डोनेशियन भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इन्डोनेशियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Индонезиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индонезиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_ind%C3%B4neziana" title="Fiteny indôneziana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny indôneziana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Initon%C4%ABhia" title="Reo Initonīhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Initonīhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बहासा इंडोनेशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बहासा इंडोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ინდონეზიური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდონეზიური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الاندونيسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاندونيسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اندونزیایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اندونزیایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯏꯟꯗꯣꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯟꯗꯣꯅꯦꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Indonesia" title="Bahaso Indonesia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ng-n%C3%A0%CC%A4-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Éng-nà̤-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Éng-nà̤-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesisch" title="Indonesisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indonesisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्डोनेसियाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्डोनेसियाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="インドネシア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドネシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Индонезихойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Индонезихойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesk_Spriik" title="Indoneesk Spriik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Indoneesk Spriik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesisk" title="Indonesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indonesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesisk" title="Indonesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indonesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian" title="Indonesian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indonesian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Индонезийысе йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Индонезийысе йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonez_tili" title="Indonez tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Indonez tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀ ਬੋਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀ ਬੋਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="انڈونیشیائی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انڈونیشیائی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اېندونېزيايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېندونېزيايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាឥណ្ឌូនេស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាឥណ្ឌូនេស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Indonesian" title="Lenga Indonesian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Indonesian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_indonezyjski" title="Język indonezyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język indonezyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_indon%C3%A9sia" title="Língua indonésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua indonésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonez_tili" title="Indonez tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Indonez tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya_tili" title="İndoneziya tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İndoneziya tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_indonezian%C4%83" title="Limba indoneziană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba indoneziană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrunisya_simi" title="Inrunisya simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inrunisya simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Індонезьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Індонезьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Индонезийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индонезийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Индонезия тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Индонезия тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Initonesia" title="Faʻa Initonesia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Initonesia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बहासा इंडोनेशिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बहासा इंडोनेशिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_leid" title="Indonesian leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indonesian leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Intunisiya" title="Kari Intunisiya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Intunisiya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_indoneziane" title="Gjuha indoneziane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha indoneziane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Indunesia" title="Bahasa Indunesia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bahasa Indunesia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indonesian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9z%C5%A1tina" title="Indonézština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indonézština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Indonezijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indonezijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C5%8Dnezyjsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Indōnezyjskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Indōnezyjskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئیندۆنیزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ئیندۆنیزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Индонежански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индонежански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezijski_jezik" title="Indonezijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indonezijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Basa Indonésia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_kieli" title="Indonesian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indonesian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiska" title="Indonesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indonesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Indones" title="Wikang Indones – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Indones" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்தோனேசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தோனேசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Индонезия теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Индонезия теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาอินโดนีเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอินโดนีเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%91%D3%A3" title="Забони индонезиёӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони индонезиёӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonezce" title="Endonezce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endonezce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezi%C3%BDa_dili" title="Indoneziýa dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Indoneziýa dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Індонезійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індонезійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انڈونیشیائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انڈونیشیائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ھىندونېزىيە تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندونېزىيە تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Yinniz" title="Vah Yinniz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Yinniz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Indonesia" title="Tiếng Indonesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%A4na-Se%C3%A4nu%C3%A4nsap%C3%BCk" title="Lindäna-Seänuänsapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lindäna-Seänuänsapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesi%C3%A4_kiil" title="Indoneesiä kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Official language of Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the official language of Indonesia. For an overview on all languages used in Indonesia, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Indonesian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Bahasa Indonesia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[baˈha.sa in.doˈne.si.ja]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Indonesia (as official language) Significant language speakers: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Indonesians" title="Overseas Indonesians">others</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1 speakers</a>: 72 million (2020 census)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2 speakers</a>: 177 million (2020 census)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Total speakers: 249 million (2020 Census)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Indonesian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a> (Riau Malay)<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indonesian_Embassy:_Astana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melayu_Online-6">[6]</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Malay">Pre-Modern Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Netherlands Indies Malay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Balai_Pustaka" title="Balai Pustaka">Balai Pustaka Malay</a>) </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard Indonesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Colloquial Indonesian</a> (especially Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian alphabet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Grade_1_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade 1 braille">Indonesian Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">SIBI (Manually Coded Indonesian)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/23px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/35px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/45px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (Indonesian used as a working language and a trade language with <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-easttimorgovernment.com-8">[8]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Language_Development_and_Fostering_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Development and Fostering Agency">Language Development and Fostering Agency</a> (Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=id">id</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=207">ind</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ind" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ind">ind</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indo1316">indo1316</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=33-AFA-ac">33-AFA-ac</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_Language_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Indonesian_Language_Map.svg/320px-Indonesian_Language_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Indonesian_Language_Map.svg/480px-Indonesian_Language_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Indonesian_Language_Map.svg/640px-Indonesian_Language_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Countries of the world where Indonesian is an official, national language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries where Indonesian is a minority language or working language</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youthpledge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Youthpledge.jpg/260px-Youthpledge.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Youthpledge.jpg/390px-Youthpledge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Youthpledge.jpg/520px-Youthpledge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Youth_Pledge" title="Youth Pledge">Youth Pledge</a>, a pledge made by Indonesian youth on October 28, 1928, defining the identity of the Indonesian nation. On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a unifying language throughout the archipelago.</figcaption></figure> Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[baˈhasa indoˈnesija]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-uud-9">[9]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bc-10">[10]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language</a> that has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. With over 280 million inhabitants,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Indonesia ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">fourth most populous nation</a> globally. According to the 2020 census, over 97% of Indonesians are fluent in Indonesian,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> making it the largest language by number of speakers in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">most widely</a> spoken languages in the world.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indonesian_Language_2004._Page_14-13">[13]</a> Indonesian vocabulary has been influenced by various regional languages such as <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugis language">Buginese</a>, as well as by foreign languages such as <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Many borrowed words have been adapted to fit the phonetic and grammatical rules of Indonesian, enriching the language and reflecting Indonesia's diverse linguistic heritage. Most Indonesians, aside from speaking the national language, are fluent in at least one of the more than 700 indigenous <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">local languages</a>; examples include <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, which are commonly used at home and within the local community.<a href="#cite_note-policy-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-statistics-15">[15]</a> However, most formal <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and nearly all national <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">administration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> and other forms of communication are conducted in Indonesian.<a href="#cite_note-hawaii.edu-16">[16]</a> Under Indonesian rule from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian was designated as the official language of <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a>. It has the status of a <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a> under the country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Timor" title="Constitution of East Timor">constitution</a> along with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-easttimorgovernment.com-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berlie2017ch1-17">[17]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-thejakartapost.com-18">[18]</a> In November 2023, the Indonesian language was recognized as one of the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> General Conference. The term Indonesian is primarily associated with the national standard dialect (bahasa baku).<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon-2003-19">[19]</a> However, in a looser sense, it also encompasses the various local varieties spoken throughout the Indonesian archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-bc-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Standard Indonesian is confined mostly to formal situations, existing in a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> relationship with vernacular Malay varieties, which are commonly used for daily communication, coexisting with the aforementioned regional languages and with <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay creoles</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon-2003-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-policy-14">[14]</a> standard Indonesian is spoken in informal speech as a lingua franca between vernacular Malay dialects, Malay creoles, and regional languages. The Indonesian name for the language (bahasa Indonesia) is also occasionally used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other languages. Bahasa Indonesia is sometimes improperly reduced to Bahasa, which refers to the Indonesian subject (Bahasa Indonesia) taught in schools, on the assumption that this is the name of the language. But the word bahasa only means language. For example, French language is translated as bahasa Prancis, and the same applies to other languages, such as bahasa Inggris (English), bahasa Jepang (Japanese), bahasa Arab (Arabic), bahasa Italia (Italian), and so on. Indonesians generally may not recognize the name Bahasa alone when it refers to their national language.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_kingdoms_era">Early kingdoms era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early kingdoms era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/220px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/330px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/440px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong alphabet</a>, native writing systems found in central and <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (in modern Malay "Aku menangis, menyerukan engkau, kaudiseru, tiada datang [itu adik satu]").</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_1.jpg/220px-Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_1.jpg/330px-Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_1.jpg/440px-Prasasti_Kedukan_Bukit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedukan Bukit Inscription">Kedukan Bukit Inscription</a>, written in <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a>, is the oldest surviving specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> language.</figcaption></figure>Standard Indonesian is a <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> of "Riau Malay",<a href="#cite_note-Indonesian_Embassy:_Astana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melayu_Online-6">[6]</a> which despite its common name is not based on the vernacular Malay dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>, but rather represents a form of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Malay">Classical Malay</a> as used in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a>. Classical Malay had emerged as a literary language in the royal courts along both shores of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sneddon-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Originally spoken in Northeast <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-25">[25]</a> Malay has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> for half a millennium. It might be attributed to its <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> language (which can be traced back to the 7th century). The <a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedukan Bukit Inscription">Kedukan Bukit Inscription</a> is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the language used by <a href="/wiki/Srivijayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijayan">Srivijayan</a> empire.<a href="#cite_note-1g1H-26">[26]</a> Since the 7th century, the Old Malay language has been used in <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara (archipelago)</a> (Indonesian archipelago), evidenced by Srivijaya inscriptions and by other inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> areas of the archipelago, such as <a href="/wiki/Sojomerto_inscription" title="Sojomerto inscription">Sojomerto inscription</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1g1H-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Malay_as_lingua_franca">Old Malay as lingua franca</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Malay as lingua franca">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srivijaya_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Srivijaya_Empire.svg/220px-Srivijaya_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Srivijaya_Empire.svg/330px-Srivijaya_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Srivijaya_Empire.svg/440px-Srivijaya_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>For centuries, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>. It was the working language of traders and it was used in various ports, and marketplaces in the region.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Trade</a> contacts carried on by various <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> peoples at the time were the main <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> for spreading the Old Malay language, which was the main <a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</a> medium among the traders. Ultimately, the Old Malay language became a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Indonesian (in its standard form) has essentially the same material basis as the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> standard of Malay and is therefore considered to be a variety of the pluricentric Malay language. However, it does <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Malay_and_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian">differ</a> from Malaysian Malay in several respects, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. These differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian. Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'market Malay'), which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands. Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the classical Malay of earlier centuries, even though modern Malaysian has been heavily influenced, in lexicon as well as in syntax, by English. The question of whether High Malay (Court Malay) or Low Malay (Bazaar Malay) was the true parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate. High Malay was the official language used in the court of the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a> and continued by the Dutch-administered territory of <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau-Lingga">Riau-Lingga</a>, while Low Malay was commonly used in marketplaces and ports of the archipelago. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_and_the_birth_of_Indonesian">Colonial era and the birth of Indonesian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial era and the birth of Indonesian">edit</a>]</div> When the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) first arrived in the archipelago at the start of the 1600s, the Malay language was a significant trading and political language due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malaccan Sultanate</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>. However, the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the administrative language of their trading outpost in the east. Following the <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> of the VOC, the <a href="/wiki/Batavian_Republic" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a> took control of the colony in 1799, and it was only then that education in and promotion of Dutch began in the <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>. Even then, Dutch administrators were remarkably reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes. Dutch thus remained the language of a small elite: in 1940, only 2% of the total population could speak Dutch. Nevertheless, it did have a significant influence on the development of Malay in the colony: during the colonial era, the language that would be standardized as Indonesian absorbed a large amount of Dutch vocabulary in the form of <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Nila_speaking_Indonesian.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Indonesian speaker</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">nationalist movement</a> that ultimately brought Indonesian to its national language status rejected <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> from the outset. However, the rapid disappearance of Dutch was a very unusual case compared with other colonized countries, where the colonial language generally has continued to function as the language of politics, <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, education, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, and other fields of importance for a significant time after independence.<a href="#cite_note-Swaan-31">[31]</a> The Indonesian scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soenjono_Dardjowidjojo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (page does not exist)">Soenjono Dardjowidjojo</a> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soenjono_Dardjowidjojo" class="extiw" title="id:Soenjono Dardjowidjojo">id</a>] even goes so far as to say that when compared to the situation in other Asian countries such as India, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines, "Indonesian is perhaps the only language that has achieved the status of a national language in its true sense" since it truly dominates in all spheres of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesian society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The ease with which Indonesia eliminated the language of its former colonial power can perhaps be explained as much by Dutch <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> as by Indonesian nationalism. In marked contrast to the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> and Portuguese, who pursued an <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> colonial policy, or even the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, the Dutch did not attempt to spread their language among the indigenous population. In fact, they consciously prevented the language from being spread by refusing to provide education, especially in Dutch, to the native Indonesians so they would not come to see themselves as equals.<a href="#cite_note-Swaan-31">[31]</a> Moreover, the Dutch wished to prevent the Indonesians from elevating their perceived social status by taking on elements of Dutch culture. Thus, until the 1930s, they maintained a minimalist regime and allowed Malay to spread quickly throughout the archipelago.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Opening_van_de_Volksraad_door_gouverneur-generaal_Van_Limburg_Stirum_op_18_mei_1918_op_Java_TMnr_10001373.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(Dutch_East_Indies)" title="Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)">Volksraad</a> session held in July 1938 in Jakarta, where Indonesian was formally used for the first time by Jahja Datoek Kajo</figcaption></figure>Dutch dominance at that time covered nearly all aspects, with official forums requiring the use of Dutch, although since the Second Youth Congress (1928) the use of Indonesian as the national language was agreed on as one of the tools in the independence struggle. As of it, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hoesni_Thamrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin">Mohammad Hoesni Thamrin</a> inveighed actions underestimating Indonesian. After some criticism and protests, the use of Indonesian was allowed since the Volksraad sessions held in July 1938.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> By the time they tried to counter the spread of Malay by teaching Dutch to the natives, it was too late, and in 1942, the Japanese conquered Indonesia. The Japanese mandated that all official business be conducted in Indonesian and quickly outlawed the use of the Dutch language.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Three years later, the Indonesians themselves formally abolished the language and established bahasa Indonesia as the national language of the new nation.<a href="#cite_note-Paauw-35">[35]</a> The term bahasa Indonesia itself had been proposed by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tabrani" title="Mohammad Tabrani">Mohammad Tabrani</a> in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and Tabrani had further proposed the term over calling the language <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> during the First Youth Congress in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Indonesian language (old <a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">VOS</a> spelling): Jang dinamakan 'Bahasa Indonesia' jaitoe bahasa Melajoe jang soenggoehpoen pokoknja berasal dari 'Melajoe Riaoe' akan tetapi jang soedah ditambah, dioebah ataoe dikoerangi menoeroet keperloean zaman dan alam baharoe, hingga bahasa itoe laloe moedah dipakai oleh rakjat diseloeroeh Indonesia; pembaharoean bahasa Melajoe hingga menjadi bahasa Indonesia itoe haroes dilakoekan oleh kaoem ahli jang beralam baharoe, ialah alam kebangsaan Indonesia Indonesian (modern <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Spelling System">EYD</a> spelling): Yang dinamakan 'Bahasa Indonesia' yaitu bahasa Melayu yang sungguhpun pokoknya berasal dari 'Melayu Riau' akan tetapi yang sudah ditambah, diubah atau dikurangi menurut keperluan zaman dan alam baru, hingga bahasa itu lalu mudah dipakai oleh rakyat di seluruh Indonesia; pembaharuan bahasa Melayu hingga menjadi bahasa Indonesia itu harus dilakukan oleh kaum ahli yang beralam baru, ialah alam kebangsaan Indonesia <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: "What is named as 'Indonesian language' is a true Malay language derived from 'Riau Malay' but which had been added, modified or subscribed according to the requirements of the new age and nature, until it was then used easily by people across Indonesia; the renewal of Malay language until it became Indonesian it had to be done by the experts of the new nature, the national nature of Indonesia" — Ki Hajar Dewantara in the Congress of Indonesian Language I 1938, Solo<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </div></blockquote> Several years prior to the congress, Swiss linguist, <a href="/wiki/Renward_Brandstetter" title="Renward Brandstetter">Renward Brandstetter</a> wrote <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Indonesian_Linguistics" class="extiw" title="s:An Introduction to Indonesian Linguistics">An Introduction to Indonesian Linguistics</a> in 4 essays from 1910 to 1915. The essays were translated into English in 1916. By "Indonesia", he meant <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia#Indonesia" title="Names of Indonesia">the name of the geographical region</a>, and by "Indonesian languages" he meant <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a> west of New Guinea, because by that time there was still no notion of Indonesian language. <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Takdir_Alisjahbana" title="Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana">Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana</a> was a great promoter of the use and development of Indonesian and he was greatly exaggerating the decline of Dutch. Higher education was still in Dutch and many educated Indonesians were writing and speaking in Dutch in many situations (and were still doing so well after independence was achieved). He believed passionately in the need to develop Indonesian so that it could take its place as a fully adequate national language, able to replace Dutch as a means of entry into modern international culture. In 1933, he began the magazine Pujangga Baru (New Writer — Poedjangga Baroe in the original spelling) with co-editors Amir Hamzah and Armijn Pane. The language of Pujangga Baru came in for criticism from those associated with the more classical School Malay and it was accused of publishing Dutch written with an Indonesian vocabulary. Alisjahbana would no doubt have taken the criticism as a demonstration of his success. To him the language of Pujangga Baru pointed the way to the future, to an elaborated, Westernised language able to express all the concepts of the modern world. As an example, among the many innovations they condemned was use of the word bisa instead of dapat for 'can'. In Malay bisa meant only 'poison from an animal's bite' and the increasing use of Javanese bisa in the new meaning they regarded as one of the many threats to the language's purity. Unlike more traditional intellectuals, he did not look to Classical Malay and the past. For him, Indonesian was a new concept; a new beginning was needed and he looked to Western civilisation, with its dynamic society of individuals freed from traditional fetters, as his inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indonesian_Language_2004._Page_14-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_Propaganda_Jepang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poster_Propaganda_Jepang.jpg/220px-Poster_Propaganda_Jepang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poster_Propaganda_Jepang.jpg/330px-Poster_Propaganda_Jepang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Poster_Propaganda_Jepang.jpg/440px-Poster_Propaganda_Jepang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> posters from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies</a> </figcaption></figure> The prohibition on use of Dutch led to an expansion of Indonesian language newspapers and pressure on them to increase the language's wordstock. The Japanese agreed to the establishment of the Komisi Bahasa (Language Commission) in October 1942, formally headed by three Japanese but with a number of prominent Indonesian intellectuals playing the major part in its activities. Soewandi, later to be Minister of Education and Culture, was appointed secretary, Alisjahbana was appointed an 'expert secretary' and other members included the future president and vice-president, Sukarno and Hatta. Journalists, beginning a practice that has continued to the present, did not wait for the Komisi Bahasa to provide new words, but actively participated themselves in coining terms. Many of the Komisi Bahasa's terms never found public acceptance and after the Japanese period were replaced by the original Dutch forms, including jantera (Sanskrit for 'wheel'), which temporarily replaced mesin (machine), ketua negara (literally 'chairman of state'), which had replaced presiden (president) and kilang (meaning 'mill'), which had replaced pabrik (factory). In a few cases, however, coinings permanently replaced earlier Dutch terms, including pajak (earlier meaning 'monopoly') instead of belasting (tax) and senam (meaning 'exercise') instead of gimnastik (gymnastics). The Komisi Bahasa is said to have coined more than 7000 terms, although few of these gained common acceptance.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indonesian_Language_2004._Page_14-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption_as_the_national_language">Adoption as the national language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adoption as the national language">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseumSumpahPemuda-13-IndonesischClubgebouw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MuseumSumpahPemuda-13-IndonesischClubgebouw.jpg/220px-MuseumSumpahPemuda-13-IndonesischClubgebouw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MuseumSumpahPemuda-13-IndonesischClubgebouw.jpg/330px-MuseumSumpahPemuda-13-IndonesischClubgebouw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/MuseumSumpahPemuda-13-IndonesischClubgebouw.jpg/440px-MuseumSumpahPemuda-13-IndonesischClubgebouw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Youth_Pledge" title="Youth Pledge">Youth Pledge</a> was the result of the Second Youth Congress held in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> in October 1928. On the last pledge, there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a unifying language throughout the archipelago.</figcaption></figure> The adoption of Indonesian as the country's national language was in contrast to most other post-colonial states. Neither the language with the most native speakers (Javanese) nor the language of the former European colonial power (Dutch) was to be adopted. Instead, a local language with far fewer native speakers than the most widely spoken local language was chosen (nevertheless, Malay was the second most widely spoken language in the colony after Javanese, and had many L2 speakers using it for trade, administration, and education). In 1945, when Indonesia declared its independence, Indonesian was formally declared the national language,<a href="#cite_note-uud-9">[9]</a> despite being the native language of only about 5% of the population. In contrast, Javanese and Sundanese were the mother tongues of 42–48% and 15% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Kratz-39">[39]</a> The combination of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">practical</a> concerns ultimately led to the successful adoption of Indonesian as a national language. In 1945, Javanese was easily the most prominent language in Indonesia. It was the native language of nearly half the population, the primary language of politics and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and the language of <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courtly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, and literary tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Swaan-31">[31]</a> What it lacked, however, was the ability to unite the diverse Indonesian population as a whole. With thousands of islands and hundreds of different languages, the newly independent country of Indonesia had to find a national language that could realistically be spoken by the majority of the population and that would not divide the nation by favouring one ethnic group, namely the Javanese, over the others. In 1945, Indonesian was already in widespread use;<a href="#cite_note-Kratz-39">[39]</a> in fact, it had been for roughly a thousand years. Over that long period, Malay, which would later become standardized as Indonesian, was the primary language of <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a>. It was also the language used for the propagation of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the 13th to 17th centuries, as well as the language of instruction used by Portuguese and Dutch missionaries attempting to convert the indigenous people to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swaan-31">[31]</a> The combination of these factors meant that the language was already known to some degree by most of the population, and it could be more easily adopted as the national language than perhaps any other. Moreover, it was the language of the sultanate of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and of future <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, on which <a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">some Indonesian nationalists had claims</a>. Over the first 53 years of <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Indonesian independence</a>, the country's first two presidents, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> constantly nurtured the sense of national unity embodied by Indonesian, and the language remains an essential component of Indonesian identity. Through a language planning program that made Indonesian the language of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, and nation-building in general, Indonesian became one of the few success stories of an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous language</a> effectively overtaking that of a country's colonisers to become the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> official language.<a href="#cite_note-Paauw-35">[35]</a> Today, Indonesian continues to function as the language of <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> as the Congress of Indonesian Youth envisioned, and also serves as the language of education, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paauw-35">[35]</a> Despite still being a second language to most Indonesians, it is unquestionably the language of the Indonesian nation as a whole, as it has had unrivalled success as a factor in nation-building and the strengthening of Indonesian identity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_and_colloquial_Indonesian">Modern and colloquial Indonesian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern and colloquial Indonesian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Indonesian slang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Road signs in an <a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">airport terminal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg/220px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg/330px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg/440px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Toll gate in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Indonesia_Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jakarta_Indonesia_Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg/220px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jakarta_Indonesia_Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg/330px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jakarta_Indonesia_Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg/440px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian language used on a <a href="/wiki/Kopaja" title="Kopaja">Kopaja</a> bus advertisement</figcaption></figure> Indonesian is spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> and national language. Over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language, with varying degrees of proficiency. In a nation that is home to more than 700 native languages and a vast array of ethnic groups, it plays an important unifying and cross-archipelagic role for the country. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> bodies, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplaces</a>, among members of the upper-class or nobility and also in formal situations, despite the 2010 census showing only 19.94% of over-five-year-olds speak mainly Indonesian at home.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Standard Indonesian is used in books and newspapers and on television/radio news broadcasts. The standard dialect, however, is rarely used in daily conversations, being confined mostly to formal settings. While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond to its written standards), the proximity of spoken Indonesian (in terms of grammar and vocabulary) to its normative form is noticeably low. This is mostly due to Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>) with Indonesian. This results in various vernacular varieties of Indonesian, the very types that a foreigner is most likely to hear upon arriving in any Indonesian city or town.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> This phenomenon is amplified by the use of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Indonesian slang</a>, particularly in the cities. Unlike the relatively uniform standard variety, Vernacular Indonesian exhibits a high degree of geographical variation, though Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian functions as the de facto norm of informal language and is a popular source of influence throughout the archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon-2003-19">[19]</a> There is <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> of <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> among Indonesian into Indonesian from other language in Indonesia caused by ethnic diversity than urbanicity.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The most common and widely used colloquial Indonesian is heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, amplified by its popularity in Indonesian popular culture in mass media and Jakarta's status as the national capital. In informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature. For example, tidak (no) is often replaced with the Betawi form nggak or the even simpler gak/ga, while seperti (like, similar to) is often replaced with kayak <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kajaʔ]</a>. Sangat or amat (very), the term to express intensity, is often replaced with the Javanese-influenced banget. As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as /e/ and /o/. In informal writing, the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. For example, capai becomes cape or capek, pakai becomes pake, kalau becomes kalo. In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is often retained, as when mengangkat becomes ngangkat (the basic word is angkat). The suffixes -kan and -i are often replaced by -in. For example, mencarikan becomes nyariin, menuruti becomes nurutin. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta and its surrounding areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_related_languages">Classification and related languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification and related languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Cross-linguistic_Comparison_Chart" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages § Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart</a></div> Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent <a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malayan languages</a>. Its ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> into <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Indonesian, which originated from Malay, is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family of languages, which includes languages from <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, with a smaller number in continental <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It has a degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with the Malaysian standard of Malay, which is officially known there as <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Malaysia">bahasa Malaysia</a>, despite the numerous lexical differences.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, vernacular varieties spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia share limited intelligibility, which is evidenced by the fact that Malaysians have difficulties understanding Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">sinetron (soap opera)</a> aired on Malaysia TV stations, and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, a geographic outlier spoken in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>; the Philippines national language, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>; <a href="/wiki/Formosan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosan language">Formosan</a> in Taiwan's aboriginal population; and the native <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a> of New Zealand are also members of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>. There are many <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Numbers in <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">PAN</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000 BCE </th> <td>*isa</td> <td>*DuSa</td> <td>*telu</td> <td>*Sepat</td> <td>*lima</td> <td>*enem</td> <td>*pitu</td> <td>*walu</td> <td>*Siwa</td> <td>*puluq </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>/Indonesian </th> <td>satu</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tiga</td> <td>empat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enam</td> <td>tujuh</td> <td>delapan</td> <td>sembilan</td> <td>sepuluh </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a> </th> <td>cecay</td> <td>tusa</td> <td>tulu</td> <td>sepat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enem</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>falu</td> <td>siwa</td> <td>pulu' </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundanese Language">Sundanese</a> </th> <td>hiji</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tilu</td> <td>opat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>genep</td> <td>tujuh</td> <td>dalapan</td> <td>salapan</td> <td>sapuluh </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a> </th> <td>coni</td> <td>yuso</td> <td>tuyu</td> <td>sʉptʉ</td> <td>eimo</td> <td>nomʉ</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>voyu</td> <td>sio</td> <td>maskʉ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </th> <td>isá</td> <td>dalawá</td> <td>tatló</td> <td>ápat</td> <td>limá</td> <td>ánim</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>sampu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> </th> <td>maysá</td> <td>dua</td> <td>talló</td> <td>uppát</td> <td>limá</td> <td>inném</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siam</td> <td>sangapúlo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> </th> <td>usá</td> <td>duhá</td> <td>tuló</td> <td>upat</td> <td>limá</td> <td>unom</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>napulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> </th> <td>isá</td> <td>duwá</td> <td>tatló</td> <td>apat</td> <td>limá</td> <td>anom</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>pulo </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> </th> <td>maisa/håcha</td> <td>hugua</td> <td>tulu</td> <td>fatfat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>gunum</td> <td>fiti</td> <td>guålu</td> <td>sigua</td> <td>månot/fulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> </th> <td>iray/isa</td> <td>roa</td> <td>telo</td> <td>efatra</td> <td>dimy</td> <td>enina</td> <td>fito</td> <td>valo</td> <td>sivy</td> <td>folo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> </th> <td>sa</td> <td>dua</td> <td>klau</td> <td>pak</td> <td>limâ</td> <td>nam</td> <td>tajuh</td> <td>dalipan</td> <td>thalipan</td> <td>pluh </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> </th> <td>sada</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>opat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>onom</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>ualu</td> <td>sia</td> <td>sampulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> </th> <td>ciek</td> <td>duo</td> <td>tigo</td> <td>ampek</td> <td>limo</td> <td>anam</td> <td>tujuah</td> <td>salapan</td> <td>sambilan</td> <td>sapuluah </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </th> <td>do</td> <td>duai</td> <td>tlau</td> <td>pat</td> <td>lêmo</td> <td>num</td> <td>tujuak</td> <td>dêlapên</td> <td>sêmbilan</td> <td>sêpuluak </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> </th> <td>siji</td> <td>loro</td> <td>telu</td> <td>papat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>nem</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>wolu</td> <td>sanga</td> <td>sepuluh </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetun</a> </th> <td>ida</td> <td>rua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>hat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>nen</td> <td>hitu</td> <td>ualu</td> <td>sia</td> <td>sanulu </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a> </th> <td>eser/oser</td> <td>suru</td> <td>kyor</td> <td>fyak</td> <td>rim</td> <td>wonem</td> <td>fik</td> <td>war</td> <td>siw</td> <td>samfur </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> </th> <td>dua</td> <td>rua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>vā</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>vitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>ciwa</td> <td>tini </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Kiribati</a> </th> <td>teuana</td> <td>uoua</td> <td>teniua</td> <td>aua</td> <td>nimaua</td> <td>onoua</td> <td>itiua</td> <td>waniua</td> <td>ruaiua</td> <td>tebuina </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> </th> <td>tasi</td> <td>lua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>fā</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>fitu</td> <td>valu</td> <td>iva</td> <td>sefulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </th> <td>kahi</td> <td>lua</td> <td>kolu</td> <td>hā</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>hiku</td> <td>walu</td> <td>iwa</td> <td>-'umi </td></tr></tbody></table> There are more than 700 local languages in Indonesian islands, such as <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, etc. While Malay as the source of Indonesian is the mother tongue of ethnic Malay who lives along the east coast of Sumatra, in the Riau Archipelago, and on the south and west coast of Kalimantan (Borneo). There are several areas, such as Jakarta, Manado, Lesser Sunda islands, and Mollucas which has Malay-based trade languages. Thus, a large proportion of Indonesian, at least, use two language daily, those are Indonesian and local languages. When two languages are used by the same people in this way, they are likely to influence each other.<a href="#cite_note-Poedjosoedarmo-1982-48">[48]</a> Aside from local languages, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> made the highest contribution to the Indonesian vocabulary, due to the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonization</a> over three centuries, from the 16th century until the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poedjosoedarmo-1982-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asian languages</a> also influenced the language, with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> influencing Indonesian during the 15th and 16th centuries due to the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakrit language">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> contributing during the flourishing of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilisations" title="History of Indonesia">Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms</a> from the 2nd to the 14th century; followed by <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">spread of Islam</a> in the archipelago in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. Indonesian also receives many <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> words as a result of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>, especially since the 1990s, as far as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Internet">Internet's emergence and development</a> until the present day.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Some Indonesian words correspond to Malay loanwords in English, among them the common words orangutan, gong, bamboo, rattan, sarong, and the less common words such as paddy, sago and kapok, all of which were inherited in Indonesian from Malay but borrowed from Malay in English. The phrase "to run amok" comes from the Malay verb amuk (to run out of control, to rage).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Indonesian is neither a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">pidgin</a> nor a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> since its characteristics do not meet any of the criteria for either. It is believed that the Indonesian language was one of the means to achieve independence, but it is opened to receive vocabulary from other foreign languages aside from Malay that it has made contact with since the colonialism era, such as Dutch, English and Arabic among others, as the <a href="/wiki/Loan_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words">loan words</a> keep increasing each year.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, Indonesian had 71.9 million <a href="/wiki/Native_speaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Native speaker">native speakers</a> and 176.5 million <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second-language</a> speakers,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> who speak it alongside their <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">local mother tongue</a>, giving a total number of speakers in Indonesia of 248.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It is common as a first language in urban areas, and as a second language by those residing in more rural parts of Indonesia. The <a href="/wiki/VOA" class="mw-redirect" title="VOA">VOA</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> use Indonesian as their standard for broadcasting in Malay.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Indonesian is one of three Asian target languages, together with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>, taught in some schools as part of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_Other_Than_English" title="Languages Other Than English">Languages Other Than English</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-APO-62">[62]</a> Indonesian has been taught in Australian schools and universities since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, which was occupied by Indonesia between 1975 and 1999, Indonesian is recognized by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), alongside the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-easttimorgovernment.com-8">[8]</a> It is understood by the Malay people of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos Keeling Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, also in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu area</a> of the southern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and traces of it are to be found among people of Malay descent in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and other places.<a href="#cite_note-hawaii.edu-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesian_as_a_foreign_language">Indonesian as a foreign language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indonesian as a foreign language">edit</a>]</div> Indonesian is taught as a foreign language in schools, universities and institutions around the world, especially in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Official status">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_magazines_Jakarta.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesian_magazines_Jakarta.JPG/220px-Indonesian_magazines_Jakarta.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesian_magazines_Jakarta.JPG/330px-Indonesian_magazines_Jakarta.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesian_magazines_Jakarta.JPG/440px-Indonesian_magazines_Jakarta.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian is also the language of Indonesian mass media, such as magazines. Printed and broadcast mass media are encouraged to use standard Indonesian, although more relaxed popular slang often prevails.</figcaption></figure> Indonesian is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and its use is encouraged throughout the Indonesian archipelago. It is regulated in Chapter XV, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">1945 Constitution of Indonesia</a> about the flag, official language, coat of arms, and national anthem of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-uud-9">[9]</a> Also, in Chapter III, Section 25 to 45, Government regulation No. 24/ 2009 mentions explicitly the status of the Indonesian language.<a href="#cite_note-UU_No_24/2009-74">[74]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The national language is Indonesian.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 36, Chapter XV, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution of Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-uud-9">[9]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Indonesian functions as a symbol of national identity and pride, and is a lingua franca among the diverse <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">ethnic groups in Indonesia</a> and the speakers of vernacular Malay dialects and Malay creoles. The Indonesian language serves as the national and official language, the language of education, communication, transaction and trade documentation, the development of national culture, science, technology, and mass media. It also serves as a vehicle of communication among the provinces and different regional cultures in the country.<a href="#cite_note-UU_No_24/2009-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ondel2diSMPN227.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ondel2diSMPN227.jpg/170px-Ondel2diSMPN227.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ondel2diSMPN227.jpg/255px-Ondel2diSMPN227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ondel2diSMPN227.jpg/340px-Ondel2diSMPN227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian is used in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">schools</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to Indonesian law, the Indonesian language was proclaimed as the unifying language during the <a href="/wiki/Youth_Pledge" title="Youth Pledge">Youth Pledge</a> on 28 October 1928 and developed further to accommodate the dynamics of Indonesian civilization.<a href="#cite_note-UU_No_24/2009-74">[74]</a> As mentioned previously, the language was based on Riau Malay,<a href="#cite_note-Indonesian_Embassy:_Astana-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue:Indonesian-75">[75]</a> though linguists note that this is not the local dialect of Riau, but the Malaccan dialect that was used in the <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sneddon-23">[23]</a> Since its conception in 1928 and its official recognition in the 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian language has been loaded with a nationalist political agenda to unify Indonesia (former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>). This status has made it relatively open to accommodate influences from other Indonesian ethnic languages, most notably Javanese as the majority ethnic group, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> as the previous coloniser. Compared to the indigenous dialects of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> spoken in Sumatra and Malay peninsula or the normative Malaysian standard, the Indonesian language differs profoundly by a large number of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> loanwords incorporated into its already-rich vocabulary. As a result, Indonesian has more extensive sources of <a href="/wiki/List_of_loan_words_in_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of loan words in Indonesian">loanwords</a>, compared to Malaysian Malay. The disparate evolution of Indonesian and Malaysian has led to a rift between the two standardized varieties. This has been based more upon political nuance and the history of their standardization than cultural reasons, and as a result, there are asymmetrical views regarding each other's variety among Malaysians and Indonesians. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different normative varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate, albeit closely related, languages. Consequently, Indonesians feel little need to harmonise their language with Malaysia and Brunei, whereas Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with Indonesians,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> although the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Spelling System">Indonesian alphabet reform</a> was seen mainly as a concession of Dutch-based Indonesian to the English-based spelling of Malaysian. In November 2023, the Indonesian language was recognised as one of the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> General Conference. Currently there are 10 official languages of the UNESCO General Conference, consisting of the six <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> languages, namely <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, as well as four other languages of UNESCO member countries, namely <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and Indonesian.<a href="#cite_note-Kompas.id-1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_policy">Official policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Official policy">edit</a>]</div> As regulated by Indonesian state law UU No 24/2009, other than state official speeches and documents between or issued to Indonesian government, Indonesian language is required by law to be used in:<a href="#cite_note-SGR-2020-79">[79]</a> <ol><li>Official speeches by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">vice president</a>, and other state officials delivered within or outside Indonesia</li> <li>Agreements involving either government, private institutions, or individuals</li> <li>National or international forums held in Indonesia</li> <li>Scientific papers and publications in Indonesia</li> <li>Geographical names in Indonesia (name of buildings, roads, offices, complexes, institutions)</li> <li>Public signs, road signs, public facilities, banners, and other information of public services in public area.</li> <li>Information through mass media</li></ol> However, other languages may be used in dual-language setting to accompany but not to replace Indonesian language in: agreements, information regarding goods / services, scientific papers, information through mass media, geographical names, public signs, road signs, public facilities, banners, and other information of public services in public area.<a href="#cite_note-SGR-2020-79">[79]</a> While there are no sanctions of the uses of other languages,<a href="#cite_note-SGR-2020-79">[79]</a> in Indonesian court's point of view, any agreements made in Indonesia but not drafted in Indonesian language, is null and void.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In any different interpretations in dual-language agreements setting, Indonesian language shall prevail.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> Indonesian has six vowel phonemes as shown in the table below.<a href="#cite_note-SodOlson2008-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Indonesian vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ </td> <td> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-Mid</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> In standard Indonesian orthography, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> is used, and five vowels are distinguished: a, i, u, e, o. In materials for learners, the mid-front vowel /e/ is sometimes represented with a diacritic as ⟨é⟩ to distinguish it from the mid-central vowel ⟨ê⟩ /ə/. Since 2015, the auxiliary graphemes ⟨é⟩ and ⟨è⟩ are used respectively for phonetic [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>] in Indonesian, while Standard Malay has rendered both of them as ⟨é⟩.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The phonetic realization of the mid vowels /e/ and /o/ ranges from close-mid ([e]/[o]) to open-mid ([ɛ]/[ɔ]) <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>. Some analyses set up a system which treats the open-mid vowels /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ as distinct phonemes.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Poedjosoedarmo argued the split of the front mid vowels in Indonesian is due to <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> influence which exhibits a difference between ⟨i⟩ [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>], ⟨é⟩ [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] and è [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]. Another example of Javanese influence in Indonesian is the split of back mid vowels into two allophones of [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]. These splits (and loanwords) increase instances of <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublets</a> in Indonesian, such as ⟨satai⟩ and ⟨saté⟩. Javanese words adopted into Indonesian have greatly increased the frequency of Indonesian ⟨é⟩ and ⟨o⟩.<a href="#cite_note-Poedjosoedarmo-1982-48">[48]</a> In traditional Malay, high vowels (⟨i⟩, ⟨u⟩) could not appear in a final syllable if a mid-vowel (⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩) appeared in the previous syllable, and conversely, mid-vowels (⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩) could not appear in the final syllable if a high vowel (⟨i⟩, ⟨u⟩) appeared in the previous syllable.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indonesian_Language_2004._Page_14-13">[13]</a> Traditional Malay does not allow the mid-central schwa vowel to occur in consonant open or closed word-final syllables. The schwa vowel was introduced in closed syllables under the influence of Javanese and Jakarta Malay, but Dutch borrowings made it more acceptable. Although Alisjahbana argued against it, insisting on writing ⟨a⟩ instead of an ⟨ê⟩ in final syllables such as koda (vs kodə 'code') and nasionalisma (vs nasionalismə 'nationalism'), he was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-The_Indonesian_Language_2004._Page_14-13">[13]</a> This spelling convention was instead survived in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> orthography. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diphthongs">edit</a>]</div> Indonesian has four <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> phonemes only in open syllables.<a href="#cite_note-EYDV-86">[86]</a> They are: <ul><li>/ai̯/: kedai ('shop'), pandai ('clever')</li> <li>/au̯/: kerbau ('buffalo'), limau ('lime')</li> <li>/oi̯/ (or /ʊi̯/ in Indonesian): amboi ('wow'), toilet ('toilet')</li> <li>/ei̯/: survei ('survey'), geiser ('geyser')</li></ul> Some analyses assume that these diphthongs are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant, so ⟨ai⟩ represents /aj/, ⟨au⟩ represents /aw/, and ⟨oi⟩ represents /oj/. On this basis, there are no phonological diphthongs in Indonesian.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Diphthongs are differentiated from two vowels in two syllables, such as: <ul><li>/a.i/: e.g. lain ('other') [la.in], air ('water') [a.ir]</li> <li>/a.u/: bau ('smell') [ba.u], laut ('sea') [la.ut]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Indonesian consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> The consonants of Indonesian are shown above.<a href="#cite_note-SodOlson2008-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClynesDet2011-88">[88]</a> Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in parentheses. Some analyses list 19 "primary consonants" for Indonesian as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop [ʔ]. The secondary consonants /f/, /v/, /z/, /ʃ/ and /x/ only appear in loanwords. Only small amounts of speakers pronounce /v/ in loanwords as [v], most of them pronounce them as [f]. Likewise, /x/ is mostly replaced with [h] or [k] by some speakers. /ʃ/ is sometimes replaced with /s/, which was traditionally used as a substitute for /ʃ/ in older borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and /f/ is rarely replaced, though /p/ was substituted for /f/ in older borrowings such as kopi "coffee" from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> koffie. /z/ may occasionally be replaced with /s/ or /d͡ʒ/. [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> According to some analyses, postalveolar affricates /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/ are instead palatals [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>] in Indonesian.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The consonants in Indonesian are influenced by other important languages in Indonesian history. The influences included schwa in final closed syllable (e.g. Indonesian pəcəl vs Malay pəcal), initial homorganic nasal stop clusters of ⟨mb⟩, ⟨nd⟩, and ⟨nj⟩ (e.g. Indonesian mbolos 'to malinger'), the consonant-semivowel clusters (e.g. Indonesian pria vs Malay pəria 'male'),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] introduction of consonant clusters ⟨-ry-⟩ and ⟨-ly-⟩ (e.g. Indonesian gərilya vs Malay gərila 'guerrilla'), increased usage of initial ⟨w-⟩ (e.g. warta and bərita 'news') and intervocalic ⟨w-⟩, and increase of initial and post-consonant ⟨y⟩ [j]. These changes resulted from influences of local languages in Indonesia, such as Balinese, Madurese, Sundanese and especially Javanese, and foreign languages such as Arabic and Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Poedjosoedarmo-1982-48">[48]</a> Orthographic note: The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except: <ul><li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/ is written ⟨ny⟩.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/ is written ⟨ng⟩.</li> <li>The glottal stop [ʔ] is written as a final ⟨k⟩ (the use ⟨k⟩ from its being an allophone of /k/ or /ɡ/ in the syllable coda), or it can be unwritten.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ is written ⟨c⟩.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/ is written ⟨j⟩.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ is written ⟨sy⟩.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ is written ⟨kh⟩.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ is written ⟨y⟩.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> Indonesian has light <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> that falls on either the final or <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penultimate syllable</a>, depending on regional variations as well as the presence of the schwa (/ə/) in a word. It is generally the penultimate syllable that is stressed, unless its vowel is a schwa /ə/. If the penult has a schwa, then stress usually moves to the final syllable.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> However, there is some disagreement among linguists over whether stress is phonemic (unpredictable), with some analyses suggesting that there is no underlying stress in Indonesian.<a href="#cite_note-ClynesDet2011-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zur2008-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhythm">Rhythm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rhythm">edit</a>]</div> The classification of languages based on rhythm can be problematic.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Nevertheless, acoustic measurements suggest that Indonesian has more syllable-based rhythm than British English,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> even though doubts remain about whether the syllable is the appropriate unit for the study of Malay prosody.<a href="#cite_note-Zur2008-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay grammar</a></div> Word order in Indonesian is generally <a href="/wiki/Subject-verb-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-verb-object">subject-verb-object</a> (SVO), similar to that of most modern <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a> as well as English. However, considerable flexibility in word ordering exists, in contrast with languages such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, for instance, which always end clauses with verbs. Indonesian, while allowing for relatively flexible word orderings, does not mark for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical case</a>, nor does it make use of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixes">Affixes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Affixes">edit</a>]</div> Indonesian words are composed of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root is the primary lexical unit of a word and is usually bisyllabic, of the shape CV(C)CV(C). Affixes are "glued" onto roots (which are either nouns or verbs) to alter or expand the primary meaning associated with a given root, effectively generating new words, for example, masak (to cook) may become memasak (cooking), memasakkan (cook for), dimasak (be cooked), pemasak (a cook), masakan (a meal, cookery), termasak (accidentally cooked). There are four types of affixes: <a href="/wiki/Prefixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefixes">prefixes</a> (awalan), <a href="/wiki/Suffixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffixes">suffixes</a> (akhiran), <a href="/wiki/Circumfixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumfixes">circumfixes</a> (apitan) and <a href="/wiki/Infixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Infixes">infixes</a> (sisipan). Affixes are categorized into noun, verb, and adjective affixes. Many initial consonants alternate in the presence of prefixes: sapu (to sweep) becomes menyapu (sweeps/sweeping); panggil (to call) becomes memanggil (calls/calling), tapis (to sieve) becomes menapis (sieves). Other examples of the use of <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word ajar (to teach): <ul><li>ajar = to teach</li> <li>ajari = to teach (imperative, locative)</li> <li>ajarilah = to teach (jussive, locative)</li> <li>ajarkan = to teach (imperative, causative/applicative)</li> <li>ajarkanlah = to teach (jussive, causative/applicative)</li> <li>ajarlah = to teach (jussive, active)</li> <li>ajaran = teachings</li> <li>belajar = to learn (<a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a>, active)</li> <li>diajar = to be taught (intransitive)</li> <li>diajari = to be taught (transitive, locative)</li> <li>diajarkan = to be taught (transitive, causative/applicative)</li> <li>dipelajari = to be studied (locative)</li> <li>dipelajarkan = to be studied (causative/applicative)</li> <li>mempelajari = to study (locative)</li> <li>mempelajarkan = to study (causative/applicative)</li> <li>mengajar = to teach (<a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a>, active)</li> <li>mengajarkan = to teach (<a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a>, casuative/applicative)</li> <li>mengajari = to teach (<a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a>, locative)</li> <li>pelajar = student</li> <li>pelajari = to study (imperative, locative)</li> <li>pelajarilah = to study (jussive, locative)</li> <li>pelajarkan = to study (imperative, causative/applicative)</li> <li>pelajarkanlah = to study (jussive, causative/applicative)</li> <li>pengajar = teacher, someone who teaches</li> <li>pelajaran = subject, education</li> <li>pelajari = to study (jussive, locative)</li> <li>pelajarkan = to study (jussive, causative/applicative)</li> <li>pengajaran = lesson</li> <li>pembelajaran = learning</li> <li>terajar = to be taught (accidentally)</li> <li>terajari = to be taught (accidentally, locative)</li> <li>terajarkan = to be taught (accidentally, causative/applicative)</li> <li>terpelajar = well-educated, literally "been taught"</li> <li>terpelajari = been taught (locative)</li> <li>terpelajarkan = been taught (causative/applicative)</li> <li>berpelajaran = is educated, literally "has education"</li></ul> -Kan and -i both increase the valency of verbs, but -i should be used "if [the verb] is directly followed by an animate object."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun_affixes">Noun affixes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Noun affixes">edit</a>]</div> Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words. The following are examples of noun affixes: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Type of noun affixes </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Affix </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Example of root word </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Example of derived word </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prefix </td> <td>pə(r)- ~ pəng- </td> <td>duduk (sit) </td> <td>penduduk (population) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>kə- </td> <td>hendak (want) </td> <td>kehendak (desire) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infix </td> <td>⟨əl⟩ </td> <td>tunjuk (point) </td> <td>telunjuk (index finger, command) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>⟨əm⟩ </td> <td>kelut (dishevelled) </td> <td>kemelut (chaos, crisis) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>⟨ər⟩ </td> <td>gigi (teeth) </td> <td>gerigi (toothed blade) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suffix </td> <td>-an </td> <td>bangun (wake up, raise) </td> <td>bangunan (building) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Circumfix </td> <td>kə-...-an </td> <td>raja (king) </td> <td>kerajaan (kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>pə(r)-...-an pəng-...-an </td> <td>kerja (work) </td> <td>pekerjaan (occupation) </td></tr></tbody></table> The prefix per- drops its r before r, l and frequently before p, t, k. In some words it is peng-; though formally distinct, these are treated as variants of the same prefix in Indonesian grammar books. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb_affixes">Verb affixes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verb affixes">edit</a>]</div> Similarly, verb affixes in Indonesian are attached to root words to form verbs. In Indonesian, there are: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of verb affixes </th> <th>Affix </th> <th>Example of root word </th> <th>Example of derived word </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Prefix </th> <td>bər- </td> <td>ajar (teach) </td> <td>belajar (to study)<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>məng- </td> <td>tolong (help) </td> <td>menolong (to help) </td></tr> <tr> <td>di- </td> <td>ambil (take) </td> <td>diambil (be taken) </td></tr> <tr> <td>məmpər- </td> <td>panjang (length) </td> <td>memperpanjang (to lengthen) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dipər- </td> <td>dalam (deep) </td> <td>diperdalam (be deepened) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tər- </td> <td>makan (eat) </td> <td>termakan (to have accidentally eaten) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Suffix </th> <td>-kan </td> <td>letak (place, keep) </td> <td>letakkan (keep, put) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-i </td> <td>jauh (far) </td> <td>jauhi (avoid) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="10">Circumfix </th> <td>bər-...-an </td> <td>pasang (pair) </td> <td>berpasangan (in pairs) </td></tr> <tr> <td>bər-...-kan </td> <td>dasar (base) </td> <td>berdasarkan (based on) </td></tr> <tr> <td>məng-...-kan </td> <td>pasti (sure) </td> <td>memastikan (to make sure) </td></tr> <tr> <td>məng-...-i </td> <td>teman (company) </td> <td>menemani (to accompany) </td></tr> <tr> <td>məmpər-...-kan </td> <td>guna (use) </td> <td>mempergunakan (to utilise, to exploit) </td></tr> <tr> <td>məmpər-...-i </td> <td>ajar (teach) </td> <td>mempelajari (to study) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kə-...-an </td> <td>hilang (disappear) </td> <td>kehilangan (to lose) </td></tr> <tr> <td>di-...-i </td> <td>sakit (pain) </td> <td>disakiti (to be hurt by) </td></tr> <tr> <td>di-...-kan </td> <td>benar (right) </td> <td>dibenarkan (is allowed to) </td></tr> <tr> <td>dipər-...-kan </td> <td>kenal (know, recognise) </td> <td>diperkenalkan (is being introduced) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjective_affixes">Adjective affixes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adjective affixes">edit</a>]</div> Adjective affixes are attached to root words to form adjectives: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of adjective affixes </th> <th>Affix </th> <th>Example of root word </th> <th>Example of derived word </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Prefix </th> <td>tər- </td> <td>panas (hot) </td> <td>terpanas (hottest) </td></tr> <tr> <td>sə- </td> <td>baik (good) </td> <td>sebaik (as good as) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Infix </th> <td>⟨əl⟩ </td> <td>serak (disperse) </td> <td>selerak (messy) </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨əm⟩ </td> <td>cerlang (radiant bright) </td> <td>cemerlang (bright, excellent) </td></tr> <tr> <td>⟨ər⟩ </td> <td>sabut (husk) </td> <td>serabut (dishevelled) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Circumfix </th> <td>kə-...-an </td> <td>barat (west) </td> <td>kebaratan (westernized) </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition to these affixes, Indonesian also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example, maha-, pasca-, eka-, bi-, anti-, pro- etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a>]</div> Common derivational affixes for nouns are peng-/per-/juru- (actor, instrument, or someone characterized by the root), -an (collectivity, similarity, object, place, instrument), ke-...-an (abstractions and qualities, collectivities), per-/peng-...-an (abstraction, place, goal or result). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender">Gender</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gender">edit</a>]</div> Indonesian does not make use of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, and there are only selected words that use natural <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>. For instance, the same word is used for he/him and she/her (dia or ia) or for his and her (dia, ia or -nya). No real distinction is made between "girlfriend" and "boyfriend", both of which can be referred to as pacar (although more colloquial terms as cewek girl/girlfriend and cowok boy/boyfriend can also be found). A majority of Indonesian words that refer to people generally have a form that does not distinguish between the natural genders. However, unlike English, distinction is made between older or younger. There are some words that have gender: for instance, putri means "daughter" while putra means "son"; pramugara means "male flight attendant" while pramugari means "female flight attendant". Another example is olahragawan, which means "sportsman", versus olahragawati, meaning "sportswoman". Often, words like these (or certain suffixes such as "-a" and "-i" or "-wan" and "wati") are absorbed from other languages (in these cases, from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>). In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatra and Jakarta, abang (a gender-specific term meaning "older brother") is commonly used as a form of address for older siblings/males, while kakak (a non-gender specific term meaning "older sibling") is often used to mean "older sister". Similarly, more direct influences from other languages, such as Javanese and Chinese, have also seen further use of other gendered words in Indonesian. For example: Mas ("older brother"), Mbak ("older sister"), Koko ("older brother") and Cici ("older sister"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number">Number</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Number">edit</a>]</div> Indonesian grammar does not regularly mark <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plurals</a>. In Indonesian, to change a singular into a plural one either repeats the word or adds para before it (the latter for living things only); for example, "students" can be either murid-murid or para murid. Plurals are rarely used in Indonesian, especially in informal parlance. Reduplication is often mentioned as the formal way to express the plural form of nouns in Indonesian; however, in informal daily discourse, speakers of Indonesian usually use other methods to indicate the concept of something being "more than one". Reduplication may also indicate the conditions of variety and diversity as well, and not simply plurality. <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> is commonly used to emphasise plurality; however, reduplication has many other functions. For example, orang-orang means "(all the) people", but orang-orangan means "scarecrow". Similarly, while hati means "heart" or "liver", hati-hati is a verb meaning "to be careful". Also, not all reduplicated words are inherently plural, such as orang-orangan "scarecrow/scarecrows", biri-biri "a/some sheep" and kupu-kupu "butterfly/butterflies". Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact, as in sayur-mayur "(all sorts of) vegetables". Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural: pohon "tree", pepohonan "flora, trees"; rumah "house", perumahan "housing, houses"; gunung "mountain", pegunungan "mountain range, mountains". Quantity words come before the noun: seribu orang "a thousand people", beberapa pegunungan "a series of mountain ranges", beberapa kupu-kupu "some butterflies". Plural in Indonesian serves just to explicitly mention the number of objects in sentence. For example, Ani membeli satu kilo mangga (Ani buys one kilogram of mangoes). In this case, "mangoes", which is plural, is not said as mangga-mangga because the plurality is implicit: the amount a kilogram means more than one mango rather than one giant mango. So, as it is logically, one does not change the singular into the plural form, because it is not necessary and considered a <a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">pleonasm</a> (in Indonesian often called pemborosan kata). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Personal pronouns are not a separate part of speech, but a subset of nouns. They are frequently omitted, and there are numerous ways to say "you". Commonly the person's name, title, title with name, or occupation is used ("does Johnny want to go?", "would Madam like to go?"); kin terms, including <a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">fictive kinship</a>, are extremely common. However, there are also dedicated personal pronouns, as well as the demonstrative pronouns ini "this, the" and itu "that, the". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns">edit</a>]</div> From the perspective of a European language, Indonesian boasts a wide range of different pronouns, especially to refer to the addressee (the so-called second person pronouns). These are used to differentiate several parameters of the person they are referred to, such as the social rank and the relationship between the addressee and the speaker. Indonesian also exhibits <a href="/wiki/Pronoun_avoidance" title="Pronoun avoidance">pronoun avoidance</a>, often preferring kinship terms and titles over pronouns, particularly for respectful forms of address. The table below provides an overview of the most commonly and widely used pronouns in the Indonesian language: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Common pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Respect </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person exclusive </th> <th>Informal, Familiar </th> <td align="center">aku </td> <td rowspan="2">I </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">kami </td> <td rowspan="2">we (not including the listener) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Standard, Polite </th> <td style="text-align:center;">saya </td></tr> <tr> <th>1st person inclusive </th> <th>All </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">kita </td> <td>we (including the listener) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>Familiar </th> <td style="text-align:center;">kamu, engkau, kau </td> <td rowspan="2">you </td> <td style="text-align:center;">kalian </td> <td rowspan="2">you all </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polite </th> <td style="text-align:center;">Anda </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Anda sekalian </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>Familiar </th> <td align="center">dia, ia </td> <td>s/he, it </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">mereka </td> <td rowspan="2">they </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polite </th> <td align="center">beliau </td> <td>s/he </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>First person pronouns</li></ul> Notable among the personal-pronoun system is a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">two forms of "we"</a>: kita (you and me, you and us) and kami (us, but not you). The distinction is not always followed in colloquial Indonesian. Saya and aku are the two major forms of "I". Saya is the more formal form, whereas aku is used with family, friends, and between lovers. Colloquially, gue or gua (derived from Hokkien) is often used. However, this is only used when talking with close friends, and not used in family context as it is considered not polite. Sahaya is an old or literary form of saya. Sa(ha)ya may also be used for "we", but in such cases it is usually used with sekalian or semua "all"; this form is ambiguous as to whether it corresponds with inclusive kami or exclusive kita. Less common are hamba "slave", hamba tuan, hamba datuk (all extremely humble), beta (a royal addressing oneselves), patik (a commoner addressing a royal), kami (royal or editorial "we"), kita, təman, and kawan. <ul><li>Second person pronouns</li></ul> There are three common forms of "you", Anda (polite), kamu (familiar), and kalian "all" (commonly used as a plural form of you, slightly informal). Anda is used with strangers, recent acquaintances, in advertisements, in business, and when you wish to show distance, while kamu is used in situations where the speaker would use aku for "I". Colloquially, lu (derived from Hokkien) is often used among close friends, just like how gue or gua is used when referring to "I". Anda sekalian is polite plural. Particularly in conversation, respectful titles like Bapak/Pak "father" (used for any older male), Ibu/Bu "mother" (any older woman), and tuan "sir" are often used instead of pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Engkau (əngkau), commonly shortened to kau. <ul><li>Third person pronouns</li></ul> The common word for "s/he" and "they" is ia, which has the object and emphatic/focused form dia. Bəliau "his/her Honour" is respectful. As with "you", names and kin terms are extremely common. Mereka "someone", mereka itu, or orang itu "those people" are used for "they". <ul><li>Regional varieties</li></ul> There are a large number of other words for "I" and "you", many regional, dialectical, or borrowed from local languages. Saudara "you" (male) and saudari (female) (plural saudara-saudara or saudari-saudari) show utmost respect. Daku "I" and dikau "you" are poetic or romantic. Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian slang language">gua</a> "I" (from <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 我; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: góa) and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian slang language">lu</a> "you" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 汝; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: lú) are slang and extremely informal. The pronouns aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami, and kita are indigenous to Indonesian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns">edit</a>]</div> Aku, kamu, engkau, and ia have short possessive <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table". <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Possessed forms of meja "table" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Enclitic </th> <th>Possessed form </th></tr> <tr> <td>aku </td> <td>-ku </td> <td>mejaku (my table) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kamu </td> <td>-mu </td> <td>mejamu (your table) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ia </td> <td>-nya </td> <td>mejanya (his, her, their table) </td></tr></tbody></table> There are also <a href="/wiki/Proclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclitic">proclitic</a> forms of aku, ku- and kau-. These are used when there is no emphasis on the pronoun: <dl><dd>Kudengar raja itu menderita penyakit kulit. Aku mengetahui ilmu kedokteran. Akulah yang akan mengobati dia.</dd> <dd>"It has come to my attention that the King has a skin disease. I am skilled in medicine. I will cure him."</dd></dl> Here ku-verb is used for a general report, aku verb is used for a factual statement, and emphatic aku-lah meng-verb (≈ "I am the one who...") for focus on the pronoun.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The suffix -nya is a special case: it can be also used to mark <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a>, or to link two nouns in possession (<a href="/wiki/His_genitive" title="His genitive">his genitive</a>). It is also even extended to pronouns and names. However, this usage has been occasionally criticized.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns">edit</a>]</div> There are two <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative pronouns</a> in Indonesian. Ini "this, these" is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker. Itu "that, those" is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker. Either may sometimes be equivalent to English "the". There is no difference between singular and plural. However, plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a ini or itu. The word yang "which" is often placed before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty, particularly when making references or enquiries about something/ someone, like English "this one" or "that one". <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ini </th> <td>buku ini </td> <td>This book, these books, the book(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>buku-buku ini </td> <td>These books, (all) the books </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">itu </th> <td>kucing itu </td> <td>That cat, those cats, the cat(s) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kucing-kucing itu </td> <td>Those cats, the (various) cats </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun + yang </th> <th>Example sentence </th> <th>English meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Yang ini </td> <td>Q: Anda mau membeli buku yang mana? A: Saya mau yang ini. </td> <td>Q: Which book do you wish to purchase? A: I would like this one. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yang itu </td> <td>Q: Kucing mana yang memakan tikusmu? A: Yang itu! </td> <td>Q: Which cat ate your mouse? A: That one! </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Verbs">edit</a>]</div> Verbs are not <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected</a> for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as sudah "already" and belum "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a> or intentional and accidental <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>. Some of these affixes are ignored in colloquial speech. Examples of these are the prefixes di- (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian alignment">patient focus</a>, traditionally called "passive voice", with OVA word order in the third person, and OAV in the first or second persons), meng- (<a href="/wiki/Austronesian_alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian alignment">agent focus</a>, traditionally called "active voice", with AVO word order), memper- and diper- (<a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a>, agent and patient focus), ber- (<a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">stative</a> or habitual; intransitive VS order), and ter- (agentless actions, such as those which are involuntary, sudden, stative or accidental, for VA = VO order); the suffixes -kan (causative or <a href="/wiki/Benefactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefactive">benefactive</a>) and -i (locative, repetitive, or exhaustive); and the circumfixes ber-...-an (<a href="/wiki/Pluractionality" title="Pluractionality">plural subject, diffuse action</a>) and ke-...-an (unintentional or potential action or state). <ul><li>duduk to sit down</li> <li>mendudukkan to sit someone down, give someone a seat, to appoint</li> <li>menduduki to sit on, to occupy</li> <li>didudukkan to be given a seat, to be appointed</li> <li>diduduki to be sat on, to be occupied</li> <li>terduduk to sink down, to come to sit</li> <li>kedudukan to be situated</li></ul> Forms in ter- and ke-...-an are often equivalent to adjectives in English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negation">Negation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Negation">edit</a>]</div> Four words are used for negation in Indonesian, namely tidak, bukan, jangan, and belum. <ul><li>Tidak (not), often shortened to tak, is used for the negation of verbs and "adjectives".</li> <li>Bukan (be-not) is used in the negation of a noun.</li></ul> For example: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>Gloss </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Saya tidak tahu (Saya gak/ngga tahu(informal) </td> <td>I not know </td> <td>I do not know </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ibu saya tidak senang (Ibu saya gak/ngga senang(informal)) </td> <td>mother I not be-happy </td> <td>My mother is not happy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itu bukan anjing saya </td> <td>that be-not dog I </td> <td>That is not my dog </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Prohibition">edit</a>]</div> For negating imperatives or advising against certain actions in Indonesian, the word jangan (do not) is used before the verb. For example, <ul><li>Jangan tinggalkan saya di sini!</li></ul> <dl><dd>Don't leave me here!</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jangan lakukan itu!</li></ul> <dl><dd>Don't do that!</dd></dl> <ul><li>Jangan! Itu tidak bagus untukmu.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Don't! That's not good for you.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Adjectives">edit</a>]</div> There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian. <a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative verbs</a> are often used for this purpose as well. Adjectives are always placed after the noun that they modify. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>Gloss </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hutan hijau </td> <td>forest green </td> <td>(The) green forest </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hutan itu hijau </td> <td>forest that green </td> <td>That/the forest is green </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kereta yang merah </td> <td>carriage which red </td> <td>(The) carriage which is red = the red carriage </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kereta merah </td> <td>carriage red </td> <td>Red carriage </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dia orang yang terkenal sekali </td> <td>he/she person which famous very </td> <td>He/she is a very famous person </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orang terkenal </td> <td>person famous </td> <td>Famous person </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orang ini terkenal sekali </td> <td>person this famous very </td> <td>This person is very famous </td></tr></tbody></table> To say that something "is" an adjective, the determiners "itu" and "ini" ("that" and "this") are often used. For example, in the sentence "anjing itu galak", the use of "itu" gives a meaning of "the/that dog is ferocious", while "anjing ini galak", gives a meaning of "this dog is ferocious". However, if "itu" or "ini" were not to be used, then "anjing galak" would only mean "ferocious dog", a plain adjective without any stative implications. The all-purpose determiner, "yang", is also often used before adjectives, hence "anjing yang galak" also means "ferocious dog" or more literally "dog which is ferocious"; "yang" will often be used for clarity. Hence, in a sentence such as "saya didekati oleh anjing galak" which means "I was approached by a ferocious dog", the use of the adjective "galak" is not stative at all. Often the "ber-" intransitive verb prefix, or the "ter-" stative prefix is used to express the meaning of "to be...". For example, "beda" means "different", hence "berbeda" means "to be different"; "awan" means "cloud", hence "berawan" means "cloudy". Using the "ter-" prefix, implies a state of being. For example, "buka" means "open", hence "terbuka" means "is opened"; "tutup" means "closed/shut", hence "tertutup" means "is closed/shut". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Word order">edit</a>]</div> Adjectives, <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> determiners, and <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> determiners follow the noun they modify. Indonesian does not have a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">grammatical subject</a> in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order. Either the agent or object or both may be omitted. This is commonly done to accomplish one of two things: <dl><dt>1) Adding a sense of politeness and respect to a statement or question</dt></dl> For example, a polite shop assistant in a store may avoid the use of pronouns altogether and ask: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ellipses of pronoun (agent & object) </th> <th>Literal English </th> <th>Idiomatic English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bisa dibantu? </td> <td>Can + to be helped? </td> <td>Can (I) help (you)? </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>2) Agent or object is unknown, not important, or understood from context</dt></dl> For example, a friend may enquire as to when you bought your property, to which you may respond: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ellipses of pronoun (understood agent) </th> <th>Literal English </th> <th>Idiomatic English </th></tr> <tr> <td>Rumah ini dibeli lima tahun yang lalu </td> <td>House this + be purchased five-year(s) ago </td> <td>The house 'was purchased' five years ago </td></tr></tbody></table> Ultimately, the choice of voice and therefore word order is a choice between actor and patient and depends quite heavily on the language style and context. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emphasis">Emphasis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Emphasis">edit</a>]</div> Word order is frequently modified for <a href="/wiki/Focus_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus (grammar)">focus</a> or emphasis, with the focused word usually placed at the beginning of the clause and followed by a slight pause (a break in <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>): <ul><li>Saya pergi ke pasar kemarin "I went to the market yesterday" – neutral, or with focus on the subject.</li> <li>Kemarin, saya pergi ke pasar "Yesterday I went to the market" – emphasis on yesterday.</li> <li>Ke pasar, saya pergi kemarin "To the market I went yesterday" – emphasis on where I went yesterday.</li> <li>Pergi ke pasar, saya, kemarin "To the market went I yesterday" – emphasis on the process of going to the market.</li></ul> The last two are more likely to be encountered in speech than in writing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measure_words">Measure words</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Measure words">edit</a>]</div> Another distinguishing feature of Indonesian is its use of <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure words</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">classifiers</a> (kata penggolong). In this way, it is similar to many other languages of Asia, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. Measure words are also found in English such as two head of cattle or a loaf of bread, where *two cattle and a bread<a href="#cite_note-102">[a]</a> would be ungrammatical. The word satu reduces to se- /sə/, as it does in other compounds: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Measure word </th> <th>Used for measuring </th> <th>Literal translation </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>buah </td> <td>things (in general), large things, abstract nouns houses, cars, ships, mountains; books, rivers, chairs, some fruits, thoughts, etc. </td> <td>'fruit' </td> <td>dua buah meja (two tables), lima buah rumah (five houses) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ekor </td> <td>animals </td> <td>'tail' </td> <td>seekor ayam (a chicken), tiga ekor kambing (three goats) </td></tr> <tr> <td>orang </td> <td>human beings </td> <td>'person' </td> <td>seorang laki-laki (a man), enam orang petani (six farmers), seratus orang murid (a hundred students) </td></tr> <tr> <td>biji </td> <td>smaller rounded objects most fruits, cups, nuts </td> <td>'grain' </td> <td>sebiji/ sebutir telur (an egg), sebutir/ butiran-butiran beras (rice or rices) </td></tr> <tr> <td>batang </td> <td>long stiff things trees, walking sticks, pencils </td> <td>'trunk, rod' </td> <td>sebatang tongkat (a stick) </td></tr> <tr> <td>həlai </td> <td>things in thin layers or sheets paper, cloth, feathers, hair </td> <td>'leaf' </td> <td>sepuluh helai pakaian (ten cloths) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kəping keping </td> <td>flat fragments, slabs of stone, pieces of wood, pieces of bread, land, coins, paper </td> <td>'chip' </td> <td>sekeping uang logam (a coin) </td></tr> <tr> <td>pucuk </td> <td>letters, firearms, needles </td> <td>'sprout' </td> <td>sepucuk senjata (a weapon) </td></tr> <tr> <td>bilah </td> <td>things which cut lengthwise and thicker </td> <td>'blade' </td> <td>sebilah kayu (a piece of wood) </td></tr> <tr> <td>bidanɡ </td> <td>things shaped square or which can be measured with number </td> <td>'field' </td> <td>sebidang tanah/lahan (an area) </td></tr> <tr> <td>potong </td> <td>things that are cut bread </td> <td>'cut' </td> <td>sepotong roti (slices of bread) </td></tr> <tr> <td>utas </td> <td>nets, cords, ribbons </td> <td>'thread' </td> <td>seutas tali (a rope) </td></tr> <tr> <td>carik </td> <td>things easily torn, like paper </td> <td>'shred' </td> <td>secarik kertas (a piece of paper) </td></tr></tbody></table> Example: Measure words are not necessary just to say "a": burung "a bird, birds". Using se- plus a measure word is closer to English "one" or "a certain": <dl><dd>Ada seekor burung yang bisa berbicara</dd> <dd>"There was a (certain) bird that could talk"</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian alphabet">Indonesian alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Spelling System">Indonesian Spelling System</a></div> Indonesian is written with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. It was originally based on the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch spelling">Dutch spelling</a> and still bears some similarities to it. Consonants are represented in a way similar to <a href="/wiki/Italian_language#Writing_system" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, although ⟨c⟩ is always /tʃ/ (like English ⟨ch⟩), ⟨g⟩ is always /ɡ/ ("hard") and ⟨j⟩ represents /dʒ/ as it does in English. In addition, ⟨ny⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> /ɲ/, ⟨ng⟩ is used for the <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> /ŋ/ (which can occur word-initially), ⟨sy⟩ for /ʃ/ (English ⟨sh⟩) and ⟨kh⟩ for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> /x/. Both /e/ and /ə/ are represented with ⟨e⟩. Spelling changes in the language that have occurred since Indonesian independence include: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme</th> <th>Obsolete spelling</th> <th>Modern spelling </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</td> <td>oe</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</td> <td>tj</td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</td> <td>dj</td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</td> <td>j</td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</td> <td>nj</td> <td>ny </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</td> <td>sj</td> <td>sy </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</td> <td>ch</td> <td>kh </td></tr></tbody></table> Introduced in 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">van Ophuijsen system</a> (named from the advisor of the system, Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen) was the first standardization of romanized spelling. It was most influenced by the then current <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch spelling system</a> and based on the dialect of Malay spoken in Johor.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 1947, the spelling was changed into <a href="/wiki/Republican_Spelling_System" title="Republican Spelling System">Republican Spelling</a> or Soewandi Spelling (named by at the time Minister of Education, Soewandi). This spelling changed formerly spelled oe into u (however, the spelling influenced other aspects in orthography, for example writing reduplicated words). All of the other changes were a part of the <a href="/wiki/Perfected_Spelling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfected Spelling System">Perfected Spelling System</a>, an officially mandated <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">spelling reform</a> in 1972. Some of the old spellings (which were derived from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch orthography</a>) do survive in proper names; for example, the name of a former president of Indonesia is still sometimes written <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Soeharto</a>, and the central Java city of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta</a> is sometimes written Jogjakarta. In time, the spelling system is further updated and the latest update of Indonesian spelling system issued on 16 August 2022 by Head of Language Development and Fostering Agency decree No 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022.<a href="#cite_note-EYDV-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_names_and_pronunciations">Letter names and pronunciations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Letter names and pronunciations">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Indonesian alphabet</a> is exactly the same as in ISO basic Latin alphabet. <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" colspan="26"><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule Forms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td style="width:3%;"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" colspan="26"><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule Forms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v</td> <td>w</td> <td>x</td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> Indonesian follows the letter names of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch alphabet</a>. Indonesian alphabet has a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a>; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions. The letters Q, V and X are rarely encountered, being chiefly used for writing <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>Name (in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th> <th>Sound (in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th> <th>English equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>Aa </td> <td>a (/a/) </td> <td>/a/ </td> <td>a as in father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bb </td> <td>be (/be/) </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>b as in bed </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cc </td> <td>ce (/t͡ʃe/) </td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td> <td>ch as in check </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dd </td> <td>de (/de/) </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>d as in day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ee </td> <td>e (/e/) </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>e as in red </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ff </td> <td>ef (/ef/) </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td>f as in effort </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gg </td> <td>ge (/ge/) </td> <td>/ɡ/ </td> <td>g as in gain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hh </td> <td>ha (/ha/) </td> <td>/h/ </td> <td>h as in harm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ii </td> <td>i (/i/) </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>ee as in see </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jj </td> <td>je (/d͡ʒe/) </td> <td>/d͡ʒ/ </td> <td>j as in jam </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kk </td> <td>ka (/ka/) </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>k as in karma </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ll </td> <td>el (/el/) </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>l as in else </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mm </td> <td>em (/em/) </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>m as in empty </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nn </td> <td>en (/en/) </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td>n as in energy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oo </td> <td>o (/o/) </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>o as in owe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pp </td> <td>pe (/pe/) </td> <td>/p/ </td> <td>p as in pet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qq </td> <td>qi or qiu (/ki/ or /kiu̯/) </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>q as in queue </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rr </td> <td>er (/er/) </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>Spanish rr as in perro </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ss </td> <td>es (/es/) </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>s as in establish </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tt </td> <td>te (/te/) </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td>t as in text </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uu </td> <td>u (/u/) </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>oo as in pool </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vv </td> <td>ve (/fe/) </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td>v as in vest </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ww </td> <td> we (/we/) </td> <td>/w/ </td> <td>w as in wet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xx </td> <td> ex (/eks/) </td> <td>/ks/ or /s/ </td> <td>x as in ex </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yy </td> <td> ye (/je/) </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td>y as in yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zz </td> <td>zet (/zet/) </td> <td>/z/ </td> <td>z as in zebra </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition, there are <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:<a href="#cite_note-Omniglot-104">[103]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Digraph </th> <th>Sound </th> <th>English equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td>ai </td> <td>/aɪ/ </td> <td>uy as in buy </td></tr> <tr> <td>au </td> <td>/aʊ/ </td> <td>ou as in ouch </td></tr> <tr> <td>oi </td> <td>/oɪ/ </td> <td>oy as in boy </td></tr> <tr> <td>ei </td> <td>/eɪ/ </td> <td>ey as in survey </td></tr> <tr> <td>gh </td> <td>/ɣ/ or /x/ </td> <td>similar to Dutch and German ch, but voiced </td></tr> <tr> <td>kh </td> <td>/x/ </td> <td>ch as in loch </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td>ng as in sing </td></tr> <tr> <td>ny </td> <td>/ɲ/ </td> <td>Spanish ñ; similar to ny as in canyon with a nasal sound </td></tr> <tr> <td>sy </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>sh as in shoe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Indonesian" title="List of loanwords in Indonesian">List of loanwords in Indonesian</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#000000; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:#696969"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#696969"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#696969"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:#8B008B"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#8B008B"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#8B008B"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:#BB133E"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#BB133E"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#BB133E"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 166.69143794028px; border-left-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 50.163620075652px; border-left-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:74.594114542418px 66.601186743425px 0 0; border-top-color:#00247D"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#00247D"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 196.26105055052px 100px 0; border-right-color:#FCB514"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#FCB514"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Pie chart showing percentage of other languages contribute on loan words of Indonesian language <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Dutch (42.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  English (20.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Arabic (19%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sanskrit and Hindi (9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Chinese (3.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Portuguese (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Tamil (2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Persian (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> As a modern variety of Malay, Indonesian has been influenced by other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (where the name of the country, Indonesia, comes from), <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from the root lexical stock of Austronesian (including Old Malay).<a href="#cite_note-Paauw-35">[35]</a> The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reveals both its historical and social contexts. Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings from the 7th century during the trading era, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular, and those from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> List of loan words of Indonesian language published by the <a href="/wiki/Language_Development_and_Fostering_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Development and Fostering Agency">Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan</a> (The Language Center) under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Indonesia)">Ministry of Education and Culture</a>:<a href="#cite_note-badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id-106">[105]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language origin </th> <th>Number of words </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dutch </td> <td>3280 </td></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td>1610 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arabic </td> <td>1495 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanskrit </td> <td>677 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chinese </td> <td>290 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portuguese </td> <td>131 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamil </td> <td>131 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Persian </td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hindi </td> <td>7 </td></tr></tbody></table> Note: This list only lists foreign languages, thus omitting numerous local languages of Indonesia that have also been major lexical donors, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words_of_Sanskrit_origin">Loan words of Sanskrit origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Loan words of Sanskrit origin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sanskrit_loanwords_in_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sanskrit loanwords in Indonesian">List of Sanskrit loanwords in Indonesian</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Insignia_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg/100px-Insignia_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Insignia_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg/150px-Insignia_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Insignia_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg/200px-Insignia_of_the_Indonesian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1236" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Indonesian National Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Indonesian Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Indonesian Navy</a> mottos are Rastra Sewakottama, Swa Bhuwana Paksa, Kartika Eka Paksi, Jalesveva Jayamahe, all in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> language.</div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> influence came from contacts with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> since ancient times. The words were either borrowed directly from India or with the intermediary of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Javanese language">Old Javanese language</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>, which are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and everyday life. From <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> came such words as स्वर्ग surga (heaven), भाषा bahasa (language), काच kaca (glass, mirror), राज- raja (king), मनुष्य manusia (mankind), चिन्ता cinta (love), भूमि bumi (earth), भुवन buana (world), आगम agama (religion), स्त्री Istri (wife/woman), जय Jaya (victory/victorious), पुर Pura (city/temple/place) राक्षस <a href="/wiki/Raksasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Raksasa">Raksasa</a> (giant/monster), धर्म <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (rule/regulations), मन्त्र <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> (words/poet/spiritual prayers), क्षत्रिय Satria (warrior/brave/soldier), विजय Wijaya (greatly victorious/great victory), etc. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> words and sentences are also used in names, titles, and mottos of the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces such as: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Bhayangkara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laksamana" title="Laksamana">Laksamana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Jatayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, Dharmakerta Marga Reksyaka, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Jalesveva Jayamahe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Kartika Eka Paksi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Swa Bhuwana Paksa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Rastra Sewakottama</a>, Yudha Siaga, etc. Because <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> has long been known in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a>, Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign. Therefore, one could write a short story using mostly Sanskrit-derived words. The short story below consists of approximately 80 words in Indonesian that are all derived from Sanskrit, as well as a few native <a href="/wiki/Function_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Function words">function words</a> and affixes. <dl><dd><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karena" class="extiw" title="wikt:karena">Karena</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/semua" class="extiw" title="wikt:semua">semua</a> di<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biaya" class="extiw" title="wikt:biaya">biaya</a>i meng<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guna" class="extiw" title="wikt:guna">guna</a>kan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dana" class="extiw" title="wikt:dana">dana</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/negara" class="extiw" title="wikt:negara">negara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/juta" class="extiw" title="wikt:juta">juta</a>an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rupiah" class="extiw" title="wikt:rupiah">rupiah</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baginda" class="extiw" title="wikt:baginda">baginda</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maharaja" class="extiw" title="wikt:maharaja">maharaja</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bijaksa" class="extiw" title="wikt:bijaksa">bijaksana</a>, sang <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mahaguru" class="extiw" title="wikt:mahaguru">mahaguru</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sastra" class="extiw" title="wikt:sastra">sastra</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bahasa" class="extiw" title="wikt:bahasa">bahasa</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kawi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kawi">Kawi</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mahasiswa" class="extiw" title="wikt:mahasiswa">mahasiswa</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mahasiswi" class="extiw" title="wikt:mahasiswi">mahasiswi</a> per<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/guru" class="extiw" title="wikt:guru">guru</a>an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swasta" class="extiw" title="wikt:swasta">swasta</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duta" class="extiw" title="wikt:duta">duta</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/duta" class="extiw" title="wikt:duta">duta</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/negeri" class="extiw" title="wikt:negeri">negeri</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mitra" class="extiw" title="wikt:mitra">mitra</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suami" class="extiw" title="wikt:suami">suami</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/istri" class="extiw" title="wikt:istri">istrinya</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Menteri" class="extiw" title="wikt:Menteri">Menteri</a> Ke<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/budaya" class="extiw" title="wikt:budaya">budaya</a>an dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pariwisata" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pariwisata">Pariwisata</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyawan" class="extiw" title="wikt:karyawan">karyawan</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karyawati" class="extiw" title="wikt:karyawati">karyawati</a> per<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/usaha" class="extiw" title="wikt:usaha">usaha</a>an ke<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tenaga" class="extiw" title="wikt:tenaga">tenaga</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kerja" class="extiw" title="wikt:kerja">kerja</a>an, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bupati" class="extiw" title="wikt:bupati">bupati</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/budiman" class="extiw" title="wikt:budiman">budiman</a>, be<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serta" class="extiw" title="wikt:serta">serta</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anggota" class="extiw" title="wikt:anggota">anggota</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lembaga" class="extiw" title="wikt:lembaga">lembaga</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nirlaba" class="extiw" title="wikt:nirlaba">nirlaba</a> ke<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wanita" class="extiw" title="wikt:wanita">wanita</a>an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/segera" class="extiw" title="wikt:segera">segera</a> ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/darmawisata" class="extiw" title="wikt:darmawisata">darmawisata</a> ke ka<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kawasan" class="extiw" title="wikt:kawasan">wasa</a>n pe<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/desa" class="extiw" title="wikt:desa">desa</a>an di <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/utara" class="extiw" title="wikt:utara">utara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kota" class="extiw" title="wikt:kota">kota</a> ka<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bupati" class="extiw" title="wikt:bupati">bupate</a>n <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Probolinggo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Probolinggo">Probolinggo</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antara" class="extiw" title="wikt:antara">antara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/candi" class="extiw" title="wikt:candi">candi</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/candi" class="extiw" title="wikt:candi">candi</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purba" class="extiw" title="wikt:purba">purba</a> ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arca" class="extiw" title="wikt:arca">arca</a> dan ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prasasti" class="extiw" title="wikt:prasasti">prasasti</a>, ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wahana" class="extiw" title="wikt:wahana">wahana</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pedati" class="extiw" title="wikt:pedati">pedati</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kuda" class="extiw" title="wikt:kuda">kuda</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/keledai" class="extiw" title="wikt:keledai">keledai</a> di <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kala" class="extiw" title="wikt:kala">kala</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/senja" class="extiw" title="wikt:senja">senja</a>, lalu ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sama" class="extiw" title="wikt:sama">sama</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kepala" class="extiw" title="wikt:kepala">kepala</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bendahara" class="extiw" title="wikt:bendahara">bendahara</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kerani" class="extiw" title="wikt:kerani">kerani</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/desa" class="extiw" title="wikt:desa">desa</a> me<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saksi" class="extiw" title="wikt:saksi">nyaksi</a>kan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/para" class="extiw" title="wikt:para">para</a> pe<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petani" class="extiw" title="wikt:petani">tani</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gembala" class="extiw" title="wikt:gembala">gembala</a> yang ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jiwa" class="extiw" title="wikt:jiwa">jiwa</a> ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sahaja" class="extiw" title="wikt:sahaja">sahaja</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/serta" class="extiw" title="wikt:serta">serta</a> ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/budi" class="extiw" title="wikt:budi">budi</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nirmala" class="extiw" title="wikt:nirmala">nirmala</a> se<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cara" class="extiw" title="wikt:cara">cara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sukacita" class="extiw" title="wikt:sukacita">sukacita</a> dan ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bahagia" class="extiw" title="wikt:bahagia">bahagia</a> ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upacara" class="extiw" title="wikt:upacara">upacara</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seraya" class="extiw" title="wikt:seraya">seraya</a> me<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/merdu" class="extiw" title="wikt:merdu">merdu</a>kan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suara" class="extiw" title="wikt:suara">suara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gita" class="extiw" title="wikt:gita">gita</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gita" class="extiw" title="wikt:gita">gita</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mantra" class="extiw" title="wikt:mantra">mantra</a>, yang me<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rupa" class="extiw" title="wikt:rupa">rupa</a>kan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarana" class="extiw" title="wikt:sarana">sarana</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puji" class="extiw" title="wikt:puji">puji</a>an mereka me<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puja" class="extiw" title="wikt:puja">muja</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nama" class="extiw" title="wikt:nama">nama</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/suci" class="extiw" title="wikt:suci">suci</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dewi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Dewi">Dewi</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pertiwi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Pertiwi">Pertiwi</a>, atas <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kuasa" class="extiw" title="wikt:kuasa">kuasa</a>nya ber<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedia" class="extiw" title="wikt:sedia">sedia</a> meng<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anugerah" class="extiw" title="wikt:anugerah">anugerah</a>i mereka <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/karunia" class="extiw" title="wikt:karunia">karunia</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/restu" class="extiw" title="wikt:restu">restu</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cita" class="extiw" title="wikt:cita">cita</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cinta" class="extiw" title="wikt:cinta">cinta</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sejahtera" class="extiw" title="wikt:sejahtera">sejahtera</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sentosa" class="extiw" title="wikt:sentosa">sentosa</a>, men<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jaga" class="extiw" title="wikt:jaga">jaga</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jiwa_raga" class="extiw" title="wikt:jiwa raga">jiwa raga</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/harta" class="extiw" title="wikt:harta">harta</a> dari <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/segala" class="extiw" title="wikt:segala">segala</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bahaya" class="extiw" title="wikt:bahaya">bahaya</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mala" class="extiw" title="wikt:mala">mala</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petaka" class="extiw" title="wikt:petaka">petaka</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bencana" class="extiw" title="wikt:bencana">bencana</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seperti" class="extiw" title="wikt:seperti">seperti</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banjir" class="extiw" title="wikt:banjir">banjir</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gempa_bumi" class="extiw" title="wikt:gempa bumi">gempa bumi</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words_of_Chinese_origin">Loan words of Chinese origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Loan words of Chinese origin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_loanwords_in_Indonesian" title="List of Chinese loanwords in Indonesian">List of Chinese loanwords in Indonesian</a></div> The relationship with China has been going since the 7th century when Chinese merchants traded in some areas of the archipelago such as <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="West Borneo">West Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a>. As the kingdom of Srivijaya appeared and flourished, China opened diplomatic relations with the kingdom in order to secure trade and seafaring. In 922, Chinese travelers visited <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>. Since the 11th century, hundreds of thousands of Chinese migrants left <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and settled in many parts of Nusantara (now called Indonesia). The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just things exclusively Chinese. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">traditional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified characters</a>) include loteng, (樓/層 = lóu/céng – [upper] floor/ level), mie (麵 > 面 Hokkien mī – noodles), <a href="/wiki/Lumpia" title="Lumpia">lumpia</a> (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), cawan (茶碗 cháwǎn – teacup), teko (茶壺 > 茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli (= 苦 khu (hard) and 力 li (energy) – coolie) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 汝 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words_of_Arabic_origin">Loan words of Arabic origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Loan words of Arabic origin">edit</a>]</div> Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from <a href="/wiki/Arab_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Peninsula">Arab Peninsula</a> like <a href="/wiki/Arabian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian people">Arabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>, and from the western part of India, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> where many Muslims lived.<a href="#cite_note-catdir.loc.gov-107">[106]</a> As a result, many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language. Especially since the late 12th century, Old Malay was heavily influenced by the language and produced many great literary works such as <a href="/wiki/Syair" title="Syair">Syair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babad" class="mw-redirect" title="Babad">Babad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hikayat" title="Hikayat">Hikayat</a>, and Suluk. This century is known as The Golden Age of Indonesian Literature.<a href="#cite_note-catdir.loc.gov-107">[106]</a> Many loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and by extension, with greetings such as the word, "selamat" (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سلامة salāma = health, soundness)<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> means "safe" or "lucky". Words of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> origin include dunia (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دنيا dunyā = the present world), names of days (except Minggu), such as Sabtu (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سبت sabt-u = Saturday), iklan (آعلان iʻlan = advertisement), kabar (خبر khabar = news), Kursi (كرسي kursī = a chair), ijazah (إجازة ijāza = 'permission', certificate of authority, e.g. a school diploma certificate), kitab (كتاب kitāb = book), tertib (ترتيب tartīb = order/arrangement) and kamus (قاموس qāmūs = dictionary). <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الله), as is mostly the case for <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</a> speakers, this is the word for <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> even in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was initially translated as 'Isa (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عيسى), but is now spelt as Yesus. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian language. Indonesian word for <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> is uskup (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: أسقف usquf = bishop). This in turn makes the Indonesian term for <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> uskup agung (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'great bishop'), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word. The term imam (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إمام imām = leader, prayer leader) is used to translate a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader. Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation jemaat (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جماعة jamāʻa = group, a community). Even the name of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in Indonesian translation is Alkitab (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الكتاب al-kitāb = the book), which literally means "the Book". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words_of_Portuguese_origin">Loan words of Portuguese origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Loan words of Portuguese origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_gate_Ganjuran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Front_gate_Ganjuran.jpg/220px-Front_gate_Ganjuran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Front_gate_Ganjuran.jpg/330px-Front_gate_Ganjuran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Front_gate_Ganjuran.jpg/440px-Front_gate_Ganjuran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian word "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gereja" class="extiw" title="wikt:gereja">Gereja</a>" (Church) is derived from Portuguese "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/igreja" class="extiw" title="wikt:igreja">Igreja</a>". The sign reads: <a href="/wiki/Ganjuran_Church" title="Ganjuran Church">"Gereja & Candi Hati Kudus Tuhan Yesus Ganjuran Keuskupan Agung Semarang"</a> (The Church and <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Temple</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Heart of Jesus">Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> Ganjuran <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Semarang" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Semarang">Archdiocese of Semarang</a>).</figcaption></figure> Alongside <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail eastwards to the "<a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a>". Loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include meja (from mesa = table), bangku (from banco = bench), lemari/almari (from armário = closet), boneka (from boneca = doll), jendela (from janela = window), gereja (from igreja = church), misa (from missa = mass), Natal (from Natal = Christmas), Paskah (from Páscoa = Easter), pesta (from festa = party), dansa (from dança = dance), pesiar (from passear = cruise), bendera (from bandeira = flag), sepatu (from sapato = shoes), garpu (from garfo = fork), kemeja (from camisa = shirt), kereta (from carreta = chariot), pompa (from bomba hidráulica = pump), pigura (from figura = picture), roda (from roda = wheel), nona (from dona = young woman), sekolah (from escola = school), lentera (from lanterna = lantern), paderi (from padre = priest), Santo, Santa (from Santo, Santa = Saint), puisi (from poesia = poetry), keju (from queijo = cheese), mentega (from manteiga = butter), serdadu (from soldado = soldier), meski (from mas que = although), kamar (from câmara = room), laguna (from laguna = lagoon), lelang (from leilão = auction), persero (from parceiro = company), markisa (from maracujá = passion fruit), limau (from limão = lemon), kartu (from cartão = card), Inggris (from inglês = English), Sabtu (from sábado = Saturday), Minggu (from domingo = Sunday), etc.<a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words_of_Dutch_origin">Loan words of Dutch origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Loan words of Dutch origin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_loanwords_in_Indonesian" title="List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian">List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Glodok_wijk_te_Djakarta_TMnr_10014951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowd at a busy street intersection. There are horse-drawn carriages in the foreground while a three-story building (with the sign "Kam Leng") and a single-story building (with the sign "Chunghua Bioscoop") stand in the background on adjacent corners of the intersection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Glodok_wijk_te_Djakarta_TMnr_10014951.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Glodok_wijk_te_Djakarta_TMnr_10014951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Glodok_wijk_te_Djakarta_TMnr_10014951.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Glodok_wijk_te_Djakarta_TMnr_10014951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Glodok_wijk_te_Djakarta_TMnr_10014951.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Glodok_wijk_te_Djakarta_TMnr_10014951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The Indonesian word of bioskop is derived from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> bioscoop (<a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a>).</figcaption></figure> The former colonial power, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, left a sizeable amount of vocabulary that can be seen in words such as polisi (from politie = police), kualitas (from kwaliteit = quality), aktual (from actueel = current), rokok (from roken = smoking cigarettes), korupsi (from corruptie = corruption), kantor (from kantoor = office), resleting (from ritssluiting = zipper), pelopor (from voorloper = frontrunner), persneling (from versnelling = transmission gear), setrum (from stroom = electricity current), maskapai (from maatschappij = company), apotek (from apotheek = pharmacy), handuk (from handdoek = towel), setrika (from strijkijzer = clothes iron), bioskop (from bioscoop = <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theater</a>), spanduk (from spandoeken = banner), korsleting (from kortsluiting = short circuit), om (from oom = uncle), tante (from tante = aunt), traktir (from trakteer = treat) and gratis (from gratis = free). These <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> loanwords, and many other non-Italo-Iberian, European language loanwords that came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>. For example, Dutch schroef [ˈsxruf] > sekrup [səˈkrup] (screw (n.)). One scholar argues that 20% of Indonesian words are inspired by the Dutch language.<a href="#cite_note-mai-110">[109]</a> Before the standardization of the language, many Indonesian words follow standard Dutch alphabet and pronunciation such as "oe" for vowel "u" or "dj" for consonant "j" [dʒ]. As a result, Malay words are written with that orthography such as: passer for the word Pasar or djalan for the word jalan, older Indonesian generation tend to have their name written in such order as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loan_words_of_English_origin">Loan words of English origin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Loan words of English origin">edit</a>]</div> Many English words were incorporated into Indonesian through <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. Many Indonesians, however, mistake words already adopted from Dutch as words borrowed from English. Indonesian adopts English words with standardization.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> For example: aksesori from accessory.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-lib.ui.ac.id-113">[112]</a> However, there are several words that directly borrowed without standardization that have same meanings in English such as: bus, data, domain, detail, internet, film, golf, lift, monitor, radio, radar, unit, safari, sonar, video, and riil as real.<a href="#cite_note-lib.ui.ac.id-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_loan_words">Other loan words</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Other loan words">edit</a>]</div> Modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources, there are many <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a>. For example, Indonesian has three words for "book", i.e. pustaka (from Sanskrit), kitab (from Arabic) and buku (from Dutch boek); however, each has a slightly different meaning. A pustaka is often connected with ancient wisdom or sometimes with esoteric knowledge. A derived form, perpustakaan means a library. A kitab is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidance. The Indonesian words for the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> are Alkitab and Injil, both directly derived from Arabic. The book containing the penal code is also called the kitab. Buku is the most common word for books. There are direct borrowings from various other languages of the world, such as karaoke (from カラオケ) from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and ebi (from えび) which means dried shrimp. Many words that originally are adopted through the Dutch language today however often are mistaken as English due to the similarity in the Germanic nature of both languages. In some cases the words are replaced by English language through globalization: although the word arbei (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: aardbei) still literally means strawberry in Indonesian, today the usage of the word stroberi is more common. <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words such as demokrasi (from δημοκρατία dēmokratía), filosofi, filsafat (both from φιλοσοφία philosophia), mitos (from μῦθος mythos) came through Dutch, Arabic and Portuguese respectively. It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilises words that reflect the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> usage (as used by its former colonial power, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a>), while Indonesian uses a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinate</a> form (e.g. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acronyms_and_portmanteau">Acronyms and portmanteau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Acronyms and portmanteau">edit</a>]</div> Since the time of the independence of Indonesia, Indonesian has seen a surge of <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> which are formed as <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> (less commonly also <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialisms</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend words</a>. Common acronyms are ABRI (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈabri]</a>, from Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia '<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a>'), SIM (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sim]</a>, from surat izin mengemudi 'driving licence'), SARA (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsara]</a>, from suku, agama, ras, antargolongan 'ethnic group, religion, race, inter-group [matters]', used when referring to the background of intercommunal conflicts), HAM (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ham]</a>, from hak asasi manusia 'human rights'). Blend words/portmanteau are very common in Indonesian, and have become a productive tool of word formation in both formal and colloquial Indonesian. Examples from official usage include departments and officeholders (e.g. Menlu < Mentri Luar Negeri 'Foreign Minister', Kapolda < Kepala kepolisian daerah 'Head of Regional Police') or names of provinces and districts (Sulut < Sulawesi Utara 'North Sulawesi', Jabar < Jawa Barat 'West Java'. Other commonly used portmanteau include puskesmas < pusat kesehatan masyarakat 'community health center', sembako < sembilan bahan pokok 'basic commodities' (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'nine basic commodities').<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesian literature</a></div> Indonesia hosts a variety of traditional verbal arts such as <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narrative_history" title="Narrative history">historical narratives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">romances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, which are expressed in local languages, but modern genres are expressed mainly in Indonesian.<a href="#cite_note-hawaii.edu-16">[16]</a> Some of the classic Indonesian stories include <a href="/wiki/Sitti_Nurbaya" title="Sitti Nurbaya">Sitti Nurbaya</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marah_Rusli" class="mw-redirect" title="Marah Rusli">Marah Rusli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azab_dan_Sengsara" title="Azab dan Sengsara">Azab dan Sengsara</a> by <a href="/wiki/Merari_Siregar" title="Merari Siregar">Merari Siregar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sengsara_Membawa_Nikmat" title="Sengsara Membawa Nikmat">Sengsara Membawa Nikmat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tulis_Sutan_Sati" title="Tulis Sutan Sati">Tulis Sutan Sati</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Modern literature like <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a>, stage plays, and <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free-form poetry</a> has developed since the late years of the 19th century and has produced figures such as <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pramoedya_Ananta_Toer" title="Pramoedya Ananta Toer">Pramoedya Ananta Toer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a> <a href="/wiki/Willibrordus_S._Rendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Willibrordus S. Rendra">W.S. Rendra</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Chairil_Anwar" title="Chairil Anwar">Chairil Anwar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Garin_Nugroho" title="Garin Nugroho">Garin Nugroho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Indonesia's classic novels themselves offer insight into the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">local culture</a> and traditions and the historical background before and immediately after the country gained independence. One notable example is Shackles, which was written by <a href="/wiki/Armijn_Pane" title="Armijn Pane">Armijn Pane</a> in 1940. Originally titled <a href="/wiki/Belenggu" title="Belenggu">Belenggu</a>, it has been translated into many languages, including <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_speakers_of_other_languages">As speakers of other languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: As speakers of other languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BIPA_photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BIPA_photograph.jpg/180px-BIPA_photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BIPA_photograph.jpg/270px-BIPA_photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BIPA_photograph.jpg/360px-BIPA_photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>BIPA (Bahasa Indonesia untuk Penutur Asing) book, which helps foreigners learn the Indonesian language</figcaption></figure> Over the past few years, interest in learning Indonesian has grown among non-Indonesians.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Various universities have started to offer courses that emphasise the teaching of the language to non-Indonesians. In addition to national universities, private institutions have also started to offer courses, like the Indonesia Australia Language Foundation and the Lembaga Indonesia Amerika. As early as 1988, teachers of the language have expressed the importance of a standardized Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (also called BIPA, literally Indonesian Language for Foreign Speaker) materials (mostly books), and this need became more evident during the 4th International Congress on the Teaching of Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages held in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Since 2013, the Indonesian embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language courses to 16 batches of Filipino students, as well as training to members of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>. Due to increasing demand among students, the embassy will open an intermediate Indonesian language course later in the year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] In an interview, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> Secretary <a href="/wiki/Armin_Luistro" title="Armin Luistro">Armin Luistro</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> said that the country's government should promote Indonesian or Malay, which are related to Filipino. Thus, the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied. The Indonesian embassy in Washington, D.C., United States, also began offering free Indonesian language courses at the beginner and intermediate level.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Words">Words</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Words">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Numbers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000_rupiah_bill,_2000_series_(2013_date),_processed,_obverse%2Breverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1000_rupiah_bill%2C_2000_series_%282013_date%29%2C_processed%2C_obverse%2Breverse.jpg/220px-1000_rupiah_bill%2C_2000_series_%282013_date%29%2C_processed%2C_obverse%2Breverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1000_rupiah_bill%2C_2000_series_%282013_date%29%2C_processed%2C_obverse%2Breverse.jpg/330px-1000_rupiah_bill%2C_2000_series_%282013_date%29%2C_processed%2C_obverse%2Breverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/1000_rupiah_bill%2C_2000_series_%282013_date%29%2C_processed%2C_obverse%2Breverse.jpg/440px-1000_rupiah_bill%2C_2000_series_%282013_date%29%2C_processed%2C_obverse%2Breverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8300" data-file-height="7951" /></a><figcaption>2013 edition of one thousand <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Rupiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Rupiah">Indonesian Rupiah</a> banknote, featuring <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">Indonesian national hero</a> <a href="/wiki/Pattimura" title="Pattimura">Thomas Matulessy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardinal">Cardinal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Cardinal">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>English </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>zero </td> <td>nol</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[nol]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>one </td> <td>satu, se- (as a prefix)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sa.tu]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>two </td> <td>dua</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[du.(w)a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>three </td> <td>tiga</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ti.ga]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>four </td> <td>empat</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[əm.pat]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>five </td> <td>lima</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[li.ma]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>six </td> <td>enam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ə.nam]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>seven </td> <td>tujuh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[tu.dʒuh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>eight </td> <td>delapan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[də.la.pan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>nine </td> <td>sembilan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[səm.bi.lan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>ten </td> <td>sepuluh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.pu.luh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>eleven </td> <td>sebelas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.bə.las]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>twelve </td> <td>dua belas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[du.(w)a bə.las]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>thirteen </td> <td>tiga belas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ti.ga bə.las]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>fourteen </td> <td>empat belas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[əm.pat bə.las]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>fifteen </td> <td>lima belas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[li.ma bə.las]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>twenty </td> <td>dua puluh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[du.(w)a pu.luh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>twenty one </td> <td>dua puluh satu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[du.(w)a pu.luh sa.tu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>thirty </td> <td>tiga puluh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ti.ga pu.luh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>one hundred </td> <td>seratus</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.ra.tus]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>two hundred </td> <td>dua ratus</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[du.(w)a ra.tus]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>210 </td> <td>two hundred ten </td> <td>dua ratus sepuluh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[du.(w)a ra.tus sə.pu.luh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>897 </td> <td>eight hundred ninety seven </td> <td>delapan ratus sembilan puluh tujuh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[də.la.pan ra.tus səm.bi.lan pu.luh tu.dʒuh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000 </td> <td>one thousand </td> <td>seribu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.ri.bu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000 </td> <td>ten thousand </td> <td>sepuluh ribu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.pu.luh ri.bu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100,000 </td> <td>one hundred thousand </td> <td>seratus ribu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.ra.tus ri.bu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000 </td> <td>one million </td> <td>sejuta, satu juta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.dʒu.ta]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sa.tu dʒu.ta]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000,000 </td> <td>one billion </td> <td>satu miliar</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sa.tu mi.li.(j)ar]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sa.tu mil.jar]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000,000,000 </td> <td>one trillion </td> <td>satu triliun</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sa.tu tri.li.(j)un]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sa.tu tril.jun]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000,000,000,000 </td> <td>one quadrillion </td> <td>satu kuadriliun </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sa.tu kwa.dri.li.(j)un]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordinal">Ordinal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Ordinal">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>English </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>1st </td> <td>first </td> <td>pertama or kesatu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[pər.ta.ma]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.sa.tu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd </td> <td>second </td> <td>kedua</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.du.(w)a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd </td> <td>third </td> <td>ketiga</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.ti.ga]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th </td> <td>fourth </td> <td>keempat</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.əm.pat]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th </td> <td>fifth </td> <td>kelima</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.li.ma]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th </td> <td>sixth </td> <td>keenam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.ə.nam]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th </td> <td>seventh </td> <td>ketujuh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.tu.dʒuh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th </td> <td>eighth </td> <td>kedelapan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.də.la.pan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th </td> <td>ninth </td> <td>kesembilan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.səm.bi.lan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th </td> <td>tenth </td> <td>kesepuluh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə.sə.pu.luh]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Days_and_months">Days and months</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Days and months">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalender_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kalender_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Kalender_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kalender_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Kalender_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Kalender_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Kalender_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian-language <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Days">Days</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Days">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>Monday </td> <td>Senin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.nin]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuesday </td> <td>Selasa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə.la.sa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wednesday </td> <td>Rabu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ra.bu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thursday </td> <td>Kamis</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ka.mis]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friday </td> <td>Jumat</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[dʒum.ʔat]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saturday </td> <td>Sabtu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sab.tu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday </td> <td>Minggu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[miŋ.gu]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Months">Months</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Months">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>January </td> <td>Januari</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[dʒa.nu.(w)a.ri]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February </td> <td>Februari</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[fɛb.ru.(w)a.ri]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td>Maret</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ma.rət]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td>April</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ap.ril]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td>Mei</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[meɪ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td>Juni</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[dʒu.ni.]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td>Juli</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[dʒu.li]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td>Agustus</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[a.gus.tus]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td>September</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sɛp.tɛm.bər]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td>Oktober</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ok.to.bər]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td>November</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[no.fɛm.bər]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December </td> <td>Desember</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[dɛ.sɛm.bər]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_phrases">Common phrases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Common phrases">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 33%;">English </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 33%;">Indonesian </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 34%;">Spelling (in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hello! </td> <td>Halo! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈhalo]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning! </td> <td>Selamat pagi! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat ˈpagi]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good afternoon! </td> <td>Selamat siang! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[səˈlamat ˈsiaŋ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening! or Good night! </td> <td>Selamat malam! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[səˈlamat ˈmalam]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye! </td> <td>Selamat tinggal! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat ˈtiŋɡal]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>See you later! </td> <td>Sampai jumpa lagi! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsampai̯ ˈdʒumpa ˈlagi]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you </td> <td>Terima kasih (standard, formal) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[təˈrima ˈkasih]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thanks </td> <td>Makasih (colloquial) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[maˈkasih]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>You are welcome </td> <td>Sama-sama or terima kasih kembali </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsa'ma ˈsama]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[təˈrima ˈkasih kəm'bali]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes </td> <td>Ya (standard) or iya (colloquial) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈja]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈija]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td>Tidak or tak or enggak (colloquial) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtidaʔ]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtaʔ]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈəŋgaʔ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>And </td> <td>Dan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈdan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Or </td> <td>Atau </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[a'tau̯]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Because </td> <td>Karena </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈkarəna]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Therefore </td> <td>Karena itu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈkarəna ˈʔitu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nothing </td> <td>Tidak ada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtidaʔ ˈada]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maybe </td> <td>Mungkin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈmuŋkin]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you? </td> <td>Apa kabar? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈapa ˈkabar]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am fine </td> <td>Baik or Baik-baik saja </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈbaik]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈbaik ˈbaik ˈsadʒa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Have a nice day! </td> <td>Semoga hari Anda menyenangkan! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'moga ˈhari ˈʔanda məɲəˈnaŋkan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bon appétit! </td> <td>Selamat makan! or Selamat menikmati! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat ˈmakan]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[səˈlamat mənikˈmati]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am sorry </td> <td>Maafkan saya </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ma'ʔafkan ˈsaja]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excuse me </td> <td>Permisi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[pər'misi]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What? </td> <td>Apa? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈapa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Who? </td> <td>Siapa? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[siˈapa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>When? </td> <td>Kapan? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈkapan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where? </td> <td>Di mana? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[di ˈmana]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Why? </td> <td>Mengapa? (standard) or kenapa? (colloquial) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[mə'ŋapa]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə'napa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>How? </td> <td>Bagaimana? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[baɡai̯'mana]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much? </td> <td>Berapa? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[bə'rapa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What is your name? </td> <td>Nama Anda siapa? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈnama ˈʔanda siˈapa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>My name is... </td> <td>Nama saya... </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈnama ˈsaja]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you know? </td> <td>Apakah Anda tahu? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[aˈpakah ˈʔanda ˈtahu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, I know / No, I do not know </td> <td>Ya, saya tahu / Tidak, saya tidak tahu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈja ˈsaja ˈtahu]</a> / <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtidaʔ ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ ˈtahu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can you speak Indonesian? </td> <td>Bisakah Anda berbicara bahasa Indonesia? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[biˈsakah ˈʔanda bərbiˈtʃara baˈhasa ʔindoˈnesi̯a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, I can speak Indonesian / No, I can not speak Indonesian </td> <td>Ya, saya bisa berbicara bahasa Indonesia / Tidak, saya tidak bisa berbicara bahasa indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈja ˈsaja ˈbisa bərbiˈtʃara baˈhasa ʔindoˈnesi̯a]</a> / <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtidaʔ ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ ˈbisa bərbiˈtʃara baˈhasa ʔindoˈnesi̯a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>What time is it now? </td> <td>Pukul berapa sekarang? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈpukul bə'rapa səˈkaraŋ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>It is 5.00 o'clock </td> <td>Sekarang pukul 5.00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[səˈkaraŋ ˈpukul ˈlima]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>When will you go to the party? </td> <td>Kapan Anda akan pergi ke pesta itu? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈkapan ˈʔanda ˈʔakan pər'gi ke ˈpesta ˈʔitu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Soon </td> <td>Nanti </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈnanti]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Today </td> <td>Hari ini </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈhari ˈʔini]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tomorrow </td> <td>Besok </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈbesok]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The day after tomorrow </td> <td>Lusa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈlusa]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yesterday </td> <td>Kemarin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[kə'marin]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congratulations! </td> <td>Selamat! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Happy New Year! </td> <td>Selamat Tahun Baru! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat ˈtahun ˈbaru]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Merry Christmas! </td> <td>Selamat Natal! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat ˈnatal]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please </td> <td>Mohon or tolong </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈmohon]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtoloŋ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stop! </td> <td>Berhenti! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[bər'henti]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am happy </td> <td>Saya senang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja sə'naŋ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I understand </td> <td>Saya mengerti </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja ˈməŋərti]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Help! </td> <td>Tolong! </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtoloŋ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I need help </td> <td>Saya memerlukan bantuan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja məmərˈlukan ban'tuan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can you help me? </td> <td>Bisakah Anda menolong saya? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[biˈsakah ˈʔanda mə'noloŋ ˈsaja]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can I help you? / Do you need help? </td> <td>Dapatkah saya membantu Anda? / Apakah Anda membutuhkan bantuan? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[da'patkah ˈsaja məm'bantu ˈʔanda]</a> / <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[aˈpakah ˈʔanda məmbuˈtuhkan banˈtuan]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May I borrow your eraser? </td> <td>Bolehkah saya meminjam penghapus Anda? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[boˈlehkah ˈsaja mə'mindʒam peŋ'hapus ˈʔanda]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>With my pleasure </td> <td>Dengan senang hati </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[dəˈŋan sə'naŋ ˈhati]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome </td> <td>Selamat datang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat ˈdataŋ]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome to Indonesia </td> <td>Selamat datang di Indonesia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'lamat ˈdataŋ di ʔindoˈnesi̯a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I agree / I disagree </td> <td>Saya setuju / Saya tidak setuju </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja sə'tudʒu]</a> / <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ sə'tudʒu]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I understand / I do not understand </td> <td>Saya mengerti / Saya tidak mengerti </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja ˈməŋərti]</a> / <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja ˈtidaʔ ˈməŋərti]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am hungry </td> <td>Saya lapar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja ˈlapar]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am thirsty </td> <td>Saya haus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja ˈhaus]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am sick </td> <td>Saya sakit </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsaja ˈsakit]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Get well soon </td> <td>Semoga cepat sembuh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[sə'moga tʃə'pat səmˈbuh]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Next lesson </td> <td>Pelajaran selanjutnya </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[pə'ladʒaran sə'landʒutɲa]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</div> The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Indonesian and Malaysian Malay, along with the original declaration in English. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a></th> <th>Indonesian<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></th> <th>Malay<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</td> <td>Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia</td> <td>Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat </td></tr> <tr> <td>Article 1</td> <td>Pasal 1</td> <td>Perkara 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</td> <td>Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.</td> <td>Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bergaul dengan semangat persaudaraan. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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bahasa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Malay_and_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian">Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_abbreviated_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian abbreviated words">Indonesian abbreviated words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian slang language">Indonesian slang language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Indonesian_origin" title="List of English words of Indonesian origin">List of English words of Indonesian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Indonesian" title="List of loanwords in Indonesian">List of loanwords in Indonesian</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> This article uses <a href="/wiki/Asterisk#Ungrammaticality" title="Asterisk">asterisks</a> to indicate ungrammatical examples. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Badan Pusat Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hasil+Long+Form+Sensus+Penduduk+2020&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistics+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fen%2Fpublication%2F2023%2F07%2F18%2F4a49f846d0708c1fe1117b5f%2Fpopulation-of-indonesia-the-result-of-long-form-population-census-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2023/07/18/4a49f846d0708c1fe1117b5f/population-of-indonesia-the-result-of-long-form-population-census-2020.html">"Hasil Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020"</a>. Badan Pusat Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hasil+Long+Form+Sensus+Penduduk+2020&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistics+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fen%2Fpublication%2F2023%2F07%2F18%2F4a49f846d0708c1fe1117b5f%2Fpopulation-of-indonesia-the-result-of-long-form-population-census-2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2023/07/18/4a49f846d0708c1fe1117b5f/population-of-indonesia-the-result-of-long-form-population-census-2020.html">"Hasil Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020"</a>. Badan Pusat Statistics Indonesia. 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Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kemendikbud.go.id&rft.atitle=A.+Penulisan+Unsur+Serapan+Umum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Feyd%2Funsur-serapan%2Fumum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lib.ui.ac.id-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lib.ui.ac.id_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lib.ui.ac.id_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatarina_Mellyna2011" class="citation web cs1">Katarina Mellyna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2F20316254-S42391-Kata%20serapan.pdf">"Kata Serapan dan Kata Non-Serapan dalam Orang Asing dan Sang Pemberontak: Sebuah Kajian Semantis"</a> [The Loanword and Non-Loanword in Orang Asing and Sang Pemberontak: A Semantic Study] (PDF). University of Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113426/http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2F20316254-S42391-Kata%20serapan.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kata+Serapan+dan+Kata+Non-Serapan+dalam+Orang+Asing+dan+Sang+Pemberontak%3A+Sebuah+Kajian+Semantis&rft.pub=University+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Katarina+Mellyna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ui.ac.id%2Ffile%3Ffile%3Ddigital%252F20316254-S42391-Kata%2520serapan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2003" class="citation book cs1">Sneddon, James (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society. Sydney: USNW Press. pp. 145–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868405988" title="Special:BookSources/9780868405988"><bdi>9780868405988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=145-149&rft.pub=USNW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780868405988&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resourcefulindonesian.com/indonesian-literature.html">"Indonesian Literature"</a>. 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Jakarta: Department Pendidikan Nasional. p. v. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-685-403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-685-403-5"><bdi>978-979-685-403-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lentera+Indonesia+1&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=Department+Pendidikan+Nasional&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-685-403-5&rft.au=Department+Pendidikan+Nasional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402023735/http://ialf.edu/bipa/march2002/conferencereport.html">"Conference Report: The Fourth International Conference on Teaching Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages"</a>. www.ialf.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ialf.edu/bipa/march2002/conferencereport.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ialf.edu&rft.atitle=Conference+Report%3A+The+Fourth+International+Conference+on+Teaching+Indonesian+to+Speakers+of+Other+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ialf.edu%2Fbipa%2Fmarch2002%2Fconferencereport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainier_Alain2013" class="citation news cs1">Rainier Alain, Ronda (22 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/03/22/922576/bahasa-schools-deped-eyes-2nd-foreign-language">"Bahasa in schools? DepEd eyes 2nd foreign language"</a>. The Philippine Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513140705/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/03/22/922576/bahasa-schools-deped-eyes-2nd-foreign-language">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Bahasa+in+schools%3F+DepEd+eyes+2nd+foreign+language&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Rainier+Alain&rft.aufirst=Ronda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2013%2F03%2F22%2F922576%2Fbahasa-schools-deped-eyes-2nd-foreign-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/2016/07/18/indonesian-language-classes/">"Indonesian Language Classes"</a>. Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, Washington, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031052321/https://www.embassyofindonesia.org/index.php/2016/07/18/indonesian-language-classes/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.atitle=Indonesian+Language+Classes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.embassyofindonesia.org%2Findex.php%2F2016%2F07%2F18%2Findonesian-language-classes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng">"OHCHR -"</a>. www.ohchr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830002455/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=inz">"OHCHR -"</a>. www.ohchr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921013057/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=inz">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli">"OHCHR -"</a>. www.ohchr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921013053/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FPages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dmli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="id:"> Indonesian edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Indonesian" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Indonesian">Indonesian</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Indonesian_phrasebook#Q9240" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Indonesian phrasebook">Indonesian</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/">How many people speak Indonesian?</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Indonesian_Swadesh_list">Indonesian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/">KBBI Daring (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan)</a> (online version of the <a href="/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Language_and_Book_Development_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Language and Book Development Agency">Language and Book Development Agency</a>, in Indonesian only)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babla.co.id/">babla.co.id</a> English-Indonesian dictionary from bab.la, a language learning portal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-Indonesian_dictionaries">English-Indonesian dictionaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: English-Indonesian dictionaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.softpedia.com/get/Others/Home-Education/Kamus.shtml">Download Kamus 2.0.4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indodic.com/dlEnglish.html">download Indonesian English dictionary – IndoDic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indodic.com/dlIndo.html">Download Kamus Inggris Indonesia – IndoDic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian languages">Western Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Slang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakongan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakongan language (page does not exist)">Bakongan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Anambas-Natuna Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacan_Malay" title="Bacan Malay">Bacan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Aga_Balinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Aga Balinese (page does not exist)">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida_Balinese" title="Nusa Penida Balinese">Nusa Penida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batubara_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batubara Malay (page does not exist)">Batubara Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belitung_Malay" title="Belitung Malay">Belitung Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besemah_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemah language (page does not exist)">Besemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukit_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit language (page does not exist)">Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Malay (page does not exist)">Deli Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enim language">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Jaring Halus Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapuas_Hulu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapuas Hulu Malay (page does not exist)">Kapuas Hulu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayong_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayong Malay (page does not exist)">Kayong Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketapang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketapang Malay (page does not exist)">Ketapang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotawaringin_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotawaringin Malay (page does not exist)">Kotawaringin Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualuh_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualuh Malay (page does not exist)">Kualuh Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutainese</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Bangun_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Bangun Kutainese (page does not exist)">Kota Bangun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggarong_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggarong Kutainese (page does not exist)">Tenggarong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landak Malay (page does not exist)">Landak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay (page does not exist)">Langkat Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapudi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapudi language (page does not exist)">Sapudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamee_language" title="Jamee language">Jamee </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampar_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampar language (page does not exist)">Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantan_language_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantan language (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Kuantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukomuko_language" title="Mukomuko language">Mukomuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_language" title="Pesisir language">Pesisir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melawi_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melawi Malay (page does not exist)">Melawi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mempawah_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mempawah Malay (page does not exist)">Mempawah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lematang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lematang language">Lematang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penesak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penesak language">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penukal_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penukal language (page does not exist)">Penukal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawas language">Rawas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogan language">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palu Malay (page does not exist)">Palu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panai_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panai Malay (page does not exist)">Panai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Malay">Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coastal Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Coastal Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangaraian_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangaraian Malay (page does not exist)">Pangaraian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokan_Hilir_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokan Hilir Malay (page does not exist)">Rokan Hilir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siak Malay (page does not exist)">Siak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembilahan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembilahan Malay (page does not exist)">Tembilahan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambas_Malay" title="Sambas Malay">Sambas Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanggau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanggau Malay (page does not exist)">Sanggau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekadau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekadau Malay (page does not exist)">Sekadau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay (page does not exist)">Serdang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semende_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semende language (page does not exist)">Semende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintang Malay (page does not exist)">Sintang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brebes_Sundanese" title="Brebes Sundanese">Brebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priangan_Sundanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan Sundanese">Priangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiang_Malay" title="Tamiang Malay">Tamiang Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanesic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Javanese <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan Javanese (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indramayu_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indramayu Javanese (page does not exist)">Indramayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serang_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serang Javanese (page does not exist)">Serang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayuagung_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayuagung language (page does not exist)">Kayuagung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra– Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Dairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beginci_language" title="Beginci language">Beginci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerai_language" title="Gerai language">Gerai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li>Tidung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaliu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaliu language (page does not exist)">Hulaliu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kailolo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kailolo language (page does not exist)">Kailolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelauw language (page does not exist)">Pelauw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohomoni-Kabauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohomoni-Kabauw language (page does not exist)">Rohomoni-Kabauw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera- Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wamesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yeresiam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%27un_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Welaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_language" title="Kao language">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Togutil language">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Woisika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_Coast_Asmat_language" title="Casuarina Coast Asmat language">Casuarina Coast Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asmat_language" title="Central Asmat language">Central Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asmat_language" title="North Asmat language">North Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandai_languages" title="Arandai languages">Arandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombano_language" title="Dombano language">Dombano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duriankari_language" title="Duriankari language">Duriankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan language">Inanwatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemberano_language" title="Kemberano language">Kemberano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_language" title="Kokoda language">Kokoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puragi_language" title="Puragi language">Puragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansim_language" title="Mansim language">Mansim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edera_River_Awyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edera River Awyu">Edera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair language">Jair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwas_language" title="Edwas language">Edwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresi_language" title="Gresi language">Gresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemtuik_language" title="Kemtuik language">Kemtuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekwei_language" title="Mekwei language">Mekwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlap_language" title="Mlap language">Mlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namblong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namblong language">Namblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_language" title="Nimboran language">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awera_language" title="Awera language">Awera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biritai_language" title="Biritai language">Biritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doutai_language" title="Doutai language">Doutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvle_language" title="Duvle language">Duvle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritai_language" title="Eritai language">Eritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_language" title="Fayu language">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foau language">Foau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iau_language" title="Iau language">Iau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiy_language" title="Kaiy language">Kaiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikiri_language" title="Kirikiri language">Kirikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerisa_language" title="Kwerisa language">Kwerisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obokuitai_language" title="Obokuitai language">Obokuitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papasena_language" title="Papasena language">Papasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasawa_language" title="Rasawa language">Rasawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaritai_language" title="Sikaritai language">Sikaritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taworta_language" title="Taworta language">Taworta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waritai_language" title="Waritai language">Waritai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momuna%E2%80%93Mek_languages" title="Momuna–Mek languages">Momuna–Mek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eipo_language" title="Eipo language">Eipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath_language" title="Goliath language">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketengban_language" title="Ketengban language">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosarek_language" title="Kosarek language">Kosarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korupun_language" title="Korupun language">Korupun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalca_language" title="Nalca language">Nalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipsan_language" title="Nipsan language">Nipsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biksi-Yetfa_language" title="Biksi-Yetfa language">Biksi-Yetfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emem_language" title="Emem language">Emem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorop_language" title="Zorop language">Zorop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebi_language" title="Tebi language">Tebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awyi_language" title="Awyi language">Awyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikat_language" title="Taikat language">Taikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manem_language" title="Manem language">Manem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowanda_language" title="Sowanda language">Sowanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viid_language" title="Viid language">Viid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_language" title="Mer language">Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semimi_language" title="Semimi language">Semimi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimaghama_language" title="Kimaghama language">Kimaghama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Morori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngkolmpu_Kanum_language" title="Ngkolmpu Kanum language">Ngkolmpu Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Amung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_languages" title="Uhunduni languages">Uhunduni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Malay" title="Alor Malay">Alor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Malay">Banda Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorap_language" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorontalo_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorontalo Malay (page does not exist)">Gorontalo Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang_Malay" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maumere_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maumere Malay (page does not exist)">Maumere Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sula_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sula Malay (page does not exist)">Sula Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Pulo_language" title="Orang Pulo language">Orang Pulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serui_Malay" title="Serui Malay">Serui Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Peranakan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surabayan_Peranakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surabayan Peranakan (page does not exist)">Surabayan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores_Creole_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores Creole Portuguese (page does not exist)">Flores Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tansi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tansi language (page does not exist)">Tansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Pidgin Tukang Besi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese language">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien Chinese">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Hokkien">Riau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Arabic" title="Indonesian Arabic">Indonesian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> & <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Extinct languages</li> <li>2 Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_East_Timor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Template:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Template talk:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of East Timor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_East_Timor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">Languages of East Timor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_Portuguese" title="East Timorese Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atauran_language" title="Atauran language">Atauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Baikeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataluku_language" title="Fataluku language">Fataluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habun_language" title="Habun language">Habun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idalaka_language" title="Idalaka language">Idalaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaimina_languages" title="Kawaimina languages">Kawaimina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalero_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalero dialect">Makalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasae_language" title="Makasae language">Makasae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makuva_language" title="Makuva language">Makuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)" title="Mambai language (Timor)">Mambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokodede_language" title="Tokodede language">Tokodede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Chinese language">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (national)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Formosan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rukaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Arikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Lloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> <ul><li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makatao language">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut language">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sinitic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a> (Wuqiu dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabu dialect (page does not exist)">Dabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoping dialect">Raoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao'an dialect">Zhao'an</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japonic Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template talk:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages#Nuclear_Malayo-Polynesian" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Sundanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bantenese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Madurese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Malayo-Chamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> (Utsat)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berau Malay language">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutai Malay">Kutai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a> (Yawi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Orang Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> & <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi' language">Urak Lawoi'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali–Sasak languages">Bali–Sasak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra– Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batak" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Batak Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Batak Dairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Batak Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Batak Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Batak Toba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lampung Api</li> <li>Lampung Nyo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaic language">Badaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa (Sulawesi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan dialect (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mataraman_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mataraman dialect (page does not exist)">Mataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedu dialect (page does not exist)">Kedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a> (over 700 languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Central Malayo-Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor–Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li></ul> 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