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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Spitsbergen Current</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrent_de_l%27oest_d%27Spitsbergen" title="Corrent de l'oest d'Spitsbergen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corrent de l'oest d'Spitsbergen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westspitzbergenstrom" title="Westspitzbergenstrom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westspitzbergenstrom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitsbergengo_mendebaldeko_itsaslasterra" title="Spitsbergengo mendebaldeko itsaslasterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Spitsbergengo mendebaldeko itsaslasterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جریان اسپیتسبرگن غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جریان اسپیتسبرگن غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestur-Svalbar%C3%B0astraumurinn" title="Vestur-Svalbarðastraumurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vestur-Svalbarðastraumurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrente_di_Spitsbergen_ovest" title="Corrente di Spitsbergen ovest – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corrente di Spitsbergen ovest" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Spitsbergenstroom" title="West-Spitsbergenstroom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="West-Spitsbergenstroom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestspitsbergenstr%C3%B8mmen" title="Vestspitsbergenstrømmen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vestspitsbergenstrømmen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestspitsbergenstraumen" title="Vestspitsbergenstraumen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vestspitsbergenstraumen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Західношпіцбергенська течія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західношпіцбергенська течія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2576573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Warm, salty current that runs poleward just west of Spitsbergen</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrnBld_FramStraitCurrentsSketch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BrnBld_FramStraitCurrentsSketch.svg/220px-BrnBld_FramStraitCurrentsSketch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BrnBld_FramStraitCurrentsSketch.svg/330px-BrnBld_FramStraitCurrentsSketch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BrnBld_FramStraitCurrentsSketch.svg/440px-BrnBld_FramStraitCurrentsSketch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>The West Spitsbergen Current transport relative warm and saline water into the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>West Spitsbergen Current</b> (<b>WSC</b>) is a warm, salty current that runs poleward just west of <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a>, (formerly called West Spitsbergen), in the Arctic Ocean. The WSC branches off the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian Atlantic Current</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>. The WSC is of importance because it drives warm and salty Atlantic Water into the interior Arctic. The warm and salty WSC flows north through the eastern side of <a href="/wiki/Fram_Strait" title="Fram Strait">Fram Strait</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland Current</a> (EGC) flows south through the western side of Fram Strait. The EGC is characterized by being very cold and low in salinity, but above all else it is a major exporter of Arctic <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>. Thus, the EGC combined with the warm WSC makes the Fram Strait the northernmost ocean area having ice-free conditions throughout the year in all of the global ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple22_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horizontal_movement">Horizontal movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Spitsbergen_Current&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Horizontal movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WSC has a unique structure as it flows poleward off the western coast of Spitsbergen. It is easiest to discuss horizontal movements and vertical movements of the WSC, separately. The WSC begins its movement in the Norwegian Sea where it branches off the Norwegian Atlantic Current and arrives at Spitsbergen's western coast, where it is guided by the <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetric profile</a> of the ocean floor surrounding <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, it tends to follow along steep continental shelves. The current is quite narrow and strong, having a width of roughly 100 kilometers and a maximum speed of 35 cm/s.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about 80° North latitude the WSC splits into two different sections, the Svalbard branch and the Yermak Branch. The Svalbard Branch continues to follow the continental shelf northeastward, and eventually sinks to an intermediate depth and is cyclonically recirculated throughout the Arctic, eventually being pushed out through the <a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland Current</a>. The Yermak Branch moves northwesterly till about 81°N, and then it moves directly westward and eventually equatorward in the Return Atlantic Current. The Return Atlantic Current is directly east of the East Greenland Current. The high salinity and warm temperatures of the Return Atlantic Current compared to the cold temperatures and low salinities of the EGC contribute to the existence of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Greenland_Polar_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Greenland Polar Front (page does not exist)">East Greenland Polar Front</a> a result of the strong gradient in both salinity and temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a current that splits off from the Yermak Branch and flows towards the Northeast at a higher latitude. This current is not well understood in the literature, and thus more information is needed. It is believed this current loops back into the Svalbard Branch further along in its track eastward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vertical_movement">Vertical movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Spitsbergen_Current&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vertical movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the WSC splits off from the Norwegian Atlantic Current it begins to enter very cold atmospheric conditions. The cold atmosphere is able to cool the surface water, and in some instances this water cools so much that some of the WSC water actually sinks due to its density increase, all the while holding its salinity constant. This is one element of the formation of the Lower Arctic Intermediate Water.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the current continues to move northward and reaches the continental shelf of western Svalbard it begins to encounter sea-ice. The sea-ice melts due to the warmth of the WSC, and thus a surface layer of very freshwater begins to exist. Winds mix the freshwater and the warm salty water of the WSC mix, creating some Arctic Surface Water. This Arctic Surface Water is now less dense than the Atlantic Water in the WSC and thus the WSC begins to sink underneath the Arctic Surface Water. At this point the WSC is still relatively warm and very saline. Thus, this allows the Atlantic Water in the WSC to be completely isolated from the surface waters.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the current splits into the Svalbard Branch and the Yermak Branch, the general sinking process described above still continues in the Svalbard Branch. However, in the Yermak Branch the WSC is not able to penetrate deep inside the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> because the zone it enters has very strong tidal mixing. This allows the Atlantic Water to mix with the Polar Waters, creating more of a homogeneous mixture of relatively warm and moderately saline water. This extends down to about 300 meters which is recognized as the bottom depth of the Return Atlantic Current.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Svalbard Branch, the Atlantic Water core of the WSC continues to sink as it meets more and more freshwater on its eastern route. It sinks fairly quickly to a depth greater than 100 meters by the time it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a> because in Northern Svalbard there is quite a lot of freshwater run-off from <a href="/wiki/Fjords" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjords">fjords</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which adds to a deeper, less dense Arctic Surface Water and thus a deeper WSC. By the time this water recirculates to the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre" title="Beaufort Gyre">Beaufort Gyre</a>, the Atlantic core of the WSC is 400 to 500 meters deep. Unlike the Yermak Branch and the Return Atlantic Current, the Svalbard Branch is able to retain a strong Atlantic Water chemical signal whereas the Yermak Branch and the Return Atlantic Current carry a very weak Atlantic Water signal. The Atlantic Water core temperature is a direct reflection of the depth of the Svalbard Branch of the WSC.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is important to note that if the WSC encounters a significant amount of ice along the continental shelves of Spitsbergen, then the WSC advancing poleward will sink much faster, due to a greater amount of freshwater melt from the increased sea-ice. The ability to sink faster means more of the heat content of the WSC will be preserved and not lost to the atmosphere or surrounding waters and thus warmer waters will be transported into the Arctic. This could have profound impacts on sea-ice melting.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple22_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple22-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Spitsbergen_Current&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temperature of the WSC is highly variable. It often depends on atmospheric conditions which are highly variable in their own right. In general, however, the warmest core temperature of the Atlantic Water in the WSC is around 2.75 °C near Svalbard to 2.25 °C near Franz Josef Land to 1.0 °C north of the new Siberian Islands. Salinity in this warm core is often greater than 34.95 <a href="/wiki/Salinity#Definitions" title="Salinity">psu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ocean temperature values for the beginning of the WSC are typically between 6 and 8 °C with salinities between 35.1 and 35.3 psu.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_transport">Mass transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Spitsbergen_Current&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mass transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water mass transport in the WSC at around 78.83° North varies strongly on an annual time scale. Fahbrach <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that the maximum volume transport (~20 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">sverdrups</a>) occurred in February and the minimum volume transport occurred in August (~5 sverdrups). One big issue in deriving these mass volume transports is the fact that in some areas of the WSC there exist counter-currents, which make it difficult to gauge how much volume is actually being transported. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_research">Current research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Spitsbergen_Current&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Current research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current research on the WSC focuses in on two areas: heat content and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane gas</a> release. It has been well documented that the Atlantic Water core temperature associated with the WSC has increased by almost 1 °C in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-multiple4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiple4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been well documented that the Atlantic Water core temperature decreases as you move cyclonically around the Arctic. Thus, this means that heat is being lost to the surrounding water. As the temperature of the water is increased, more heat will be lost to the surrounding water as the WSC tracts around the Arctic Ocean. If the heat flux out of the Atlantic Water core in the WSC is vertically upward then that would lead to warming of the Arctic Surface Water and the melting of more Arctic Sea Ice. Thus, this current topic is of high interest because an increase of heat flux out of the AW core will result in more Arctic Sea Ice melting.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second major topic being looked at is how this warming will affect methane gas release in the ocean seabed along the continental margins in West Spitsbergen. There exists these gas hydrate stability zones where a small fluctuation in temperature could dissociate these hydrates and release methane gas bubbles that rise to the surface and are released into the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Spitsbergen_Current&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-multiple22-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiple22_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiple22_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaugan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Haugan, Peter M. (1999). "Structure and heat content of the West Spitsbergen Current". <i>Polar Research</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 183–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PolRe..18..183H">1999PolRe..18..183H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1751-8369.1999.tb00291.x">10.1111/j.1751-8369.1999.tb00291.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Research&rft.atitle=Structure+and+heat+content+of+the+West+Spitsbergen+Current&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-188&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1751-8369.1999.tb00291.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PolRe..18..183H&rft.aulast=Haugan&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Spitsbergen+Current" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiple2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiple2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiple2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiple2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke,_R.H.,_A.M._Wiegel,_and_R.G._Paquette1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bourke, R.H., A.M. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Spitsbergen_Current&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_gyres" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic gyres">Oceanic gyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_Strait" title="Fram Strait">Fram Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whalers_Bay_(Svalbard)" title="Whalers Bay (Svalbard)">Whalers Bay</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean" title="Template:Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean" title="Template talk:Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ocean_currents_and_gyres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">gyres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Currents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arctic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Icelandic_Jet" title="North Icelandic Jet">North Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Drift_Stream" title="Transpolar Drift Stream">Transpolar Drift Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Current" title="Angola Current">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilles_Current" title="Antilles Current">Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Current" title="Azores Current">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island_Current" title="Baffin Island Current">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Current" title="Brazil Current">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Current" title="Canary Current">Canary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn_Current" title="Cape Horn Current">Cape Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Current" title="Caribbean Current">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Iceland_Current" title="East Iceland Current">East Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Current" title="Falkland Current">Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Current" title="Florida Current">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Current" title="Guinea Current">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Current" title="Irminger Current">Irminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Current" title="Lomonosov Current">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Brazil_Current" title="North Brazil Current">North Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Current" title="Portugal Current">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Current" title="South Atlantic Current">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Greenland_Current" title="West Greenland Current">West Greenland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Spitsbergen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Return_Current" title="Agulhas Return Current">Agulhas Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Madagascar_Current" title="East Madagascar Current">East Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Monsoon_Current" title="Indian Monsoon Current">Indian Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Current" title="Madagascar Current">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Current" title="Mozambique Current">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Madagascar_Current" title="North Madagascar Current">North Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Current" title="Somali Current">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Australian_Current" title="West Australian Current">West Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Current" title="Alaska Current">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Current" title="Aleutian Current">Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Current" title="California Current">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Current" title="Cromwell Current">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Current" title="Davidson Current">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Australian_Current" title="East Australian Current">East Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Korea_Warm_Current" title="East Korea Warm Current">East Korea Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Current" title="Kamchatka Current">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Current" title="Mindanao Current">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_Cold_Current" title="North Korea Cold Current">North Korea Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Current" title="North Pacific Current">North Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyashio_Current" title="Oyashio Current">Oyashio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Front" title="Tasman Front">Tasman Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Outflow" title="Tasman Outflow">Tasman Outflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Gyres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Gyre" title="Indian Ocean Gyre">Indian Ocean Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Gyre" title="South Atlantic Gyre">South Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre" title="South Pacific Gyre">South Pacific Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre" title="Beaufort Gyre">Beaufort Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Gyre" title="Ross Gyre">Ross Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Gyre" title="Weddell Gyre">Weddell Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Marine garbage patches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="South Pacific garbage patch">South Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a>  <span 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