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Paraná and Etendeka traps - Wikipedia
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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1-Etendeka-Provinz" title="Paraná-Etendeka-Provinz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paraná-Etendeka-Provinz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traps_de_Paran%C3%A1_y_Etendeka" title="Traps de Paraná y Etendeka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traps de Paraná y Etendeka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%82%98-%EC%97%90%ED%85%90%EB%8D%B0%EC%B9%B4_%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%A9" title="파라나-에텐데카 트랩 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파라나-에텐데카 트랩" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappi_del_Paran%C3%A1-Etendeka" title="Trappi del Paraná-Etendeka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trappi del Paraná-Etendeka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_magm%C3%A1tica_do_Paran%C3%A1-Etendeka" title="Província magmática do Paraná-Etendeka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Província magmática do Paraná-Etendeka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large igneous province in South America and Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1095843157">.mw-parser-output .ib-landform{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform td,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-subheader{background-color:#e7dcc3;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-landform vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Paraná and Etendeka traps</div> <div class="nickname ib-landform-other-name">Paraná and Etendeka Plateau or Paraná and Etendeka Province</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">Large igneous province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_geologic_provinces.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Paraná and Etendeka traps shown as dark purple spot on the geologic map of South America"><img alt="The Paraná and Etendeka traps shown as dark purple spot on the geologic map of South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/250px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/375px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/World_geologic_provinces.jpg/500px-World_geologic_provinces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="637" /></a></span><div class="ib-landform-caption">The Paraná and Etendeka traps shown as dark purple spot on the geologic map of South America</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">eastern Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> & southwest <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Basin" title="Paraná Basin">Paraná Basin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Offshore water bodies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Southern Atlantic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a><br />138-128 Ma</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed by</th><td class="infobox-data">Break-up of <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serra_Geral_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serra Geral Formation (page does not exist)">Serra Geral Formation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-landform-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">1,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (580,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parana_traps.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parana_traps.JPG/300px-Parana_traps.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parana_traps.JPG/450px-Parana_traps.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parana_traps.JPG/600px-Parana_traps.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>A cliff at the Paraná Magmatic Province. <a href="/wiki/Rio_do_Rasto_Formation" title="Rio do Rasto Formation">Rio do Rastro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>. One can see the near vertical escarpment of silicic succession from waning-stage volcanism.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Paraná-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (PE-LIP)</b> (or <b>Paraná and Etendeka Plateau</b>; or <b>Paraná and Etendeka Province</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous province</a> that includes both the main Paraná <a href="/wiki/Trap_rock" title="Trap rock">traps</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Basin" title="Paraná Basin">Paraná Basin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South American</a> <a href="/wiki/Geological_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological basin">geological basin</a>) as well as the smaller severed portions of the <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a> at the Etendeka traps (in northwest <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and southwest <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>). The original basalt flows occurred 136 to 132 million years ago. The province had a post-flow surface area of 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) and an original volume projected to be in excess of 2.3 x 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basalt samples at Paraná and Etendeka have an age of about 132 Ma, during the <a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a> stage of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indirectly, the rifting and <a href="/wiki/Extension_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (geology)">extension</a> are probably the origin of the Paraná and Etendeka traps and it could be the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> Islands as well, as they are connected by the <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Ridge" title="Walvis Ridge">Walvis Ridge</a> (Gough/<a href="/wiki/Tristan_hotspot" title="Tristan hotspot">Tristan hotspot</a>). The seamounts of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rise" title="Rio Grande Rise">Rio Grande Rise</a> (25°S to 35°S) that go eastwards from the Paraná side<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are part of this traps system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interpretations of geochemistry, including <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, have led geologists to conclude that the magmas forming the traps and associated <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> originated by <a href="/wiki/Partial_melting" title="Partial melting">melting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphic mantle</a> due to the arrival of a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a> to the base of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>. Then much of the magma was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crustal_contamination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crustal contamination (page does not exist)">contaminated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">crustal materials</a> prior to their eruption. Some <a href="/wiki/Plutonic_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic rock">plutonic rocks</a> related to the traps escaped crustal contamination reflecting more directly the source of the magmas in the mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silicic_eruptions">Silicic eruptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Silicic eruptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Paraná, the <a href="/wiki/Silicic_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicic rock">silicic rocks</a> are divided into two compositional groups, the Palmas volcanics and Chapecó volcanics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmas is recognized as composed of the five geochemical subtypes Santa Maria, Caxias do Sul, Anita Garibaldi, Clevelândia and Jacuí, while Chapecó is composed of the three geochemical subtypes Ourinhos, Tamarana and Guarapuav.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight major eruptive units, labeled PAV-A to -G and BRA-21, are recognized within Palmas volcanics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Etendeka, individual eruptive units of <a href="/wiki/Quartz_latite" title="Quartz latite">quartz latite</a> are grouped into high-<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> and low-Ti <a href="/wiki/Suite_(geology)" title="Suite (geology)">suites</a>. The high-Ti suit is composed of six <a href="/wiki/Member_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member (geology)">members</a>: Naudé, Sarusas, Elliott, Khoraseb, and Ventura. The low-Ti suite is composed of eight members: Fria, Beacon, Grootberg, Wereldsend, Hoanib, Springbok, Goboboseb, and Terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Goboboseb consists of four eruptive units, labeled Goboboseb-I to -IV.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the basis of trans-Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Chemostratigraphy" title="Chemostratigraphy">chemostratigraphy</a>, the low-Ti suite in Etendeka is equivalent to Palmas volcanics in Paraná,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the high-Ti suite is equivalent to Chapecó volcanics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a finer scale, geochemical affinities have made tentative correlations in these pairs:<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_et_al_2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_et_al_2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PAV-G of Anita Garibaldi and Beacon, PAV-B of Caxias do Sul and Springbok, PAV-A of Jacuí and Goboboseb-II, Guarapuava and Ventura, Ourinhos and Khoraseb, BRA-21 and Wereldsend, PAV-F of Caxias do Sul and Grootberg. Sarusas may correlate either to Guarapuava or Tamarana, and Fria may correlate either to Santa Maria or Clevelândia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_et_al_2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_et_al_2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eruption_style_and_volume">Eruption style and volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eruption style and volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Etendeka, the quartz latite units are interpreted to be rheomorphic <a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a>, which are emplaced by <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive</a> eruptions of high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Ash_flow_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash flow sheet">ash-flows</a>. Each eruption produced voluminous and widespread pyroclastic sheet with thickness between 40–300 m (130–980 feet). Individual unit, within Etendeka, has a volume between 400–2,600 km<sup>3</sup> (96–624 cubic miles) and covers an area up to 8,800 km<sup>2</sup> (3,400 square miles).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No air-fall layer associated with the eruptions has been recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 18 km (11 miles) diameter, circular structure, called Messum <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">igneous complex</a>, is identified to be the eruptive centre for Goboboseb-I to -IV and Springbok.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was postulated that Chapecó and Palmas volcanics in Paraná are the eastward extensions of Etendeka ash-flows, so each correlation represents a huge ignimbrite eruption. The volumes of these eruptions would make them the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_volcanic_eruptions" title="List of largest volcanic eruptions">largest known explosive eruptions</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_et_al_2010_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_et_al_2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the largest Guarapuava-Tamarana/Sarusas is estimated to have a volume of 8,600 km<sup>3</sup> (2,100 cubic miles), which dwarfs other extremely large eruptions such as 30 million year old <a href="/wiki/Wah_Wah_Springs_Caldera" title="Wah Wah Springs Caldera">Wah Wah Springs</a> and 28 million year old <a href="/wiki/Fish_Canyon_Tuff" title="Fish Canyon Tuff">Fish Canyon Tuff</a>. This interpretation, however, is disputed. Sarusas member is known to consist of 10 eruptive units hence a product of multiple eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_et_al_2010_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan_et_al_2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, units of each province are not the exact correlatives of the same eruptive event but may share the same <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magmatic system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, Chapecó and Palmas volcanics in Paraná are not unambiguously identified as the eastward extensions of ash-flows. Most studies have characterized Chapecó and Palmas as stacks of local <a href="/wiki/Lava_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flows">lava flows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive eruptions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were emitted from nearby <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_pipe" title="Volcanic pipe">silicic conduits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">feeder dikes</a>. The extremely large volume estimations and explosive style of them, therefore, are questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a study has found <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a>-like textures in Chapecó and Palmas volcanics that are indicative of explosive eruptions. Guarapuava and Clevelândia subtypes are interpreted to be entirely of ignimbrites, while Jacuí, Anita Garibaldi, Caxias do Sul, and Santa Maria are multiple ignimbrite units <a href="/wiki/Interbedding" title="Interbedding">intercalated</a> with lava domes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ignimbrites were characterzied by low-explosivity, high eruptive mass-flux, and <a href="/wiki/Column_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Column collapse">low-column fountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Paraguay" title="Geology of Paraguay">Geology of Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Uruguay" title="Geology of Uruguay">Geology of Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Basin" title="Paraná Basin">Paraná Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_dyke_swarms" title="Uruguayan dyke swarms">Uruguayan dyke swarms</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.013">"Structures and lithofacies of inferred silicic conduits in the Paraná-Etendeka LIP, southernmost Brazil"</a>. <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>355</b>: 319–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2017.12.013">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.12.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273">0377-0273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Structures+and+lithofacies+of+inferred+silicic+conduits+in+the+Paran%C3%A1-Etendeka+LIP%2C+southernmost+Brazil&rft.volume=355&rft.pages=319-336&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2017.12.013&rft.issn=0377-0273&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft.au=Lima%2C+E.F.&rft.au=Sommer%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Rossetti%2C+L.M.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2017.12.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParan%C3%A1+and+Etendeka+traps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_LimaWaichelRossettiSommer2018" class="citation journal cs1">de Lima, Evandro Fernandes; Waichel, Breno Leitão; Rossetti, Lucas De Magalhães May; Sommer, Carlos Augusto; Simões, Matheus Silva (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.11.004">"Feeder systems of acidic lava flows from the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in southern Brazil and their implications for eruption style"</a>. <i>Journal of South American Earth Sciences</i>. <b>81</b>: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2017.11.004">10.1016/j.jsames.2017.11.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-9811">0895-9811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+American+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Feeder+systems+of+acidic+lava+flows+from+the+Paran%C3%A1-Etendeka+Igneous+Province+in+southern+Brazil+and+their+implications+for+eruption+style&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2017.11.004&rft.issn=0895-9811&rft.aulast=de+Lima&rft.aufirst=Evandro+Fernandes&rft.au=Waichel%2C+Breno+Leit%C3%A3o&rft.au=Rossetti%2C+Lucas+De+Magalh%C3%A3es+May&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Carlos+Augusto&rft.au=Sim%C3%B5es%2C+Matheus+Silva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jsames.2017.11.004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParan%C3%A1+and+Etendeka+traps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuchettiGravleyGualdaNardy2018" class="citation journal cs1">Luchetti, Ana Carolina F.; Gravley, Darren M.; Gualda, Guilherme A.R.; Nardy, Antonio J.R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.012">"Textural evidence for high-grade ignimbrites formed by low-explosivity eruptions, Paraná Magmatic Province, southern Brazil"</a>. <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>. <b>355</b>: 87–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2017.04.012">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.04.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11449%2F160358">11449/160358</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273">0377-0273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Textural+evidence+for+high-grade+ignimbrites+formed+by+low-explosivity+eruptions%2C+Paran%C3%A1+Magmatic+Province%2C+southern+Brazil&rft.volume=355&rft.pages=87-97&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11449%2F160358&rft.issn=0377-0273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2017.04.012&rft.aulast=Luchetti&rft.aufirst=Ana+Carolina+F.&rft.au=Gravley%2C+Darren+M.&rft.au=Gualda%2C+Guilherme+A.R.&rft.au=Nardy%2C+Antonio+J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2017.04.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParan%C3%A1+and+Etendeka+traps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeate1997" class="citation book cs1">Peate DW (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809015532/http://myweb.uiowa.edu/dpeate/downloads/Parana-review.pdf">"The Parana-Etendeka Province"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Mahoney JJ, Coffin MF (eds.). <i>Large Igneous Provinces: continental, oceanic, and planetary flood volcanism</i>. Geophysical Monograph. Vol. 100. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. pp. 217–245. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myweb.uiowa.edu/dpeate/downloads/Parana-review.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Parana-Etendeka+Province&rft.btitle=Large+Igneous+Provinces%3A+continental%2C+oceanic%2C+and+planetary+flood+volcanism&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Geophysical+Monograph&rft.pages=217-245&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Peate&rft.aufirst=DW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyweb.uiowa.edu%2Fdpeate%2Fdownloads%2FParana-review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParan%C3%A1+and+Etendeka+traps" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102212839/http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/geosciences/geophysics/projects/magnetics/emage/">"EMAGE: East Antarctic Margin Aeromagnetic and Gravity Experiment"</a>. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/geosciences/geophysics/projects/magnetics/emage/">the original</a> on 2011-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EMAGE%3A+East+Antarctic+Margin+Aeromagnetic+and+Gravity+Experiment&rft.pub=Alfred+Wegener+Institute+for+Polar+and+Marine+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awi.de%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fresearch_divisions%2Fgeosciences%2Fgeophysics%2Fprojects%2Fmagnetics%2Femage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParan%C3%A1+and+Etendeka+traps" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Large_igneous_provinces" title="Template:Large igneous provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Large_igneous_provinces" title="Template talk:Large igneous provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Large_igneous_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Large igneous provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Large_igneous_provinces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">Large igneous provinces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agulhas_plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agulhas plateau (page does not exist)">Agulhas</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Georgia_Rise" title="Northeast Georgia Rise">Northeast Georgia Rise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maud_Rise" title="Maud Rise">Maud Rise</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azores_plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azores plateau (page does not exist)">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_large_igneous_province" title="Caribbean large igneous province">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlantic_magmatic_province" title="Central Atlantic magmatic province">Central Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Iapetus_Magmatic_Province" title="Central Iapetus Magmatic Province">Central Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circum-Superior_Belt" title="Circum-Superior Belt">Circum-Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Basalt_Group" title="Columbia River Basalt Group">Columbia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps">Emeishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia-Yemen_Continental_Flood_Basalts" title="Ethiopia-Yemen Continental Flood Basalts">Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Atlantic_Magmatic_Province" title="Equatorial Atlantic Magmatic Province">Equatorial Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Large_Igneous_Province" title="Franklin Large Igneous Province">Franklin</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_dike_swarm" title="Franklin dike swarm">Franklin dike swarm</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_Large_Igneous_Province" title="High Arctic Large Igneous Province">High Arctic</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Basin_Magmatic_Province" title="Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province">Sverdrup Basin</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iceland_plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iceland plateau (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoo-Ferrar" title="Karoo-Ferrar">Karoo-Ferrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerguelen plateau">Kerguelen</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Broken_Ridge" title="Broken Ridge">Broken Ridge</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Large_Igneous_Province" title="Marathon Large Igneous Province">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcontinent_Rift_System" title="Midcontinent Rift System">Keweenawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_dikes" title="Long Range dikes">Long Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Large_Igneous_Province" title="Mackenzie Large Igneous Province">Mackenzie</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_River_Group" title="Coppermine River Group">Coppermine River</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_dike_swarm" title="Mackenzie dike swarm">Mackenzie dike swarm</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matachewan_dike_swarm" title="Matachewan dike swarm">Matachewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistassini_dike_swarm" title="Mistassini dike swarm">Mistassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Igneous_Province" title="North Atlantic Igneous Province">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongeluk_Large_Igneous_Province" title="Ongeluk Large Igneous Province">Ongeluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontong Java plateau">Ontong Java</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manihiki_plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manihiki plateau (page does not exist)">Manihiki</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikurangi_plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikurangi plateau (page does not exist)">Hikurangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjal_Traps" title="Panjal Traps">Panjal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paraná and Etendeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatsky_Rise" title="Shatsky Rise">Shatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak-Centered_Large_Igneous_Province" title="Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province">Skagerrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_magmatic_event" title="Ungava magmatic event">Ungava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winagami_sill_complex" title="Winagami sill complex">Winagami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraná_and_Etendeka_traps&oldid=1252124219">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraná_and_Etendeka_traps&oldid=1252124219</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Large_igneous_provinces" title="Category:Large igneous provinces">Large igneous provinces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paran%C3%A1_Basin" title="Category:Paraná Basin">Paraná Basin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barremian_Stage" title="Category:Barremian Stage">Barremian Stage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hauterivian_Stage" title="Category:Hauterivian Stage">Hauterivian Stage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valanginian_Stage" title="Category:Valanginian Stage">Valanginian Stage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Cretaceous_Africa" title="Category:Early Cretaceous Africa">Early Cretaceous Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_Cretaceous_South_America" title="Category:Early Cretaceous South America">Early Cretaceous South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cretaceous_volcanism" title="Category:Cretaceous volcanism">Cretaceous volcanism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanism_of_Brazil" title="Category:Volcanism of Brazil">Volcanism of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanism_of_Angola" title="Category:Volcanism of Angola">Volcanism of Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanism_of_Namibia" title="Category:Volcanism of Namibia">Volcanism of Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cretaceous_Argentina" title="Category:Cretaceous Argentina">Cretaceous Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Argentina" title="Category:Geology of Argentina">Geology of Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cretaceous_Brazil" title="Category:Cretaceous Brazil">Cretaceous Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Brazil" title="Category:Geology of Brazil">Geology of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cretaceous_Uruguay" title="Category:Cretaceous Uruguay">Cretaceous Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Uruguay" title="Category:Geology of Uruguay">Geology of Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stratigraphy_of_Argentina" title="Category:Stratigraphy of Argentina">Stratigraphy of Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stratigraphy_of_Uruguay" title="Category:Stratigraphy of Uruguay">Stratigraphy of Uruguay</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 22:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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