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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Passenger usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolling_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolling_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rolling stock</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rolling stock subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rolling_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TGV_Sud-Est" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_Sud-Est"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>TGV Sud-Est</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_Sud-Est-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGV_Atlantique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_Atlantique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>TGV Atlantique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_Atlantique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGV_Réseau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_Réseau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>TGV Réseau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_Réseau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGV_Duplex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_Duplex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>TGV Duplex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_Duplex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGV_POS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_POS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>TGV POS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_POS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avelia_Euroduplex_(TGV_2N2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avelia_Euroduplex_(TGV_2N2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Avelia Euroduplex (TGV 2N2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avelia_Euroduplex_(TGV_2N2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGV_M_Avelia_Horizon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_M_Avelia_Horizon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>TGV M Avelia Horizon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_M_Avelia_Horizon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TGV_technology_outside_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_technology_outside_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>TGV technology outside France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_technology_outside_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_TGVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_TGVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Future TGVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_TGVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lines_in_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lines_in_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lines in operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lines_in_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_LGVs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_LGVs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>On LGVs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_LGVs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_classic_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_classic_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>On classic lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_classic_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests_against_the_TGV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests_against_the_TGV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Protests against the TGV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests_against_the_TGV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mail_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mail_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mail services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mail_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_hospital_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_hospital_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mobile hospital service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_hospital_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebranding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebranding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Rebranding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rebranding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rebranding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rebranding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-TGV_inOui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TGV_inOui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>TGV inOui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TGV_inOui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ouigo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ouigo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Ouigo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ouigo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">TGV</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="قطارات فائقة السرعة (الشركة الوطنية للسكك الحديدية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطارات فائقة السرعة (الشركة الوطنية للسكك الحديدية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren_Tizh-ha-Tizh" title="Tren Tizh-ha-Tizh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tren Tizh-ha-Tizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_%C3%A0_Grande_Vitesse" title="Train à Grande Vitesse – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Train à Grande Vitesse" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA_%DA%98_%D9%88" title="ت ژ و – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ت ژ و" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse_(TGV)" title="Train à grande vitesse (TGV) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Train à grande vitesse (TGV)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="टीजीवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टीजीवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_%C3%A0_Grande_Vitesse" title="Train à Grande Vitesse – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Train à Grande Vitesse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_%C3%A0_Grande_Vitesse" title="Train à Grande Vitesse – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Train à Grande Vitesse" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="ടിജിവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടിജിവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="टीजीव्ही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टीजीव्ही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_%C3%A0_Grande_Vitesse" title="Train à Grande Vitesse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Train à Grande Vitesse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_%C3%A0_Grande_Vitesse" title="Train à Grande Vitesse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Train à Grande Vitesse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%96%D0%92" title="ТЖВ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ТЖВ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7" title="เตเฌเว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เตเฌเว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ٹی جی وی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹی جی وی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV" title="TGV – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="TGV" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="法国高速铁路 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法国高速铁路" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F%E5%88%97%E8%BB%8A" title="法國高速列車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法國高速列車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State-owned intercity high-speed rail service of France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/TGV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="TGV (disambiguation)">TGV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">TGV</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_logo_(2012).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/TGV_logo_%282012%29.svg/200px-TGV_logo_%282012%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/TGV_logo_%282012%29.svg/300px-TGV_logo_%282012%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/TGV_logo_%282012%29.svg/400px-TGV_logo_%282012%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SNCF_TGV_Duplex_2N2_4718_(8464339495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/SNCF_TGV_Duplex_2N2_4718_%288464339495%29.jpg/300px-SNCF_TGV_Duplex_2N2_4718_%288464339495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/SNCF_TGV_Duplex_2N2_4718_%288464339495%29.jpg/450px-SNCF_TGV_Duplex_2N2_4718_%288464339495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/SNCF_TGV_Duplex_2N2_4718_%288464339495%29.jpg/600px-SNCF_TGV_Duplex_2N2_4718_%288464339495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="987" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">TGV 2N2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_l%27Est" title="Gare de l'Est">Gare de l'Est</a> in Paris, 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Locale</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a>, with services extending to <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/AVE" title="AVE">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li>Technology exported for <a href="/wiki/Al_Boraq" title="Al Boraq">Al Boraq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li>Derivative versions operated by <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> and national companies in <a href="/wiki/KTX" class="mw-redirect" title="KTX">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acela" title="Acela">US</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1981<span class="noprint">; 43 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1981</span>)</span>–present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span>) (<a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groupe-sncf.com/en">www<wbr />.groupe-sncf<wbr />.com<wbr />/en</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">LGV network</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_TGV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/France_TGV.png/300px-France_TGV.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/France_TGV.png/450px-France_TGV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/France_TGV.png/600px-France_TGV.png 2x" data-file-width="4130" data-file-height="4409" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">High-speed lines in France</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>TGV</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[teʒeve]</a></span>; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><b>Train à Grande Vitesse</b></i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[tʁɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡʁɑ̃d<span class="wrap"> </span>vitɛs]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c8\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-train_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-train_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-train \u00e0 grande vitesse.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-train_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-WikiLucas00-train_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-WikiLucas00-train_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-train à grande vitesse.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, "high-speed train"; formerly <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">TurboTrain à Grande Vitesse</i></span>) is France's intercity <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> service. With commercial operating speeds of up to 320 km/h (200 mph) on the newer lines,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the TGV was conceived at the same period as other technological projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">Ariane 1</a> rocket and <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> supersonic airliner; sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">Government of France</a>, those funding programmes were known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">champion national</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">national champion</a>") policies. In 2023 the TGV network in France carried 122 million passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state-owned <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> started working on a high-speed rail network in 1966. It presented the project to President <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a> in 1974 who approved it. Originally designed as <a href="/wiki/Turbotrain" title="Turbotrain">turbotrains</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine train">powered by gas turbines</a>, TGV prototypes evolved into electric trains with the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. In 1976 the SNCF ordered 87 high-speed trains from <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>. Following the inaugural service between <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in 1981 on the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est" title="LGV Sud-Est">LGV Sud-Est</a>, the network, centred on Paris, has expanded to connect major cities across France, including <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, as well as in neighbouring countries on a combination of high-speed and conventional lines. The success of the first high-speed service led to a rapid development of <i>Lignes à Grande Vitesse</i> (LGVs, "high-speed lines") to the south (<a href="/wiki/LGV_Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="LGV Rhône-Alpes">Rhône-Alpes</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="LGV Méditerranée">Méditerranée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contournement_N%C3%AEmes_%E2%80%93_Montpellier" title="Contournement Nîmes – Montpellier">Nîmes–Montpellier</a>), west (<a href="/wiki/LGV_Atlantique" title="LGV Atlantique">Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGV_Bretagne-Pays_de_la_Loire" title="LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire">Bretagne-Pays de la Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud_Europe_Atlantique" title="LGV Sud Europe Atlantique">Sud Europe Atlantique</a>), north (<a href="/wiki/LGV_Nord" title="LGV Nord">Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGV_Interconnexion_Est" title="LGV Interconnexion Est">Interconnexion Est</a>) and east (<a href="/wiki/LGV_Rhin-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="LGV Rhin-Rhône">Rhin-Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGV_Est" title="LGV Est">Est</a>). Since it was launched, the TGV has not recorded a single passenger fatality in an accident on normal, high-speed service. </p><p>A specially modified TGV high-speed train known as <a href="/wiki/Project_V150" title="Project V150">Project V150</a>, weighing only 265 tonnes, set the world record for the fastest wheeled train, reaching 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) during a test run on 3 April 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the world's fastest scheduled rail journey was a start-to-stop average speed of 279.4 km/h (173.6 mph) between the <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Champagne-Ardenne_TGV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Champagne-Ardenne TGV">Gare de Champagne-Ardenne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lorraine_TGV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gare de Lorraine TGV">Gare de Lorraine</a> on the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Est" title="LGV Est">LGV Est</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-worldspeedsurvey2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldspeedsurvey2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worldspeedsurvey2007pdf_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldspeedsurvey2007pdf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not surpassed until the 2013 reported average of 283.7 km/h (176.3 mph) express service on the <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a> segment of China's <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang%E2%80%93Wuhan_high-speed_railway" title="Shijiazhuang–Wuhan high-speed railway">Shijiazhuang–Wuhan high-speed railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the engineering phase, the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Voie-Machine" title="Transmission Voie-Machine">Transmission Voie-Machine</a> (TVM) cab-signalling technology was developed, as drivers would not be able to see signals along the track-side when trains reach full speed. It allows for a train engaging in an emergency braking to request within seconds all following trains to reduce their speed; if a driver does not react within 1.5 km (0.93 mi), the system overrides the controls and reduces the train's speed automatically. The TVM safety mechanism enables TGVs using the same line to depart every three minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-modular_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modular-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TGV system itself extends to neighbouring countries, either directly (Italy, Spain, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany) or through TGV-derivative networks linking France to Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/TGV_Lyria" title="TGV Lyria">Lyria</a>), to Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands (former <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a>), as well as to the United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a>). Several future lines are under construction or planned, including extensions within France and to surrounding countries. The <a href="/wiki/Mont_d%27Ambin_Base_Tunnel" title="Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel">Mont d'Ambin Base Tunnel</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Turin%E2%80%93Lyon_high-speed_railway" title="Turin–Lyon high-speed railway">LGV Lyon–Turin</a> that is currently under construction, is set to become the longest rail tunnel in the world. Cities such as <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> have become part of a "TGV <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuter</a> belt" around Paris; the TGV also serves <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon%E2%80%93Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry_Airport" title="Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport">Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport</a>. A visitor attraction in itself, it stops at <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Paris" title="Disneyland Paris">Disneyland Paris</a> and in southern tourist cities such as <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> as well. <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> are reachable by TGVs running on a mix of LGVs and modernised lines. In 2007, the SNCF generated profits of €1.1 billion (approximately US$1.75 billion, £875 million) driven largely by higher margins on the TGV network.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of the TGV was first proposed in the 1960s, after Japan had begun construction of the <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> in 1959. At the time the Government of France favoured new technology, exploring the production of <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rotrain" title="Aérotrain">Aérotrain</a> air-cushion vehicle. Simultaneously, the SNCF began researching high-speed trains on conventional tracks. In 1976, the administration agreed to fund the first line. By the mid-1990s, the trains were so popular that SNCF president <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gallois" title="Louis Gallois">Louis Gallois</a> declared that the TGV was "the train that saved French railways".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_TGV" title="Development of the TGV">Development of the TGV</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Networks_of_Major_High_Speed_Rail_Operators_in_Europe.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Networks_of_Major_High_Speed_Rail_Operators_in_Europe.gif/220px-Networks_of_Major_High_Speed_Rail_Operators_in_Europe.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Networks_of_Major_High_Speed_Rail_Operators_in_Europe.gif/330px-Networks_of_Major_High_Speed_Rail_Operators_in_Europe.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Networks_of_Major_High_Speed_Rail_Operators_in_Europe.gif/440px-Networks_of_Major_High_Speed_Rail_Operators_in_Europe.gif 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>Europe's high-speed rail system, including TGV lines in France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deux_TGV_%C3%A0_Paris-Lyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Deux_TGV_%C3%A0_Paris-Lyon.jpg/220px-Deux_TGV_%C3%A0_Paris-Lyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Deux_TGV_%C3%A0_Paris-Lyon.jpg/330px-Deux_TGV_%C3%A0_Paris-Lyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Deux_TGV_%C3%A0_Paris-Lyon.jpg/440px-Deux_TGV_%C3%A0_Paris-Lyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</a> (left), the first equipment used on the service; and <a href="/wiki/TGV_2N2" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV 2N2">TGV 2N2</a> (right), the newest equipment used on the service, at <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>It was originally planned that the TGV, then standing for <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">très grande vitesse</i></span></i> ("very high speed") or <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">turbine grande vitesse</i></span></i> ("high-speed turbine"), would be propelled by <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine-electric_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbine-electric locomotive">gas turbines</a>, selected for their small size, good <a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">power-to-weight ratio</a> and ability to deliver high power over an extended period. The first prototype, <a href="/wiki/TGV_001" title="TGV 001">TGV 001</a>, was the only gas-turbine TGV: following the increase in the price of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 energy crisis</a>, gas turbines were deemed uneconomic and the project turned to electricity from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a>, generated by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">new nuclear power stations</a>. </p><p>TGV 001 was not a wasted prototype:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its gas turbine was only one of its many new technologies for high-speed rail travel. It also tested high-speed brakes, needed to dissipate the large amount of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of a train at high speed, high-speed aerodynamics, and signalling. It was articulated, comprising two adjacent carriages sharing a <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a>, allowing free yet controlled motion with respect to one another. It reached 318 km/h (198 mph), which remains the world speed record for a non-electric train. Its interior and exterior were styled by French designer Jacques Cooper, whose work formed the basis of early TGV designs, including the distinctive nose shape of the first power cars. </p><p>Changing the TGV to electric traction required a significant design overhaul. The first electric prototype, nicknamed Zébulon, was completed in 1974, testing features such as innovative body mounting of motors, <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantograph (rail)">pantographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">braking</a>. Body mounting of motors allowed over 3 tonnes to be eliminated from the power cars and greatly reduced the <a href="/wiki/Unsprung_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsprung weight">unsprung weight</a>. The prototype travelled almost 1,000,000 km (621,371 mi) during testing. </p><p>In 1976, the French administration funded the TGV project, and construction of the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est" title="LGV Sud-Est">LGV Sud-Est</a>, the first high-speed line (French: <i lang="fr">ligne à grande vitesse</i>), began shortly afterwards. The line was given the designation LN1, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ligne Nouvelle 1</i></span></i> ("New Line 1"). After two pre-production trainsets (nicknamed <i>Patrick</i> and <i>Sophie</i>) had been tested and substantially modified, the first production version was delivered on 25 April 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service">Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_TGV_services" title="List of TGV services">List of TGV services</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SNCF_TGV_Duplex_H%C3%A9ricourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SNCF_TGV_Duplex_H%C3%A9ricourt.jpg/220px-SNCF_TGV_Duplex_H%C3%A9ricourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SNCF_TGV_Duplex_H%C3%A9ricourt.jpg/330px-SNCF_TGV_Duplex_H%C3%A9ricourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SNCF_TGV_Duplex_H%C3%A9ricourt.jpg/440px-SNCF_TGV_Duplex_H%C3%A9ricourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5007" data-file-height="3091" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">TGV Duplex</a>, seen on the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Rhin-Rh%C3%B4ne" title="LGV Rhin-Rhône">LGV Rhin-Rhône</a> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ricourt,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Héricourt, Haute-Saône">Héricourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Haute-Saône">Haute-Saône</a>. This service between Strasbourg and Montpellier runs on both high-speed and classic lines.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viaduc_de_la_Rague_et_TGV_(2014).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Viaduc_de_la_Rague_et_TGV_%282014%29.JPG/220px-Viaduc_de_la_Rague_et_TGV_%282014%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Viaduc_de_la_Rague_et_TGV_%282014%29.JPG/330px-Viaduc_de_la_Rague_et_TGV_%282014%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Viaduc_de_la_Rague_et_TGV_%282014%29.JPG/440px-Viaduc_de_la_Rague_et_TGV_%282014%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>TGV Duplex departing Nice on the <a href="/wiki/Marseille%E2%80%93Ventimiglia_railway" title="Marseille–Ventimiglia railway">Marseille–Ventimiglia railway</a>. The service towards the north runs on the classic line until Marseille, when it joins the <a href="/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="LGV Méditerranée">LGV Méditerranée</a>. The proposed <a href="/wiki/LGV_Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur" title="LGV Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">LGV PACA</a> allows for extending the high-speed service to Nice.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_Hiver_pour_Quimper_et_Paris_%C3%A0_Modane_(f%C3%A9vrier_2020)_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/TGV_Hiver_pour_Quimper_et_Paris_%C3%A0_Modane_%28f%C3%A9vrier_2020%29_2.JPG/220px-TGV_Hiver_pour_Quimper_et_Paris_%C3%A0_Modane_%28f%C3%A9vrier_2020%29_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/TGV_Hiver_pour_Quimper_et_Paris_%C3%A0_Modane_%28f%C3%A9vrier_2020%29_2.JPG/330px-TGV_Hiver_pour_Quimper_et_Paris_%C3%A0_Modane_%28f%C3%A9vrier_2020%29_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/TGV_Hiver_pour_Quimper_et_Paris_%C3%A0_Modane_%28f%C3%A9vrier_2020%29_2.JPG/440px-TGV_Hiver_pour_Quimper_et_Paris_%C3%A0_Modane_%28f%C3%A9vrier_2020%29_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3894" data-file-height="2903" /></a><figcaption>TGV service (partly on classic lines) to <a href="/wiki/Modane_station" title="Modane station">Modane</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a> is popular in the winter season.</figcaption></figure> <p>The TGV opened to the public between <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> on 27 September 1981. Contrary to its earlier fast services, SNCF intended TGV service for all types of passengers, with the same initial ticket price as trains on the parallel conventional line. To counteract the popular misconception that the TGV would be a premium service for business travellers, SNCF started a major publicity campaign focusing on the speed, frequency, reservation policy, normal price, and broad accessibility of the service.<sup id="cite_ref-onthefasttrack1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onthefasttrack1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This commitment to a democratised TGV service was enhanced in the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a> era with the promotional slogan "Progress means nothing unless it is shared by all".<sup id="cite_ref-onthefasttrack2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onthefasttrack2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TGV was considerably faster (in terms of door to door travel time) than normal trains, <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">cars</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aeroplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroplanes">aeroplanes</a>. The trains became widely popular, the public welcoming fast and practical travel. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> service began operation in 1994, connecting <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_International_railway_station" title="Waterloo International railway station">London</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> and the LGV Nord-Europe with a version of the TGV designed for use in the tunnel and the United Kingdom. The first phase of the British <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a> line was completed in 2003, the second phase in November 2007. The fastest trains take 2 hours 15 minutes London–Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes London–Brussels. The first twice-daily London-Amsterdam service ran 3 April 2018, and took 3 hours 47 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milestones">Milestones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cd41-0015g.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cd41-0015g.png/220px-Cd41-0015g.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cd41-0015g.png/330px-Cd41-0015g.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cd41-0015g.png/440px-Cd41-0015g.png 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Record runs of the TGV</figcaption></figure> <p>The TGV (1981) was the world's second commercial and the fastest <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> high-speed train service,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Japan's <a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a>, which <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D_Shinkansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkaidō Shinkansen">connected</a> Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> from 1 October 1964. It was a commercial success. </p><p>A TGV test train holds the <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world speed record</a> for conventional trains. On 3 April 2007 a <a href="/wiki/V150_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="V150 (train)">modified TGV POS</a> train reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) <a href="/wiki/TGV_world_speed_record" title="TGV world speed record">under test conditions</a> on the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Est" title="LGV Est">LGV Est</a> between Paris and Strasbourg. The line voltage was boosted to 31 kV, and extra ballast was tamped onto the permanent way. The train beat the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world speed record</a> of 515.3 km/h (320.2 mph), set by a similarly TGV, along with unofficial records set during weeks preceding the official record run. The test was part of an extensive research programme by Alstom.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the TGV was the <a href="/wiki/Land_speed_record_for_railed_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speed record for railed vehicles">world's fastest conventional scheduled train</a>: one journey's average start-to-stop speed from Champagne-Ardenne Station to Lorraine Station is 279.3 km/h (173.5 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-worldspeedsurvey2007_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldspeedsurvey2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worldspeedsurvey2007pdf_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldspeedsurvey2007pdf-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This record was surpassed on 26 December 2009 by the new <a href="/wiki/Wuhan%E2%80%93Guangzhou_high-speed_railway" title="Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway">Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a> where the fastest scheduled train covered 922 km (573 mi) at an average speed of 312.54 km/h (194.20 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar (TGV) train</a> broke the record for the longest non-stop high-speed international journey on 17 May 2006 carrying the cast and filmmakers of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">The Da Vinci Code</a></i> from London to <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>. The 1,421-kilometre (883 mi) journey took 7 hours 25 minutes on an average speed of 191.6 km/h (119.1 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fastest single long-distance run on the TGV was done by a <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau</a> train from Calais-Frethun to Marseille (1,067.2 km (663.1 mi)i) in 3 hours 29 minutes at a speed of 306 km/h (190 mph) for the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="LGV Méditerranée">LGV Méditerranée</a> on 26 May 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_usage">Passenger usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Passenger usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 November 2003, the TGV network carried its one billionth passenger, a distant second only to the Shinkansen's five billionth passenger in 2000. </p><p>Excluding international traffic, the TGV system carried 98 million passengers during 2008, an increase of 8 million (9.1%) on the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-SNCFfigures2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNCFfigures2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="display:flex; flex-direction:row; flex-wrap:wrap; gap: 0.8em; align-items:center; justify-content:flex-start"><div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>TGV passengers in millions from 1981 to 2010<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1980</th> <th>1981</th> <th>1982</th> <th>1983</th> <th>1984</th> <th>1985</th> <th>1986</th> <th>1987</th> <th>1988</th> <th>1989 </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div></td> <td>1.26</td> <td>6.08</td> <td>9.20</td> <td>13.77</td> <td>15.38</td> <td>15.57</td> <td>16.97</td> <td>18.10</td> <td>19.16 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1990</th> <th>1991</th> <th>1992</th> <th>1993</th> <th>1994</th> <th>1995</th> <th>1996</th> <th>1997</th> <th>1998</th> <th>1999 </th></tr> <tr> <td>29.93</td> <td>37.00</td> <td>39.30</td> <td>40.12</td> <td>43.91</td> <td>46.59</td> <td>55.73</td> <td>62.60</td> <td>71.00</td> <td>74.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2002</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009 </th></tr> <tr> <td>79.70</td> <td>83.50</td> <td>87.90</td> <td>86.70</td> <td>90.80</td> <td>94.00</td> <td>97.00</td> <td>106.00</td> <td>114.00</td> <td>122.00 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th></tr> <tr> <td>114.45 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from 1994 including Eurostar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from 1997 including Thalys</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolling_stock">Rolling stock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rolling stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris,_Gare_de_Lyon_with_three_TGV_in_1985_(SIK_03-026269).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paris%2C_Gare_de_Lyon_with_three_TGV_in_1985_%28SIK_03-026269%29.jpg/220px-Paris%2C_Gare_de_Lyon_with_three_TGV_in_1985_%28SIK_03-026269%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paris%2C_Gare_de_Lyon_with_three_TGV_in_1985_%28SIK_03-026269%29.jpg/330px-Paris%2C_Gare_de_Lyon_with_three_TGV_in_1985_%28SIK_03-026269%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Paris%2C_Gare_de_Lyon_with_three_TGV_in_1985_%28SIK_03-026269%29.jpg/440px-Paris%2C_Gare_de_Lyon_with_three_TGV_in_1985_%28SIK_03-026269%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>Three TGV trains at <a href="/wiki/Gare_de_Lyon" title="Gare de Lyon">Gare de Lyon</a> station in Paris, 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>All TGV trains have two <a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">power cars</a>, one on each end. Between those power cars are a set of semi-permanently coupled <a href="/wiki/Articulated_vehicle" title="Articulated vehicle">articulated</a> un-powered <a href="/wiki/Coach_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coach (rail)">coaches</a>. Cars are connected with <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">Jacobs bogies</a>, a single <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">bogie</a> shared between the ends of two coaches. The only exception are the end cars, which have a standalone bogie on the side closest to the power car, which is often motorized. Power cars also have two bogies. </p><p>Trains can be lengthened by coupling two TGVs, using couplers hidden in the noses of the power cars. </p><p>The articulated design is advantageous during a derailment, as the passenger carriages are more likely to stay upright and in line with the track. Normal trains could split at <a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">couplings</a> and jackknife, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Eschede_train_disaster" title="Eschede train disaster">Eschede train disaster</a>. A disadvantage is that it is difficult to split sets of carriages. While power cars can be removed from trains by standard uncoupling procedures, specialized equipment is needed to split carriages, by lifting up cars off a bogie. Once uncoupled, one of the carriage ends is left without support, so a specialized frame is required. </p><p>SNCF prefers to use power cars instead of <a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">electric multiple units</a> because it allows for less electrical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are six types of TGV equipment in use, all built by <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">TGV Atlantique</a> (10 carriages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau</a> (an upgrade of the Atlantique, 8 carriages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">TGV Duplex</a> (two floors for greater passenger capacity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_POS" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV POS">TGV POS</a> (originally for routes to Germany, now used to Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">TGV 2N2</a> (also known as the Avelia Euroduplex, an upgrade of the TGV Duplex)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_M" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV M">TGV M</a> (also known as the Avelia Horizon, expected to enter service in 2025)</li></ul> <p>Retired sets: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</a> (retired in December 2019) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">TGV La Poste</a> (retired in June 2015)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Several TGV types have broken records, including the <a href="/wiki/V150_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="V150 (train)">V150</a> and <a href="/wiki/TGV_001" title="TGV 001">TGV 001</a>. V150 was a specially modified five-car double-deck trainset that <a href="/wiki/TGV_world_speed_record#Record_of_2007" title="TGV world speed record">reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph)</a> under controlled conditions on a test run. It narrowly missed beating the world train speed record of 581 km/h (361 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record-breaking speed is impractical for commercial trains due to motor overcharging, empty train weight, rail and engine wear issues, elimination of all but three coaches, excessive vibration, noise and lack of <a href="/wiki/Emergency_brake_(train)" title="Emergency brake (train)">emergency stopping methods</a>. TGVs travel at up to 320 km/h (199 mph) in commercial use. </p><p>All TGVs are at least <i>bi-current</i>, which means that they can operate at <a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="25 kV AC railway electrification"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004250000000000000♠"></span>25 kV 50 Hz AC</span></a> (used on LGVs) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems#1,500_V_DC" title="List of railway electrification systems"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003150000000000000♠"></span>1,500 V DC</span></a> (used on traditional lines). Trains travelling internationally must accommodate other voltages (<a href="/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="15 kV AC railway electrification">15 kV 16.7 Hz AC</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems#3_kV_DC" title="List of railway electrification systems"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003300000000000000♠"></span>3,000 V DC</span></a>), requiring <i>tri-current</i> and <i>quad-current</i> TGVs. </p><p>Each TGV power car has two pantographs: one for AC use and one for DC. When passing between areas with different electric systems (identified by marker boards), trains enter a phase break zone. Just before this section, train operators must power down the motors (allowing the train to <a href="/wiki/Gliding_(vehicle)" title="Gliding (vehicle)">coast</a>), lower the pantograph, adjust a switch to select the appropriate system, and raise the pantograph. Once the train exits the phase break zone and detects the correct electric supply, a dashboard indicator illuminates, and the operator can once again engage the motors. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Equipment type </th> <th colspan="2">Top speed </th> <th rowspan="2">Seating <br />capacity </th> <th colspan="2">Overall length </th> <th colspan="2">Width </th> <th rowspan="2">Weight, <br />empty (t) </th> <th rowspan="2">Weight, <br />full (t) </th> <th rowspan="2">Power, <br />at 25 kV (kW) </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-to-weight">Power-to-weight</a> ratio, <br />empty (kW/t) </th> <th rowspan="2">First <br />built </th></tr> <tr> <th>km/h</th> <th>mph </th> <th>m</th> <th>ft </th> <th>m</th> <th>ft </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TGV_Atlantique" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV Atlantique">TGV Atlantique</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">300 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">190 </td> <td align="right">485, 459 (rebuilt) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">238 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">781 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td align="right">444 </td> <td align="right">484 </td> <td align="right">8,800 </td> <td align="right">19.82 </td> <td align="right">1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TGV_R%C3%A9seau" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">320 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td align="right">377, 361 (rebuilt) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td align="right">383 </td> <td align="right">415 </td> <td align="right">8,800 </td> <td align="right">22.98 </td> <td align="right">1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">TGV Duplex</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">320 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td align="right">508 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td align="right">380 </td> <td align="right">424 </td> <td align="right">8,800 </td> <td align="right">23.16 </td> <td align="right">1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TGV_POS" title="TGV POS">TGV POS</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">320 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td align="right">361 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td align="right">383 </td> <td align="right">415 </td> <td align="right">9,280 </td> <td align="right">24.23 </td> <td align="right">2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">Euroduplex</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">320 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td align="right">509(SNCF), 533(ONCF) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.90 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.5 </td> <td align="right">380 </td> <td align="right">424 </td> <td align="right">9,400 </td> <td align="right">24.74 </td> <td align="right">2011 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGV_Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: TGV Sud-Est"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">SNCF TGV Sud-Est</a> and <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">SNCF TGV La Poste</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_original_livery_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/TGV_original_livery_1987.jpg/220px-TGV_original_livery_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/TGV_original_livery_1987.jpg/330px-TGV_original_livery_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/TGV_original_livery_1987.jpg/440px-TGV_original_livery_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/TGV_Sud-Est" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</a> set in the original orange livery.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sud-Est fleet was built between 1978 and 1988 and operated the first TGV service, from Paris to Lyon in 1981. There were 107 passenger sets, of which nine are tri-current (including <a href="/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="15 kV AC railway electrification">15 kV 16.7 Hz AC</a> for use in Switzerland) and the rest bi-current. There were seven bi-current half-sets without seats that carried mail for <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">La Poste</a> between Paris, Lyon and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, in a distinctive yellow livery until they were phased out in 2015. </p><p>Each set were made up of two power cars and eight carriages (capacity 345 seats), including a powered bogie in the carriages adjacent to the power cars. They are 200 m (656 ft 2 in) long and 2.81 m (9 ft 3 in) wide. They weighed 385 tonnes (849,000 lb) with a power output of 6,450 kW under 25 kV. </p><p>The sets were originally built to run at 270 km/h (168 mph) but most were upgraded to 300 km/h (186 mph) during mid-life refurbishment in preparation for the opening of the LGV Méditerranée. The few sets that kept a maximum speed of 270 km/h (168 mph) operated on routes that include a comparatively short distance on LGV, such as to Switzerland via Dijon; SNCF did not consider it financially worthwhile to upgrade their speed for a marginal reduction in journey time. </p><p>In December 2019, the trains were phased out from service. In late 2019 and early 2020, TGV 01 (Nicknamed Patrick), the very first TGV train, did a farewell service that included all three liveries that were worn during their service.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGV_Atlantique">TGV Atlantique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: TGV Atlantique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">SNCF TGV Atlantique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_Atlantique_La_Rochelle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TGV_Atlantique_La_Rochelle.JPG/220px-TGV_Atlantique_La_Rochelle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TGV_Atlantique_La_Rochelle.JPG/330px-TGV_Atlantique_La_Rochelle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/TGV_Atlantique_La_Rochelle.JPG/440px-TGV_Atlantique_La_Rochelle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3574" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>TGV Atlantique at La Rochelle station</figcaption></figure> <p>The 105 train Atlantique fleet was built between 1988 and 1992 for the opening of the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Atlantique" title="LGV Atlantique">LGV Atlantique</a> and entry into service began in 1989. They are all bi-current, 237.5 m (779 ft 2 in) long and 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) wide. They weigh 444 tonnes (979,000 lb) and are made up of two power cars and ten carriages with a capacity of 485 seats. They were built with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) and 8,800 kW of power under 25 kV. The efficiency of the Atlantique with all seats filled has been calculated at 767 <a href="/wiki/Passenger_miles_per_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger miles per gallon">PMPG</a>, though with a typical occupancy of 60% it is about 460 PMPG (a Toyota Prius with three passengers is 144 PMPG).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modified unit 325 <a href="/wiki/TGV_world_speed_record" title="TGV world speed record">set the world speed record</a> in 1990 on the LGV Atlantique before its opening. Modifications such as improved <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, larger wheels and improved braking were made to enable speeds of over 500 km/h (311 mph). The set was reduced to two power cars and three carriages to improve the power-to-weight ratio, weighing 250 tonnes. Three carriages, including the bar carriage in the centre, is the minimum possible configuration because of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">Jacobs bogies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGV_Réseau"><span id="TGV_R.C3.A9seau"></span>TGV Réseau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: TGV Réseau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">SNCF TGV Réseau</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_Lacroix_549_Luxembourg_Gare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/TGV_Lacroix_549_Luxembourg_Gare.JPG/220px-TGV_Lacroix_549_Luxembourg_Gare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/TGV_Lacroix_549_Luxembourg_Gare.JPG/330px-TGV_Lacroix_549_Luxembourg_Gare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/TGV_Lacroix_549_Luxembourg_Gare.JPG/440px-TGV_Lacroix_549_Luxembourg_Gare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A TGV-Reseau Lacroix with number 549 at the Luxembourg station</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Réseau (Network) sets entered service in 1993. Fifty bi-current sets were ordered in 1990, supplemented by 40 tri-current sets in 1992/1993 (adding <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems#3_kV_DC" title="List of railway electrification systems"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003300000000000000♠"></span>3,000 V DC</span></a> system used on traditional lines in Belgum). Ten tri-current sets carry the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar Red</a> (ex-<a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a>) livery and are known as the PBA (Paris-Brussels-Amsterdam) sets. </p><p>They are formed of two power cars (8,800 kW under 25 kV – as TGV Atlantique) and eight carriages, giving a capacity of 377 seats. They have a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). They are 200 m (656 ft 2 in) long and are 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in) wide. The bi-current sets weigh 383 tonnes: owing to axle-load restrictions in Belgium the tri-current sets have a series of modifications, such as the replacement of steel with aluminum and hollow axles, to reduce the weight to under 17 t per axle. </p><p>Owing to early complaints of uncomfortable pressure changes when entering tunnels at high speed on the LGV Atlantique, the Réseau sets are now pressure-sealed. They can be coupled to a Duplex set. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGV_Duplex">TGV Duplex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: TGV Duplex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">TGV Duplex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_double_decker_DSC00132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TGV_double_decker_DSC00132.jpg/220px-TGV_double_decker_DSC00132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TGV_double_decker_DSC00132.jpg/330px-TGV_double_decker_DSC00132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TGV_double_decker_DSC00132.jpg/440px-TGV_double_decker_DSC00132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>The TGV Duplex power cars use a more streamlined nose than previous TGVs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duplex was built to increase TGV capacity without increasing train length or the number of trains. Each carriage has two levels, with access doors at the lower level taking advantage of low French <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">platforms</a>. A staircase gives access to the upper level, where the gangway between carriages is located. There are 512 seats per set. On busy routes such as Paris-Marseille they are operated in pairs, providing 1,024 seats in two Duplex sets or 800 in a Duplex set plus a Reseau set. Each set has a wheelchair accessible compartment. </p><p>After a lengthy development process starting in 1988 (during which they were known as the TGV-2N) the original batch of 30 was built between 1995 and 1998. Further deliveries started in 2000 with the Duplex fleet now totaling 160 units, making it the backbone of the SNCF TGV-fleet. They weigh 380 tonnes and are 200 m (656 ft 2 in) long, made up of two power cars and eight carriages. Extensive use of aluminum means that they weigh not much more than the TGV Réseau sets they supplement. The bi-current power cars provide 8,800 kW, and they have a slightly increased speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). </p><p>Duplex TGVs run on all of French high-speed lines.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGV_POS">TGV POS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: TGV POS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/TGV_POS" title="TGV POS">TGV POS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TGV_POS_Nuremberg_Ingolstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/TGV_POS_Nuremberg_Ingolstadt.jpg/220px-TGV_POS_Nuremberg_Ingolstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/TGV_POS_Nuremberg_Ingolstadt.jpg/330px-TGV_POS_Nuremberg_Ingolstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/TGV_POS_Nuremberg_Ingolstadt.jpg/440px-TGV_POS_Nuremberg_Ingolstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>TGV POS have the newer power cars unlike a TGV Réseau.</figcaption></figure> <p>TGV POS (Paris-Ostfrankreich-Süddeutschland or Paris-Eastern France-Southern Germany) are used on the LGV Est. </p><p>They consist of two Duplex power cars with eight TGV Réseau-type carriages, with a power output of 9,600 kW and a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). Unlike TGV-A, TGV-R and TGV-D, they have asynchronous motors, and isolation of an individual motor is possible in case of failure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avelia_Euroduplex_(TGV_2N2)"><span id="Avelia_Euroduplex_.28TGV_2N2.29"></span>Avelia Euroduplex (TGV 2N2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Avelia Euroduplex (TGV 2N2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">Euroduplex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_de_Paris-Gare-de-Lyon_-_2018-05-15_-_IMG_7493.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gare_de_Paris-Gare-de-Lyon_-_2018-05-15_-_IMG_7493.jpg/220px-Gare_de_Paris-Gare-de-Lyon_-_2018-05-15_-_IMG_7493.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gare_de_Paris-Gare-de-Lyon_-_2018-05-15_-_IMG_7493.jpg/330px-Gare_de_Paris-Gare-de-Lyon_-_2018-05-15_-_IMG_7493.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gare_de_Paris-Gare-de-Lyon_-_2018-05-15_-_IMG_7493.jpg/440px-Gare_de_Paris-Gare-de-Lyon_-_2018-05-15_-_IMG_7493.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>TGV 2N2 train in Paris Gare de Lyon station</figcaption></figure> <p>The bi-current TGV 2N2 (Avelia Euroduplex) can be regarded as the 3rd generation of Duplex. The series was commissioned from December 2011 for links to Germany and Switzerland (tri-current trains) and to cope with the increased traffic due to the opening of the LGV Rhine-Rhone. </p><p>They are numbered from 800 and are limited to 320 km/h (199 mph). ERTMS makes them compatible to allow access to Spain similar to <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex#Dasye" title="TGV Duplex">Dasye</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGV_M_Avelia_Horizon">TGV M Avelia Horizon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: TGV M Avelia Horizon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_M" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV M">SNCF TGV M</a></div> <p>The design that emerged from the process was named <a href="/wiki/TGV_M" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV M">TGV M</a>, and in July 2018 SNCF ordered 100 trainsets with deliveries expected to begin in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are expected to cost €25 million per 8-car set. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TGV_technology_outside_France">TGV technology outside France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: TGV technology outside France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TGV technology has been adopted in a number of other countries:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AVE" title="AVE">AVE</a> (<i>Alta Velocidad Española</i>) in Spain with the <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">TGV Atlantique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryo_Takagi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryo_Takagi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> operates international high-speed services connecting France with Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. Several trainsets use TGV technology (<a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">e300</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalys_PBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalys PBA">PBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBKA" title="PBKA">PBKA</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express">Korea Train Express</a> (KTX) in South Korea with <a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a> (based on the <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau</a>) and <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">KTX-Sancheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irj-kim_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irj-kim-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela Express</a>, a high-speed <a href="/wiki/Tilting_train" title="Tilting train">tilting train</a> built by Alstom and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> in the United States. The Acela power cars use several TGV technologies including the motors, electrical/drivetrain system (rectifiers, inverters, regenerative braking technology), and <a href="/wiki/Railway_disc_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway disc brake">disc brakes</a>. However, they are strengthened to meet U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration" title="Federal Railroad Administration">Federal Railroad Administration</a> crash standards.<sup id="cite_ref-TGVweb_Acela_Express_page_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGVweb_Acela_Express_page-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acela's tilting, non-articulated carriages are derived from the Bombardier's <a href="/wiki/LRC_(train)" title="LRC (train)">LRC</a> train and also meet crash standards.<sup id="cite_ref-TGVweb_Acela_Express_page_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGVweb_Acela_Express_page-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a>, the replacement for the Acela Express in the United States. Expected to enter service in 2023.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan government">Moroccan government</a> agreed to a €2 billion contract for <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> to build <a href="/wiki/Al_Boraq" title="Al Boraq">Al-Boraq</a>, an LGV between <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> which opened in 2018 using <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">TGV Euroduplex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italian open-access high-speed operator <a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Trasporto_Viaggiatori" title="Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori">Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori</a> signed up with <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> to purchase 25 <a href="/wiki/Automotrice_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotrice à grande vitesse">AGV</a> 11-car sets.<sup id="cite_ref-alstomtoannounce_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alstomtoannounce-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_TGVs">Future TGVs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Future TGVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SNCF and Alstom are investigating new technology that could be used for high-speed transport. The development of TGV trains is being pursued in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Automotrice_%C3%A0_grande_vitesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotrice à grande vitesse">Automotrice à grande vitesse</a></i> (AGV) high-speed multiple unit with motors under each carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigations are being carried out with the aim of producing trains at the same cost as TGVs with the same safety standards. AGVs of the same length as TGVs could have up to 450 seats. The target speed is 360 kilometres per hour (224 mph). The prototype AGV was unveiled by Alstom on 5 February 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc20080205_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20080205-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian operator <a href="/wiki/Nuovo_Trasporto_Viaggiatori" title="Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori">NTV</a> is the first customer for the AGV, and became the first open-access high-speed rail operator in Europe, starting operation in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-alstomtoannounce_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alstomtoannounce-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design process of the next generation of TGVs began in 2016 when SNCF and Alstom signed an agreement to jointly develop the trainsets, with goals of reducing purchase and operating costs, as well as improved interior design.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lines_in_operation">Lines in operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lines in operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France#Network" title="High-speed rail in France">High-speed rail in France § Network</a></div> <p>In June 2021, there were approximately 2,800 km (1,740 mi) of <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">Lignes à Grande Vitesse</a></i></span></i> (LGV), with four additional line sections under construction. The current lines and those under construction can be grouped into four routes radiating from Paris. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents">Accidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/TGV_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV accidents">TGV accidents</a></div> <p>In over three decades of operation, the TGV has not recorded a single passenger fatality in an accident on normal, high-speed service. There have been several accidents, including four derailments at or above 270 km/h (168 mph), but in only one of these—a test run on a new line—did carriages overturn. </p><p>This safety record is credited in part to the stiffness that the articulated design lends to the train. There have been fatal accidents involving TGVs on <i>lignes classiques</i>, where the trains are exposed to the same dangers as normal trains, such as <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossings</a>. These include one <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist bombing</a> unrelated to the speed at which the train was traveling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_LGVs">On LGVs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: On LGVs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>14 December 1992: TGV 920 from Annecy to Paris, operated by set 56, derailed at 270 km/h (168 mph) at Mâcon-Loché TGV station (<a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne-et-Loire" title="Saône-et-Loire">Saône-et-Loire</a>). A previous emergency stop had caused a wheel flat; the bogie concerned derailed while crossing the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">points</a> at the entrance to the station. No one on the train was injured, but 25 passengers waiting on the platform for another TGV were slightly injured by ballast that was thrown up from the trackbed.</li> <li>21 December 1993: TGV 7150 from Valenciennes to Paris, operated by set 511, derailed at 300 km/h (186 mph) at the site of Haute Picardie TGV station, before it was built. Rain had caused a hole to open up under the track; the hole dated from the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> but had not been detected during construction. The front power car and four carriages derailed but remained aligned with the track. Of the 200 passengers, one was slightly injured.</li> <li>5 June 2000: Eurostar 9073 from Paris to London, operated by sets 3101/2 owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">National Railway Company of Belgium</a>, derailed at 250 km/h (155 mph) in the <a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-Pas de Calais">Nord-Pas de Calais</a> region near <a href="/wiki/Croisilles,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais">Croisilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transmission assembly on the rear bogie of the front power car failed, with parts falling onto the track. Four bogies out of 24 derailed. Out of 501 passengers, seven were bruised<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others treated for shock.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>14 November 2015: TGV 2369 was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Eckwersheim_derailment" title="Eckwersheim derailment">Eckwersheim derailment</a>, near Strasbourg, while being tested on the then-unopened second phase of the LGV Est. The derailment resulted in 11 deaths among those aboard, while 11 others aboard the train were seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excessive speed has been cited as the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-dna_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dna-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_classic_lines">On classic lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: On classic lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>31 December 1983: A bomb allegedly planted by the terrorist organisation of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_the_Jackal" title="Carlos the Jackal">Carlos the Jackal</a> exploded on board a TGV from Marseille to Paris; two people were killed.</li> <li>28 September 1988: TGV 736, operated by set 70 "Melun", collided with a lorry carrying an electric transformer weighing 100 tonnes that had become stuck on a level crossing in <a href="/wiki/Voiron" title="Voiron">Voiron</a>, Isère. The vehicle had not obtained the required crossing permit from the French <i>Direction départementale de l'équipement</i>. The weight of the lorry caused a very violent collision; the train driver and a passenger died, and 25 passengers were slightly injured.</li> <li>4 January 1991: after a brake failure, TGV 360 ran away from Châtillon depot. The train was directed onto an unoccupied track and collided with the car loading ramp at Paris-Vaugirard station at 60 km/h (37 mph). No one was injured. The leading power car and the first two carriages were severely damaged, and were rebuilt.</li> <li>25 September 1997: TGV 7119 from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Dunkerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkerque">Dunkerque</a>, operated by set 502, collided at 130 km/h (81 mph) with a 70 tonne asphalt paving machine on a level crossing at Bierne, near Dunkerque. The power car spun round and fell down an embankment. The front two carriages left the track and came to a stop in woods beside the track. Seven people were injured.</li> <li>31 October 2001: TGV 8515 from Paris to Irun derailed at 130 km/h (81 mph) near <a href="/wiki/Dax,_Landes" title="Dax, Landes">Dax</a> in southwest France. All ten carriages derailed and the rear power unit fell over. The cause was a broken rail.</li> <li>30 January 2003: a TGV from Dunkerque to Paris collided at 106 km/h (66 mph) with a heavy goods vehicle stuck on the level crossing at Esquelbecq in northern France. The front power car was severely damaged, but only one bogie derailed. Only the driver was slightly injured.</li> <li>19 December 2007: a TGV from Paris to Geneva collided at about 100 km/h (62 mph) with a truck on a level crossing near <a href="/wiki/Tossiat" title="Tossiat">Tossiat</a> in eastern France, near the Swiss border. The driver of the truck died; on the train, one person was seriously injured and 24 were slightly injured.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>17 July 2014: a <a href="/wiki/TER" class="mw-redirect" title="TER">TER</a> train ran into the rear of a TGV <a href="/wiki/Denguin_rail_crash" title="Denguin rail crash">at Denguin, Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a>. Forty people were injured.</li></ul> <p>Following the number of accidents at level crossings, an effort has been made to remove all level crossings on <i>lignes classiques</i> used by TGVs. The <i>ligne classique</i> from <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> at the end of the LGV Atlantique has no level crossings as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protests_against_the_TGV">Protests against the TGV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Protests against the TGV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first environmental protests against the building of an LGV occurred in May 1990 during the planning stages of the LGV Méditerranée. Protesters blocked a railway viaduct to protest against the planned route, arguing that it was unnecessary, and that trains could keep using existing lines to reach Marseille from Lyon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Turin%E2%80%93Lyon_high-speed_railway" title="Turin–Lyon high-speed railway">Turin–Lyon high-speed railway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a>-<a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>), which would connect the TGV network to the Italian <a href="/wiki/Treno_Alta_Velocit%C3%A0" title="Treno Alta Velocità">TAV</a> network, has been the subject of demonstrations in Italy. While most Italian political parties agree on the construction of this line, some inhabitants of the towns where construction would take place oppose it vehemently.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The concerns put forward by the protesters centre on storage of dangerous materials mined during tunnel boring, like <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, in the open air.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This health danger could be avoided by using more expensive techniques for handling radioactive materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A six-month delay in the start of construction has been decided in order to study solutions. In addition to the concerns of the residents, RFB – a ten-year-old national movement – opposes the development of Italy's <a href="/wiki/Treno_Alta_Velocit%C3%A0" title="Treno Alta Velocità">TAV</a> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> network as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General complaints about the noise of TGVs passing near towns and villages have led the SNCF to build acoustic fencing along large sections of LGV to reduce the disturbance to residents, but protests still take place where SNCF has not addressed the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 26 2024, the opening day of the 2024 Olympics, the TGV was hit by an arson attack. At least 800,000 people were affected by this. The Eurostar was specifically hit by this with 25% of trains canceled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mail_services">Mail services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mail services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to its standard services, mail delivery services were also operated by TGVs. </p><p>For many years, a service termed <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">SNCF TGV La Poste</a> transported mail for the French mail service, <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">La Poste</a>. It used windowless but otherwise standard TGV rolling stock, painted in the yellow and blue livery of La Poste. However, the service ceased in June 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobile_hospital_service">Mobile hospital service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mobile hospital service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, several TGV trains were transformed into mobile hospitals, in order to transport critically ill patients from overwhelmed hospitals in the East of France to hospitals in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every coach allows for up to 6 patients, allowing for the transport of several dozen patients, attended by a staff of 50 medical workers. Although the train moves at high speed, it accelerates and decelerates smoothly, allowing for medical procedures to be performed during transport.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebranding">Rebranding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rebranding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since July 2017, TGV services are gradually being rebranded as <b><a href="/wiki/TGV_inOui" title="TGV inOui">TGV inOui</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Ouigo" title="Ouigo">Ouigo</a></b> in preparation for the opening of the French HSR market to competition.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TGV_inOui">TGV inOui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: TGV inOui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/TGV_inOui" title="TGV inOui">TGV inOui</a></div> <p>TGV inOui is SNCF's premium high-speed rail service. The name inOui was chosen because it sounds like the French word <i>inouï</i> meaning "extraordinary" (or more literally, "unheard of").<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ouigo">Ouigo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ouigo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ouigo" title="Ouigo">Ouigo</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ouigo" title="Ouigo">Ouigo</a> is SNCF's low-cost high-speed rail service. Trains have a high-density one-class configuration and reduced on-board services. The services traditionally operate from less busy secondary stations, sometimes outside of the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literal translation of the brand name is "yes go", but the name is also a play on the English homonym, "we go". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-redirect" title="Intercity-Express">Intercity-Express</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmedeo2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amedeo, Fabrice (17 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/societes-francaises/2007/12/17/04010-20071217ARTFIG00331-le-tgv-roulera-bientot-a-kmh-.php">"Le TGV roulera bientôt à 360 km/h"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Le+TGV+roulera+bient%C3%B4t+%C3%A0+360+km%2Fh&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft.aulast=Amedeo&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fsocietes-francaises%2F2007%2F12%2F17%2F04010-20071217ARTFIG00331-le-tgv-roulera-bientot-a-kmh-.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATGV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europe1.fr/societe/sncf-tgv-ter-les-chiffres-dune-annee-record-4226071">"SNCF : TGV, TER… les chiffres d'une année 2023 record"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">Europe 1</a>. 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SNCF+%3A+TGV%2C+TER%E2%80%A6+les+chiffres+d%E2%80%99une+ann%C3%A9e+2023+record&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe1.fr%2Fsociete%2Fsncf-tgv-ter-les-chiffres-dune-annee-record-4226071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATGV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/french-train-hits-357-mph-breaking-world-speed-record">"French Train Hits 357 mph Breaking World Speed Record"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 4 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504144012/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,263542,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"It's a knockout". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_(magazine)" title="Rail (magazine)">Rail Enthusiast</a></i>. EMAP National Publications. pp. 34–37. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-561X">0262-561X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49957965">49957965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+knockout&rft.pages=34-37&rft.date=1981-12%2F1982-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49957965&rft.issn=0262-561X&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Freeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATGV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Cooper, Basil (January 1983). "What's in a TGV?". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_(magazine)" title="Rail (magazine)">Rail Enthusiast</a></i>. EMAP National Publications. pp. 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-561X">0262-561X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49957965">49957965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+TGV%3F&rft.pages=18-20&rft.date=1983-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49957965&rft.issn=0262-561X&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Basil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATGV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerren1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Perren, Brian (October 1983). "TGV: the completion of a dream". <i><a href="/wiki/Rail_(magazine)" title="Rail (magazine)">Rail Enthusiast</a></i>. EMAP National Publications. pp. 32–40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-561X">0262-561X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49957965">49957965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rail+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=TGV%3A+the+completion+of+a+dream&rft.pages=32-40&rft.date=1983-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49957965&rft.issn=0262-561X&rft.aulast=Perren&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATGV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cinotti, Eric and Tréboul, Jean-Baptiste (2000) <i>Les TGV européens : Eurostar, Thalys</i>, Paris : Presses universitaires de France, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-13-050565-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-13-050565-1">2-13-050565-1</a> (in French)</li> <li>Perren, Brian (2000) <i>TGV handbook</i>, 2nd ed., Harrow Weald : Capital Transport, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-195-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85414-195-3">1-85414-195-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalaspina2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malaspina, Jean-Pierre (2005). <i>Des TEE aux TGV</i> [<i>TEE to TGV</i>]. Trains d'Europe (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: La Vie du Rail. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2915034486" title="Special:BookSources/2915034486"><bdi>2915034486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+TEE+aux+TGV&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Trains+d%27Europe&rft.pub=La+Vie+du+Rail&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2915034486&rft.aulast=Malaspina&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATGV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Soulié, Claude and Tricoire, Jean (2002). <i>Le grand livre du TGV</i>, Paris: La Vie du Rail, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-915034-01-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-915034-01-X">2-915034-01-X</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGV&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:TGV" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:TGV">TGV</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sncf.com/en">Official SNCF Website</a></span></span> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705224415/http://www.tgv.com/EN">Archived TGV Website</a> (in English)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/21px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/32px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/42px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TGV" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TGV_navbox" title="Template:TGV navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TGV_navbox" title="Template talk:TGV navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TGV_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TGV navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TGV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TGV</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainsets in operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">TGV Atlantique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">TGV Réseau/PBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_PBKA" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV PBKA">TGV PBKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_TMST" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV TMST">TGV TMST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">TGV Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_POS" title="TGV POS">TGV POS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">TGV 2N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Iris_320" title="SNCF TGV Iris 320">TGV Iris 320</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired trainsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGV_001" title="TGV 001">TGV 001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">TGV La Poste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future trainsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_M" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV M">TGV M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_Voyageurs" title="SNCF Voyageurs">SNCF Voyageurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGV_inOui" title="TGV inOui">TGV inOui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouigo" title="Ouigo">Ouigo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouigo_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Ouigo España">Ouigo España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_Lyria" title="TGV Lyria">TGV Lyria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Export trainsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_TGV" title="Development of the TGV">Development of the TGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TGV_accidents" title="List of TGV accidents">TGV accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TGV_services" title="List of TGV services">TGV services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_TGV_stations" title="List of TGV stations">TGV stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_track_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="TGV track construction">TGV track construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Voie-Machine" title="Transmission Voie-Machine">Transmission Voie-Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">High-speed rail in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-speed_rail" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-speed_rail" title="Template talk:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed_rail" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-speed rail"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-speed_rail" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail#Technologies" title="High-speed rail">Technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovertrain" title="Hovertrain">Hovertrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">350 km/h<br />(217 mph)<br />or more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400AF" title="China Railway CR400AF">China Railway CR400AF</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR400BF" title="China Railway CR400BF">CR400BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrapid" title="Transrapid">Transrapid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L0_Series" title="L0 Series">Shinkansen Series L0</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">300–349 km/h<br />(186–217 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_100" title="Renfe Class 100">Renfe Class 100, 101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_102" title="Renfe Class 102">102</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_103" title="Renfe Class 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGV_(train)" title="AGV (train)">Alstom AGV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">CRH2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH380A" title="China Railway CRH380A">380A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vibrant_Express" title="Vibrant Express">MTR CRH380A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380B</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">380C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Zefiro#Zefiro_380" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Zefiro">380D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Class_ETR_500" title="FS Class ETR 500">ETR 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frecciarossa_1000" title="Frecciarossa 1000">ETR 400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar e300</a>; <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_374" title="British Rail Class 374">e320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-I" title="KTX-I">KTX-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Sancheon" title="KTX-Sancheon">II (Sancheon)</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTX-Cheongryong" title="KTX-Cheongryong">KTX-Cheongryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAF_Oaris" title="CAF Oaris">Oaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBKA" title="PBKA">PBKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Series_Shinkansen" title="500 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 500</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700</a>, <a href="/wiki/N700S_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700S Series Shinkansen">N700S</a>, <a href="/wiki/E5_and_H5_Series_Shinkansen" title="E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen">E5/H5</a>, <a href="/wiki/E6_Series_Shinkansen" title="E6 Series Shinkansen">E6</a>, <a href="/wiki/E8_Series_Shinkansen" title="E8 Series Shinkansen">E8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_AVRIL" title="Talgo AVRIL">AVRIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (refurbished)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Atlantique" title="SNCF TGV Atlantique">Atlantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_R%C3%A9seau" title="SNCF TGV Réseau">Réseau</a> (PBA), <a href="/wiki/TGV_Duplex" title="TGV Duplex">Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_POS" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCF TGV POS">POS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroduplex" title="Euroduplex">2N2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avelia_Horizon" title="Avelia Horizon">M (Avelia Horizon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT80000" title="TCDD HT80000">TCDD HT80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THSR_700T" title="THSR 700T">THSR 700T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Velaro" title="Siemens Velaro">Siemens Velaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">250–299 km/h<br />(155–186 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelia_Liberty" title="Avelia Liberty">Avelia Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="China Star">China Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJF2" class="mw-redirect" title="DJF2">DJF2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH1" title="China Railway CRH1">CRH1A, 1B, 1E</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH2" title="China Railway CRH2">2A, 2B, 2E, 2G</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH3" title="China Railway CRH3">3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH5" title="China Railway CRH5">5A, 5E, 5G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i> CR300AF, CR300BF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a> <a href="/wiki/ICE_1" title="ICE 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_2" title="ICE 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_4_(Deutsche_Bahn)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE 4 (Deutsche Bahn)">4</a> (ICx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTX-Eum" title="KTX-Eum">KTX-Eum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pendolino" title="New Pendolino">New Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_120_/_121" title="Renfe Class 120 / 121">Renfe Class 120, 121</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renfe_Class_130" title="Renfe Class 130">130</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_501" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 501">SBB RABe 501</a>, <a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_RABe_503" class="mw-redirect" title="SBB-CFF-FFS RABe 503">RABe 503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/200_Series_Shinkansen" title="200 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen Series 200</a>, <a href="/wiki/300_Series_Shinkansen" title="300 Series Shinkansen">300</a>, <a href="/wiki/700_Series_Shinkansen" title="700 Series Shinkansen">700</a>, <a href="/wiki/800_Series_Shinkansen" title="800 Series Shinkansen">800</a>, <a href="/wiki/E2_Series_Shinkansen" title="E2 Series Shinkansen">E2</a>, <a href="/wiki/E3_Series_Shinkansen" title="E3 Series Shinkansen">E3</a>, <a href="/wiki/E7_and_W7_Series_Shinkansen" title="E7 and W7 Series Shinkansen">E7/W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCDD_HT65000" title="TCDD HT65000">TCDD HT65000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_Sud-Est" title="SNCF TGV Sud-Est">TGV Sud-Est (original)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF_TGV_La_Poste" title="SNCF TGV La Poste">La Poste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_V250" title="AnsaldoBreda V250">V250</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">200–249 km/h<br />(124–155 mph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acela_Express_(trainset)" title="Acela Express (trainset)">Acela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_ACS-64" title="Siemens ACS-64">ACS-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_180" title="British Rail Class 180">Adelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train" title="Advanced Passenger Train">APT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Railway_DJJ1" title="China Railway DJJ1">China Railway DJJ1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexie_(train)" title="Hexie (train)">China Railway <i>Hexie</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CRH6" title="China Railway CRH6">CRH6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxing_(train)" title="Fuxing (train)">China Railway <i>Fuxing</i></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Railway_CR200J" title="China Railway CR200J">CR200J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ER200" title="ER200">ER200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier-Alstom_HHP-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier-Alstom HHP-8">HHP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IC4" title="IC4">IC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS_Intercity_Nieuwe_Generatie" title="NS Intercity Nieuwe Generatie">ICNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterCity_125" title="InterCity 125">InterCity 125</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterCity_225" title="InterCity 225">225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICE_T" title="ICE T">ICE T</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_TD" title="ICE TD">TD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICE_L" title="ICE L">ICE L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_395" title="British Rail Class 395">Javelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_71" title="NSB Class 71">NSB Class 71 (Flytoget)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSB_Class_73" title="NSB Class 73">NSB Class 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadler_Flirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadler Flirt">NSB Class 74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendolino" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railjet" title="Railjet">Railjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Regina" title="Bombardier Regina">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0_Series_Shinkansen" title="0 Series Shinkansen">Shinkansen series 0</a>, <a href="/wiki/100_Series_Shinkansen" title="100 Series Shinkansen">100</a>, <a href="/wiki/400_Series_Shinkansen" title="400 Series Shinkansen">400</a>, <a href="/wiki/E1_Series_Shinkansen" title="E1 Series Shinkansen">E1</a>, <a href="/wiki/E4_Series_Shinkansen" title="E4 Series Shinkansen">E4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB_RABDe_500" title="SBB RABDe 500">SBB RABDe 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBB-CFF-FFS_Re_460" title="SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460">Re 460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SC-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_Charger" title="Siemens Charger">SCB-40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_2000" title="X 2000">X 2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/SJ_X40" title="SJ X40">SJ X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-TER_(Z_21500)" title="Z-TER (Z 21500)">Z-TER (Z 21500)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(train)" title="Sokol (train)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">British Rail Classes 800</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_801" title="British Rail Class 801">801</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_802" title="British Rail Class 802">802</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_803" title="British Rail Class 803">803</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_805" title="British Rail Class 805">805</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_807" title="British Rail Class 807">807</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_810" title="British Rail Class 810">810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgo_XXI" class="mw-redirect" title="Talgo XXI">Talgo XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Voyager" title="Bombardier Voyager">Voyager/Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3_(train)" title="X3 (train)">X3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_and_prototype_high-speed_trains" title="Category:Experimental and prototype high-speed trains">Experimental and prototype high-speed trains (category)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed railway line">High-speed railway line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">List of high-speed railway lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By countries and territories<br /><br /><small><i>planned networks in italics</i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Boraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Boraq">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Egypt" title="High-speed rail in Egypt">Egypt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires%E2%80%93Rosario%E2%80%93C%C3%B3rdoba_high-speed_railway" title="Buenos Aires–Rosario–Córdoba high-speed railway">Argentina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Brazil" title="High-speed rail in Brazil">Brazil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Canada" title="High-speed rail in Canada">Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Mexico" title="High-speed rail in Mexico">Mexico</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_States" title="High-speed rail in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Express_Rail_Link" title="Hong Kong Express Rail Link">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">India</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehran%E2%80%93Qom%E2%80%93Isfahan_High_Speed_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran–Qom–Isfahan High Speed Rail">Iran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baghdad%E2%80%93Basra_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad–Basra high-speed rail line">Iraq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Japan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Kazakhstan" title="High-speed rail in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_South_Korea" title="High-speed rail in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haramain_high-speed_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haramain high-speed railway">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Thailand" title="High-speed rail in Thailand">Thailand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Turkey" title="High-speed rail in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Uzbekistan" title="High-speed rail in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_express_railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South express railway (Vietnam)">Vietnam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;"><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Europe" title="High-speed rail in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Austria" title="High-speed rail in Austria">Austria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Belgium" title="High-speed rail in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Croatia" title="High-speed rail in Croatia">Croatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="High-speed rail in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Denmark" title="High-speed rail in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Finland" title="High-speed rail in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_France" title="High-speed rail in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Germany" title="High-speed rail in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="High-speed rail in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Italy" title="High-speed rail in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Latvia" title="High-speed rail in Latvia">Latvia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_Netherlands" title="High-speed rail in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Norway" title="High-speed rail in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Poland" title="High-speed rail in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Portugal" title="High-speed rail in Portugal">Portugal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Russia" title="High-speed rail in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Sweden" title="High-speed rail in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Switzerland" title="High-speed rail in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara%E2%80%93Istanbul_high-speed_railway" title="Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-speed rail in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; background-color:#eee;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Australia" title="High-speed rail in Australia">Australia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_high-speed_rail_by_country" title="Proposed high-speed rail by country">Proposed high-speed rail by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SNCF" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SNCF_Group" title="Template:SNCF Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SNCF_Group" title="Template talk:SNCF Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SNCF_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SNCF Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SNCF" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries and brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AREP" title="AREP">AREP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurostar_Group" title="Eurostar Group">Eurostar Group</a> (55.75%) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_inOui" title="TGV inOui">TGV inOui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keolis" title="Keolis">Keolis</a> (70%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouigo" title="Ouigo">Ouigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouigo_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Ouigo España">Ouigo España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raileurope.co.uk" title="Raileurope.co.uk">Raileurope.co.uk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_Connect" title="SNCF Connect">SNCF Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_Logistics" title="SNCF Logistics">SNCF Logistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captrain_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Captrain España">Captrain España</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captrain_France" title="Captrain France">Captrain France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systra" class="mw-redirect" title="Systra">Systra</a> (20%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGV_Lyria" title="TGV Lyria">TGV Lyria</a> (74%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WESTbahn" title="WESTbahn">WESTbahn</a> (17%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elipsos" title="Elipsos">Elipsos</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlaBlaBus" class="mw-redirect" title="BlaBlaBus">Ouibus</a> (95%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea France">Sea France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCF_Infra" title="SNCF Infra">SNCF Infra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129337#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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