CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>25 kV AC railway electrification - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8b10fd70-0f32-4863-a8b6-2866798a000d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"25_kV_AC_railway_electrification","wgTitle":"25 kV AC railway electrification","wgCurRevisionId":1256432768,"wgRevisionId":1256432768,"wgArticleId":1784286,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from July 2009","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles lacking focus from September 2022","All Wikipedia articles lacking focus","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018","25 kV AC railway electrification","Electric rail transport"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"25_kV_AC_railway_electrification","wgRelevantArticleId":1784286,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1412243","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES= ["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg/1200px-Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="907"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg/800px-Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="605"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg/640px-Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="484"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="25 kV AC railway electrification - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-25_kV_AC_railway_electrification rootpage-25_kV_AC_railway_electrification skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standardisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-25_kV_AC_at_60_Hz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#25_kV_AC_at_60_Hz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>25 kV AC at 60 Hz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-25_kV_AC_at_60_Hz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20_kV_AC_at_50_or_60_Hz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_kV_AC_at_50_or_60_Hz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>20 kV AC at 50 or 60 Hz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_kV_AC_at_50_or_60_Hz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12.5_kV_AC_at_60_Hz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12.5_kV_AC_at_60_Hz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>12.5 kV AC at 60 Hz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12.5_kV_AC_at_60_Hz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12_kV_at_25_Hz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12_kV_at_25_Hz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>12 kV at 25 Hz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12_kV_at_25_Hz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6.25_kV_AC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6.25_kV_AC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>6.25 kV AC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6.25_kV_AC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-50_kV_AC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#50_kV_AC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>50 kV AC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-50_kV_AC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2_×_25_kV_autotransformer_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2_×_25_kV_autotransformer_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>2 × 25 kV autotransformer system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2_×_25_kV_autotransformer_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boosted_voltage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boosted_voltage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Boosted voltage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boosted_voltage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-25_kV_on_broad_gauge_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#25_kV_on_broad_gauge_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>25 kV on broad gauge lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-25_kV_on_broad_gauge_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-25_kV_on_narrow_gauge_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#25_kV_on_narrow_gauge_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>25 kV on narrow gauge lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-25_kV_on_narrow_gauge_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_voltages_on_50_Hz_electrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_voltages_on_50_Hz_electrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Other voltages on 50 Hz electrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_voltages_on_50_Hz_electrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-system_locomotives_and_trains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-system_locomotives_and_trains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Multi-system locomotives and trains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-system_locomotives_and_trains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">25 kV AC railway electrification</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AB_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="২৫ কেভি এসি রেলওয়ে বিদ্যুতায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="২৫ কেভি এসি রেলওয়ে বিদ্যুতায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="रेलवे की २५ किलोवोल्ट विद्युत प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेलवे की २५ किलोवोल्ट विद्युत प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_kV-os_villamos_vontat%C3%A1s" title="25 kV-os villamos vontatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="25 kV-os villamos vontatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landasan_elektrik_25_kV_AC" title="Landasan elektrik 25 kV AC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Landasan elektrik 25 kV AC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ferrovi%C3%A1ria_de_25_kV_AC" title="Eletrificação ferroviária de 25 kV AC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletrificação ferroviária de 25 kV AC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1412243#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&oldid=1256432768" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&id=1256432768&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F25_kV_AC_railway_electrification"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F25_kV_AC_railway_electrification"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1412243" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard current and voltage settings for most high-speed rail</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="Special:EditPage/25 kV AC railway electrification">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="Talk:25 kV AC railway electrification">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="Special:EditPage/25 kV AC railway electrification">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%2225+kV+AC+railway+electrification%22">"25 kV AC railway electrification"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%2225+kV+AC+railway+electrification%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%2225+kV+AC+railway+electrification%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%2225+kV+AC+railway+electrification%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%2225+kV+AC+railway+electrification%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2225+kV+AC+railway+electrification%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unfocused plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may lack focus or may be about more than one topic</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article, possibly by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> the article and/or by introducing a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">disambiguation page</a>, or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="Talk:25 kV AC railway electrification">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg/300px-Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg/450px-Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg/600px-Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification systems</a> used in Europe: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c1c5; color:black;"> </span> Non-electrified</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#003399; color:white;"> </span> 750<span class="nowrap"> </span>V DC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5bc6ff; color:black;"> </span> 1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV DC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46a43b; color:black;"> </span> 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV DC</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c39467; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/15_kV_AC" class="mw-redirect" title="15 kV AC">15 kV AC</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd617; color:black;"> </span> <b>25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV AC</b></div> High-speed lines in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey operate under <b>25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV</b>, as do high power lines in the former Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification systems</a> using <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) at <span class="nowrap">25 <a href="/wiki/Kilovolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilovolt">kilovolts</a> (kV)</span> are used worldwide, especially for <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a>. It is usually supplied at the standard <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">utility frequency</a> (typically 50 or 60<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The development of 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV AC electrification is closely connected with that of successfully using utility frequency. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg/220px-East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg/330px-East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg/440px-East_coast_main_line._-_geograph.org.uk_-_103409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> in the United Kingdom is electrified using 25 kV 50 Hz <a href="/wiki/Overhead_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead lines">overhead lines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hungary" title="Rail transport in Hungary">Hungary</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">Germany</a>, it came into widespread use in the 1950s. </p><p>One of the reasons it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifiers</a> and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance required under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> in order to provide the increased <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">clearance</a> to live parts. Where existing <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauges</a> were more generous, this was less of an issue. </p><p>Railways using older, lower-capacity <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct-current</a> systems have introduced or are introducing <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> AC instead of <span class="nowrap">3 kV</span> DC/<span class="nowrap">1.5 kV</span> DC for their new high-speed lines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first successful operational and regular use of a utility frequency system dates back to 1931, tests having run since 1922. It was developed by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kand%C3%B3" title="Kálmán Kandó">Kálmán Kandó</a> in Hungary, who used <span class="nowrap">16 kV</span> AC at <span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>, asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of (motor) poles. The first electrified line for testing was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag. The first fully electrified line was Budapest–Győr–Hegyeshalom (part of the Budapest–Vienna line).<sup id="cite_ref-Hollingsworth_Cook_p._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollingsworth_Cook_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kandó's solution showed a way for the future, railway operators outside of Hungary showed a lack of interest in the design. </p><p>The first railway to use this system was completed in 1936 by the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichsbahn" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn">Deutsche Reichsbahn</a> who electrified part of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6llentalbahn_(Black_Forest)" title="Höllentalbahn (Black Forest)">Höllentalbahn</a> between Freiburg and Neustadt installing a 20<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">kV</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>50 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a> system. This part of Germany was in the French zone of occupation after 1945. As a result of examining the German system in 1951 the <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> electrified the line between <a href="/wiki/Aix-les-Bains" title="Aix-les-Bains">Aix-les-Bains</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Roche-sur-Foron" title="La Roche-sur-Foron">La Roche-sur-Foron</a> in southern France, initially at the same 20<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV but converted to 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV in 1953. The 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV system was then adopted as standard in France, but since substantial amounts of mileage south of Paris had already been electrified at 1.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a>, SNCF also continued some major new DC electrification projects, until dual-voltage locomotives were developed in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main reason why electrification using utility frequency had not been widely adopted before was the lack of reliability of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_arc_rectifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury arc rectifier">Mercury arc rectifiers</a> that could fit on the train. This in turn related to the requirement to use <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">DC series motors</a>, which required the current to be converted from AC to DC and for that a <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a> is needed. Until the early 1950s, mercury-arc rectifiers were difficult to operate even in ideal conditions and were therefore unsuitable for use in railway locomotives. </p><p>It was possible to use AC motors (and some railways did, with varying success), but they have had less than ideal characteristics for traction purposes. This is because control of speed is difficult without varying the frequency and reliance on voltage to control speed gives a torque at any given speed that is not ideal. This is why DC series motors were the most common choice for traction purposes until the 1990s, as they can be controlled by voltage, and have an almost ideal torque vs speed characteristic. </p><p>In the 1990s, high-speed trains began to use lighter, lower-maintenance <a href="/wiki/Three-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase">three-phase</a> AC induction motors. The <a href="/wiki/N700_Series_Shinkansen" title="N700 Series Shinkansen">N700 Shinkansen</a> uses a three-level converter to convert <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> single-phase AC to <span class="nowrap">1,520 V</span> AC (via transformer) to <span class="nowrap">3 kV</span> DC (via phase-controlled rectifier with thyristor) to a maximum <span class="nowrap">2,300 V</span> three-phase AC (via a <a href="/wiki/VVVF" class="mw-redirect" title="VVVF">variable voltage, variable frequency</a> inverter using <a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">IGBTs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a>) to run the motors. The system works in reverse for <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a>. </p><p>The choice of <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> was related to the efficiency of power transmission as a function of voltage and cost, not based on a neat and tidy ratio of the supply voltage. For a given power level, a higher voltage allows for a lower current and usually better efficiency at the greater cost for high-voltage equipment. It was found that <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> was an optimal point, where a higher voltage would still improve efficiency but not by a significant amount in relation to the higher costs incurred by the need for larger insulators and greater clearance from structures. </p><p>To avoid <a href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short circuits</a>, the high voltage must be protected from moisture. Weather events, such as "<a href="/wiki/The_wrong_type_of_snow" title="The wrong type of snow">the wrong type of snow</a>", have caused failures in the past. An example of atmospheric causes occurred in December 2009, when <a href="/wiki/Eurostar#2009" title="Eurostar">four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric power for <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> AC electrification is usually taken directly from the three-phase <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">transmission system</a>. At the transmission substation, a step-down <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> is connected across two of the three phases of the high-voltage supply and lowers the voltage to <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span>. This is then fed, sometimes several kilometres away, to a railway feeder station located beside the tracks. <a href="/wiki/Switchgear" title="Switchgear">Switchgear</a> at feeder stations, and at track sectioning cabins located halfway between feeder stations, provides switching to feed the overhead line from adjacent feeder stations if one feeder station loses grid supply. </p><p>Since only two phases of the high-voltage supply are used, phase imbalance is corrected by connecting each feeder station to a different combination of phases. To avoid the train pantograph bridging together two feeder stations which may be out-of-phase with each other, <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line#Neutral_section_(phase_break)" title="Overhead line">neutral sections</a> are provided at feeder stations and track sectioning cabins. <a href="/wiki/Static_VAR_compensator" title="Static VAR compensator">SVCs</a> are used for load balancing and voltage control.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases dedicated single-phase AC power lines were built to substations with single phase AC transformers. Such lines were built to supply the French <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardisation">Standardisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standardisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railway electrification using <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span>, <span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span> AC has become an international standard. There are two main standards that define the voltages of the system: </p> <ul><li>EN<span class="nowrap"> </span>50163:2004+A1:2007 – "Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>IEC<span class="nowrap"> </span>60850 – "Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The permissible range of voltages allowed are as stated in the above standards and take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" width="20%">Electrification<br />system </th> <th colspan="5">Voltage </th></tr> <tr> <th width="16%">Min.<br />non-permanent </th> <th width="16%">Min.<br />permanent </th> <th width="16%">Nominal </th> <th width="16%">Max.<br />permanent </th> <th width="16%">Max.<br />non-permanent </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001250000000000000♠"></span>25</span> kV</span> 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001175000000000000♠"></span>17.5</span> kV</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001190000000000000♠"></span>19</span> kV</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001250000000000000♠"></span>25</span> kV</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001275000000000000♠"></span>27.5</span> kV</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001290000000000000♠"></span>29</span> kV</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This system is now part of the European Union's Trans-European railway interoperability standards (1996/48/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European high-speed rail system" and 2001/16/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European Conventional rail system"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Systems based on this standard but with some variations have been used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="25_kV_AC_at_60_Hz">25 kV AC at 60 Hz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 25 kV AC at 60 Hz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems#25_kV_AC,_60_Hz" title="List of railway electrification systems">List of railway electrification systems: 25 kV AC, 60 Hz</a></div> <p>In countries where <span class="nowrap">60 Hz</span> is the normal grid power frequency, <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> at <span class="nowrap">60 Hz</span> is used for the railway electrification. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Deux-Montagnes_line" title="Deux-Montagnes line">Deux-Montagnes line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Agence_m%C3%A9tropolitaine_de_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence métropolitaine de transport">Montreal Metropolitan transportation Agency</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> on the Tokaido, Sanyo and Kyushu <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> lines (using <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge"><span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span></a> or <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> gauge).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a> network.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail" title="Taiwan High Speed Rail">Taiwan High Speed Rail</a> line (using <span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> gauge) and on <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Railway_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Railway Administration">Taiwan Railway Administration</a>'s electrified lines (using <span class="nowrap">1,067 mm</span> or <span class="nowrap">3 ft 6 in</span> gauge).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on newer electrified portions of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> (i.e. the New Haven-Boston segment) intercity passenger lines, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Transit">New Jersey Transit</a> commuter lines, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> <a href="/wiki/RTD_Commuter_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="RTD Commuter Rail">RTD Commuter Rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caltrain" title="Caltrain">Caltrain</a>, and select isolated short lines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20_kV_AC_at_50_or_60_Hz">20 kV AC at 50 or 60 Hz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20 kV AC at 50 or 60 Hz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, this is used on existing railway lines in <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohoku Region">Tohoku Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku Region">Hokuriku Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, of which Hokuriku and Kyushu are at 60<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hz">Hz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12.5_kV_AC_at_60_Hz">12.5 kV AC at 60 Hz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 12.5 kV AC at 60 Hz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some lines in the United States have been electrified at <span class="nowrap">12.5 kV 60 Hz</span> or converted from <span class="nowrap">11 kV 25 Hz</span> to <span class="nowrap">12.5 kV 60 Hz</span>. Use of <span class="nowrap">60 Hz</span> allows direct supply from the 60<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz utility grid yet does not require the larger wire clearance for <span class="nowrap">25 kV 60 Hz</span> or require dual-voltage capability for trains also operating on <span class="nowrap">11 kV 25 Hz</span> lines. Examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Line" title="New Haven Line">New Haven Line</a> from Pelham, NY to New Haven, CT (Since 1985; previously 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12_kV_at_25_Hz">12 kV at 25 Hz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 12 kV at 25 Hz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_25_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system">Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system</a> and <a href="/wiki/SEPTA%27s_25_Hz_traction_power_system" title="SEPTA's 25 Hz traction power system">SEPTA's 25 Hz traction power system</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Transit">New Jersey Transit's</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Jersey_Coast_Line" title="North Jersey Coast Line">North Jersey Coast Line</a> from Matawan, NJ to Long Branch, NJ (1988–2002; changed to 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV 60<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_25_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system">Amtrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail" title="SEPTA Regional Rail">SEPTA</a> – Both ex-<a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">Reading Rail</a> and ex-<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Rail</a> sides.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6.25_kV_AC">6.25 kV AC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 6.25 kV AC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>Hz AC railway electrification in the United Kingdom was planned to use sections at <span class="nowrap">6.25 kV AC</span> where there was limited clearance under bridges and in tunnels. Rolling stock was dual-voltage with automatic switching between <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> and <span class="nowrap">6.25 kV</span>. The <span class="nowrap">6.25 kV</span> sections were converted to <span class="nowrap">25 kV AC</span> as a result of research work that demonstrated that the distance between live and earthed equipment could be reduced from that originally thought to be necessary. </p><p>The research was done using a steam engine beneath a bridge at <a href="/wiki/Crewe_railway_station" title="Crewe railway station">Crewe</a>. A section of <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> overhead line was gradually brought closer to the earthed metalwork of the bridge whilst being subjected to steam from the locomotive's chimney. The distance at which a flashover occurred was measured and this was used as a basis from which new clearances between overhead equipment and structures were derived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="50_kV_AC">50 kV AC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 50 kV AC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally <span class="nowrap">25 kV</span> is doubled to <span class="nowrap">50 kV</span> to obtain greater power and increase the distance between substations. Such lines are usually isolated from other lines to avoid complications from interrunning. Examples are: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sishen%E2%80%93Saldanha_railway_line" title="Sishen–Saldanha railway line">Sishen–Saldanha</a> iron ore railway (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Power_Railway" title="Deseret Power Railway">Deseret Power Railway</a> which was an isolated coal railway (<span class="nowrap">60 Hz</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The now closed <a href="/wiki/Black_Mesa_and_Lake_Powell_Railroad" title="Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad">Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad</a> which was also an isolated coal railway (<span class="nowrap">60 Hz</span>).</li> <li>The now closed <a href="/wiki/Tumbler_Ridge" title="Tumbler Ridge">Tumbler Ridge</a> Subdivision of <a href="/wiki/BC_Rail" title="BC Rail">BC Rail</a> (<span class="nowrap">60 Hz</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2_×_25_kV_autotransformer_system"><span id="2_.C3.97_25_kV_autotransformer_system"></span>2 × 25 kV autotransformer system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2 × 25 kV autotransformer system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onderdel_spoorwegnet.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Onderdel_spoorwegnet.gif/500px-Onderdel_spoorwegnet.gif" decoding="async" width="500" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Onderdel_spoorwegnet.gif/750px-Onderdel_spoorwegnet.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Onderdel_spoorwegnet.gif/1000px-Onderdel_spoorwegnet.gif 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;">1. Supply transformer<br /> 2. Power supply<br /> 3. Overhead line<br /> 4. Running rail<br /> 5. Feeder line<br /> 6. Pantograph<br /> 7. Locomotive transformer<br /> 8. Overhead line<br /> 9. Autotransformer<br /> 10. Running rail</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The 2 × 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV <a href="/wiki/Autotransformer" title="Autotransformer">autotransformer</a> system is a <a href="/wiki/Split-phase_electric_power" title="Split-phase electric power">split-phase electric power</a> system which supplies 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV power to the trains, but transmits power at 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV to reduce energy losses. It should not be confused with the 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV system. In this system, the current is mainly carried between the overhead line and a feeder transmission line instead of the rail. The overhead line (3) and feeder (5) are on opposite phases so the voltage between them is 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV, while the voltage between the overhead line (3) and the running rails (4) remains at 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV. Periodic autotransformers (9) divert the return current from the neutral rail, step it up, and send it along the feeder line. </p><p>This system was initially deployed on France's then new <a href="/wiki/LGV_Sud-Est" title="LGV Sud-Est">Paris-Lyon High speed rail line</a> in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has gone on to be used by <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">New Zealand Railways</a> in 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-nzro_winter_1988_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzro_winter_1988-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_for_Railway_Electrification#2_x_25_KV_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Organization for Railway Electrification">Indian Railways</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a>, Italian High Speed Railways, UK <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some parts of older lines being gradually converted,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> French lines (LGV lines and some other lines<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), most Spanish high-speed rail lines,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak%27s_60_Hz_traction_power_system" title="Amtrak's 60 Hz traction power system">Amtrak</a> and some of the Finnish and Hungarian lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boosted_voltage">Boosted voltage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Boosted voltage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/TGV_world_speed_record" title="TGV world speed record">TGV world speed record</a> runs in France the voltage was temporarily boosted, to 29.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 31<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV at different times.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="25_kV_on_broad_gauge_lines">25 kV on broad gauge lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 25 kV on broad gauge lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Roca_Line" title="Roca Line">Roca Line</a> (using <a href="/wiki/5_ft_6_in_gauge_railway" title="5 ft 6 in gauge railway"><span class="nowrap">1,676 mm</span></a> or <span class="nowrap">5 ft 6 in</span> gauge).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>: part of the suburban network (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>: parts of the network (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Finland" title="Rail transport in Finland">rail transport in Finland</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">rail transport in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Organisation_for_Railway_Electrification" title="Central Organisation for Railway Electrification">Central Organisation for Railway Electrification</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Axis_high-speed_rail_line" title="Atlantic Axis high-speed rail line">Atlantic Axis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Galicia_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Galicia high-speed rail line">Madrid-Galicia HSL</a> between Ourense and Santiago (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: see <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_Portugal" title="List of railway lines in Portugal">list of railway lines in Portugal</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="25_kV_on_narrow_gauge_lines">25 kV on narrow gauge lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 25 kV on narrow gauge lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>: entire suburban network, see <a href="/wiki/Railways_in_Perth" title="Railways in Perth">railways in Perth</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Rail_electrification_in_Queensland" title="Rail electrification in Queensland">rail electrification in Queensland</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li></ul></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Malaysia" title="Rail transport in Malaysia">rail transport in Malaysia</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>: see <a href="/wiki/North_Island_Main_Trunk" title="North Island Main Trunk">North Island Main Trunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auckland_railway_electrification" title="Auckland railway electrification">Auckland railway electrification</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_South_Africa" title="Rail transport in South Africa">rail transport in South Africa</a> (25 and <span class="nowrap">50 kV</span> <span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Taiwan" title="Rail transport in Taiwan">rail transport in Taiwan</a> (<span class="nowrap">60 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: see <a href="/wiki/SRT_Dark_Red_Line" title="SRT Dark Red Line">SRT Dark Red line</a> and <a href="/wiki/SRT_Light_Red_Line" title="SRT Light Red Line">SRT Light Red line</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>: see <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Tunisia" title="Rail transport in Tunisia">rail transport in Tunisia</a> (<span class="nowrap">50 Hz</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_voltages_on_50_Hz_electrification">Other voltages on 50 Hz electrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other voltages on 50 Hz electrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Blanc Tramway">Mont Blanc Tramway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_fer_du_Montenvers" title="Chemin de fer du Montenvers">Chemin de fer du Montenvers</a>: <span class="nowrap">11 kV</span></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hambachbahn" class="extiw" title="de:Hambachbahn">Hambachbahn</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-S%C3%BCd-Bahn_(Garzweiler)" class="extiw" title="de:Nord-Süd-Bahn (Garzweiler)">Nord-Süd-Bahn</a>: <span class="nowrap">6.6 kV</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multi-system_locomotives_and_trains">Multi-system locomotives and trains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multi-system locomotives and trains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multi-system_(rail)" title="Multi-system (rail)">Multi-system (rail)</a></div> <p>Trains that can operate on more than one voltage, such as 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV and 25<span class="nowrap"> </span>kV, are established technologies. Some locomotives in Europe are capable of using four different voltage standards.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="15 kV AC railway electrification">15 kV AC railway electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">List of railway electrification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_phase_converter#Electric_railways" title="Rotary phase converter">Rotary phase converter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hollingsworth_Cook_p.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hollingsworth_Cook_p._1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHollingsworthCook1998" class="citation book cs1">Hollingsworth, J. B.; Cook, Arthur F. (1998). <i>The great book of trains : featuring 310 locomotives shown in more than 160 full-colour illustrations and 500 photographs</i>. London: Salamander Books. pp. 254–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86101-919-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86101-919-9"><bdi>0-86101-919-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60209873">60209873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+book+of+trains+%3A+featuring+310+locomotives+shown+in+more+than+160+full-colour+illustrations+and+500+photographs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=254-255&rft.pub=Salamander+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60209873&rft.isbn=0-86101-919-9&rft.aulast=Hollingsworth&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft.au=Cook%2C+Arthur+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haydock, David (1991). <i>SNCF</i>. "Modern Railways" special. London: Ian Allan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1980-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-1980-5">978-0-7110-1980-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuynet, Jean (2005). <i>La traction électrique en France 1900–2005</i>. Paris: La Vie du Rail. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-915034-38-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-915034-38-9">2-915034-38-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>SVCs for load balancing and trackside voltage control</i>, ABB Power Technologies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://library.abb.com/global/scot/scot221.nsf/veritydisplay/c9f996d4f6c5c601c12570c9004b1754/$File/A02-0196E.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206165307/http://library.abb.com/GLOBAL/SCOT/scot221.nsf/VerityDisplay/C9F996D4F6C5C601C12570C9004B1754/%24File/A02-0196E.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justmystage.com/home/overheadtml/france1.html">TGV power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504213517/http://www.justmystage.com/home/overheadtml/france1.html">Archived</a> May 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Standards_Institution2005" class="citation book cs1">British Standards Institution (January 2005). <i>BS EN 50163:2004+A1:2007 Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3403%2F30103554">10.3403/30103554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BS+EN+50163%3A2004%2BA1%3A2007+Railway+Applications.+Supply+voltages+of+traction+systems&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3403%2F30103554&rft.au=British+Standards+Institution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstore.iec.ch/webstore/webstore.nsf/mysearchajax?Openform&key=60850&sorting=&start=1&onglet=1/">IEC 60850</a> – "Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shrp2.transportation.org/Documents/RailroadCoordination_MOI.pdf">"Railroad Coordination Manual Of Instruction, Section 2.1.5 Deseret Power Railway"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Utah Department of Transportation. May 2015. p. 102<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railroad+Coordination+Manual+Of+Instruction%2C+Section+2.1.5+Deseret+Power+Railway&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Utah+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshrp2.transportation.org%2FDocuments%2FRailroadCoordination_MOI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218102742/http://www.wcra.org/railwaynews/may2004.htm">"GF6C #6001 PRESERVED"</a>. West Coast Railway Association, BC. May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcra.org/railwaynews/may2004.htm">the original</a> on February 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GF6C+%236001+PRESERVED&rft.pub=West+Coast+Railway+Association%2C+BC&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcra.org%2Frailwaynews%2Fmay2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtois1993" class="citation journal cs1">Courtois, C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/274637">"Why the 2*25 kV alternative? (autotransformer traction supply)"</a>. <i>IEE Colloquium on 50kV Autotransformer Traction Supply Systems - the French Experience</i>: 1/1–1/4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEE+Colloquium+on+50kV+Autotransformer+Traction+Supply+Systems+-+the+French+Experience&rft.atitle=Why+the+2%2A25+kV+alternative%3F+%28autotransformer+traction+supply%29&rft.pages=1%2F1-1%2F4&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F274637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzro_winter_1988-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nzro_winter_1988_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_McGavin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tom McGavin (Autumn 1988). "North Island Main Trunk Electrified". <i>New Zealand Railway Observer</i>. <b>45</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society" title="New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society">New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society</a>: 49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624">0028-8624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Railway+Observer&rft.atitle=North+Island+Main+Trunk+Electrified&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0028-8624&rft.au=Tom+McGavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,532,565">"Ministry of Railways (Railway Board)"</a>. <i>indianrailways.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indianrailways.gov.in&rft.atitle=Ministry+of+Railways+%28Railway+Board%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianrailways.gov.in%2Frailwayboard%2Fview_section.jsp%3Flang%3D0%26id%3D0%2C1%2C304%2C366%2C532%2C565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/news/view/balfour-beatty-gets-16m-crossrail-substation-contract">"Balfour Beatty gets £16m Crossrail substation contract"</a>. <i>www.theconstructionindex.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theconstructionindex.co.uk&rft.atitle=Balfour+Beatty+gets+%C2%A316m+Crossrail+substation+contract&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theconstructionindex.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fview%2Fbalfour-beatty-gets-16m-crossrail-substation-contract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The remainder of the French lines use 1 × 25 kV booster-transformer system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bane.dk/db/filarkiv/14202/INECO%20Comparative%20Study%201x25%20-%202x25.pdf">Comparative Study of the Electrification Systems 1×25 kV and 2×25 kV</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Madrid: <a href="/wiki/ENAIRE#Ineco" title="ENAIRE">Ineco</a>. June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Comparative+Study+of+the+Electrification+Systems+1%C3%9725+kV+and+2%C3%9725+kV&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Ineco&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bane.dk%2Fdb%2Ffilarkiv%2F14202%2FINECO%2520Comparative%2520Study%25201x25%2520-%25202x25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railfaneurope.net/tgv/rec-track.html">"The Test Tracks: an Overview"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Test+Tracks%3A+an+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railfaneurope.net%2Ftgv%2Frec-track.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/french-train-hits-357-mph-breaking-world-speed-record">"French Train Hits 357 MPH Breaking World Speed Record"</a>. 4 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+Train+Hits+357+MPH+Breaking+World+Speed+Record&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Ffrench-train-hits-357-mph-breaking-world-speed-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.railwaygazette.com/in-depth/traxx-locomotive-family-meets-european-needs/32588.article">"Traxx locomotive family meets European needs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. 2008-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-27</span></span>. <q>Traxx MS (multi-system) for operation on both AC (15 and 25 kV) and DC (1·5 and 3 kV) networks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traxx+locomotive+family+meets+European+needs&rft.pub=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.date=2008-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fin-depth%2Ftraxx-locomotive-family-meets-european-needs%2F32588.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Keenor, Garry. Overhead line electrification for railways.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoocock1991" class="citation book cs1">Boocock, Colin (1991). <i>East Coast Electrification</i>. Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1979-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1979-7"><bdi>0-7110-1979-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Coast+Electrification&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7110-1979-7&rft.aulast=Boocock&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillham1988" class="citation book cs1">Gillham, J.C. (1988). <i>The Age of the Electric Train – Electric Trains in Britain since 1883</i>. Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1392-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1392-6"><bdi>0-7110-1392-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Electric+Train+%E2%80%93+Electric+Trains+in+Britain+since+1883&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7110-1392-6&rft.aulast=Gillham&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover2003" class="citation book cs1">Glover, John (2003). <i>Eastern Electric</i>. Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2934-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2934-2"><bdi>0-7110-2934-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Electric&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7110-2934-2&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachefert-TassinNouvionWoimant1980" class="citation book cs1">Machefert-Tassin, Yves; Nouvion, Fernand; Woimant, Jean (1980). <i>Histoire de la Traction Electrique, vol.1</i>. La Vie du Rail. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-902808-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-902808-05-4"><bdi>2-902808-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Traction+Electrique%2C+vol.1&rft.pub=La+Vie+du+Rail&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=2-902808-05-4&rft.aulast=Machefert-Tassin&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Nouvion%2C+Fernand&rft.au=Woimant%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNock1965" class="citation book cs1">Nock, O.S. (1965). <i>Britain's new railway: Electrification of the London-Midland main lines from Euston to Birmingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester</i>. London: Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59003738">59003738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+new+railway%3A+Electrification+of+the+London-Midland+main+lines+from+Euston+to+Birmingham%2C+Stoke-on-Trent%2C+Crewe%2C+Liverpool+and+Manchester&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59003738&rft.aulast=Nock&rft.aufirst=O.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNock1974" class="citation book cs1">Nock, O.S. (1974). <i>Electric Euston to Glasgow</i>. Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0530-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-0530-3"><bdi>0-7110-0530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Euston+to+Glasgow&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7110-0530-3&rft.aulast=Nock&rft.aufirst=O.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Proceedings of the British Railways Electrification Conference, London 1960 – Railway Electrification at Industrial Frequency</i>. London: British Railways Board. 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Railways+Electrification+Conference%2C+London+1960+%E2%80%93+Railway+Electrification+at+Industrial+Frequency&rft.pub=London%3A+British+Railways+Board&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemmens1991" class="citation book cs1">Semmens, Peter (1991). <i>Electrifying the East Coast Route</i>. Patrick Stephens Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-929-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85059-929-6"><bdi>0-85059-929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrifying+the+East+Coast+Route&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-85059-929-6&rft.aulast=Semmens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A25+kV+AC+railway+electrification" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Railway_electrification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_electrification" title="Template:Railway electrification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Railway_electrification" title="Template talk:Railway electrification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Railway_electrification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Railway electrification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Railway_electrification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Current_collector" title="Current collector">Current collectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_collector" title="Bow collector">Bow collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">Pantograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">Trolley pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_collector#Contact_shoe" title="Current collector">Contact shoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">Overhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">Third rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification#Fourth_rail" title="Railway electrification">Fourth rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stud_contact_system" title="Stud contact system">Stud contact system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">Conduit current collection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rolling stock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electric_traction" title="Railway electric traction">Railway electric traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_car" title="Power car">Power car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_locomotive" title="Electric locomotive">Electric locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit" title="Electric multiple unit">Electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_locomotive" title="Electro-diesel locomotive">Electro-diesel locomotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-diesel_multiple_unit" title="Electro-diesel multiple unit">Electro-diesel multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-system_(rail)" title="Multi-system (rail)">Multi-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Power network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traction_power_network" title="Traction power network">Traction power network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_substation" title="Traction substation">Traction substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_powerstation" title="Traction powerstation">Traction powerstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Australia" title="Railway electrification in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Austria" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Estonia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_France" title="Railway electrification in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Germany" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organisation_for_Railway_Electrification" title="Central Organisation for Railway Electrification">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Iran" title="Railway electrification in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Japan" title="Railway electrification in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Latvia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Lithuania" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Malaysia" title="Railway electrification in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_New_Zealand" title="Railway electrification in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Norway" title="Railway electrification in Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_railway_electrification_in_Norway" title="Timeline of railway electrification in Norway">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Poland" title="Railway electrification in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Russia" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Former USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Sweden" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_installations_for_15_kV_AC_railway_electrification_in_Germany,_Austria_and_Switzerland#Switzerland" title="List of installations for 15 kV AC railway electrification in Germany, Austria and Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_the_Soviet_Union#Ukraine" title="Railway electrification in the Soviet Union">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_in_Great_Britain" title="Railway electrification in Great Britain">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_electrification_in_the_United_States" title="Railroad electrification in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">Railway electrification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">Tram electrification systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&oldid=1256432768">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&oldid=1256432768</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:25_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="Category:25 kV AC railway electrification">25 kV AC railway electrification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_rail_transport" title="Category:Electric rail transport">Electric rail transport</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2009">Articles needing additional references from July 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_lacking_focus_from_September_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles lacking focus from September 2022">Wikipedia articles lacking focus from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_lacking_focus" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles lacking focus">All Wikipedia articles lacking focus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 22:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25_kV_AC_railway_electrification&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-nd24z","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.657","walltime":"0.837","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3427,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":94715,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12927,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":86265,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 725.243 1 -total"," 27.72% 201.066 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.79% 136.270 10 Template:Cite_book"," 14.33% 103.899 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 11.99% 86.930 1 Template:Railway_electrification"," 11.94% 86.575 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.36% 82.408 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.69% 70.297 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 9.54% 69.208 2 Template:Ambox"," 7.31% 53.035 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.402","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10527758,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6bcd787d7f-wbns9","timestamp":"20241126095124","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"25 kV AC railway electrification","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1412243","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1412243","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-23T09:44:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T22:49:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/35\/Europe_rail_electrification_en.svg","headline":"railway electrification system"}</script> </body> </html>