CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kaaba - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"21aa8932-fee8-45c6-853e-ec51bcb344de","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kaaba","wgTitle":"Kaaba","wgCurRevisionId":1258485791,"wgRevisionId":1258485791,"wgArticleId":21496179,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Pages with Arabic IPA","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Coordinates on Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","CS1: long volume value","Articles containing video clips","Kaaba","Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kaaba","wgRelevantArticleId":21496179,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":21.4225,"lon":39.82616666666667}, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q29466","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery.slideshow","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/1200px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/800px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/640px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kaaba - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kaaba rootpage-Kaaba skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kaaba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kaaba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kaaba" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kaaba" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_Islamic_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_Islamic_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>According to Islamic opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_Islamic_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ptolemy_and_Diodorus_Siculus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ptolemy_and_Diodorus_Siculus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Ptolemy and Diodorus Siculus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ptolemy_and_Diodorus_Siculus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arnobius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arnobius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Arnobius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arnobius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khuzistan_Chronicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khuzistan_Chronicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Khuzistan Chronicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khuzistan_Chronicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Rock inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad's_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad's_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Muhammad's era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad's_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture and interior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_marble_documents_inside_the_Kaaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_marble_documents_inside_the_Kaaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Written marble documents inside the Kaaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_marble_documents_inside_the_Kaaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance in Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance in Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tawaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tawaf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_the_Qibla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_the_Qibla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>As the Qibla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_the_Qibla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cleaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaaba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27bah" title="Ka'bah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ka'bah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%A4ba" title="Kaäba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaäba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A3" title="ከአባ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ከአባ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="الكعبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكعبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Քաապա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քաապա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="কাবা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাবা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="КагӀба – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="КагӀба" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99b%C9%99" title="Kəbə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəbə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کعبه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کعبه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE" title="কাবা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাবা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BFba" title="Kaʿba – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kaʿba" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D3%99%D2%93%D0%B1%D3%99" title="Ҡәғбә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡәғбә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кааба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кааба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кааба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кааба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кааба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кааба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Кепе (Кааба) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кепе (Кааба)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba" title="Ka'ba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ka'ba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%A2%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A7" title="ކަޢުބާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަޢުބާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Κάαμπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάαμπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabo" title="Kaabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کعبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کعبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27aba" title="Ka'aba – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ka'aba" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ba" title="Cába – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cába" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ХьажцӀа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХьажцӀа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B0%94" title="카바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1" title="Քաաբա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաաբա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="काबा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काबा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86aba" title="Ćaba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ćaba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27bah" title="Ka'bah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ka'bah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B1%C3%A6" title="Чабæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чабæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BFba" title="Kaʿba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kaʿba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%94" title="הכעבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכעבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27bah" title="Ka'bah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ka'bah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕ‌ಅಬಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ‌ಅಬಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქააბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქააბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Қағба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қағба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabe" title="Kabe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kabe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кааба – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кааба" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caba" title="Caba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27ba" title="Ka'ba – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ka'ba" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ba_szent%C3%A9ly" title="Kába szentély – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kába szentély" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8C%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Ќаба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ќаба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC" title="കഅ്ബ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കഅ്ബ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="काबा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काबा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქააბა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქააბა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87" title="الكعبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكعبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabah" title="Kaabah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaabah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95_(%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D)" title="ꯀꯥꯕ (ꯏꯁꯂꯥꯝ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯕ (ꯏꯁꯂꯥꯝ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27bah" title="Ka'bah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ka'bah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ကဗာဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကဗာဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%A4ba" title="Kaäba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaäba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%90" title="カアバ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カアバ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%B0%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%AC" title="ߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߞߊ߰ߓߊ߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊ߬ߟߌ߬ߞߊ߰ߓߊ߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D3%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="КаӀбат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="КаӀбат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BCba" title="Kaʼba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaʼba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਅਬਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਅਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%81" title="کعبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کعبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کعبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کعبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kaba" title="Al-Kaba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Kaba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caaba" title="Caaba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caaba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кааба – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кааба" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кааба – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кааба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱟᱵᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱵᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabeja" title="Qabeja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qabeja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%E2%80%98ba" title="Ka‘ba – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ka‘ba" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1ba" title="Kába – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kába" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba_(sveti%C5%A1%C4%8De)" title="Kaba (svetišče) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaba (svetišče)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacbada" title="Kacbada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kacbada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%95" title="کەعبە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەعبە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Каба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27bah" title="Ka'bah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ka'bah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaba" title="Kaba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="கஃபா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கஃபா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B1%D3%99" title="Кагъбә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кагъбә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE" title="కాబా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాబా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="กะอ์บะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กะอ์บะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Каъба – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Каъба" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2be" title="Kâbe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kâbe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Кааба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кааба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%81" title="خانہ کعبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خانہ کعبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%95%D8%A6%D8%A8%DB%95" title="كەئبە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كەئبە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaaba" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BD" title="克尔白 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克尔白" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%A1b%C3%A0" title="Káábà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Káábà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%A9%E6%88%BF" title="卡巴天房 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡巴天房" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabe" title="Kabe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kabe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BD" title="克爾白 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克爾白" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27bah" title="Ka'bah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ka'bah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29466#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kaaba" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaaba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaaba"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kaaba" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kaaba" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&oldid=1258485791" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kaaba&id=1258485791&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKaaba"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKaaba"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kaaba&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kaaba" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29466" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaaba&params=21_25_21.0_N_39_49_34.2_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′21.0″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′34.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.422500°N 39.826167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.422500; 39.826167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Building at the center of Islam's most important mosque, the Masjid al-Haram</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Islamic holy site in Mecca. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaba_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kaba (disambiguation)">Kaba (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kaab" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaab_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kaab (disambiguation)">Kaab (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #9BE89B">The Kaaba</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="ar"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْكَعْبَة</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kaʿba</i></span>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ka%27ba,_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca,_Saudi_Arabia_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/220px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/330px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg/440px-The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Kaaba</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #9BE89B">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mecca_Province" title="Mecca Province">Mecca Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leadership</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>President of the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques</i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Al-Sudais" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais">Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #9BE89B">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque of Mecca</a>,</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaaba is located in Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Kaaba is located in Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-Saudi_Arabia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1668" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.136%;left:25.808%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaaba"><img alt="Kaaba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the Kaaba in Saudi Arabia</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Saudi Arabia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaaba is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Kaaba is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/240px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/360px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/480px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.606%;left:35.612%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaaba"><img alt="Kaaba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kaaba (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administration</th><td class="infobox-data label">The Agency of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaaba&params=21_25_21.0_N_39_49_34.2_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°25′21.0″N</span> <span class="longitude">39°49′34.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.422500°N 39.826167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.422500; 39.826167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #9BE89B">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Temple<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date established</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia#Religion" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic era</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #9BE89B">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">12.86 m (42 ft 2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">11.03 m (36 ft 2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height (max)</th><td class="infobox-data">13.1 m (43 ft 0 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kaaba</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes referred to as <b>al-Ka'ba al-Musharrafa</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a stone building at the center of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>'s most important <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest site</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Azraqi-2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Azraqi-2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered by <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> to be the <i>Baytullah</i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَيْت ٱللَّٰه</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'House of God') and is the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قِبْلَة</span>, direction of <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">prayer</a>) for Muslims around the world. The current structure was built after the original building was damaged by fire during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(683)" title="Siege of Mecca (683)">siege of Mecca</a> by <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> in 683 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">early Islam</a>, Muslims faced in the general direction of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as the qibla in their prayers before changing the direction to face the Kaaba, believed by Muslims to be a result of a <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> verse revelation to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Islam, the Kaaba was rebuilt several times throughout history, most famously by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismail</a>, when he returned to the valley of Mecca several years after leaving his wife <a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Hajar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hagar" title="Hagar">Hagar</a>) and Ismail there upon <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a>'s command. Circling the <i>Kaaba</i> seven times counterclockwise, known as Tawaf (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طواف</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tawaaf</i></span>), is a <i><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></i> (obligatory) rite for the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> pilgrimages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area around the Kaaba where pilgrims walk is called the Mataaf. </p><p>The Kaaba and the Mataaf are surrounded by pilgrims every day of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic year</a>, except the 9th of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Arafah" title="Day of Arafah">Day of Arafah</a>, on which the cloth covering the structure, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كسوة</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kiswah</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Cloth'), is changed. However, the most significant increase in their numbers is during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, when millions of pilgrims gather for Tawaf.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Hajj_and_Umrah" title="Ministry of Hajj and Umrah">Ministry of Hajj and Umrah</a>, 6,791,100 external pilgrims arrived for the Umrah <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> in the Islamic year <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> 1439 (2017/2018 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Adriaan-Reland-Verhandeling-van-de-godsdienst-der-Mahometaanen_MG_0723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5346" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>View of the Kaaba, 1718. <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a>: <i>Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etymology">Etymology</h4></div> <p>The literal meaning of the word <i>Ka'bah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كعبة</span>) is <i>cube</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Qur'an, from the era of the life of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the Kaaba is mentioned by the following names: </p> <ul><li><i>al-Bayt</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْبَيْت</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the house') in 2:125 by Allah<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D125">2:125</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Baytī</i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَيْتِي</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'My House') in 22:26 by Allah<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D22%3Averse%3D26">22:26</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Baytik al-Muḥarram</i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَيْتِكَ ٱلْمُحَرَّم</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Your Inviolable House') in 14:37 by Ibrahim<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D14%3Averse%3D37">14:37</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>al-Bayt al-Ḥarām</i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْحَرَام</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'The Sacred House') in 5:97 by Allah<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D97">5:97</a>]</sup></li> <li><i>al-Bayt al-ʿAtīq</i> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْبَيْت ٱلْعَتِيق</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'The Ancient House') in 22:29 by Allah<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D22%3Averse%3D29">22:29</a>]</sup></li></ul> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Glaser" title="Eduard Glaser">Eduard Glaser</a>, the name "Kaaba" may have been related to the southern <a href="/wiki/Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian">Arabian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> word "<i>mikrab</i>", signifying a temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978318_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978318-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> disputes this etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg/220px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg/330px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg/440px-Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>"Muhammad at the Ka'ba" from the <i><a href="/wiki/Siyer-i_Nebi" title="Siyer-i Nebi">Siyer-i Nebi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad is shown with veiled face, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1595</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone20047_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone20047-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Glen_Bowersock" title="Glen Bowersock">Glen Bowersock</a> disagree and assert that it was.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic cosmology">Islamic cosmology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zurah" title="Zurah">Zurah</a> pilgrimage site was the precursor to the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-Efendi1987_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efendi1987-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to Islam, the Kaaba was a holy site for the various <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Once every lunar year, Bedouin people would make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Setting aside any tribal feuds, they would worship their gods in the Kaaba and trade with each other in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various sculptures and paintings were held inside the Kaaba. A statue of <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a> (the principal idol of Mecca) and statues of other pagan deities are known to have been placed in or around the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-King-2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the paintings of pagan idols decorating the walls, which were destroyed at the behest of Muhammad after his <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquest of Mecca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-King-2004_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were also paintings of <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">angels</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Belomancy" title="Belomancy">divination arrows</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) and his mother <a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>), which Muhammad spared.<sup id="cite_ref-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undefined decorations, money and a pair of ram's horns were recorded to be inside the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-King-2004_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair of ram's horns were said to have belonged to the ram sacrificed by Ibrahim in place of his son Ismail as held by Islamic tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-King-2004_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its history, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> at the Kaaba has been struck and smashed by a stone fired from a <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been smeared with excrement,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stolen and ransomed by the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1994_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and smashed into several fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1994_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King-2004_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">al-Azraqi</a> provides the following narrative on the authority of his grandfather:<sup id="cite_ref-King-2004_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have heard that there was set up in <i>al-Bayt</i> (referring to the Kaaba) a picture (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تمثال</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Timthal</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Depiction') of Maryam and 'Isa. ['Ata'] said: "Yes, there was set in it a picture of Maryam adorned (<i>muzawwaqan</i>); in her lap, her son Isa sat adorned."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>al-Azraqi, <i>Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca</i><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Azraqi-2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Azraqi-2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In her book <i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_A_Short_History" title="Islam: A Short History">Islam: A Short History</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a> asserts that the Kaaba was officially dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> deity, and contained 360 idols which probably represented the days of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the time of Muhammad's era, it seems that the Kaaba was venerated as the temple of Allah, the High God. Once a year, tribes from all around the Arabian Peninsula would converge on Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage, which was a mark of the widespread conviction that Allah was the same deity worshipped by monotheists. At this time, the Muslims would perform the Salat prayer facing Jerusalem, as instructed by Muhammad, and turning their backs on the pagan associations of the Kabah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200011_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a>, in his translation of the <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">seerah</a>, says that the Kaaba itself might be referred to in the feminine form.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">Circumambulation</a> was often performed naked by men and almost naked by women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_Ishaq195588–9_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Ishaq195588–9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is disputed whether Allah and Hubal were the same deity or different. According to a hypothesis by <a href="/wiki/Uri_Rubin" title="Uri Rubin">Uri Rubin</a> and Christian Robin, Hubal was only venerated by <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> and the Kaaba was first dedicated to Allah, a supreme god of individuals belonging to different tribes, while the pantheon of the gods of Quraysh was installed in the Kaaba after they conquered Mecca a century before Muhammad's time.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_of_the_oldest_depictions_of_the_Kaaba,_from_1307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/One_of_the_oldest_depictions_of_the_Kaaba%2C_from_1307.jpg/220px-One_of_the_oldest_depictions_of_the_Kaaba%2C_from_1307.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/One_of_the_oldest_depictions_of_the_Kaaba%2C_from_1307.jpg/330px-One_of_the_oldest_depictions_of_the_Kaaba%2C_from_1307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/One_of_the_oldest_depictions_of_the_Kaaba%2C_from_1307.jpg/440px-One_of_the_oldest_depictions_of_the_Kaaba%2C_from_1307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Miniature from 1307 CE depicting Muhammad fixing the black stone into the Kaaba</figcaption></figure> <p>Imoti contends that there were numerous such Kaaba sanctuaries in Arabia at one time, but this was the only one built of stone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The others also allegedly had counterparts of the Black Stone. There was a "Red Stone", in the Kaaba of the South Arabian city of Ghaiman; and the "White Stone" in the Kaaba of al-Abalat (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tabalah,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabalah, Saudi Arabia">Tabala</a>). Grunebaum, in <i>Classical Islam</i>, points out that the experience of divinity of that period was often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetishism</a> of stones, mountains, special rock formations, or "trees of strange growth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197024_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197024-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong further says that the Kaaba was thought to be at the center of the world, with the Gate of Heaven directly above it. The Kaaba marked the location where the sacred world intersected with the profane; the embedded Black Stone was a further symbol of this as a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a> that had fallen from the sky and linked heaven and earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sarwar, about 400 years before the birth of Muhammad, a man named 'Amr bin Luhayy, who descended from <a href="/wiki/Qahtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qahtan">Qahtan</a> and was the king of <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a>, placed an idol of Hubal on the roof of the Kaaba. This idol was one of the chief deities of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> tribe. The idol was made of red <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> and shaped like a human, but with the right hand broken off and replaced with a golden hand. When the idol was moved inside the Kaaba, it had seven arrows in front of it, which were used for <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain peace among the perpetually warring tribes, Mecca was declared a sanctuary where no violence was allowed within 30 km (20 mi) of the Kaaba. This combat-free zone allowed Mecca to thrive not only as a place of pilgrimage, but also as a trading center.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221–22_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221–22-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> literature, the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Asatir" title="The Asatir">Asatir</a></i>) states that Ismail and his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Nebaioth" title="Nebaioth">Nebaioth</a> built the Kaaba as well as the city of Mecca."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Asatir</i> book was likely compiled in the 10th century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Moses_Gaster" title="Moses Gaster">Moses Gaster</a> suggested in 1927 that it was written no later than the second half of the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="According_to_Islamic_opinion">According to Islamic opinion</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_txt-0471-front_CROP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_txt-0471-front_CROP.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_txt-0471-front_CROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_txt-0471-front_CROP.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_txt-0471-front_CROP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_txt-0471-front_CROP.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_txt-0471-front_CROP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The Kaaba and Masjid al-Haram depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Talismanic_shirt" title="Talismanic shirt">talismanic shirt</a>, 16th or early 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Qur'an contains several verses regarding the origin of the Kaaba. It states that the Kaaba was the first <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture#Beginning" title="Islamic architecture">House of Worship</a> for mankind, and that it was built by Ibrahim and Ismail on Allah's instructions:<sup id="cite_ref-Michigan_C_1986_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michigan_C_1986-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Sway_2011_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Sway_2011-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyrness2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyrness2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Verily, the first House (of worship) appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah (Makkah), full of blessing, and a guidance for mankind.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quran, <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Al Imran</a> (3), <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">Ayah</a> 96<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Behold! We gave the site, to Ibrahim, of the (Sacred) House, (saying): "Associate not anything (in worship) with Me; and sanctify My House for those who compass it round, or stand up, or bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer)."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quran, Surah <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajj" title="Al-Hajj">Al-Hajj</a> (22), Ayah 26<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|22|26|t=y|s=ns_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|22|26|t=y|s=ns-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And remember Ibrahim and Ismail raised the foundations of the House (With this prayer): "Our Lord! Accept (this service) from us: For Thou art the All-Hearing, the All-knowing."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">Al-Baqarah</a> (2), Ayah 127<sup id="cite_ref-Cite_quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cite_quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, in his famous <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i></span>) of the Quran, mentions two interpretations among the Muslims on the origin of the Kaaba. One is that the temple was a place of worship for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mala%27ikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mala'ikah">mala'ikah</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>) before the creation of man. Later, a house of worship was built on the location and was lost during the flood in <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nuh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)'s time and was finally rebuilt by Ibrahim and Ismail as mentioned later in the Quran. Ibn Kathir regarded this tradition as weak and preferred instead the narration by <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> that although several other temples might have preceded the Kaaba, it was the first <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bayt Allah</i></span> ('House of God'), dedicated solely to him, built by his instruction, and sanctified and blessed by him, as stated in Quran 22:26–29.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> states that the Kaaba was the first <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">masjid</i></span> on Earth, and the second was <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhar_al-Ghifari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhar al-Ghifari">Abu Dhar</a> narrated: I said, "O Allah's Apostle! Which mosque was first built on the surface of the earth?" He said, "Al-Masjid-ul-Haram (in Mecca)." I said, "Which was built next?" He replied "The mosque of Al-Aqsa (in Jerusalem)." I said, "What was the period of construction between the two?" He said, "Forty years." He added, "Wherever (you may be, and) the prayer time becomes due, perform the prayer there, for the best thing is to do so (i.e. to offer the prayers in time)." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>: Volume 4, Book 55, Hadith Number 585<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">While Abraham was building the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone which he placed in the eastern corner of the structure. Another stone was the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqam Ibrahim</a></i></span>, the Station of Abraham, where Abraham stood for elevation while building the structure. The Black Stone and the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Maqam Ibrahim</i></span> are believed by Muslims to be the only remnant of the original structure made by Abraham as the remaining structure had to be demolished and rebuilt several times over history for its maintenance.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The specific details are not directly supported by the reference of Quran 22:26–33. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the construction was complete, God enjoined the descendants of Ismail to perform an annual pilgrimage: the Hajj and the <a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurban</a>, sacrifice of cattle. The vicinity of the temple was also made a sanctuary where bloodshed and war were forbidden.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D22%3Averse%3D26">22:26–33</a>]</sup> </p><p>According to Islamic tradition, over the millennia after Ismail's death, his progeny and the local tribes who settled around the <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam</a> well gradually turned to polytheism and idolatry. Several idols were placed within the Kaaba representing deities of different aspects of nature and different tribes. Several rituals were adopted in the pilgrimage including doing naked circumambulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_Ishaq195588–9_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Ishaq195588–9-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A king named Tubba' is considered the first one to have a door be built for the Kaaba according to sayings recorded in <a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">Al-Azraqi</a>'s <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Akhbar Makka</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Arabiya_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Arabiya-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpretation that pre-Islamic Arabs once practiced <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> is supported by some literary evidence, being the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, whose God was that of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, in pre-Islamic Arab culture.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ptolemy_and_Diodorus_Siculus">Ptolemy and Diodorus Siculus</h4></div> <p>Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i>, Wensinck identifies Mecca with a place called <i>Macoraba</i> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978318_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978318-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gustave_E._von_Grunebaum" title="Gustave E. von Grunebaum">G. E. von Grunebaum</a> states: "Mecca is mentioned by Ptolemy. The name he gives it allows us to identify it as a South Arabian foundation created around a sanctuary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197019_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197019-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Meccan_Trade_and_the_Rise_of_Islam" title="Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam">Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> argues that the identification of Macoraba with Mecca is false and that Macoraba was a town in southern Arabia in what was then known as <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2004134–137_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2004134–137-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study has revisited the arguments for Macoraba and found them unsatisfactory.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg/170px-Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg/255px-Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg/340px-Turkish_-_Tile_with_the_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca_-_Walters_481307_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tiles</a> representing the Kaaba, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on an earlier report by <a href="/wiki/Agatharchides_of_Cnidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Agatharchides of Cnidus">Agatharchides of Cnidus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> mentions a temple along the Red Sea coast, "which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> believed that this was the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ian D. Morris argues that Gibbon had misread the source: Diodorus puts the temple too far north for it to have been Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arnobius">Arnobius</h4></div> <p>Christian church father <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, in around 300 CE, referred to "an unshapen stone" worshiped in an unspecified location in Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khuzistan_Chronicle">Khuzistan Chronicle</h4></div> <p>This short <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian</a> (Christian origin) chronicle written no later than the 660s CE covers the history up to the Arab conquest and also gives an interesting note on Arabian geography. The section covering the geography starts with a speculation about the origin of the Muslim sanctuary in Arabia: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Regarding the K'bta (Kaaba) of Ibrahim, we have been unable to discover what it is except that, because the blessed Abraham grew rich in property and wanted to get away from the envy of the Canaanites, he chose to live in the distant and spacious parts of the desert. Since he lived in tents, he built that place for the worship of God and for the offering of sacrifices. It took its present name from what it had been, since the memory of the place was preserved with the generations of their race. Indeed, it was no new thing for the Arabs to worship there, but goes back to antiquity, to their early days, in that they show honor to the father of the head of their people.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This is an early record from the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphate</a>, of a Christian origin that explicitly mentions the Kaaba, and confirms the idea that not just the Arabs but certain Christians as well, associated the site with Ibrahim in the seventh century. This is the second dateable text mentioning the Kaaba, first being some verses from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rock_inscriptions">Rock inscriptions</h4></div> <p>Saudi archeologist Mohammed Almaghthawi discovered some rock inscriptions mentioning the Masjid al-Haram and the Kaaba, dating back to the first and second centuries of Islam. One of them reads as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God suffices and wrote Maysara bin Ibrahim Servant of the Kaaba (Khadim al-Kaaba).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Juan Cole</a> is of the opinion that the inscription is likely from the second century A.H. (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 718</span>–815 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad's_era"><span id="Muhammad.27s_era"></span>Muhammad's era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blackstone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Blackstone.jpg/220px-The_Blackstone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Blackstone.jpg/330px-The_Blackstone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Blackstone.jpg/440px-The_Blackstone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a> is seen through a portal in the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-uscmsa_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uscmsa-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During Muhammad's lifetime (570–632 CE), the Kaaba was considered a holy site by the local Arabs. Muhammad took part in the reconstruction of the Kaaba around 600 C.E., after its structure was weakened by a fire, and then damaged by a subsequent flood. Sources including <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sirat_Ras%C5%ABl_All%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirat Rasūl Allāh">Sirat Rasūl Allāh</a></i>, one of the biographies of Muhammad (as reconstructed and translated by Guillaume), as well as <a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">Al-Azraqi</a>'s chronicle of Mecca, describe Muhammad settling a quarrel between the Meccan clans as to which clan should set the Black Stone in its place. According to Ishaq's biography, Muhammad's solution was to have all the clan elders raise the cornerstone on a cloak, after which Muhammad set the stone into its final place with his own hands.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976"Muhammad's_Birth_and_Forty_Years_prior_to_Prophethood"_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976"Muhammad's_Birth_and_Forty_Years_prior_to_Prophethood"-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> for the reconstruction of the Kaaba was purchased by Quraysh from a Greek ship that had been wrecked on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast at Shu'aybah. The work was undertaken by a Greek carpenter from the same ship, called Baqum (باقوم Pachomius).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial constraints during this rebuilding caused Quraysh to exclude six cubits from the northern part of the Kaaba. This portion is what is currently known as Al-Hateem الحطيم or Hijr Ismail حجر اسماعيل. </p><p>Muhammad's <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra'</a> is said to have taken him from the Kaaba to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Masjid al-Aqsa</a> and heavenwards from there.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims initially considered Jerusalem as their qibla, or prayer direction, and faced toward it while offering prayers; however, pilgrimage to the Kaaba was considered a religious duty though its rites were not yet finalized. During the first half of Muhammad's time as a prophet while he was at Mecca, he and his followers were severely persecuted which eventually led to their migration to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in 622 CE. In 624 CE, Muslims believe the direction of the qibla was changed from the Masjid al-Aqsa to the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, with the revelation of <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">Surah 2</a>, verse 144.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D144">2:144</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen129_130]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen129_130]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 628 CE, Muhammad led a group of Muslims towards Mecca with the intention of performing the <i>Umrah</i>, but was prevented from doing so by the Quraysh. He secured a peace treaty with them, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a>, which allowed the Muslims to freely perform pilgrimage at the Kaaba from the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen212_213]_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen212_213]-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the culmination of his mission,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 630 CE, after the allies of the Quraysh, the Banu Bakr, violated the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">conquered Mecca</a>. His first action was to remove statues and images from the <i>Kaaba</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to reports collected by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">al-Azraqi</a>, Muhammad spared a painting of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and a fresco of Ibrahim.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rogerson2003_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogerson2003-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Narrated Abdullah: When the Prophet entered Mecca on the day of the conquest, there were 360 idols around the Kaaba. The Prophet started striking them with a stick he had in his hand and was saying, "Truth has come and Falsehood has vanished..." (Qur'an 17:81) </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, Book 59, Hadith 583</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Al-Azraqi further conveys how Muhammad, after he entered the Kaaba on the day of the conquest, ordered all the pictures erased except that of Maryam: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shihab (said) that the Prophet (peace be upon him) entered the Kaaba on the day of the conquest, and in it was a picture of the angels (mala'ika), among others, and he saw a picture of Ibrahim and he said: "May Allah kill those representing him as a venerable old man casting arrows in divination (shaykhan yastaqsim bil-azlam)." Then he saw the picture of Maryam, so he put his hands on it and he said: "Erase what is in it [the Kaaba] in the way of pictures except the picture of Maryam."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">al-Azraqi</a>, Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca</cite></div></blockquote> <p>After the conquest, Muhammad restated the sanctity and holiness of Mecca, including its Great Mosque (Masjid al-Haram), in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Grolier_Society_Book_of_History_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grolier_Society_Book_of_History-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He performed the Hajj in 632 CE called the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Hujjat ul-Wada'</a> ("Farewell Pilgrimage") since Muhammad prophesied his impending death on this event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen297_298]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen297_298]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Muhammad">After Muhammad</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_arc.pp_0211.04_CROP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_arc.pp_0211.04_CROP.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_arc.pp_0211.04_CROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_arc.pp_0211.04_CROP.jpg/330px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_arc.pp_0211.04_CROP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_arc.pp_0211.04_CROP.jpg/440px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_arc.pp_0211.04_CROP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Photographed in 1880 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sadiq_(photographer)" title="Muhammad Sadiq (photographer)">Muhammad Sadiq</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_al-Haram_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Masjid_al-Haram_1.jpg/220px-Masjid_al-Haram_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Masjid_al-Haram_1.jpg/330px-Masjid_al-Haram_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Masjid_al-Haram_1.jpg/440px-Masjid_al-Haram_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In 1907</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy_on_Cover_of_Kaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Calligraphy_on_Cover_of_Kaba.jpg/220px-Calligraphy_on_Cover_of_Kaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Calligraphy_on_Cover_of_Kaba.jpg/330px-Calligraphy_on_Cover_of_Kaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Calligraphy_on_Cover_of_Kaba.jpg/440px-Calligraphy_on_Cover_of_Kaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Textile cover of the Kaaba (called <a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a>) with Islamic inscriptions calligraphed in Arabic with golden threads</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba_during_expansion_in_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kaaba_during_expansion_in_2013.jpg/170px-Kaaba_during_expansion_in_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kaaba_during_expansion_in_2013.jpg/255px-Kaaba_during_expansion_in_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kaaba_during_expansion_in_2013.jpg/340px-Kaaba_during_expansion_in_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Kaaba during an expansion phase in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kaaba has been repaired and reconstructed many times. The structure was severely damaged by a fire on 3 <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' I</a> 64 AH (Sunday 31 October 683 CE), during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(683)" title="Siege of Mecca (683)">first siege of Mecca in 683</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">war</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr">'Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an early Muslim who ruled Mecca for many years between the death of ʿAli and the consolidation of power by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>. 'Abdullah rebuilt it to include the <i>hatīm</i>. He did so on the basis of a tradition (found in several <a href="/wiki/Hadith_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith collection">hadith collections</a>) that the <i>hatīm</i> was a remnant of the foundations of the Abrahamic Kaaba, and that Muhammad himself had wished to rebuild it so as to include it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibn_Khaldun_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Khaldun-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kaaba was bombarded with stones in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_(692)" title="Siege of Mecca (692)">second siege of Mecca in 692</a>, in which the Umayyad army was led by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a>. The fall of the city and the death of 'Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr allowed the Umayyads under <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAbdu_l-Malik_ibn_Marwan" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAbdu l-Malik ibn Marwan">'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan</a> to finally reunite all the Islamic possessions and end the long civil war. In 693 CE, 'Abd al-Malik had the remnants of al-Zubayr's Kaaba razed, and rebuilt it on the foundations set by the Quraysh. The Kaaba returned to the cube shape it had taken during Muhammad's time. Its basic shape and structure have not changed since then.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibn_Khaldun_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibn_Khaldun-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Hajj of 930 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca" title="Sack of Mecca">attacked Mecca</a> under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a>, defiled the Zamzam Well with the bodies of pilgrims and stole the Black Stone, taking it to the oasis in Eastern Arabia known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">al-Aḥsāʾ</a>, where it remained until the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> ransomed it in 952 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After heavy rains and flooding in 1626, the walls of the Kaaba collapsed and the Mosque was damaged. The same year, during the reign of Ottoman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>, the Kaaba was rebuilt with granite stones from Mecca, and the Mosque was renovated.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, after <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali</a> had launched the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Great Arab Revolt</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mecca_(1916)" title="Battle of Mecca (1916)">Battle of Mecca</a> between <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> and Ottoman forces, the Ottoman troops bombarded the city and hit the Kaaba, setting fire to the protective veil.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Naour-2017_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Naour-2017-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2008_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2008-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident was later exploited by the propaganda of the Great Arab Revolt to attempt to demonstrate the impiety of the Ottomans and the legitimacy of the revolt as a holy war.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Naour-2017_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Naour-2017-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murphy-2008_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-2008-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kaaba is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">reverse</a> of 500 <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Riyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Riyal">Saudi riyal</a> and 2000 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a> banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_interior">Architecture and interior</h2></div> <p>The Kaaba is a <a href="/wiki/Cuboid" title="Cuboid">cuboid</a>-shaped structure made of <a href="/wiki/Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Stones">stones</a>. It is approximately 15 m (49 ft 3 in) high with sides measuring 12 m (39 ft 4 in) × 10.5 m (34 ft 5 in) wide<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hawting states 10 m (32 ft 10 in).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200375_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200375-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside the Kaaba, the floor is made of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. The interior walls are clad with tiled, white marble halfway to the roof, with darker trimmings along the floor. The floor of the interior stands about 2 m (6 ft 7 in) above the ground area where <a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">tawaf</a> is performed.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200375_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200375-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wall directly adjacent to the entrance of the Kaaba has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions, and there are several more tablets along the other walls. Along the top corners of the walls runs a black cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. Caretakers anoint the marble cladding with the same scented oil used to anoint the Black Stone outside. Three pillars (some erroneously report two) stand inside the Kaaba, with a small altar or table set between one and the other two. <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Lamp</a>-like objects (possible lanterns or <a href="/wiki/Crucible" title="Crucible">crucible</a> <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">censers</a>) hang from the ceiling. The ceiling itself is of a darker colour, similar in hue to the lower trimming. The <i>Bāb ut-Tawbah</i>—on the right wall (right of the entrance) opens to an enclosed staircase that leads to a hatch, which itself opens to the roof. Both the roof and ceiling (collectively dual-layered) are made of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>-capped <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak wood</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Kaaba.png" decoding="async" width="356" height="381" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba-plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kaaba-plan.svg/220px-Kaaba-plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kaaba-plan.svg/330px-Kaaba-plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kaaba-plan.svg/440px-Kaaba-plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A technical drawing of the Kaaba showing dimensions and elements</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukn_al-Yamani_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rukn_al-Yamani_01.jpg/220px-Rukn_al-Yamani_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rukn_al-Yamani_01.jpg/330px-Rukn_al-Yamani_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rukn_al-Yamani_01.jpg/440px-Rukn_al-Yamani_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Rukn al-Yamani (The Yemeni Corner)</figcaption></figure> <p>Each numbered item in the following list corresponds to features noted in the diagram image. </p> <ol><li>The <i>Ḥajar al-Aswad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحجر الأسود</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Hajar al-Aswad</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Black Stone'), is located on the Kaaba's eastern corner. It is the location where Muslims start their circumambulation of the Kaaba, known as the <i>tawaf</i>.</li> <li>The entrance is a door set 2.13 m (7 ft 0 in) above the ground on the north-eastern wall of the Kaaba, called the <i>Bāb ar-Raḥmah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">باب الرحمة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāb ar-Raḥmah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Door of Mercy'), that also acts as the façade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, the 300 kg (660 lb) gold doors made by artist <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Ibrahim_Badr" title="Ahmad bin Ibrahim Badr">Ahmad bin Ibrahim Badr</a>, replaced the old silver doors made by his father, Ibrahim Badr, in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a wooden staircase on wheels, usually stored in the mosque between the arch-shaped gate of <i>Banū Shaybah</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a>. The oldest surviving door dates back to 1045 AH (1635–6 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Arabiya_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Arabiya-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABz%C4%81b_al-Ra%E1%B8%A5mah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mīzāb al-Raḥmah">Mīzāb ar-Raḥmah</a></i>, commonly shortened to <i>Mīzāb</i> or <i>Meezab</i> is a rain spout made of gold. Added when the Kaaba was rebuilt in 1627, after a flood in 1626 caused three of the four walls to collapse.</li> <li>This slant structure, covering three sides of the Kaaba, is known as the <i>Shadherwaan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شاذروان</span>) and was added in 1627 along with the <i>Mīzāb ar-Raḥmah</i> to protect the foundation from rainwater.</li> <li>The <i>Hatīm</i> (also romanized as <i>hateem</i>) and also known as the <i>Hijr Ismail</i>, is a low wall that was part of the original Kaaba. It is a semi-circular wall opposite, but not connected to, the north-west wall of the Kaaba. It is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.31 m (4 ft <span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) in height and 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in width, and is composed of white marble. The space between the <i>hatīm</i> and the Kaaba was originally part of the <i>Kaaba</i>, and is thus not entered during the <i>tawaf</i>.</li> <li><i>al-Multazam</i>, the roughly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2 m (<span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> ft) space along the wall between the Black Stone and the entry door. It is sometimes considered pious or desirable for a pilgrim to touch this area of the Kaaba, or perform <a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">dua</a> here.</li> <li>The Station of Ibrahim <i>(<a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqam Ibrahim</a>)</i> is a glass and metal enclosure with what is said to be an imprint of Ibrahim's feet. Ibrahim is said to have stood on this stone during the construction of the upper parts of the Kaaba, raising Ismail on his shoulders for the uppermost parts.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The corner of the Black Stone. It faces very slightly southeast from the center of the <i>Kaaba.</i> The four corners of the Kaaba roughly point toward the four <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Rukn al-Yamani</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الركن اليمني</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ar-Rukn al-Yamani</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Yemeni Corner'), also known as <i>Rukn-e-Yamani</i> or <i>Rukn-e-Yemeni</i>, is the corner of the <i>Kaaba</i> facing slightly southwest from the center of the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200376_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200376-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Rukn ush-Shami</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الركن الشامي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ar-Rukn ash-Shami</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Levantine Corner')<i>,</i> also known as <i>Rukn-e-Shami</i>, is the corner of the <i>Kaaba</i> facing very slightly northwest from the center of the Kaaba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200376_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200376-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Rukn al-'Iraqi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الركن العراقي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ar-Rukn al-'Iraqi</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Iraqi Corner'), is the corner that faces slightly northeast from the center of the Kaaba.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a>, the embroidered covering. Kiswa is a black silk and gold curtain which is replaced annually during the Hajj pilgrimage.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-thirds of the way up is the <i>hizam</i>, a band of gold-embroidered Quranic text, including the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a>, the Islamic declaration of faith. The curtain over the door of the Kaaba is especially ornate and is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sitara_(textile)" title="Sitara (textile)">sitara</a></i> or <i>burqu'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-textiles2_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textiles2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>hizam</i> and <i>sitara</i> have inscriptions embroidered in gold and silver wire,<sup id="cite_ref-textiles2_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textiles2-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including verses from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and supplications to <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daralkiswa_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daralkiswa-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marble stripe marking the beginning and end of each circumambulation.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Note: The major (long) axis of the Kaaba has been observed to align with the rising of the star <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a> toward which its southern wall is directed, while its minor axis (its east–west facades) roughly align with the sunrise of <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> and the sunset of <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gate_of_Ka-bah.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bāb at-Tawbah, "Door of Repentance""><img alt="The Bāb at-Tawbah, "Door of Repentance"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gate_of_Ka-bah.JPG/112px-Gate_of_Ka-bah.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gate_of_Ka-bah.JPG/169px-Gate_of_Ka-bah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Gate_of_Ka-bah.JPG/225px-Gate_of_Ka-bah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Bāb at-Tawbah</i>, "Door of Repentance"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kaaba with the signature minarets. A similar view is printed on the obverse side of 500-riyal (approximately 133 USD) notes in Saudi Arabia."><img alt="The Kaaba with the signature minarets. A similar view is printed on the obverse side of 500-riyal (approximately 133 USD) notes in Saudi Arabia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/180px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/270px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg/360px-Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kaaba with the signature minarets. A similar view is printed on the obverse side of 500-<a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">riyal</a> (approximately 133 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>) notes in Saudi Arabia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maqam_Ibrahim,_Makkah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Station of Ibrahim (Maqam Ibrahim)"><img alt="The Station of Ibrahim (Maqam Ibrahim)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/113px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/170px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg/227px-Maqam_Ibrahim%2C_Makkah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="2333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Station of Ibrahim (<i>Maqam Ibrahim</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meezab_-e-_rehmat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mīzāb al-Raḥmah"><img alt="The Mīzāb al-Raḥmah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meezab_-e-_rehmat.jpg/112px-Meezab_-e-_rehmat.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meezab_-e-_rehmat.jpg/169px-Meezab_-e-_rehmat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Meezab_-e-_rehmat.jpg/225px-Meezab_-e-_rehmat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Mīzāb al-Raḥmah</i></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_marble_documents_inside_the_Kaaba">Written marble documents inside the Kaaba</h2></div> <p>Inside the Kaaba, there were nine engraved marble stones, all written in the <a href="/wiki/Thuluth_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuluth script">Thuluth script</a>, except for one which is written in prominent <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> script. In the eastern wall between the door and the Gate of Repentance another document was added by the custodian of the Two Holy Mosques at the time <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd of Saudi Arabia</a>, regarding his expansion of the mosque, thus bringing the number of documents to ten, all of which are inscribed on white marble.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic sanctities received great attention from the <a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Circassian sultans</a> during the period in which they ruled the Islamic world (784–924<span class="nowrap"> </span>AH, 1382–1517<span class="nowrap"> </span>CE), with the Kaaba receiving significant attention. Of the ten marble slabs chronicling the architectural contributions of various rulers to <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Al-Masjid al-Haram</a>, two of the slabs pertain to <a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Circassian sultans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Barsbay inscription on the slab in Kaaba</figcaption></figure> <p>One of these two records the achievements of one of the most notable circassians, <a href="/wiki/Barsbay" title="Barsbay">Sultan Barsbay</a>. The document, dated to 1423 (CE), attests to a wide reconstruction and restoration process in the mosque by the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The inscription on the slab reads: </p><blockquote><p><span lang="AR" dir="ltr">بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ربنا تقبل منا انك انت السميع العليم تقرب الى الله تعالى بتجديد رخام هذا البيت المعظم المشرف العبد الفقير الى الله تعالى السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر برسباي خادم الحرمين الشريفين بلغه الله اماله و زين بالصالحات اعماله بتاريخ سنة ست و عشرين و ثمان مئه</span></p></blockquote><p> This translates to:</p><blockquote><p> "In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful. Our Lord, accept from us that you are the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing. Draw nearer to God Almighty by renewing the marble of this noble and honorable house. The poor servant of God Almighty, the honorable Sultan King Abu al-Nasr Barsbay, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. May God reach his hopes and adorn his deeds with good deeds. The year eight hundred and twenty-six AH" </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qaitbay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sultan Barsbay portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Qaitbay.jpg/220px-Qaitbay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Qaitbay.jpg/330px-Qaitbay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Qaitbay.jpg/440px-Qaitbay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The Circassian Sultan Barsbay</figcaption></figure> <p>The other of the two circassian slabs is dedicated to Barsbays son, <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Sultan Qaitbay</a>, known for his great architectural achievements throughout the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>. Dated to 1479 (CE), the document attests to a wide reconstruction and restoration process undertaken by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaitbay" title="Qaitbay">Sultan Qaitbay</a> for <a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Al-Masjid Al-Haram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The inscription reads:</p><blockquote><p><span lang="AR" dir="ltr">بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ربنا تقبل منا انك انت السميع العليم أمر بتجيد ترخيم داخل البيت مولانا السلطان الأشرف أبو النصر قايتباي خلد الله ملكه يارب العالمين بتاريخ مستهل رجب الفرد عام أربع و ثمانين و ثمانمائة من الهجرة</span></p></blockquote><p> Which translates to: </p><blockquote><p>"In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful. Our Lord, accept from us that You are the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing. He commanded the perfection of melodious chanting inside the house. Our Lord, the honorable and victorious Sultan Qaytbay, may God immortalize his kingdom, Lord of the worlds, on the first of the month of Rajab in the year eight hundred and eighty-four AH." </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_in_Islam">Significance in Islam</h2></div> <p>The <i>Kaaba</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">holiest site in Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is often called by names such as the <i>Bayt Allah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت الله</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bayt Allah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'House of Allah').<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Bayt Allah al-Haram</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بيت الله الحرام</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bayt Allah il-Haram</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Sacred House of Allah'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tawaf">Tawaf</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hajj.ogv/220px--Hajj.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="121" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Hajj.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hajj.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Hajj.ogv/Hajj.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Hajj.ogv/Hajj.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Hajj.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Hajj.ogv/Hajj.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="140" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Hajj.ogv/Hajj.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" /></video></span><figcaption>Pilgrims perform Tawaf around the Kaaba during <a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> (video)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Al-Haram_mosque_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The Kaaba and the <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Al-Haram">Masjid Al-Haram</a> during Hajj, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ṭawāf</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طَوَاف</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'going about') is one of the Islamic rituals of pilgrimage and is compulsory during both the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> and Umrah. Pilgrims <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation#Islam" title="Circumambulation">go around</a> the Kaaba (the <a href="/wiki/Most_holy_place#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Most holy place">most sacred site</a> in Islam) seven times in a <a href="/wiki/Counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterclockwise">counterclockwise</a> direction; the first three at a hurried pace on the outer part of the <i>Mataaf</i> and the latter four times closer to the Kaaba at a leisurely pace.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circling is believed to demonstrate the unity of the believers in the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">One God</a>, as they move in harmony together around the Kaaba, while supplicating to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be in a state of <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a> (ablution) is mandatory while performing tawaf as it is considered to be a form of worship (<i><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">'ibadah</a></i>). </p><p>Tawaf begins from the corner of the Kaaba with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone">Black Stone</a>. If possible, Muslims are to kiss or touch it, but this is often not possible because of the large crowds. They are also to chant the <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir</a> each time they complete one revolution. Hajj pilgrims are generally advised to "make ṭawāf" at least twice – once as part of the Hajj, and again before leaving Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-AtoZ2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtoZ2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five types of ṭawāf are: </p> <ul><li><i>Ṭawāf al-Qudūm</i> (arrival ṭawāf) is performed by those not residing in Mecca once reaching the Holy City.</li> <li><i>Ṭawāf aṭ-Ṭaḥīyah</i> (greeting ṭawāf) is performed after entering <i>al-Masjid al-Haram</i> at any other times and is <a href="/wiki/Mustahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustahab">mustahab</a>.</li> <li><i>Ṭawāf al-'Umrah</i> (Umrah ṭawāf) refers to the ṭawāf performed specifically for Umrah.</li> <li><i>Ṭawāf al-Wadā'</i> ("farewell ṭawāf") is performed before leaving Mecca.</li> <li><i>Ṭawāf az-Zīyārah</i> (ṭawāf of visiting), <i>Ṭawāf al-'Ifāḍah</i> (ṭawāf of compensation) or <i>Ṭawāf al-Ḥajj</i> (Hajj ṭawāf) is performed after completing the Hajj.</li></ul> <p>The Tawaf has its origins in the religion of the Najranite pagans, who walked around the Kaaba in an act of devotion to their creator god, Allah (not to be confused with the monotheistic god of Islam by the same name). This practice was adopted by Mohammad after some reform.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_the_Qibla">As the Qibla</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></div> <p>The <i>Qibla</i> is the direction faced during prayer.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D143">2:143–144</a>]</sup> The direction faced during prayer is the direction of the Kaaba, relative to the person praying. Apart from praying, Muslims generally consider facing the Qibla while reciting the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to be a part of good etiquette. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cleaning">Cleaning</h2></div> <p>The building is opened biannually for the ceremony of "The Cleaning of the Sacred Kaaba" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تنظيف الكعبة المشرفة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tanzif al-Ka'bat al-Musharrafah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Cleaning of the Sacred Cube'). The ceremony takes place on the 1st of <a href="/wiki/Sha%27ban" title="Sha'ban">Sha'baan</a>, the eighth month of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, around thirty days before the start of the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> and on the 15th of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, the first month. The keys to the <i>Kaaba</i> are held by the <a href="/wiki/Bani_Shaiba" title="Bani Shaiba">Banī Shaybah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بني شيبة</span>) tribe, an honor bestowed upon them by Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the tribe greet visitors to the inside of the Kaaba on the occasion of the cleaning ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah Province">Makkah Province</a> and accompanying dignitaries clean the interior of the Kaaba using cloths dipped in <a href="/wiki/Zamzam_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamzam water">Zamzam water</a> scented with <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">Oud perfume</a>. Preparations for the washing start a day before the agreed date, with the mixing of Zamzam water with several luxurious perfumes including Tayef rose, 'oud and <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>. Zamzam water mixed with rose perfume is splashed on the floor and is wiped with <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaves">palm leaves</a>. Usually, the entire process is completed in two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Mawlid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Mawlid">Bayt al-Mawlid</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Makkah_Al_Mukarramah_Library" title="Makkah Al Mukarramah Library">house</a> where Muhammad is believed to have been born</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_mosques" title="List of largest mosques">List of largest mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mosques in Saudi Arabia">List of mosques in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ALA-LC: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kaʻbah</i></span>; DMG: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kaʿba</i></span>; Wehr: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-kaʿba</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْكَعْبَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kaʿba</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the Cube'<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.ˈkaʕ.ba]</a></span>, also spelled <b>Ka'ba</b>, <b>Ka'bah</b> or <b>Kabah</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ALA-LC: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kaʻbah al-Musharrafah</i></span>; DMG: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kaʿba al-Mušarrafa</i></span>; Wehr: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-kaʿba al-mušarrafa</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْكَعْبَة ٱلْمُشَرَّفَة</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Kaʿba l-Mušarrafa</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'the Honored Ka'ba',<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.ˈkaʕ.ba‿l.mu.ˈʃar.ra.fa]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978319_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWensinckJomier1978">Wensinck & Jomier 1978</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFButt2011" class="citation web cs1">Butt, Riazat (15 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/15/explosives-detectors-mecca-holy-mosque">"Explosives detectors to be installed at gates of Mecca's Holy Mosque"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Explosives+detectors+to+be+installed+at+gates+of+Mecca%27s+Holy+Mosque&rft.date=2011-08-15&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Riazat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Faug%2F15%2Fexplosives-detectors-mecca-holy-mosque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Azraqi-2003-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Azraqi-2003_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Azraqi-2003_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Azraqi2003" class="citation book cs1">Al-Azraqi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GydWAAAAYAAJ&q=%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%87"><i>Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca</i></a>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9773411273" title="Special:BookSources/9773411273"><bdi>9773411273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhbar+Mecca%3A+History+of+Mecca&rft.pages=262&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9773411273&rft.au=Al-Azraqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGydWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%25D8%25A8%25D9%2583%25D9%2587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978317_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWensinckJomier1978">Wensinck & Jomier 1978</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMubarakpuri1976">Mubarakpuri 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/7769689.stm">"In pictures: Hajj pilgrimage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=In+pictures%3A+Hajj+pilgrimage&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fin_pictures%2F7769689.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/umrah_statistics_bulletin_2018_en.pdf">"Umrah Statistics Bulletin 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>General Authority for Statistics</i>. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=General+Authority+for+Statistics&rft.atitle=Umrah+Statistics+Bulletin+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.sa%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fumrah_statistics_bulletin_2018_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Wehr, Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=2&verse=125&to=126">"Surah Al-Baqarah 2:122 - 2:126 - Towards Understanding the Quran"</a>. <i>Tafheem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Foundation_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Foundation UK">Islamic Foundation UK</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tafheem&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Baqarah+2%3A122+-+2%3A126+-+Towards+Understanding+the+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicstudies.info%2Ftafheem.php%3Fsura%3D2%26verse%3D125%26to%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicstudies.info/tafheem.php?sura=22&verse=26&to=30">"Surah Al-Haj 22:26-30 - Towards Understanding the Quran"</a>. <i>Tafheem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Foundation_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Foundation UK">Islamic Foundation UK</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tafheem&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Haj+22%3A26-30+-+Towards+Understanding+the+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicstudies.info%2Ftafheem.php%3Fsura%3D22%26verse%3D26%26to%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakrush.com/2021/07/kaaba-meaning-history-and-significance.html">"Kaaba: Meaning, History and Significance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaaba%3A+Meaning%2C+History+and+Significance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakrush.com%2F2021%2F07%2Fkaaba-meaning-history-and-significance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978318-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978318_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWensinckJomier1978318_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWensinckJomier1978">Wensinck & Jomier 1978</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2004_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2004">Crone 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html">"Ottomans : religious painting"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottomans+%3A+religious+painting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.bilkent.edu.tr%2F~history%2Fottoman33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone20047-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone20047_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2004">Crone 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, Tom (2012). <i>In the Shadow of the Sword</i>; Little, Brown; p. 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah_Alwi_Haji_Hassan1994" class="citation book cs1">Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan (1994). <i>Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law</i>. Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University. pp. 3 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9694081366" title="Special:BookSources/978-9694081366"><bdi>978-9694081366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sales+and+Contracts+in+Early+Islamic+Commercial+Law&rft.pages=3+ff&rft.pub=Islamic+Research+Institute%2C+International+Islamic+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9694081366&rft.au=Abdullah+Alwi+Haji+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersock2017" class="citation book cs1">Bowersock, Glen. W. (2017). <i>Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bowersock%2C+G.+W.+%282017%29.+The+crucible+of+Islam.+Cambridge+%28Mass.%29%3A+Harvard+University+Press.+pp.+50+ff.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bowersock&rft.aufirst=Glen.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2007" class="citation journal cs1">Crone, Patricia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378894">"Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 63–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X0700002X">10.1017/S0041977X0700002X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378894">40378894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154910558">154910558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Quraysh+and+the+Roman+Army%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Meccan+Leather+Trade.&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-88&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154910558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40378894%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X0700002X&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40378894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Efendi1987-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Efendi1987_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaʻfer_Efendi1987" class="citation book cs1">Caʻfer Efendi (1987). <i>Risāle-i Miʻmāriyye</i>. Brill Archive. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJk3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07846-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07846-0"><bdi>90-04-07846-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ris%C4%81le-i+Mi%CA%BBm%C4%81riyye&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=90-04-07846-0&rft.au=Ca%CA%BBfer+Efendi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimur_Kuran2011" class="citation book cs1">Timur Kuran (2011). "Commercial Life under Islamic Rule". <i>The Long Divergence : How Islamic Law Held Back the Middle East</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. 45–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commercial+Life+under+Islamic+Rule&rft.btitle=The+Long+Divergence+%3A+How+Islamic+Law+Held+Back+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=45-62&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Timur+Kuran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King-2004_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-2004_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-2004_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-2004_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-2004_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King-2004_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2004" class="citation journal cs1">King, G. R. D. (2004). "The Paintings of the Pre-Islamic Kaʿba". <i>Muqarnas</i>. <b>21</b>: 219–229. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523357">1523357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=The+Paintings+of+the+Pre-Islamic+Ka%CA%BFba&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=219-229&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523357%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=G.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EllenbogenTugendhaft2011_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenbogenTugendhaft2011" class="citation book cs1">Ellenbogen, Josh; Tugendhaft, Aaron (18 July 2011). <i>Idol Anxiety</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804781817" title="Special:BookSources/9780804781817"><bdi>9780804781817</bdi></a>. <q>When Muhammad ordered his men to cleanse the <i>Kaaba</i> of the statues and pictures displayed there, he spared the paintings of the Virgin and Child and of Abraham.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idol+Anxiety&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-07-18&rft.isbn=9780804781817&rft.aulast=Ellenbogen&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Tugendhaft%2C+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopkapı_Sarayı_Müzesi._Hırka-i_Saadet_Dairesi2004" class="citation book cs1">Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi. Hırka-i Saadet Dairesi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56942620"><i>The sacred trusts : Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul</i></a>. Hilmi Aydın, Talha Uğurluel, Ahmet Doğru. Somerset, N.J.: Light. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932099-72-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-932099-72-7"><bdi>1-932099-72-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56942620">56942620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sacred+trusts+%3A+Pavilion+of+the+Sacred+Relics%2C+Topkap%C4%B1+Palace+Museum%2C+Istanbul&rft.place=Somerset%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Light&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56942620&rft.isbn=1-932099-72-7&rft.au=Topkap%C4%B1+Saray%C4%B1+M%C3%BCzesi.+H%C4%B1rka-i+Saadet+Dairesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56942620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2009" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard Francis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139162302"><i>Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139162302">10.1017/cbo9781139162302</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924062544543">2027/coo.31924062544543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-16230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-16230-2"><bdi>978-1-139-16230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Narrative+of+a+Pilgrimage+to+El-Medinah+and+Meccah&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo.31924062544543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139162302&rft.isbn=978-1-139-16230-2&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139162302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_1994-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1994_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1994_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1994" class="citation book cs1">Peters, F. E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30671443"><i>Mecca : a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land</i></a>. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03267-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03267-X"><bdi>0-691-03267-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30671443">30671443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecca+%3A+a+literary+history+of+the+Muslim+Holy+Land&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30671443&rft.isbn=0-691-03267-X&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F30671443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200011_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong200011_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2000">Armstrong 2000</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955">Ibn Ishaq 1955</a>, p. 85 footnote 2: The text reads 'O God, do not be afraid', the second footnote reads 'The feminine form indicates the Ka'ba itself is addressed'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbn_Ishaq195588–9-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_Ishaq195588–9_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbn_Ishaq195588–9_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955">Ibn Ishaq 1955</a>, pp. 88–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Julien_Robin2012" class="citation book cs1">Christian Julien Robin (2012). <i>Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity</i>. Oxford University Press USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA304">304–305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195336931" title="Special:BookSources/9780195336931"><bdi>9780195336931</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+Ethiopia.+In+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=304-305&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195336931&rft.au=Christian+Julien+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imoti, Eiichi. "The Ka'ba-i Zardušt", <i>Orient</i>, XV (1979), The Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, pp. 65–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197024-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197024_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrunebaum1970">Grunebaum 1970</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1997">Armstrong 1997</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis E. Peters, <i>Muhammad and the origins of Islam</i>, SUNY Press, 1994, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221–22-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1997221–22_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1997">Armstrong 1997</a>, pp. 221–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaster1927" class="citation book cs1">Gaster, Moses (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MN40245ucmf_0#page/n271/mode/2up"><i>The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses</i></a>. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 262, 71. <q>Ishmaelites built Mecca (Baka, Bakh)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asatir%3A+the+Samaritan+book+of+Moses&rft.place=London&rft.pages=262%2C+71&rft.pub=The+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMN40245ucmf_0%23page%2Fn271%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrown2001" class="citation book cs1">Crown, Alan David (2001). <i>Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'<span></span></i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&dq=samaritan+Book+of+the+%E2%80%9CSecrets+of+Moses%E2%80%9D&pg=PA27">27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samaritan+Scribes+and+Manuscripts%27&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Crown&rft.aufirst=Alan+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Gaster, <i>The Asatir: The Samaritan Book of the "Secrets of Moses"</i>, London (1927), p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michigan_C_1986-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michigan_C_1986_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichigan_Consortium_for_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Studies1986" class="citation book cs1">Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). <i>The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades</i>. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0918720583" title="Special:BookSources/0918720583"><bdi>0918720583</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13159056">13159056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meeting+of+Two+Worlds%3A+Cultural+Exchange+Between+East+and+West+During+the+Period+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications%2C+Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13159056&rft.isbn=0918720583&rft.au=Michigan+Consortium+for+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Sway_2011-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Sway_2011_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_Abu_Sway" class="citation news cs1">Mustafa Abu Sway. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728001911/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf">"The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/Abusway_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Holy+Land%2C+Jerusalem+and+Al-Aqsa+Mosque+in+the+Qur%27an%2C+Sunnah+and+other+Islamic+Literary+Source&rft.au=Mustafa+Abu+Sway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcfia.harvard.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAbusway_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyrness2013-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyrness2013_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyrness,_W._A.2013" class="citation book cs1">Dyrness, W. A. (29 May 2013). <i>Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities</i>. Vol. 7. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock" title="Wipf and Stock">Wipf and Stock</a> Publishers. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620321362" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620321362"><bdi>978-1620321362</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855764827">855764827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senses+of+Devotion%3A+Interfaith+Aesthetics+in+Buddhist+and+Muslim+Communities&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855764827&rft.isbn=978-1620321362&rft.au=Dyrness%2C+W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|3|96|t=y|s=ns_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D96">3:96</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An alternative version is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickthall" class="citation web cs1">Pickthall, Muhammad M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0002%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D96">"The Quran"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>Lo! the first Sanctuary appointed for mankind was that at Becca, a blessed place, a guidance to the peoples;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2002.02.0002%253Asura%253D3%253Averse%253D96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another version is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakir" class="citation web cs1">Shakir, M. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0003%3Asura%3D3%3Averse%3D96">"The Quran"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>Most surely the first house appointed for men is the one at Bekka, blessed and a guidance for the nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2002.02.0003%253Asura%253D3%253Averse%253D96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|22|26|t=y|s=ns-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|22|26|t=y|s=ns_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D22%3Averse%3D26">22:26</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another version is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickthall" class="citation web cs1">Pickthall, Muhammad M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0002%3Asura%3D22%3Averse%3D26">"The Quran"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>And (remember) when We prepared for Abraham the place of the (holy) House, saying: Ascribe thou no thing as partner unto Me, and purify My House for those who make the round (thereof) and those who stand and those who bow and make prostration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2002.02.0002%253Asura%253D22%253Averse%253D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another version is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakir" class="citation web cs1">Shakir, M. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0003%3Asura%3D22%3Averse%3D26">"The Quran"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>And when We assigned to Ibrahim the place of the House, saying: Do not associate with Me aught, and purify My House for those who make the circuit and stand to pray and bow and prostrate themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2002.02.0003%253Asura%253D22%253Averse%253D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cite_quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cite_quran|2|127|t=y|s=ns_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0004%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D127">2:127</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another version is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickthall" class="citation web cs1">Pickthall, Muhammad M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0002%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D127">"The Quran"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>And when Ibrahim and Ismail were raising the foundations of the House, (Abraham prayed): Our Lord! Accept from us (this duty). Lo! Thou, only Thou, art the Hearer, the Knower.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2002.02.0002%253Asura%253D2%253Averse%253D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another version is in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakir" class="citation web cs1">Shakir, M. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0003%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D127">"The Quran"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>And when Ibrahim and Ismail raised the foundations of the House: Our Lord! accept from us; surely Thou art the Hearing, the Knowing:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A2002.02.0003%253Asura%253D2%253Averse%253D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir#Tafsir" title="Ibn Kathir">Tafsir Ibn Kathir</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3:96/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir">3:96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/055-sbt.php#004.055.585">4:55:585</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/058-sbt.php#005.058.226">5:58:226</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabworldbooks.com/Readers2010/articles/aqsa_mosque_history.htm">"A history of the Al Asqa Mosque"</a>. <i>Arab World Books</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+World+Books&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+Al+Asqa+Mosque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabworldbooks.com%2FReaders2010%2Farticles%2Faqsa_mosque_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Arabiya-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Arabiya_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Arabiya_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2018/12/26/Oldest-out-of-six-Kaaba-doors-tours-the-world.html">"IN PICTURES: Six doors of Ka'aba over 5,000 years"</a>. Al Arabiya. 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IN+PICTURES%3A+Six+doors+of+Ka%27aba+over+5%2C000+years&rft.date=2018-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fvariety%2F2018%2F12%2F26%2FOldest-out-of-six-Kaaba-doors-tours-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Treasury of literature, Sect. 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Beginning of History, Volume 3, Sect.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Collection of the Speeches of Arabs, volume 1, section 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuwirthNicolai_Sinai2010" class="citation book cs1">Neuwirth, Angelika; Nicolai Sinai, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002140559/http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Personal/heidemann/Heidemann_Texte/Heidemann_Quran_in_Context_2010_Representation.pdf"><i>The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 63, 123, 83, 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047430322" title="Special:BookSources/9789047430322"><bdi>9789047430322</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Personal/heidemann/Heidemann_Texte/Heidemann_Quran_in_Context_2010_Representation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+in+context+historical+and+literary+investigations+into+the+Qur%27anic+milieu&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=63%2C+123%2C+83%2C+295&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789047430322&rft.aulast=Neuwirth&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft.au=Nicolai+Sinai%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aai.uni-hamburg.de%2Fvoror%2FPersonal%2Fheidemann%2FHeidemann_Texte%2FHeidemann_Quran_in_Context_2010_Representation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197019-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum197019_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrunebaum1970">Grunebaum 1970</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2004134–137-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrone2004134–137_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrone2004">Crone 2004</a>, pp. 134–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Ian_D.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Ian D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf">"Mecca and Macoraba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā</i>. <b>26</b>: 1–60. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-%CA%BFU%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr+Al-Wus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81&rft.atitle=Mecca+and+Macoraba&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=1-60&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamichistorycommons.org%2Fmem%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F55%2F2018%2F11%2FUW-26-Morris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiculus" class="citation book cs1">Siculus, Diodorus. "44". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3C*.html"><i>Bibliotheca Historica</i></a>. Book 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=44&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Historica&rft.series=Book+3&rft.aulast=Siculus&rft.aufirst=Diodorus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FDiodorus_Siculus%2F3C%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1862" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456"><i>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Book 5. pp. 223–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.series=Book+5&rft.pages=223-224&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Ian_D.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Ian D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf">"Mecca and Macoraba"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā</i>. <b>26</b>: 1–60, pp. 42–43, n. 200. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-%CA%BFU%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr+Al-Wus%E1%B9%AD%C4%81&rft.atitle=Mecca+and+Macoraba&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=1-60%2C+pp.+42-43%2C+n.+200&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamichistorycommons.org%2Fmem%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F55%2F2018%2F11%2FUW-26-Morris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adversus Gentes</i>, book 6, ch. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_G.1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert G., Hoyland (1997). <i>Seeing Islam as others saw it</i>. The Darwin Press. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Islam+as+others+saw+it&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=The+Darwin+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Robert+G.&rft.aufirst=Hoyland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Juan, Cole (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43816376">"Hijazi Rock Inscriptions, Love of the Prophet, and Very Early Islam: Essays from Informed Comment"</a>. <i>Hijazi Rock Inscriptions, Love of the Prophet, and Very Early Islam: Essays from Informed Comment</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hijazi+Rock+Inscriptions%2C+Love+of+the+Prophet%2C+and+Very+Early+Islam%3A+Essays+from+Informed+Comment&rft.atitle=Hijazi+Rock+Inscriptions%2C+Love+of+the+Prophet%2C+and+Very+Early+Islam%3A+Essays+from+Informed+Comment&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Juan&rft.aufirst=Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43816376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juancole.com/2018/08/inscriptions-prophet-history.html">"Early Arabic Inscriptions and the Life of the Prophet: A new Source for History"</a>. <i>Informed Comment</i>. 22 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informed+Comment&rft.atitle=Early+Arabic+Inscriptions+and+the+Life+of+the+Prophet%3A+A+new+Source+for+History&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juancole.com%2F2018%2F08%2Finscriptions-prophet-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscmsa-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uscmsa_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_California" class="citation web cs1">University of Southern California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721113854/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/profbio.html">"The Prophet of Islam – His Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/prophet/profbio.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+of+Islam+%E2%80%93+His+Biography&rft.au=University+of+Southern+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2FMSA%2Ffundamentals%2Fprophet%2Fprofbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume1955" class="citation book cs1">Guillaume, A. (1955). <i>The Life of Muhammad</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Muhammad&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Guillaume&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 84–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976"Muhammad's_Birth_and_Forty_Years_prior_to_Prophethood"-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976"Muhammad's_Birth_and_Forty_Years_prior_to_Prophethood"_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMubarakpuri1976">Mubarakpuri 1976</a>, "Muhammad's Birth and Forty Years prior to Prophethood".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Glasse, <i>New Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, p. 245. Rowman Altamira, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6">0-7591-0190-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/al-isra">"Surah Al-Isra - 1-111"</a>. <i>Quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran.com&rft.atitle=Surah+Al-Isra+-+1-111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fal-isra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen129_130]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen129_130]_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMubarakpuri1976">Mubarakpuri 1976</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar_201312/page/n129">130</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen212_213]-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen212_213]_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMubarakpuri1976">Mubarakpuri 1976</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar_201312/page/n212">213</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (13 October 2014). <i>A history of Islamic societies</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521514309" title="Special:BookSources/9780521514309"><bdi>9780521514309</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/853114008">853114008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Islamic+societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F853114008&rft.isbn=9780521514309&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955">Ibn Ishaq 1955</a>, p. 552: Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogerson2003-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogerson2003_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rogerson" title="Barnaby Rogerson">Rogerson, Barnaby</a> (2003). <i>The Prophet Muhammad: A Biography</i>. Paulist Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587680298" title="Special:BookSources/9781587680298"><bdi>9781587680298</bdi></a>. <q>Muhammad raised his hand to protect an icon of the Virgin and Child and a painting of Abraham, but otherwise his companions cleared the interior of its clutter of votive treasures, cult implements, statuettes and hanging charms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Muhammad%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781587680298&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grolier_Society_Book_of_History-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grolier_Society_Book_of_History_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrieHelmoltLee-WarnerLane-Poole1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Petrie, W. M. Flinders</a>; Helmolt, Hans F.; <a href="/wiki/William_Lee-Warner" title="William Lee-Warner">Lee-Warner, William</a>; et al. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofhistoryhis04bryciala"><i>The Book of History: A History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present</i></a>. The Grolier Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+History%3A+A+History+of+All+Nations+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=The+Grolier+Society&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=W.+M.+Flinders&rft.au=Helmolt%2C+Hans+F.&rft.au=Lee-Warner%2C+William&rft.au=Lane-Poole%2C+Stanley&rft.au=Bain%2C+Robert+Nisbet&rft.au=Winckler%2C+Hugo&rft.au=Sayce%2C+Archibald+H.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Alfred+Russel&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Holland&rft.au=Wallace%2C+W.+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofhistoryhis04bryciala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen297_298]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMubarakpuri1976[httpsarchiveorgdetailsTheSealedNectar_201312pagen297_298]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMubarakpuri1976">Mubarakpuri 1976</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSealedNectar_201312/page/n297">298</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelwood2017" class="citation news cs1">Selwood, Dominic (31 October 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/31/day-683-ad-kaaba-holiest-site-islam-burned-ground/">"On this day in 683 AD: The Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam, is burned to the ground"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/31/day-683-ad-kaaba-holiest-site-islam-burned-ground/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=On+this+day+in+683+AD%3A+The+Kaaba%2C+the+holiest+site+in+Islam%2C+is+burned+to+the+ground&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Selwood&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F10%2F31%2Fday-683-ad-kaaba-holiest-site-islam-burned-ground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibn_Khaldun-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Khaldun_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibn_Khaldun_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman</a> (1967) [1377]. "IV. Countries and cities, and all other forms of sedentary civilization. The conditions occurring there. Primary and secondary considerations in this connection.". <a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah"><i>Al-Muqaddimah</i></a> [<i>An Introduction to History</i>]. Bollingen series. Vol. 2. Translated by Rosenthal, Franz (2 ed.). Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press (published 1980). pp. 253–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09797-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09797-6"><bdi>0-691-09797-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.+Countries+and+cities%2C+and+all+other+forms+of+sedentary+civilization.+The+conditions+occurring+there.+Primary+and+secondary+considerations+in+this+connection.&rft.btitle=Al-Muqaddimah&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.+J.&rft.series=Bollingen+series&rft.pages=253-255&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-691-09797-6&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaved_Ahmad_Ghamidi" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307022435/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JanIslamiShari2y5.htm"><i>The Rituals of Hajj and ‘Umrah</i></a>, translated by Shehzad Saleem, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renaissance.com.pk/JanIslamiShari2y5.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rituals+of+Hajj+and+%E2%80%98Umrah&rft.au=Javed+Ahmad+Ghamidi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renaissance.com.pk%2FJanIslamiShari2y5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mizan" title="Mizan">Mizan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawrid">Al-Mawrid</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-kaba-history.htm">"History of the Kaba"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Kaba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.ca%2Fislam%2Fislam-kaba-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Naour-2017-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Naour-2017_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Naour-2017_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Naour2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/djihad--9782262070830.htm"><i>Djihad 1914-1918</i></a> (in French). Éditions Perrin. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fperri.lenao.2017.01">10.3917/perri.lenao.2017.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-07083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-07083-0"><bdi>978-2-262-07083-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Djihad+1914-1918&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Perrin&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fperri.lenao.2017.01&rft.isbn=978-2-262-07083-0&rft.aulast=Le+Naour&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fdjihad--9782262070830.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-2008-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-2008_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy-2008_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2008" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, David (18 November 2008). <i>The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze</i>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-339-1"><bdi>978-1-84603-339-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212855786">212855786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Revolt+1916%E2%80%9318%3A+Lawrence+sets+Arabia+ablaze&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212855786&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-339-1&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx">"Central Bank of Iran"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203093839/https://www.cbi.ir/default_en.aspx">Archived</a> 3 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Banknotes & Coins: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbi.ir/page/1980.aspx">2000 Rials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309064805/https://www.cbi.ir/page/1980.aspx">Archived</a> 9 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 24 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1996" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Andrew (1996). <i>Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</i>. London: Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/142/mode/2up?q=box-">142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200375-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200375_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200375_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2003">Hawting 2003</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930091632/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?col=&section=middleeast&xfile=data%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2FNovember%2Fmiddleeast_November268.xml">"Saudi Arabia's Top Artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Passes Away"</a>. Khaleej Times. 9 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?col=&section=middleeast&xfile=data/middleeast/2009/November/middleeast_November268.xml">the original</a> on 30 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Top+Artist+Ahmad+bin+Ibrahim+Passes+Away&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2FDisplayArticleNew.asp%3Fcol%3D%26section%3Dmiddleeast%26xfile%3Ddata%2Fmiddleeast%2F2009%2FNovember%2Fmiddleeast_November268.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> tradition: <i>"God made the stone under Ibrahim's feet into something like clay so that his feet sunk into it. That was a miracle. It was transmitted on the authority of Abu Ja'far al-Baqir (may <a href="/wiki/Peace_be_upon_him_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace be upon him (Islam)">peace be upon him</a>) that he said: Three stones were sent down from <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">the Garden</a>: the Station of Ibrahim, <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">the rock of the children of Israel</a>, and the Black Stone, which God entrusted Ibrahim with as a white stone. It was whiter than paper, but became black from the sins of <a href="/wiki/Son_of_man" title="Son of man">the children of Adam</a>."</i> (The Hajj, <a href="/wiki/F.E._Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="F.E. Peters">F.E. Peters</a> 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawting200376-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200376_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawting200376_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawting2003">Hawting 2003</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/11/1044725746252.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'House of God' Kaaba gets new cloth"</a>. The Age Company Ltd. 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27House+of+God%27+Kaaba+gets+new+cloth&rft.pub=The+Age+Company+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F02%2F11%2F1044725746252.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20030722203309/http://members.tripod.com/worldupdates/newupdates10/id43.htm">"The Kiswa – (Kaaba Covering)"</a>. Al-Islaah Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/worldupdates/newupdates10/id43.htm">the original</a> on 22 July 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kiswa+%E2%80%93+%28Kaaba+Covering%29&rft.pub=Al-Islaah+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.tripod.com%2Fworldupdates%2Fnewupdates10%2Fid43.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-textiles2-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-textiles2_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-textiles2_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2012" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Venetia (2012). "Textiles of Mecca and Medina". In Porter, Venetia (ed.). <i>Hajj : journey to the heart of Islam</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: The British Museum. pp. 257–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06218-4"><bdi>978-0-674-06218-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/709670348">709670348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textiles+of+Mecca+and+Medina&rft.btitle=Hajj+%3A+journey+to+the+heart+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=257-258&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F709670348&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06218-4&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Venetia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazal2014" class="citation web cs1">Ghazal, Rym (28 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/woven-with-devotion-the-sacred-islamic-textiles-of-the-kaaba-1.258782">"Woven with devotion: the sacred Islamic textiles of the Kaaba"</a>. <i>The National</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Woven+with+devotion%3A+the+sacred+Islamic+textiles+of+the+Kaaba&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.aulast=Ghazal&rft.aufirst=Rym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenationalnews.com%2Farts-culture%2Fwoven-with-devotion-the-sacred-islamic-textiles-of-the-kaaba-1.258782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daralkiswa-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-daralkiswa_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNassar2013" class="citation book cs1">Nassar, Nahla (2013). "Dar al-Kiswa al-Sharifa: Administration and Production". In Porter, Venetia; Saif, Liana (eds.). <i>The Hajj : collected essays</i>. London: The British Museum. pp. 176–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-193-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-193-0"><bdi>978-0-86159-193-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857109543">857109543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dar+al-Kiswa+al-Sharifa%3A+Administration+and+Production&rft.btitle=The+Hajj+%3A+collected+essays&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176-178&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857109543&rft.isbn=978-0-86159-193-0&rft.aulast=Nassar&rft.aufirst=Nahla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Key to numbered parts translated from, accessed 2 December</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive_L._N._Ruggles2005" class="citation book cs1">Clive L. N. Ruggles (2005). <i>Ancient astronomy: an encyclopedia of cosmologies and myth</i> (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9YYqiXm-lkC&q=kaaba+canopus&pg=PA202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-477-6"><bdi>978-1-85109-477-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+astronomy%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+cosmologies+and+myth&rft.pages=202&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-477-6&rft.au=Clive+L.+N.+Ruggles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick_Teresi2003" class="citation book cs1">Dick Teresi (2003). <i>Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya</i> (Reprint, illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pheL_ubbXD0C&q=kaaba+canopus&pg=PA137">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4379-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-4379-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Discoveries%3A+The+Ancient+Roots+of+Modern+Science%E2%80%94from+the+Babylonians+to+the+Maya&rft.pages=137&rft.edition=Reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4379-7&rft.au=Dick+Teresi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gph.gov.sa/index.php/ar/about-the-two-holy-mosques-ar/grand-mosque-ar/2020-05-28-09-37-55/95-2020-05-28-09-32-8">"The Holy Kaaba"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Kaaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgph.gov.sa%2Findex.php%2Far%2Fabout-the-two-holy-mosques-ar%2Fgrand-mosque-ar%2F2020-05-28-09-37-55%2F95-2020-05-28-09-32-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/work/13010160">"بدائع الزهور في وقائع الدهور"</a>. <i>Goodreads</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goodreads&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fwork%2F13010160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsheerf2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alsheerf, Prof Adnan (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38302836">"أعمال الأشرف برسباي بالمسجد الحرام في ضوء نقش مؤرخ بسنة 826هـ/1423م محفوظ بالكعبة المشرفة دراسة أثرية حضارية"</a>. <i>كتاب المؤتمر الرابع عشر للاتحاد العام للاثاريين العرب</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A1+%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4+%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AE+%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9+826%D9%87%D9%80%2F1423%D9%85+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=Alsheerf&rft.aufirst=Prof+Adnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38302836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBāsalāmah2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bāsalāmah, Ḥusayn ʻAbd Allāh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9ptAAAAMAAJ"><i>تاريخ الكعبة المعظمة: عمارتها وكسوتها وسدانتها</i></a> (in Arabic). مكتبة الثقافة الدينية،. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-5250-63-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-5250-63-6"><bdi>978-977-5250-63-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9%3A+%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7+%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7&rft.pub=%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-977-5250-63-6&rft.aulast=B%C4%81sal%C4%81mah&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4usayn+%CA%BBAbd+All%C4%81h&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9ptAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightKramerFusco2012" class="citation cs2">Wright, Lyn; Kramer, John; Fusco, Angela. (2012), <i>Dad's house, mom's house</i>, National Film Board of Canada, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812009749">812009749</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dad%27s+house%2C+mom%27s+house&rft.pub=National+Film+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812009749&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rft.au=Kramer%2C+John&rft.au=Fusco%2C+Angela.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Basis for the Building Work of God</i> p. 37, Witness Lee, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Muwatta Of Iman Malik Ibn Ana, p. 186, Anas, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuqaiyyah_Maqsood1994" class="citation cs2">Ruqaiyyah Maqsood (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam0000maqs/page/76"><i>World Faiths, teach yourself – Islam</i></a>, Hodder & Stoughton, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam0000maqs/page/76">76</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-60901-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-60901-X"><bdi>0-340-60901-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Faiths%2C+teach+yourself+%E2%80%93+Islam&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-340-60901-X&rft.au=Ruqaiyyah+Maqsood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislam0000maqs%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShariati2005" class="citation book cs1">Shariati, Ali (2005). <i>HAJJ: Reflection on Its Rituals</i>. Islamic Publications International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889999-38-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-889999-38-5"><bdi>1-889999-38-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HAJJ%3A+Reflection+on+Its+Rituals&rft.pub=Islamic+Publications+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-889999-38-5&rft.aulast=Shariati&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenny2010" class="citation book cs1">Denny, Frederick Mathewson (2010). <i>An Introduction to Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13814477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13814477-7"><bdi>978-0-13814477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-13814477-7&rft.aulast=Denny&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Mathewson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtoZ2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AtoZ2_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed1996" class="citation book cs1">Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hajjumrahfromtoz00moha"><i>Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z</i></a></span>. Mamdouh Mohamed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915957-54-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-915957-54-X"><bdi>0-915957-54-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hajj+to+Umrah%3A+From+A+to+Z&rft.pub=Mamdouh+Mohamed&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-915957-54-X&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Mamdouh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhajjumrahfromtoz00moha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Nahee2016" class="citation book cs1">Al-Nahee, Owed Abdullah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/epdf/10.1142/9781783269150_0002">"The Historical Development of Paganism in Najran during the Pre- and Early Islamic Era (524–641 CE)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Eighth Saudi Students Conference in the UK</i>. pp. 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9781783269150_0002">10.1142/9781783269150_0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-914-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-914-3"><bdi>978-1-78326-914-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Paganism+in+Najran+during+the+Pre-+and+Early+Islamic+Era+%28524%E2%80%93641+CE%29&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Eighth+Saudi+Students+Conference+in+the+UK&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9781783269150_0002&rft.isbn=978-1-78326-914-3&rft.aulast=Al-Nahee&rft.aufirst=Owed+Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscientific.com%2Fdoi%2Fepdf%2F10.1142%2F9781783269150_0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssasi" class="citation web cs1">Assasi, Reza. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41324836">"Kaaba a house built under the Sun"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaaba+a+house+built+under+the+Sun&rft.aulast=Assasi&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41324836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Francis E. <i>Muhammad and the Origins of Islam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Francis+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alkhaleej.ae/supplements/page/6c992375-dbb6-4376-bc85-89a282d01554">"الرسول شرّف بني شيبة بحمل مفتاح الكعبة حتى قيام الساعة"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Khaleej_(newspaper)" title="Al Khaleej (newspaper)">Al Khaleej</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%91%D9%81+%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%89+%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alkhaleej.ae%2Fsupplements%2Fpage%2F6c992375-dbb6-4376-bc85-89a282d01554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707172635/http://enc.slider.com/Enc/Kaaba">"Kaaba"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enc.slider.com/Enc/Kaaba">the original</a> on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaaba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenc.slider.com%2FEnc%2FKaaba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/en/variety/2016/10/17/Prince-Khaled-cleans-the-Holy-Kaaba.html">"This is how the Kaaba is washed"</a>. <i>Al Arabiya English</i>. 17 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya+English&rft.atitle=This+is+how+the+Kaaba+is+washed&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Fvariety%2F2016%2F10%2F17%2FPrince-Khaled-cleans-the-Holy-Kaaba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZltAAAAMAAJ"><i>Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345391681" title="Special:BookSources/9780345391681"><bdi>9780345391681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+One+City%2C+Three+Faiths&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780345391681&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZltAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong, Karen</a> (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_A_Short_History" title="Islam: A Short History">Islam: A Short History</a></i>. Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6618-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6618-X"><bdi>0-8129-6618-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8129-6618-X&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a> (2004) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781463209933_A38591042/preview-9781463209933_A38591042.pdf"><i>Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-102-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-102-9"><bdi>1-59333-102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meccan+Trade+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Gorgias&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59333-102-9&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.pageplace.de%2Fpreview%2FDT0400.9781463209933_A38591042%2Fpreview-9781463209933_A38591042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunebaum1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_E._von_Grunebaum" title="Gustave E. von Grunebaum">Grunebaum, G. E. von</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classicalislamhi0089grun"><i>Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.</i></a></span>. Aldine Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-30767-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-30767-1"><bdi>978-0-202-30767-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Islam%3A+A+History+600+A.D.+to+1258+A.D.&rft.pub=Aldine+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-202-30767-1&rft.aulast=Grunebaum&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassicalislamhi0089grun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawting2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/G._R._Hawting" title="G. R. Hawting">Hawting, G. R.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-of-the-quran-6-volumes-jane-dammen-mc-auliffe/page/n1291">"Kaʿba"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i>. Vol. 3: J-O. pp. 75–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ka%CA%BFba&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=75-80&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hawting&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaedia-of-the-quran-6-volumes-jane-dammen-mc-auliffe%2Fpage%2Fn1291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Ibn_Al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi">Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi</a> <i>The book of Idols</i>, translated with introduction and notes by Nabih Amin Faris 1952</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume/The_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume"><i>Sirat Rasul Allah</i></a> [<i>The Life of Muhammad</i>]. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Guillaume, Alfred</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196360331" title="Special:BookSources/9780196360331"><bdi>9780196360331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sirat+Rasul+Allah&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9780196360331&rft.aulast=Ibn+Ishaq&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheLifeOfMohammedGuillaume%2FThe_Life_Of_Mohammed_Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). <i>Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z</i>. Amana Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915957-54-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-915957-54-X">0-915957-54-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMubarakpuri1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Safiur_Rahman_Mubarakpuri" title="Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri">Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324152212/https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_ArRaheeq_AlMakhtum_THE_SEALED_NECTAR.pdf"><i>Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum</i></a> [<i>The Sealed Nectar</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muslim-library.com/dl/books/English_ArRaheeq_AlMakhtum_THE_SEALED_NECTAR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ar-Raheeq+Al-Makhtum&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Mubarakpuri&rft.aufirst=Safiur+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslim-library.com%2Fdl%2Fbooks%2FEnglish_ArRaheeq_AlMakhtum_THE_SEALED_NECTAR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peterson, Andrew (1997). <i>Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</i> London: Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWensinckJomier1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/search?q=Ka%E2%80%98ba&source=%2Fdb%2Feieo">"Ka'ba"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ka%E2%80%98ba&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=317-322&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Wensinck&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Jomier%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DKa%25E2%2580%2598ba%26source%3D%252Fdb%252Feieo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaaba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>[1915] <i>The Book of History, a History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present</i>, Viscount Bryce (Introduction), The Grolier Society.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" class="extiw" title="commons:Kaaba"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Kaaba</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kaaba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kaaba">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Kaaba" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Kaaba">Kaaba</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kabahinfo.net">Ka'bah info: Everything you want to know about the Holy Ka'bah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501200859/http://www.kabahinfo.net/">Archived</a> 1 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423174338/http://live.gph.gov.sa/">SA's Official Live Webcam of the Kaaba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809215043/http://www.roadsofarabia.com/exhibition/artifact_11.html">Former door of the Kaaba (ca. 1635)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hajj" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#ddffdd;;background:#bbffbb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hajj_topics" title="Template:Hajj topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hajj_topics" title="Template talk:Hajj topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hajj_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hajj topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hajj" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ddffdd;"><div>Every year, from the eighth to the twelfth day of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miqat" title="Miqat">Miqat</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Al-Juhfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miqat_Dhu_al-Hulayfah" title="Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah">Dhu'l-Hulayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_Al-Taneem" title="Masjid Al-Taneem">Masjid 'A'ishah</a>, <a href="/wiki/At-Tan%CA%BDim" title="At-Tanʽim">At-Tan'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miqat_Qarn_al-Manazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Miqat Qarn al-Manazil">Qarnul-Manazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/As_Sayl_al_Kabir" title="As Sayl al Kabir">As-Sayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalamlam" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamlam">Yalamlam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram indicating the order of Hajj rituals"><img alt="Diagram indicating the order of Hajj rituals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/160px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/240px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/La_Mecque_pelerinage.png/320px-La_Mecque_pelerinage.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamzam_Well" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah" title="Muzdalifah">Muzdalifah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stoning_of_the_Devil" title="Stoning of the Devil">Rami al-Jamarat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf al-Ifadah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf al-Wida</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Mosques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Great Mosque of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miqat_Dhu_al-Hulayfah" title="Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah">Miqat Dhu al-Hulayfah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabigh" title="Rabigh">Rabigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddffdd;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmal" title="Mahmal">Mahmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Makkah" title="Road to Makkah">Road to Makkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#ddffdd;"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hajj" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hajj">History</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFF9C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" title="Template:Holiest sites in Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Holiest sites in Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holiest sites in Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Shia_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Shia Islam">Holiest sites in Shia Islam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFF9C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">al-Masjid al-Nabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi_Cemetery" title="Al-Baqi Cemetery">al-Baqi' Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn" title="Masjid al-Qiblatayn">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Mosques" title="The Seven Mosques">The Seven Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque of Mecca</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour" title="Jabal al-Nour">Jabal al-Nour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Mina, Saudi Arabia">Mina, Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">Mount Arafat</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaaba_in_macca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kaaba_in_macca.jpg/150px-Kaaba_in_macca.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kaaba_in_macca.jpg/225px-Kaaba_in_macca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kaaba_in_macca.jpg/300px-Kaaba_in_macca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MasjidNabawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MasjidNabawi.jpg/150px-MasjidNabawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MasjidNabawi.jpg/225px-MasjidNabawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MasjidNabawi.jpg/300px-MasjidNabawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFF9C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahlah_Mosque" title="Al-Sahlah Mosque">Al-Sahlah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hannanah_Mosque" title="Al-Hannanah Mosque">Al-Hannanah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi-us-Salaam" title="Wadi-us-Salaam">Wadi-us-Salaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Abbas_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Abbas Mosque">Al Abbas Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Shrine" title="Al-Askari Shrine">Al-Askari Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maytham_al-Tammar" title="Maytham al-Tammar">Maytham al-Tammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" title="Al-Mada'in">Al-Mada'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Al-Kadhimiya Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFF9C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_shrine" title="Imam Reza shrine">Imam Reza shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamkaran_Mosque" title="Jamkaran Mosque">Jamkaran Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Cheragh" title="Shah Cheragh">Shah Cheragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdol-Azim_Shrine" title="Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine">Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Shahr_Banu_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine">Bibi Shahr Banu Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh_Seyed_Morteza" title="Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza">Imamzadeh Seyed Morteza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh_Hamzeh,_Kashmar" title="Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar">Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ali_ibn_Hamzah,_Shiraz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz">Tomb of Ali ibn Hamzah, Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hassan_Modarres" title="Tomb of Hassan Modarres">Tomb of Hassan Modarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Seyed_Alaeddin_Husayn" title="Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn">Tomb of Seyed Alaeddin Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzade_Hossein,_Qazvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamzade Hossein, Qazvin">Imamzade Hossein, Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh_Ja%27far,_Borujerd" title="Imamzadeh Ja'far, Borujerd">Imamzadeh Ja'far, Borujerd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFF9C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_Mosque,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus">Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqtah_Mosque" title="Al-Nuqtah Mosque">Al-Nuqtah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarni_Mosque" title="Uwais al-Qarni Mosque">Uwais al-Qarni Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFF9C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nabi_Shayth" title="Al-Nabi Shayth">Al-Nabi Shayth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFF9C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29466#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29466#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29466#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/247665120">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmMb3CP39GWvBDJrmw4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4100796-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kaba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph660023&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566391905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kabe">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&oldid=1258485791">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&oldid=1258485791</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kaaba" title="Category:Kaaba">Kaaba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_converted_into_mosques" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques">Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Arabic IPA">Pages with Arabic IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 00:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaaba&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-8gjdq","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.236","walltime":"2.740","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13779,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":534312,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22383,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":371098,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2344.527 1 -total"," 27.75% 650.532 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.05% 446.716 1 Template:Infobox_religious_building"," 18.34% 430.089 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.99% 257.755 26 Template:Navbox"," 10.17% 238.549 25 Template:Cite_web"," 9.64% 225.971 41 Template:Cite_book"," 7.51% 175.999 30 Template:Sfn"," 6.34% 148.543 1 Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran"," 5.36% 125.605 1 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.329","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21866780,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdullah_Alwi_Haji_Hassan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Azraqi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Nahee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlsheerf2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssasi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowersock2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBāsalāmah2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaʻfer_Efendi1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian_Julien_Robin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClive_L._N._Ruggles2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrown2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenny2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick_Teresi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyrness,_W._A.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllenbogenTugendhaft2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaster1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrunebaum1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawting2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Ishaq1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaved_Ahmad_Ghamidi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Naour2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichigan_Consortium_for_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Studies1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris,_Ian_D.2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMubarakpuri1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa_Abu_Sway\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNassar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuwirthNicolai_Sinai2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrieHelmoltLee-WarnerLane-Poole1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickthall\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_G.1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogerson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuqaiyyah_Maqsood1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelwood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakir\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFShariati2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiculus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimur_Kuran2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopkapı_Sarayı_Müzesi._Hırka-i_Saadet_Dairesi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_California\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightKramerFusco2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"AH\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayn\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 8,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Characters and names in the Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Quran\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite Tafsir\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite books\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite quran\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons and category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 14,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Hadith USC\"] = 1,\n [\"Hadith-usc\"] = 1,\n [\"Hajj topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Holiest sites in Shia Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox religious building\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 24,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 30,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 7,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikidatacoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFWensinckJomier1978\"] = 1,\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","37.1"],["?","280","20.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","7.1"],["(for generator)","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::fetchLanguageName","40","2.9"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.9"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4383\u003E","20","1.4"],["[others]","180","12.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-pk5bv","timestamp":"20241128020820","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kaaba","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaaba","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29466","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q29466","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-25T08:40:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T00:32:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/89\/The_Ka%27ba%2C_Great_Mosque_of_Mecca%2C_Saudi_Arabia_%284%29.jpg","headline":"cubical shrine in Mecca, Saudi Arabia; direction of prayer for Muslims"}</script> </body> </html>