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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bad_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bad practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bad_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bad practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bad_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Machine translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pidgins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pidgins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pidgins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pidgins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translator's_humor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translator's_humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Translator's humor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translator's_humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Literal translation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letterlike_vertaling" title="Letterlike vertaling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Letterlike vertaling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترجمة حرفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترجمة حرفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rfi_t%C9%99rc%C3%BCm%C9%99" title="Hərfi tərcümə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərfi tərcümə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%CC%8Dt-e%CC%8Dk" title="Ti̍t-e̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ti̍t-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Літаральны пераклад – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літаральны пераклад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Даслоўны пераклад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Даслоўны пераклад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducci%C3%B3n_literal" title="Traducción literal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traducción literal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzulpen_literal" title="Itzulpen literal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itzulpen literal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8%DB%8C" title="ترجمه تحت‌اللفظی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترجمه تحت‌اللفظی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduction_litt%C3%A9rale" title="Traduction littérale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traduction littérale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aistri%C3%BAch%C3%A1n_litri%C3%BAil" title="Aistriúchán litriúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aistriúchán litriúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EC%97%AD" title="직역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="शाब्दिक अनुवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शाब्दिक अनुवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terjemahan_harfiah" title="Terjemahan harfiah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terjemahan harfiah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduzione_parola_per_parola" title="Traduzione parola per parola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traduzione parola per parola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="תרגום מילולי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרגום מילולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versio_ad_litteram" title="Versio ad litteram – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Versio ad litteram" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Буквален превод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Буквален превод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82" title="അക്ഷരാർത്ഥം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്ഷരാർത്ഥം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terjemahan_literal" title="Terjemahan literal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terjemahan literal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="शाब्दिक अनुवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शाब्दिक अनुवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A8%B3%E3%81%A8%E6%84%8F%E8%A8%B3" title="直訳と意訳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="直訳と意訳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Ма-дарра гоч – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ма-дарра гоч" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBzma-so%CA%BBz_tarjima" title="Soʻzma-soʻz tarjima – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻzma-soʻz tarjima" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82umaczenie_dos%C5%82owne" title="Tłumaczenie dosłowne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tłumaczenie dosłowne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Дословный перевод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дословный перевод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Туруору тылбаас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туруору тылбаас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1" title="වචනාර්ථ පරිවර්තන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වචනාර්ථ පරිවර්තන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Literal translation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doslovn%C3%BD_preklad" title="Doslovný preklad – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Doslovný preklad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobesedni_prevod" title="Dobesedni prevod – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dobesedni prevod" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8E%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%82" title="وەرگێڕانی دەقاودەق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەرگێڕانی دەقاودەق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Дослован превод – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дослован превод" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direkt%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttning" title="Direktöversättning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Direktöversättning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_na_pagsasalinwika" title="Literal na pagsasalinwika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Literal na pagsasalinwika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="การแปลตรงตัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแปลตรงตัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birebir_%C3%A7eviri" title="Birebir çeviri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birebir çeviri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_ngh%C4%A9a_%C4%91en" title="Dịch nghĩa đen – Vietnamese" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Translation" title="Category:Translation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Word-for-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic and formal equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_associations" title="Category:Translation associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_awards" title="Category:Translation awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_organizations" title="Category:Translation organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools">Schools</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_publications" title="Category:Translation publications">Books and magazines on translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_by_language" title="Category:Bible translations by language">Bible translations by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations" title="Category:Translations">Translated books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_info" title="Template:Translation info"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_info" title="Template talk:Translation info"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Translation_info" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Translation info"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Literal translation</b>, <b>direct translation</b>, or <b>word-for-word translation</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Translation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Translation theory">translation theory</a>, another term for literal translation is <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphrase" title="Metaphrase">metaphrase</a></i> (as opposed to <i><a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">paraphrase</a></i> for an <a href="/wiki/Analogous" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous">analogous</a> translation). It is to be distinguished from an <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpretation</a> (done, for example, by an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter">interpreter</a>). </p><p>Literal translation leads to mistranslation of <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a>, which can be a serious problem for <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchins_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation_studies">Translation studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Translation studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "literal translation" often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of the classical <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and other texts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cribs">Cribs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cribs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Word-for-word translations ("cribs", "ponies", or "trots") are sometimes prepared for writers who are translating a work written in a language they do not know. For example, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pinsky" title="Robert Pinsky">Robert Pinsky</a> is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> (1994), as he does not know Italian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pevear" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pevear">Richard Pevear</a> worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_to_prose">Poetry to prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poetry to prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse but also be error-free. Charles Singleton's 1975 translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> is regarded as a prose translation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bad_practice">Bad practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bad practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>literal translation</i> implies that it is probably full of errors,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> since the translator has made no effort to (or is unable to) convey correct idioms or shades of meaning, for example, but it can also be a useful way of seeing how words are used to convey meaning in the source language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernosc_Tirez_la_porte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Public restroom sign with broken English and German directly translated from French." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vernosc_Tirez_la_porte.jpg/220px-Vernosc_Tirez_la_porte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vernosc_Tirez_la_porte.jpg/330px-Vernosc_Tirez_la_porte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vernosc_Tirez_la_porte.jpg/440px-Vernosc_Tirez_la_porte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>Example of broken English and German directly translated from French</figcaption></figure> <p>A literal English translation of the German phrase "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich habe Hunger</i></span>" would be "I have hunger" in English, but this is clearly not a phrase that would generally be used in English, even though its meaning might be clear. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as "loan translation") are called <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a>, e.g., <i>beer garden</i> from German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Biergarten" class="extiw" title="wikt:Biergarten">Biergarten</a></i></span></i>. </p><p>The literal translation of the Italian sentence, "<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">So che questo non va bene</i></span>" ("I know that this is not good"), produces "(I) know that this not (it) goes well", which has English <i>words</i> and Italian <i>grammar</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machine_translation">Machine translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Machine translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translations</a> (as of 1962<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchins_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least) were notorious for this type of translation, as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a>, which resulted in better grammatical structure and the capture of idioms, but with many words left in the original language. For translating <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic languages">synthetic languages</a>, a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer are required. </p><p>The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the "natural" sound of the translation. In the end, though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by a human, professional translator. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> gave an example of a failure of machine translation: the English sentence "In their house, everything comes in pairs. There's his car and her car, his towels and her towels, and his library and hers." might be translated into French as "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dans leur maison, tout vient en paires. Il y a sa voiture et sa voiture, ses serviettes et ses serviettes, sa bibliothèque et les siennes.</i></span>" That does not make sense because it does not distinguish between "his" car and "hers".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pidgins">Pidgins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pidgins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents' native language. This results in a mix of the two languages that is something of a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>. Many such mixes have specific names, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Denglisch" title="Denglisch">Denglisch</a>. For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using "rockingstool" from the German word <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schaukelstuhl" class="extiw" title="wikt:Schaukelstuhl">Schaukelstuhl</a></i></span></i> instead of "rocking chair".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translator's_humor"><span id="Translator.27s_humor"></span>Translator's humor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Translator's humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literal translation of <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a> is a source of translators' jokes. One such joke, often told about <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, translates "The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak" (an allusion to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=mark%2014:38;&version=NASB;">Mark 14:38</a>) into <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and then back into English, getting "The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten". This is not an actual machine-translation error, but rather a joke which dates back to 1956 or 1958. Another joke in the genre transforms "out of sight, out of mind" to "blind idiot" or "invisible idiot".<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchins_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchins-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_your_base_are_belong_to_us" title="All your base are belong to us">All your base are belong to us</a> – Internet meme from a video game</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic and formal equivalence</a> – Two dissimilar translation approaches<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_Standard_Version" title="Literal Standard Version">Literal Standard Version</a> – Modern English translation of the Bible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_translation" title="Semantic translation">Semantic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal Translation</a> – 1862 translation of the Bible into English</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/English_as_She_Is_Spoke" title="English as She Is Spoke">English as She Is Spoke</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/literal">"LITERAL | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. <i>dictionary.cambridge.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225406/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/literal">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.cambridge.org&rft.atitle=LITERAL+%7C+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fliteral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteral+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchins-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchins_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchins_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchins_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchins1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchins, John (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103041306/http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/MTNI-11-1995.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The whisky was invisible", or Persistent myths of MT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MT News International</i> (11): 17–18. Archived from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MT+News+International&rft.atitle=%22The+whisky+was+invisible%22%2C+or+Persistent+myths+of+MT&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=17-18&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Hutchins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hutchinsweb.me.uk%2FMTNI-11-1995.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteral+translation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hofstadter, Douglas (30 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/01/the-shallowness-of-google-translate/551570/">"The Shallowness of Google Translate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322231523/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/01/the-shallowness-of-google-translate/551570/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Shallowness+of+Google+Translate&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2018%2F01%2Fthe-shallowness-of-google-translate%2F551570%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiteral+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literal_translation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Olive Classe, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myLDA0_brhcC&dq=Literal+translation&pg=RA1-PA270">Encyclopedia of literary translation into English</a></i>, vol. 1, Taylor & Francis, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-36-2">1-884964-36-2</a>, p. viii.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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