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href="#History_before_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History before 1945</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_before_1945-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History before 1945 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_before_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pomerania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomerania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pomerania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomerania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gdańsk,_Lębork_and_Bytów" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gdańsk,_Lębork_and_Bytów"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Gdańsk, Lębork and Bytów</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gdańsk,_Lębork_and_Bytów-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lubusz_Land_and_parts_of_Greater_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lubusz_Land_and_parts_of_Greater_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lubusz Land and parts of Greater Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lubusz_Land_and_parts_of_Greater_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Silesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warmia_and_Masuria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warmia_and_Masuria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Warmia and Masuria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warmia_and_Masuria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_minorities_already_living_in_the_Recovered_Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_minorities_already_living_in_the_Recovered_Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Polish minorities already living in the Recovered Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_minorities_already_living_in_the_Recovered_Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_post-war_population_according_to_1950_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_post-war_population_according_to_1950_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Origin of the post-war population according to 1950 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_post-war_population_according_to_1950_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polonization_of_the_Recovered_Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polonization_of_the_Recovered_Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Polonization of the Recovered Territories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polonization_of_the_Recovered_Territories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Polonization of the Recovered Territories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Polonization_of_the_Recovered_Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Removal_of_Germans_and_traces_of_German_habitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_of_Germans_and_traces_of_German_habitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Removal of Germans and traces of German habitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_of_Germans_and_traces_of_German_habitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resettlement_of_the_Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_of_the_Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Resettlement of the Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_of_the_Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Recovered_Territories_in_the_Communists'_rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Recovered_Territories_in_the_Communists'_rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role of the Recovered Territories in the Communists' rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Recovered_Territories_in_the_Communists'_rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_of_the_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_of_the_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legal status of the territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_of_the_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="المناطق المستعادة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المناطق المستعادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Вернутыя тэрыторыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вернутыя тэрыторыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znovuz%C3%ADskan%C3%A1_%C3%BAzem%C3%AD" title="Znovuzískaná území – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znovuzískaná území" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiedergewonnene_Gebiete" title="Wiedergewonnene Gebiete – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wiedergewonnene Gebiete" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorios_Polacos_Recuperados" title="Territorios Polacos Recuperados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Territorios Polacos Recuperados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regajnitaj_Teritorioj" title="Regajnitaj Teritorioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Regajnitaj Teritorioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territoires_recouvr%C3%A9s" title="Territoires recouvrés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Territoires recouvrés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%B3%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="수복령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수복령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վերադարձված հողեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերադարձված հողեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territori_recuperati" title="Territori recuperati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Territori recuperati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="השטחים המוחזרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השטחים המוחזרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herwonnen_Gebieden" title="Herwonnen Gebieden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herwonnen Gebieden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BE%A9%E9%A0%98" title="回復領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="回復領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_gjenvunnede_omr%C3%A5der" title="De gjenvunnede områder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De gjenvunnede områder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemie_Odzyskane" title="Ziemie Odzyskane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemie Odzyskane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territ%C3%B3rios_Recuperados" title="Territórios Recuperados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Territórios Recuperados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teritoriile_recuperate" title="Teritoriile recuperate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teritoriile recuperate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%A3" title="Одзысканы землѣ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Одзысканы землѣ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Возвращённые земли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Возвращённые земли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Враћене територије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Враћене територије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palautetut_alueet_(Puola)" title="Palautetut alueet (Puola) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palautetut alueet (Puola)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Повернені території – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повернені території" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A3nh_th%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_ph%E1%BB%A5c_h%E1%BB%93i" title="Lãnh thổ được phục hồi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lãnh thổ được phục hồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F" title="收復的領土 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="收復的領土" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2607319#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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became parts of Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For territories acquired by Prussia in the 18th century, see <a href="/wiki/Western_Borderlands" title="Western Borderlands">Western Borderlands</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_line_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curzon_line_en.svg/300px-Curzon_line_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curzon_line_en.svg/450px-Curzon_line_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Curzon_line_en.svg/600px-Curzon_line_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Poland's borders pre-1938 and post-1945. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Borderlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Borderlands">Eastern Borderlands</a> is in gray while the Recovered Territories are in pink.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg/300px-German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg/450px-German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg/600px-German_territorial_losses_1919_and_1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Map showing German territorial losses of 1919 and 1945. 1919 losses are in yellow. Recovered Territories are in green.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Recovered Territories</b> or <b>Regained Lands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ziemie Odzyskane</i>), also known as the <b>Western Borderlands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Kresy Zachodnie</i>), and previously as the <b>Western and Northern Territories</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ziemie Zachodnie i Północne</i>), <b>Postulated Territories</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ziemie Postulowane</i>) and <b>Returning Territories</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Ziemie Powracające</i>), are the <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> that became part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, at which time <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">most of their German inhabitants were forcibly deported</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rationale for the term "Recovered" was that these territories formed part of the Polish state, and were lost by Poland in different periods over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also referred to the <a href="/wiki/Piast_Concept" title="Piast Concept">Piast Concept</a> that these territories were part of the traditional Polish homeland under the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (there were their small parts under Poland even after the Piast ended), after the establishment of the state in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Over the centuries, however, they had become predominantly German-speaking through the processes of German eastward settlement (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></span>), political expansion (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> of the local <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Baltic Prussian</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, aside from certain regions such as <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">West Upper Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>, as of 1945 most of these territories did not contain sizeable Polish-speaking communities. </p><p>While most regions had long periods of Polish rule, spanning hundreds of years, some were controlled by Polish dukes and kings for short periods of up to several decades at a time. Various regions, when not under Polish rule, were in different times under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemian (Czech) Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>. Many areas were also part of various Polish-ruled duchies, created as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmentation of Poland">fragmentation of Poland</a>, which began in the 12th century. </p><p>The great majority of the previous inhabitants either <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">fled</a> from the territories during the later stages of the war or were expelled by the Soviet and Polish communist authorities after the war ended, although a small <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">German minority</a> remains in some places. The territories were resettled with Poles who moved from central Poland, <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish repatriates</a> forced to leave areas of <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">former eastern Poland</a> that had been annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Poles freed from <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour in Nazi Germany</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> forcibly resettled under "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a>", and other minorities which settled in post-war Poland, including <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Poland" title="Greeks in Poland">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, contrary to the official declaration that the former German inhabitants of the Recovered Territories had to be removed quickly to house Poles displaced by the Soviet annexation, the Recovered Territories initially faced a severe population shortage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet-appointed <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">communist authorities</a> that conducted the resettlement also made efforts to remove many traces of German culture, such as place names and historic inscriptions on buildings. </p><p>The post-war border between Germany and Poland (the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>) was recognized by <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in 1950 and by <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> in 1970, and was affirmed by the re-united Germany in the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty" title="German–Polish Border Treaty">German–Polish Border Treaty</a> of 1990. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_use_of_the_term">Origin and use of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and use of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/75px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/113px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/150px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/75px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/113px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/150px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> (965 – 983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutician federation</a> (983 – 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> (pre – 13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> (1157–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (1224 – 1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_margraves_and_electors_of_Brandenburg" title="List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg">Elector of Brandenburg</a> (1356 – 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (1525 – 1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork Voivodeship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a> within <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal (Polish) Prussia</a> (Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> (1618 – 1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (1701 – 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> (1918 – 1947)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Present</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> area (from 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> (1920–1939, from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> within <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Recovered Territories</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (1947–1952, from 1990)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nie_jestesmy_tu_od_wczoraj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nie_jestesmy_tu_od_wczoraj.jpg/170px-Nie_jestesmy_tu_od_wczoraj.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nie_jestesmy_tu_od_wczoraj.jpg/255px-Nie_jestesmy_tu_od_wczoraj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nie_jestesmy_tu_od_wczoraj.jpg/340px-Nie_jestesmy_tu_od_wczoraj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Polish nationalist propaganda from the 1930s: <i>"Nie jestesmy tu od wczoraj. Sięgaliśmy daleko na zachód."</i> (We are not here since yesterday. Once we reached far west.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Recovered Territories" was officially used for the first time in the Decree of the President of the Republic of 11 October 1938 after the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> by the Polish army.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the official term<sup id="cite_ref-neires466_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neires466-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coined in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to denote the <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a> that were being <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">handed over to Poland</a>, pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Recovered Territories" is a collective term for different areas with different histories, which can be grouped into three categories: </p> <ul><li>Those that once had been part of the Polish state during the rule of the Piasts, many of which later on had been part of various Piast, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellon</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sobieski" title="House of Sobieski">Sobieski</a>-ruled duchies, some up to the 17th and 18th century, although often under foreign suzerainty</li> <li>Those that had been part of Poland until the 17th century (northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Czaplinek" title="Czaplinek">Czaplinek</a>) or were under Polish suzerainty as <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a>, in the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries (southern <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole" title="Duchy of Opole">Duchy of Opole</a>, which also falls into the category above)</li> <li>Territories that had been part of Poland until the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork Voivodeship</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82cz" title="Wałcz">Wałcz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ot%C3%B3w" title="Złotów">Złotów</a>, which were annexed by Prussia in the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition</a> of 1772; and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> and western parts of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzecz" title="Międzyrzecz">Międzyrzecz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wschowa" title="Wschowa">Wschowa</a>, which followed in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition</a> of 1793)</li></ul> <p>The underlying concept was to define post-war Poland as heir to the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">medieval Piasts'</a> realm,<sup id="cite_ref-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_pp.207-208_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_pp.207-208-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norman_Davies_2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies_2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was simplified into a picture of an ethnically homogeneous state that matched post-war borders,<sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Kubik_1994,_pp.64-65_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Kubik_1994,_pp.64-65-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to the later <a href="/wiki/Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagiellon">Jagiellon</a> Poland, which was multi-ethnic and located further east.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument that this territory in fact constituted "old Polish lands"<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_M_p.168_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred_M_p.168-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seized on a pre-war concept developed by Polish right-wing circles attached to the SN.<sup id="cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dmitrow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One reason for post-war Poland's favoring a Piast rather than a Jagiellon tradition was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s refusal to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Curzon line">Curzon line</a> and the Allies' readiness to satisfy Poland with German territory instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original argument for awarding formerly German territory to Poland – compensation – was complemented by the argument that this territory in fact constituted former areas of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_M_p.168_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred_M_p.168-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dmitrow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_p.208_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_p.208-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Kubik_1994,_p.65_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Kubik_1994,_p.65-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dmitrow says that "in official justifications for the border shift, the decisive argument that it presented a compensation for the loss of the eastern half of the pre-war Polish territory to the USSR, was viewed as obnoxious and concealed. Instead, a historical argumentation was foregrounded with the dogma, Poland had just returned to 'ancient Piast lands'."<sup id="cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dmitrow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objections to the Allies' decisions and criticism of the Polish politicians' role at Potsdam were censored.<sup id="cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dmitrow-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a commentary for <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> likened the transfer of German population to transferring the whole of the Irish and Scottish population.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the Piasts were perceived to have defended Poland against the Germans, while the Jagiellons' main rival had been the growing <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Moscow">Duchy of Moscow</a>, making them a less suitable basis for post-war Poland's Soviet-dominated situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jan_Kubik_1994,_p.65_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan_Kubik_1994,_p.65-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> thus supported the idea of Poland based on old Piast lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_p.208_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_p.208-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of the Recovered Territories was one of the few issues that did not divide the Polish Communists and their opposition, and there was unanimity regarding the western border. Even the underground anti-Communist press called for the Piast borders, that would end <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official view was that the Poles had always had the inalienable and inevitable right to inhabit the Recovered Territories, even if prevented from doing so by foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_Davies_2005,_pp.386_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies_2005,_pp.386-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Piast concept was used to persuade the Allied Powers, who found it difficult to define a Polish "ethnographic territory", to assume that it would be an intolerable injustice to not "give the territories back".<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertreibungsgebiet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vertreibungsgebiet.jpg/220px-Vertreibungsgebiet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vertreibungsgebiet.jpg/330px-Vertreibungsgebiet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vertreibungsgebiet.jpg/440px-Vertreibungsgebiet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>US Department of State demographics map from 10 January 1945 Germany – Poland Proposed Territorial Changes</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1949, the term "Recovered Territories" had been dropped from <a href="/wiki/Polish_communist_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish communist propaganda">Polish communist propaganda</a>, but it is still used occasionally in common language.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.298_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.298-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the grounds that those areas should not be regarded as unique territories within the Polish state, the authorities began to refer to them instead as the "Western and Northern Lands".<sup id="cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.298_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.298-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Social_Capital_51_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Capital_51-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolff and Cordell say that along with the debunking of communist historiography, "the 'recovered territories' thesis ... has been discarded", and that "it is freely admitted in some circles that on the whole 'the recovered territories' had a wholly German character", but that this view has not necessarily been transmitted to the whole of Polish society.<sup id="cite_ref-Cordell_2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell_2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was also used outside Poland. In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> referred to those territories as the "western lands after centuries recovered", and did not revise his statement, even under pressure of the German embassy. The term is still sometimes considered useful, due to the Polish existence in those lands that was still visible in 1945, by some prominent scholars, such as Krzysztof Kwaśniewski.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_before_1945">History before 1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History before 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">History of Poland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polska_960_-_992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polska_960_-_992.svg/220px-Polska_960_-_992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polska_960_-_992.svg/330px-Polska_960_-_992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Polska_960_-_992.svg/440px-Polska_960_-_992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11510" data-file-height="11360" /></a><figcaption>Early Piast Poland at the death of <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a> in 992, who is considered as the first historical ruler of Poland and the creator of the Polish state, after his realm was recognized by the papacy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several different <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic tribes</a> inhabited most of the area of present-day Poland from the 6th century. Duke <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a>, from his stronghold in the <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a> area, united various neighboring tribes in the second half of the 10th century, forming the first Polish <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and becoming the first historically recorded <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a> duke. His realm roughly included all of the area of what would later be named the "Recovered Territories", except for the <a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian</a> part of <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Old Prussia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_1138_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Poland_1138_map.jpg/220px-Poland_1138_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Poland_1138_map.jpg/330px-Poland_1138_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Poland_1138_map.jpg/440px-Poland_1138_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Map (published in 1917 in the United States) showing Poland at the death of <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Boleslaw III</a> in 1138</figcaption></figure> <p>Mieszko's son and successor, Duke <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław I Chrobry">Bolesław I Chrobry</a>, upon the 1018 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Bautzen" title="Peace of Bautzen">Peace of Bautzen</a> expanded the southern part of the realm, but lost control over the lands of Western <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast. After fragmentation, pagan revolts and a <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> invasion in the 1030s, Duke <a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a> (reigned 1040–1058) again united most of the former Piast realm, including <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a> on both sides of the middle <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> River, but without Western Pomerania, which became part of the Polish state again under <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a> from 1116 until 1121, when the noble <a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a>. On Bolesław's death in 1138, Poland for almost 200 years was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Krzywousty" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty">fragmentation</a>, being ruled by Bolesław's sons and by their successors, who were often in conflict with each other. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_the_Elbow-high" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław I the Elbow-high">Władysław I the Elbow-high</a>, crowned <a href="/wiki/Polish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a> in 1320, achieved partial reunification, although the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia" title="Duchy of Silesia">Silesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Masovian</a> duchies remained independent Piast holdings. </p><p>In the course of the 12th to 14th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> settlers moved into East <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> in a migration process known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i>. In Pomerania, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> and Silesia, the indigenous <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slav</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balt</a> population became minorities in the course of the following centuries, although substantial numbers of the original inhabitants remained in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> and in Eastern Pomerania (<a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a>), German settlers formed a minority. </p><p>Despite the loss of several provinces, medieval lawyers of the Kingdom of Poland created a specific claim to all formerly Polish provinces that were not reunited with the rest of the country in 1320. They built on the theory of the <i><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Corona Regni Poloniae</a></i>, according to which the state (the Crown) and its interests were no longer strictly connected with the person of the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. Because of that no monarch could effectively renounce Crown claims to any of the territories that were historically and/or ethnically Polish. Those claims were reserved for the state (the Crown), which in theory still covered all of the territories that were part of, or dependent on, the Polish Crown upon the death of Bolesław III in 1138. </p><p>This concept was also developed to prevent from loss of territory after the death of King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> in 1370, when <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I of Hungary</a>, who ruled Hungary with absolute power, was crowned King of Poland. In the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> was one of the greatest powers of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, and its influence reached various <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> principalities and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>). Poland in personal union with Hungary was the smaller, politically weaker and peripheral country. In the <a href="/wiki/Privilege_of_Koszyce" title="Privilege of Koszyce">Privilege of Koszyce</a> (1374) King Louis I guaranteed that he would not detach any lands from the Polish Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was not new, as it was inspired by similar Bohemian (Czech) laws (<i><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Corona regni Bohemiae</a></i>). </p><p>Some of the territories (such as <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> and Masovia) reunited with Poland during the 15th and 16th centuries. However all <a href="/wiki/Polish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish monarchs">Polish monarchs</a> until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1795 had to promise to do everything possible to reunite the rest of those territories with the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-Historia_Ustroju_i_Prawa_Polskiego_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Historia_Ustroju_i_Prawa_Polskiego-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many significant events in Polish history are associated with these territories, including the victorious battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedynia" title="Battle of Cedynia">Cedynia</a> (972), <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niemcza" title="Siege of Niemcza">Niemcza</a> (1017), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hundsfeld" title="Battle of Hundsfeld">Psie Pole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Siege of Głogów">Głogów</a> (1109), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Grunwald</a> (1410), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oliwa" title="Battle of Oliwa">Oliwa</a> (1627), the lost battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Legnica</a> (1241) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a> (1939), the life and work of astronomers <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> (16th century) and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a> (17th century), the creation of the oldest Polish-language texts and printings (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era), the creation of the standards and patterns of the Polish literary language (Renaissance era), Polish maritime history, the establishment of one of the first Catholic dioceses in Poland in the Middle Ages (in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>), as well as the Polish Reformation in the Renaissance era. </p><p>Significant figures were born or lived in these territories. Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jan_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan of Głogów">Jan of Głogów</a> and scholar <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Corvinus" title="Laurentius Corvinus">Laurentius Corvinus</a>, who were teachers of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">University of Kraków</a>, both hailed from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Dantiscus" title="Johannes Dantiscus">Jan Dantyszek</a> (Renaissance poet and diplomat, named the <i>Father of Polish Diplomacy</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Kromer" title="Marcin Kromer">Marcin Kromer</a> (Renaissance cartographer, diplomat, historian, music theoretician) were bishops of Warmia. The leading figures of the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Polish Enlightenment</a> are connected with these lands: philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator, statesman <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Stanisław Staszic</a> and great patron of arts, writer, linguist, statesman and candidate for the Polish crown <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kazimierz_Czartoryski" title="Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski">Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski</a> were both born in these territories, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Ignacy Krasicki</a> (author of the <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Mr._Nicholas_Wisdom" title="The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom">first Polish novel</a>, playwright, nicknamed <i>the Prince of Polish Poets</i>) lived in <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> in his adulthood, and brothers <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Andrzej_Za%C5%82uski" title="Józef Andrzej Załuski">Józef Andrzej Załuski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Stanis%C5%82aw_Za%C5%82uski" title="Andrzej Stanisław Załuski">Andrzej Stanisław Załuski</a> (founders of the <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%82uski_Library" title="Załuski Library">Załuski Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, one of the largest 18th-century book collections in the world) grew up and studied in these territories. Also painters <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Schultz" title="Daniel Schultz">Daniel Schultz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Kuntze" title="Tadeusz Kuntze">Tadeusz Kuntze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Blank" title="Antoni Blank">Antoni Blank</a>, as well as composers <a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki" title="Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki">Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feliks_Nowowiejski" title="Feliks Nowowiejski">Feliks Nowowiejski</a> were born in these lands. </p><p>By the time that Poland regained her independence in 1918, Polish activist <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Frejlich" class="extiw" title="pl:Józef Frejlich">Dr. Józef Frejlich</a> was already claiming that the lands situated on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river, including inner industrial cities such as <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, and Baltic ports such as <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, were economic parts of Poland that had to be united with the rest of the "economic territory of Poland"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a united and independent state, as a fundamental condition of the economic revival of Poland after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the successful <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–19)">Greater Poland uprising</a>, the cession of <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> to Poland following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a> that allowed Poland to obtain a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, the territorial claims of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> were directed towards the rest of partially Polish speaking Upper Silesia and <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> under German control, as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, the Czechoslovakian part of <a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a> and other bordering areas with significant Polish population. The Polish population of these lands was subject to <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> and intensified repressions, especially after the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933. </p><p>Most of long Germanized <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Prussia">Eastern Prussia</a> remained undisputed.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in reaction to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s Germany threats to Poland shortly before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Polish <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a> displayed maps of Poland including those ancient Polish territories as well, claiming their intention to recover them. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> the German administration, even before the Nazis took power, conducted a massive campaign of <a href="/wiki/1938_renaming_of_East_Prussian_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 renaming of East Prussian placenames">renaming of thousands of placenames</a>, to remove traces of Slavic origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomerania">Pomerania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pomerania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania" title="History of Pomerania">History of Pomerania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomerania_in_rt.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pomerania_in_rt.GIF/150px-Pomerania_in_rt.GIF" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pomerania_in_rt.GIF/225px-Pomerania_in_rt.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pomerania_in_rt.GIF/300px-Pomerania_in_rt.GIF 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Location of the annexed part (orange) of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania</a> and of the other "Recovered Territories" (green)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-44.jpg/220px-2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-44.jpg/330px-2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-44.jpg/440px-2009-05-30-polska-by-RalfR-44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Castle,_Szczecin" title="Ducal Castle, Szczecin">Castle of the Dukes of Pomerania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomeranian</a> (Western Pomeranian) parts of the Recovered Territories came under Polish rule several times from the late 10th century on, when <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a> acquired at least significant parts of them. Mieszko's son <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaus I of Poland">Bolesław I</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Kolberg">bishopric</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a> area in 1000–1005/07, before the area was lost again. Despite further attempts by Polish dukes to again control the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)">Pomeranian tribes</a>, this was only partly achieved by <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław III">Bolesław III</a> in several campaigns lasting from 1116 to 1121. Successful Christian missions ensued in 1124 and 1128; however, by the time of Bolesław's death in 1138, most of West Pomerania (the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">Griffin-ruled areas</a>) was no longer controlled by Poland. Shortly after, the Griffin Duke of Pomerania, Boguslav I., achieved the integration of Pomerania into the Holy Roman Empire. The easternmost part of later Western Pomerania (including the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a>) in the 13th century was part of <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Eastern Pomerania</a>, which was re-integrated with Poland, and later on, in the 14th and 15th centuries formed a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_S%C5%82upsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Słupsk">duchy</a>, which rulers were <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of Jagiellon-ruled Poland. Over the following centuries Western Pomerania was largely Germanized, although a small Slavic Polabian minority remained. Indigenous Slavs and Poles faced <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> from the arriving Germans, who on a local level since the 16th century imposed discriminatory regulations, such as bans on buying goods from Slavs/Poles or prohibiting them from becoming members of craft guilds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> under the native Griffin dynasty existed for over 500 years, before it was partitioned between <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> in the 17th century. At the turn of the 20th century there lived about 14,200 persons of <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> mother-tongue in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania</a> (in the east of <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> in the vicinity of the border with the province of <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>), and 300 persons using the <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian language</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81eba_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Łeba Lake">Łeba Lake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Gardno" title="Lake Gardno">Lake Gardno</a>), the total population of the province consisting of almost 1.7 million inhabitants. The Polish communities in many cities of the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> and Kołobrzeg, faced intensified repressions after the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">Nazis</a> came to power in Germany in 1933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gdańsk,_Lębork_and_Bytów"><span id="Gda.C5.84sk.2C_L.C4.99bork_and_Byt.C3.B3w"></span>Gdańsk, Lębork and Bytów</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gdańsk, Lębork and Bytów"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="History of Gdańsk">History of Gdańsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontanna_Neptuna_w_czasie_deszczu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fontanna_Neptuna_w_czasie_deszczu.jpg/220px-Fontanna_Neptuna_w_czasie_deszczu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fontanna_Neptuna_w_czasie_deszczu.jpg/330px-Fontanna_Neptuna_w_czasie_deszczu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fontanna_Neptuna_w_czasie_deszczu.jpg/440px-Fontanna_Neptuna_w_czasie_deszczu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> was a principal seaport of Poland since the Middle Ages. From the mid-15th to the early 18th century it was the largest city of Poland. Lost by Poland in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition</a> in 1793.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danzig_in_rt.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Danzig_in_rt.GIF/220px-Danzig_in_rt.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Danzig_in_rt.GIF/330px-Danzig_in_rt.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Danzig_in_rt.GIF/440px-Danzig_in_rt.GIF 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Location of the former <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> (orange) and of the other "Recovered Territories" (green)</figcaption></figure> <p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> at the eastern end of Pomerania, including <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (Danzig), was part of Poland since its first ruler <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a>. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, it was ruled in the 12th and 13th centuries by the <a href="/wiki/Samborides" title="Samborides">Samborides</a>, who were (at least initially) more closely tied to the Kingdom of Poland than were the Griffins. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno" title="Treaty of Kępno">Treaty of Kępno</a> in 1282, and the death of <a href="/wiki/Mestwin_II_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestwin II of Pomerania">the last Samboride</a> in 1294, the region was ruled by kings of Poland for a short period, although also claimed by <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Gda%C5%84sk_(Danzig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic takeover of Gdańsk (Danzig)">Teutonic takeover</a> in 1308 the region was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_state_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights">monastic state of the Teutonic Knights</a>. </p><p>Most cities of the region joined or sided with the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a>, which in 1454 started an uprising against Teutonic rule and asked the Polish King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> to incorporate the region to Poland. After the King agreed and signed the act of incorporation, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War</a> broke out, ending in a Polish victory. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Peace of Thorn">Second Peace of Thorn</a> (1466) made Royal Prussia a part of Poland. It had a substantial autonomy and a lot of privileges. It formed the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a>, located within the province of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> in the Kingdom of Poland, as it remained until being annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions</a> of 1772 and 1793. A small area in the west of Pomerelia, the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> (the region of <a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork" title="Lębork">Lębork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byt%C3%B3w" title="Bytów">Bytów</a>) was granted to the rulers of Pomerania as a Polish <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>, before being reintegrated with Poland in 1637, and later on, again transformed into a Polish <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>, which it remained until the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition</a>, when three quarters of Royal Prussia's urban population were German-speaking Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Poland regained independence in 1918, a large part of Pomerelia was reintegrated with Poland, as the so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>, and so was not part of the post-war so-called Recovered Territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lubusz_Land_and_parts_of_Greater_Poland">Lubusz Land and parts of Greater Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lubusz Land and parts of Greater Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Posen-West Prussia">Province of Posen-West Prussia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_brandenburg_in_rt.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/East_brandenburg_in_rt.GIF/220px-East_brandenburg_in_rt.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/East_brandenburg_in_rt.GIF/330px-East_brandenburg_in_rt.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/East_brandenburg_in_rt.GIF/440px-East_brandenburg_in_rt.GIF 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/East_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="East Brandenburg">East Brandenburg</a> (orange) and of the other "Recovered Territories" (green)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg/220px-WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg/330px-WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg/440px-WielkoPolska_epoki_Piastowskiej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4075" data-file-height="3613" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century map of Piast-ruled <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a>, stretched on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, marked in yellow, northwestern parts of Greater Poland annexed by Brandenburg, marked in green</figcaption></figure> <p>The medieval <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a> on both sides of the Oder River up to the <a href="/wiki/Spree_(river)" title="Spree (river)">Spree</a> in the west, including Lubusz (<a href="/wiki/Lebus" title="Lebus">Lebus</a>) itself, also formed part of Mieszko's realm. In the period of fragmentation of Poland the Lubusz Land was in different periods part of the Greater Poland and Silesian provinces of Poland. Poland lost Lubusz when the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia" title="Duchy of Silesia">Silesian</a> duke <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_Rogatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław II Rogatka">Bolesław II Rogatka</a> sold it to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Ascanian</a> margraves of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> in 1249. The <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Lebus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Lebus">Bishopric of Lebus</a>, established by Polish Duke <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a>, remained a suffragan of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gniezno" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gniezno">Archdiocese of Gniezno</a> until 1424, when it passed under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Archbishopric of Magdeburg</a>. The Lubusz Land was part of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown</a> from 1373 to 1415. </p><p>Brandenburg also acquired the castellany of <a href="/wiki/Santok" title="Santok">Santok</a>, which formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Duchy of Greater Poland</a>, from Duke <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I_of_Greater_Poland" title="Przemysł I of Greater Poland">Przemysł I of Greater Poland</a> and made it the nucleus of their <a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">Neumark</a> ("New March") region. In the following decades Brandenburg annexed further parts of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>. Later on, Santok was briefly recaptured by the Poles several times. Of the other cities, King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a> recovered <a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82cz" title="Wałcz">Wałcz</a> in 1368. The lost parts of Greater Poland were part of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian (Czech) Crown</a> from 1373 to 1402, when despite an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg dynasty">Luxembourg dynasty</a> of Bohemia and the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellons" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagiellons">Jagiellons</a> of Poland on the sale of the region to Poland, it was sold to the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Teutonic_War_(1431%E2%80%9335)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Teutonic War (1431–35)">Polish–Teutonic War (1431–35)</a> several towns of the region rebelled against the Order to join Poland, among them <a href="/wiki/Choszczno" title="Choszczno">Choszczno/Arnswalde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drawno" title="Drawno">Neuwedell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82ocieniec" title="Złocieniec">Falkenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present-day Polish <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz Voivodeship</a> comprises most of the former Brandenburgian Neumark territory east of the Oder. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gmpwp_in_rt.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gmpwp_in_rt.GIF/220px-Gmpwp_in_rt.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gmpwp_in_rt.GIF/330px-Gmpwp_in_rt.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gmpwp_in_rt.GIF/440px-Gmpwp_in_rt.GIF 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Location of Posen-West Prussia (orange) and of the other "Recovered Territories" (green)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_Pi%C5%82a_Dom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PL_Pi%C5%82a_Dom.JPG/220px-PL_Pi%C5%82a_Dom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PL_Pi%C5%82a_Dom.JPG/330px-PL_Pi%C5%82a_Dom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/PL_Pi%C5%82a_Dom.JPG/440px-PL_Pi%C5%82a_Dom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Stanisław Staszic</a>, a leading figure of <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Polish Enlightenment</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a> (nowadays a museum)</figcaption></figure> <p>A small part of northern Greater Poland around the town of <a href="/wiki/Czaplinek" title="Czaplinek">Czaplinek</a> was lost to <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> in 1668. Bigger portions of Greater Poland were lost in the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>: the northern part with <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82cz" title="Wałcz">Wałcz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition</a> and the remainder, including the western part with <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzecz" title="Międzyrzecz">Międzyrzecz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wschowa" title="Wschowa">Wschowa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> times the Greater Poland territories formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, but after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> Prussia reclaimed them as part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a> (Poznań), later <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>. After <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span>, those parts of the former Province of Posen and of <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a> that were not restored as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> were administered as <a href="/wiki/Grenzmark_Posen-Westpreu%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen">Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen</a> (the German Province of Posen–West Prussia) until 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silesia">Silesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Silesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Silesia" title="History of Silesia">History of Silesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silesia_in_rt.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Silesia_in_rt.GIF/220px-Silesia_in_rt.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Silesia_in_rt.GIF/330px-Silesia_in_rt.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Silesia_in_rt.GIF/440px-Silesia_in_rt.GIF 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> (orange) in the "Recovered Territories" (green)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a> was one of the leading regions of medieval Poland. <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> was one of three main cities of the Medieval Polish Kingdom, according to the 12th-century chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_principum_Polonorum" title="Gesta principum Polonorum">Gesta principum Polonorum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_the_Bearded" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I the Bearded">Henry I the Bearded</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Town_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Town rights">town rights</a> for the first time in the history of Poland in 1211 to the Lower Silesian town of <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82otoryja" title="Złotoryja">Złotoryja</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Book of Henryków">Book of Henryków</a></i>, containing the oldest known written sentence in Polish, was created in Lower Silesia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Polish-language printed text was published in Wrocław by <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a>-born Kasper Elyan, who is regarded as the first Polish printer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burial sites of Polish monarchs are located in Wrocław, <a href="/wiki/Trzebnica" title="Trzebnica">Trzebnica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polskie-nazwy_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skich_miejscowosci_z_patentu_Fryderyka_II_1750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Polskie-nazwy_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skich_miejscowosci_z_patentu_Fryderyka_II_1750.jpg/220px-Polskie-nazwy_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skich_miejscowosci_z_patentu_Fryderyka_II_1750.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Polskie-nazwy_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skich_miejscowosci_z_patentu_Fryderyka_II_1750.jpg/330px-Polskie-nazwy_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skich_miejscowosci_z_patentu_Fryderyka_II_1750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Polskie-nazwy_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skich_miejscowosci_z_patentu_Fryderyka_II_1750.jpg/440px-Polskie-nazwy_%C5%9Bl%C4%85skich_miejscowosci_z_patentu_Fryderyka_II_1750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3773" data-file-height="3164" /></a><figcaption>Polish city names in Silesia; from a 1750 Prussian official document published in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Silesian Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Piast dukes continued to rule Silesia following the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmentation of Poland">fragmentation of Poland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Silesian Piasts</a> retained power in most of the region until the early 16th century, the last (<a href="/wiki/George_IV_William_of_Legnica" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV William of Legnica">George William</a>, duke of <a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a>) dying in 1675. Some Lower Silesian duchies were also under the rule of Polish <a href="/wiki/Jagiellons" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagiellons">Jagiellons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Duchy of Głogów">Głogów</a>) and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sobieski" title="House of Sobieski">Sobieskis</a> (<a href="/wiki/O%C5%82awa" title="Oława">Oława</a>), and part of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole" title="Duchy of Opole">Duchy of Opole</a>, found itself back under Polish rule in the mid-17th century, when the Habsburgs pawned the duchy to the Polish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław">Roman Catholic Diocese of Wrocław</a>, established in 1000 as one of Poland's oldest dioceses, remained a suffragan of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Gniezno" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Gniezno">Archbishopric of Gniezno</a> until 1821. </p><p>The first German colonists arrived in the late 12th century, and large-scale German settlement started in the early 13th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_the_Bearded" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I the Bearded">Henry I</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Duke of Silesia from 1201 to 1238). After the era of German colonisation, the Polish language still predominated in Upper Silesia and in parts of Lower and Middle Silesia north of the <a href="/wiki/Odra_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odra (Poland)">Odra river</a>. Here the Germans who arrived during the Middle Ages became mostly <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonized</a>; Germans dominated in large cities and Poles mostly in rural areas. The Polish-speaking territories of Lower and Middle <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, commonly described until the end of the 19th century as the <i>Polish side</i>, were mostly Germanized in the 18th and 19th centuries, except for some areas along the northeastern frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> in the 14th century and was briefly under <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian</a> rule in the 15th century. Silesia passed to the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> in 1526, and Prussia's <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> conquered most of it in 1742. A part of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> became part of Poland after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a>, but the bulk of Silesia formed part of the post-1945 Recovered Territories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warmia_and_Masuria">Warmia and Masuria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Warmia and Masuria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia (region)</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_Royal_Ducal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rzeczpospolita_Royal_Ducal.png/220px-Rzeczpospolita_Royal_Ducal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rzeczpospolita_Royal_Ducal.png/330px-Rzeczpospolita_Royal_Ducal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rzeczpospolita_Royal_Ducal.png/440px-Rzeczpospolita_Royal_Ducal.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monastic_state_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights">Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a> as a feudal fief of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Polish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of the Polish Kingdom">Polish Crown</a> (1466–1657). <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> was directly incorporated to the Polish state until the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> (1772)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_prussia_in_rt.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/East_prussia_in_rt.GIF/150px-East_prussia_in_rt.GIF" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/East_prussia_in_rt.GIF/225px-East_prussia_in_rt.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/East_prussia_in_rt.GIF/300px-East_prussia_in_rt.GIF 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Location of southern <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> (orange) and of the other "Recovered Territories" (green)</figcaption></figure> <p>The territories of <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> were originally inhabited by pagan <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, until the conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> in the 13th and 14th centuries. In order to repopulate the conquered areas, Poles from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a>, called Masurians (<i>Mazurzy</i>), were allowed to settle here (hence the name <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>). During an uprising against the Teutonic Order most towns of the region joined or sided with the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a>, at the request of which King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> signed the act of incorporation of the region into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385-1569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385-1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1454). After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Peace of Thorn">Second Peace of Thorn</a> (1466) <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> was confirmed to be incorporated to Poland, while <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> became part of a Polish <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>, first as part of the Teutonic state, and from 1525 as part of the secular <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a>. Then it would become one of the leading centers of Polish Lutheranism, while Warmia, under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">prince-bishops</a> remained one of the most overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> regions of Poland. </p><p>Polish suzerainty over <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> ended in 1657/1660 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a> and Warmia was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> (1772). Both regions formed the southern part of the province of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, established in 1773. </p><p>All of Warmia and most of Masuria remained part of Germany after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the re-establishment of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">independent Poland</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/1920_East_Prussian_plebiscite" title="1920 East Prussian plebiscite">1920 East Prussian Plebiscite</a>, the districts east of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> within the region of <a href="/wiki/Marienwerder_(region)" title="Marienwerder (region)">Marienwerder</a> (Kwidzyn), along with all of the <a href="/wiki/Allenstein_(region)" title="Allenstein (region)">Allenstein Region</a> (Olsztyn) and the district of Oletzko voted to be included within the province of East Prussia and thus became part of Weimar Germany. All of the region as the southern part of the province of East Prussia became part of Poland after World War II, with northern East Prussia going to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish_minorities_already_living_in_the_Recovered_Territories">Polish minorities already living in the Recovered Territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polish minorities already living in the Recovered Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piastenschloss_und_Schlossteich_in_Oppeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Piastenschloss_und_Schlossteich_in_Oppeln.jpg/220px-Piastenschloss_und_Schlossteich_in_Oppeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Piastenschloss_und_Schlossteich_in_Oppeln.jpg/330px-Piastenschloss_und_Schlossteich_in_Oppeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Piastenschloss_und_Schlossteich_in_Oppeln.jpg/440px-Piastenschloss_und_Schlossteich_in_Oppeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Piast Castle in <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a> before its destruction by the local German authorities between 1928 and 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a>, which unified many of the western Slavic tribes and ruled Poland from the 10th to the 14th centuries, ethnic Poles continued to live in these territories under foreign rule, including Bohemian, Hungarian, Austrian, Prussian, and from 1871 German, this despite the Germanization process (<i><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i>), which began in the 13th century with the arrival of German, Dutch and Flemish colonists to <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> at the behest of the feudal <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Silesian Piasts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Griffins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, in the 14th, 15th and 16th century many Polish settlers from <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a> migrated into the southern portions of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olsztyn,_dom_redakcji_%22Gazety_Olszty%C5%84skiej%22,_1987-1989.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Olsztyn%2C_dom_redakcji_%22Gazety_Olszty%C5%84skiej%22%2C_1987-1989.JPG/220px-Olsztyn%2C_dom_redakcji_%22Gazety_Olszty%C5%84skiej%22%2C_1987-1989.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Olsztyn%2C_dom_redakcji_%22Gazety_Olszty%C5%84skiej%22%2C_1987-1989.JPG/330px-Olsztyn%2C_dom_redakcji_%22Gazety_Olszty%C5%84skiej%22%2C_1987-1989.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Olsztyn%2C_dom_redakcji_%22Gazety_Olszty%C5%84skiej%22%2C_1987-1989.JPG/440px-Olsztyn%2C_dom_redakcji_%22Gazety_Olszty%C5%84skiej%22%2C_1987-1989.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The former headquarters of the pre-war Polish newspaper <i>Gazeta Olsztyńska</i> in <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, destroyed under Nazi rule in 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rebuilt in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the outbreak of war, regions of <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> still contained significant ethnic Polish populations, and in many areas the Poles constituted a majority of the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1939 Nazi <a href="/wiki/German_census" class="mw-redirect" title="German census">German census</a>, the territories were inhabited by 8,855,000 people, including a Polish minority in the territories' easternmost parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However these data, concerning ethnic minorities, that came from the census conducted during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> (Nazi Party) is usually not considered by historians and demographers as trustworthy but as drastically falsified.<sup id="cite_ref-Wysiedlenia,_wypędzenia_i_ucieczki_1939-1959_Atlas_ziem_polski_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wysiedlenia,_wypędzenia_i_ucieczki_1939-1959_Atlas_ziem_polski-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, while this German census placed the number of Polish-speakers and bilinguals below 700,000 people, Polish demographers have estimated that the actual number of Poles in the former German East was between 1.2<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1.3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1.2 million figure, approximately 850,000 were estimated for the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesian</a> regions, 350,000 for southern <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and 50,000 for the rest of the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under German rule, these communities faced discrimination and oppression.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1924, an association of national minorities was founded in Germany, also representing the Polish minority. Jan Baczewski from <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Landtag of Prussia</a>, initiated a law allowing the founding of schools for national minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, the Nazi government changed thousands of place-names (especially of cities and villages) of Polish origin to newly invented German place-names; about 50% of the existing names were changed in that year alone.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, undercover operatives were sent to spy on Polish communities. Information was gathered on who sent their children to Polish schools, or bought Polish books and newspapers. Polish schools, printing presses, headquarters of Polish institutions as well as private homes and shops owned by Poles were routinely attacked by members of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, thousands of Poles were <a href="/wiki/Ostarbeiter" title="Ostarbeiter">forcefully</a> migrated or voluntarily migrated to these lands during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>Also, small isolated enclaves of ethnic Poles could be found in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>. These included scattered villages which remained ethnically Polish and large cities such as <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> (<i>Breslau</i>), <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> (<i>Stettin</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a> (<i>Grünberg in Schlesien</i>) which contained small Polish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_post-war_population_according_to_1950_census">Origin of the post-war population according to 1950 census</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origin of the post-war population according to 1950 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kresowiacy1950.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kresowiacy1950.png/220px-Kresowiacy1950.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kresowiacy1950.png/330px-Kresowiacy1950.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kresowiacy1950.png/440px-Kresowiacy1950.png 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Share of Poles from <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> in the Recovered Territories by county.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. (In the case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their place of residence was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers.) Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. Many areas located near the pre-war German border were resettled by people from neighbouring borderland areas of pre-war Poland. For example, <a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">pre-war Polish Corridor</a> settled in nearby areas of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">German Pomerania</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Polish Pomerania</a>. People from the <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań region</a> of pre-war Poland settled in <a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">East Brandenburg</a>. People from <a href="/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia" title="East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a> moved into the rest of Silesia. And people from <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Masovia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Suwałki Region</a> moved into adjacent <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>. Poles expelled from <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">former Polish territories in the east</a> (today mainly parts of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>) settled in large numbers everywhere in the Recovered Territories (but many of them also settled in central Poland). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption> Origin of settlers and the number of autochthons in the Recovered Territories in 1950 (county data grouped based on pre-1939 administrative borders)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region (within 1939 borders): </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia" title="Province of Upper Silesia">West Upper Silesia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">East Brandenburg</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">West Pomerania</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City Danzig</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">South East Prussia</a> </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Autochthons</a> (1939 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a>/<a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a> citizens) </td> <td>789,716 </td> <td>120,885 </td> <td>14,809 </td> <td>70,209 </td> <td>35,311 </td> <td>134,702 </td> <td>1,165,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish expellees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>) </td> <td>232,785 </td> <td>696,739 </td> <td>187,298 </td> <td>250,091 </td> <td>55,599 </td> <td>172,480 </td> <td>1,594,992 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poles from abroad except the USSR </td> <td>24,772 </td> <td>91,395 </td> <td>10,943 </td> <td>18,607 </td> <td>2,213 </td> <td>5,734 </td> <td>153,664 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city_of_Warsaw_(1919%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital city of Warsaw (1919–39)">City of Warsaw</a> </td> <td>11,333 </td> <td>61,862 </td> <td>8,600 </td> <td>37,285 </td> <td>19,322 </td> <td>22,418 </td> <td>160,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Warsaw region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Masovia</a>) </td> <td>7,019 </td> <td>69,120 </td> <td>16,926 </td> <td>73,936 </td> <td>22,574 </td> <td>158,953 </td> <td>348,528 </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Białystok region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Region" title="Suwałki Region">Sudovia</a> </td> <td>2,229 </td> <td>23,515 </td> <td>3,772 </td> <td>16,081 </td> <td>7,638 </td> <td>102,634 </td> <td>155,869 </td></tr> <tr> <td>From <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">pre-war Polish Pomerania</a> </td> <td>5,444 </td> <td>54,564 </td> <td>19,191 </td> <td>145,854 </td> <td>72,847 </td> <td>83,921 </td> <td>381,821 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań region</a> </td> <td>8,936 </td> <td>172,163 </td> <td>88,427 </td> <td>81,215 </td> <td>10,371 </td> <td>7,371 </td> <td>368,483 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Katowice region (<a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">East Upper Silesia</a>) </td> <td>91,011 </td> <td>66,362 </td> <td>4,725 </td> <td>11,869 </td> <td>2,982 </td> <td>2,536 </td> <td>179,485 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">City of Łódź</a> </td> <td>1,250 </td> <td>16,483 </td> <td>2,377 </td> <td>8,344 </td> <td>2,850 </td> <td>1,666 </td> <td>32,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Łódź region</a> </td> <td>13,046 </td> <td>96,185 </td> <td>22,954 </td> <td>76,128 </td> <td>7,465 </td> <td>6,919 </td> <td>222,697 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Kielce_Voivodeship" title="Kielce Voivodeship">Kielce region</a> </td> <td>16,707 </td> <td>141,748 </td> <td>14,203 </td> <td>78,340 </td> <td>16,252 </td> <td>20,878 </td> <td>288,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Lublin region</a> </td> <td>7,600 </td> <td>70,622 </td> <td>19,250 </td> <td>81,167 </td> <td>19,002 </td> <td>60,313 </td> <td>257,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Kraków region</a> </td> <td>60,987 </td> <td>156,920 </td> <td>12,587 </td> <td>18,237 </td> <td>5,278 </td> <td>5,515 </td> <td>259,524 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resettlers from <a href="/wiki/Podkarpackie_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Podkarpackie Voivodeship">Rzeszów region</a> </td> <td>23,577 </td> <td>110,188 </td> <td>13,147 </td> <td>57,965 </td> <td>6,200 </td> <td>47,626 </td> <td>258,703 </td></tr> <tr> <td>place of residence in 1939 unknown </td> <td>36,834 </td> <td>26,586 </td> <td>5,720 </td> <td>17,891 </td> <td>6,559 </td> <td>13,629 </td> <td>107,219 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total pop. in December 1950 </th> <th>1,333,246 </th> <th>1,975,337 </th> <th>444,929 </th> <th>1,043,219 </th> <th>292,463 </th> <th>847,295 </th> <th>5,936,489 </th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polonization_of_the_Recovered_Territories">Polonization of the Recovered Territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Polonization of the Recovered Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marking_Polish-German_Border_in_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Marking_Polish-German_Border_in_1945.jpg/220px-Marking_Polish-German_Border_in_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Marking_Polish-German_Border_in_1945.jpg/330px-Marking_Polish-German_Border_in_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Marking_Polish-German_Border_in_1945.jpg/440px-Marking_Polish-German_Border_in_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Polish soldiers marking the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">new Polish-German border</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The People's Republic had to locate its population inside the new frontiers in order to solidify the hold over the territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> annexed by the Soviet Union, Poland was effectively <a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial changes of Poland after World War II">moved westwards</a> and its area reduced by almost 20% (from 389,000 to 312,000 km<sup>2</sup> (150,194 to 120,464 sq mi)).<sup id="cite_ref-Parrish_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parrish-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of non-Poles – mainly Germans from the Recovered Territories, as well as some Ukrainians in the east – were to be expelled from the new Poland, while large numbers of Poles needed to be resettled having been expelled from the Kresy. The expellees were termed <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">"repatriates"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was the largest exchange of population in European history.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The picture of the new western and northern territories being recovered Piast territory was used to forge Polish settlers and "repatriates" arriving there into a coherent community loyal to the new regime,<sup id="cite_ref-soccap79_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soccap79-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to justify the removal of the German inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely excepted from the <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">expulsions of Germans</a> were the "<a href="/wiki/Autochthons" class="mw-redirect" title="Autochthons">autochthons</a>", close to three million ethnically Polish/Slavic inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Masurs">Masurs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a>). The Polish government aimed to retain as many autochthons as possible, as their presence on <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former German territory</a> was used to indicate the intrinsic "Polishness" of the area and justify its incorporation into the Polish state as "recovered" territories.<sup id="cite_ref-cadmus.iue.it_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadmus.iue.it-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Verification" and "national rehabilitation" processes were set up to reveal a "dormant Polishness" and determine who was redeemable as a Polish citizen. Few were actually expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-cadmus.iue.it_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadmus.iue.it-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "autochthons" not only disliked the subjective and often arbitrary verification process, but they also faced discrimination even after completing it,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the Polonization of their names.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz region</a> (former <a href="/wiki/East_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="East Brandenburg">East Brandenburg</a>), the local authorities conceded already in 1948 that what the PZZ claimed to be a recovered "autochton" Polish population were in fact Germanized migrant workers, who had settled in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries – with the exception of one village, <a href="/wiki/Babimost" title="Babimost">Babimost</a>, just across the pre-war border.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Great efforts were made to propagate the view of the <a href="/wiki/Piast_Concept" title="Piast Concept">Piast Concept</a>. It was actively supported by the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sciences were responsible for the development of this perception of history. In 1945 the <a href="/wiki/Western_Institute" title="Western Institute">Western Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Instytut Zachodni</i>) was founded to coordinate the scientific activities. Its director, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Wojciechowski" title="Zygmunt Wojciechowski">Zygmunt Wojciechowski</a>, characterized his mission as an effort to present the Polish history of the region, and project current Polish reality of these countries upon a historical background.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical scientists, archaeologists, linguists, art historians and ethnologists worked in an interdisciplinary effort to legitimize the new borders.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p._281_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p._281-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their findings were popularised in monographs, periodicals, schoolbooks, travel guides, broadcasts and exhibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official maps were drawn showing that the Polish frontiers under the first known Piast princes matched the new ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, the young post-war generation received education informing them that the boundaries of the People's Republic were the same as those on which the Polish nation had developed for centuries. Furthermore, they were instructed that the Polish "Motherland" has always been in the same location, even when "occupied" for long periods of time by foreigners or as political boundaries shifted.<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_Davies_2005,_pp.386_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_Davies_2005,_pp.386-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Recovered Territories had been under German and Prussian rule for many centuries, many events of this history were perceived as part of "foreign" rather than "local" history in post-war Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish scholars thus concentrated on the Polish aspects of the territories: medieval Piast history of the region, the cultural, political and economic bonds to Poland, the history of the Polish-speaking population in Prussia and the "Drang nach Osten" as a historical constant since the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p._281_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p._281-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 652px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oder-neisse.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-1945 administrative division (yellow)"><img alt="Pre-1945 administrative division (yellow)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oder-neisse.gif/120px-Oder-neisse.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oder-neisse.gif/180px-Oder-neisse.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oder-neisse.gif/240px-Oder-neisse.gif 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Pre-1945 administrative division</a> (yellow)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POLSKA_14-03-1945.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Projected Polish administration (Okreg I-IV) in March, 1945"><img alt="Projected Polish administration (Okreg I-IV) in March, 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/POLSKA_14-03-1945.png/120px-POLSKA_14-03-1945.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/POLSKA_14-03-1945.png/180px-POLSKA_14-03-1945.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/POLSKA_14-03-1945.png/240px-POLSKA_14-03-1945.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Projected Polish administration (Okreg I-IV) in March, 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POLSKA_28-06-1946.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Integration into the Voivodeships of Poland as of June, 1946"><img alt="Integration into the Voivodeships of Poland as of June, 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POLSKA_28-06-1946.png/120px-POLSKA_28-06-1946.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POLSKA_28-06-1946.png/180px-POLSKA_28-06-1946.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/POLSKA_28-06-1946.png/240px-POLSKA_28-06-1946.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Integration into the <a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeships of Poland</a> as of June, 1946</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_and_Western_Territories.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Present-day administrative division of Poland, Western and Northern Lands in dark green"><img alt="Present-day administrative division of Poland, Western and Northern Lands in dark green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Northern_and_Western_Territories.PNG/120px-Northern_and_Western_Territories.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Northern_and_Western_Territories.PNG/180px-Northern_and_Western_Territories.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Northern_and_Western_Territories.PNG/240px-Northern_and_Western_Territories.PNG 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Present-day administrative division of Poland</a>, Western and Northern Lands in dark green</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_of_Germans_and_traces_of_German_habitation">Removal of Germans and traces of German habitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Removal of Germans and traces of German habitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Settling_of_Place_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for Settling of Place Names">Committee for Settling of Place Names</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Poland_to_Germany_after_World_War_II" title="Emigration from Poland to Germany after World War II">Emigration from Poland to Germany after World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamek_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_0055.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zamek_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_0055.JPG/170px-Zamek_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_0055.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zamek_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_0055.JPG/255px-Zamek_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_0055.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zamek_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_0055.JPG/340px-Zamek_Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC_0055.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The baroque interior of the <a href="/wiki/Abbatia_Lubensis_abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbatia Lubensis abbey">Lubiąż abbey</a> was removed and transferred to <a href="/wiki/St%C4%99%C5%BCyca,_Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Stężyca, Lublin Voivodeship">Stężyca</a>, in eastern Poland in order to replace church stalls destroyed by the Germans.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist authorities of the Polish People's Republic and some Polish citizens desired to erase all traces of German rule.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Recovered Territories" after the transfer still contained a substantial German population. The Polish administration set up a "Ministry for the Recovered Territories", headed by the then deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_2000,_p.167_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_2000,_p.167-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "Bureau for Repatriation" was to supervise and organize the expulsions and resettlements. According to the national census of 14 February 1946, the population of Poland still included 2,288,300 Germans, of which 2,036,439—nearly 89 per cent—lived in the <i>Recovered Territories</i>. By this stage Germans still constituted more than 42 per cent of the inhabitants of these regions, since their total population according to the 1946 census was 4,822,075.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1950 there were only 200,000 Germans remaining in Poland, and by 1957 that number fell to 65,000.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the estimates of how many Germans remained vary, a constant German exodus took place even after the expulsions. Between 1956 and 1985, 407,000 people from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and about 100,000 from <a href="/wiki/Warmia-Masuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmia-Masuria">Warmia-Masuria</a> declared German nationality and left for Germany. In the early 1990s, after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945-1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1945-1989)">Polish Communist regime had collapsed</a> 300,000-350,000 people declared themselves German.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">flight and expulsion of the remaining Germans</a> in the first post-war years presaged a broader campaign to remove signs of former German rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Curp83_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curp83-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 30,000 German placenames were replaced with Polish<sup id="cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan_Diner_p.164-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Polonized medieval Slavic ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.344_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.344-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cordell_1999-2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell_1999-2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous Slavic and Polish names used before German settlements had been established; in the cases when one was absent either the German name was translated or new names were invented.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1946, a <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Settling_of_Place_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for Settling of Place Names">Committee for Settling of Place Names</a> was set up to assign new official toponyms.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshioka_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshioka-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German language was banned from public schools, government media and church services.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan_Diner_p.164-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cordell_1999-2_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell_1999-2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many German monuments, graveyards, buildings or entire ensembles of buildings were demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objects of art were moved to other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German inscriptions were erased, including those on religious objects, in churches and in cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Curp83_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curp83-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ziemia_Lubuska" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziemia Lubuska">Ziemia Lubuska</a> "Socialist competitions" were organized to search and destroy final German traces.<sup id="cite_ref-Curp83_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curp83-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian John Kulczycki argues that the Communist authorities discovered that forging an ethnically homogeneous Poland in the Recovered Territories was quite complicated, for it was difficult to differentiate German speakers who were "really" Polish and those who were not. The government used criteria that involved explicit links to Polish ethnicity, as well the person's conduct. Local verification commissions had wide latitude in determining who was or was not Polish and should remain. Their decisions were based on the nationalist assumption that an individual's national identity is a lifetime "ascriptive" characteristic acquired at birth and not easily changed. However people who "betrayed" their Polish heritage by their political words or actions were excluded from the Polish nation. Everyone else was labelled as "Polish" and had to remain in their "native" land – even if they wanted to emigrate to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resettlement_of_the_Territories">Resettlement of the Territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Resettlement of the Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Poles_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)">Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Poles_(1955%E2%80%931959)" title="Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)">Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MamaligaBranza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MamaligaBranza.JPG/220px-MamaligaBranza.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MamaligaBranza.JPG/330px-MamaligaBranza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MamaligaBranza.JPG/440px-MamaligaBranza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83m%C4%83lig%C4%83" title="Mămăligă">Mămăligă</a> is a dish which was very popular with Poles in <a href="/wiki/East_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="East Galicia">East Galicia</a>. People from these areas who resettled in the Recovered Territories brought this and other culinary traditions with them to their new homes.</figcaption></figure> <p>People from all over Poland quickly moved in to replace the former German population in a process parallel to the expulsions, with the first settlers arriving in March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Curp42_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curp42-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These settlers took over farms and villages close to the pre-war frontier while the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> was still advancing.<sup id="cite_ref-Curp42_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curp42-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the settlers, other Poles went for "szaber" or looting expeditions, soon affecting all <a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curp42_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curp42-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 March 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)">Gdańsk Voivodeship</a> was established as the first administrative Polish unit in the "recovered" territories.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Germans were interned and expelled, close to 5 million settlers<sup id="cite_ref-Cordell168_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell168-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were either attracted or forced to settle the areas between 1945 and 1950. An additional 1,104,000 people had declared Polish nationality and were allowed to stay (851,000 of those in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>), bringing up the number of Poles to 5,894,600 as of 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlers can be grouped according to their background: </p> <ul><li>settlers from Central Poland moving voluntarily (the majority)<sup id="cite_ref-Cordell168_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell168-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poles that had been freed from <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor in Nazi Germany">forced labor in Nazi Germany</a> (up to two million)<sup id="cite_ref-Cordell168_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell168-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann142_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann142-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>so-called <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">"repatriants"</a>: Poles expelled from the areas east of the new Polish-Soviet border were preferably settled in the new western territories, where they made up 26% of the population (up to two million)<sup id="cite_ref-Cordell168_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell168-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann142_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann142-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>non-Poles forcibly resettled during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a> in 1947. Large numbers of Ukrainians were forced to move from south-eastern Poland under a 1947 Polish government operation aimed at dispersing, and therefore assimilating, those Ukrainians who had not been expelled eastward already, throughout the newly acquired territories. Belarusians living around the area around Białystok were also pressured into relocating to the formerly German areas for the same reasons. This scattering of members of non-Polish ethnic groups throughout the country was an attempt by the Polish authorities to dissolve the unique ethnic identity of groups like the Ukrainians, Belarusians and <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and broke the proximity and communication necessary for strong communities to form.</li> <li>Tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>-survivors, most of them "<a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">repatriates</a>" from the East, settled mostly in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, creating Jewish cooperatives and institutions – the largest communities were founded in <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> (Breslau, Lower Silesia), <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> (Stettin, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a> (Waldenburg, Lower Silesia).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However most of them left Poland in 1968 due to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_1968_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 1968 political crisis">Polish 1968 political crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Poland" title="Greeks in Poland">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">refugees of the Greek Civil War</a> (around 10,000 people)<sup id="cite_ref-GRE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-31051-0009,_VIII._Friedensfahrt,_Grenz%C3%BCberfahrt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white photograph showing a group of cyclists, with a banner above them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-31051-0009%2C_VIII._Friedensfahrt%2C_Grenz%C3%BCberfahrt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-31051-0009%2C_VIII._Friedensfahrt%2C_Grenz%C3%BCberfahrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-31051-0009%2C_VIII._Friedensfahrt%2C_Grenz%C3%BCberfahrt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-31051-0009%2C_VIII._Friedensfahrt%2C_Grenz%C3%BCberfahrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-31051-0009%2C_VIII._Friedensfahrt%2C_Grenz%C3%BCberfahrt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-31051-0009%2C_VIII._Friedensfahrt%2C_Grenz%C3%BCberfahrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>"The 10th stage, <a href="/wiki/Zgorzelec" title="Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, leads you through primeval Polish lands." Photograph from the June 1955 <a href="/wiki/Peace_Race" title="Peace Race">Peace Race</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Polish and Soviet newspapers and officials encouraged Poles to relocate to the west – "the land of opportunity".<sup id="cite_ref-Cordell168_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cordell168-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new territories were described as a place where opulent villas abandoned by fleeing Germans waited for the brave; fully furnished houses and businesses were available for the taking. In fact, the areas were devastated by the war, the infrastructure largely destroyed, suffering high crime rates and looting by gangs. It took years for civil order to be established. </p><p>In 1970, the Polish population of the Northern and Western territories for the first time caught up to the pre-war population level (8,711,900 in 1970 vs 8,855,000 in 1939). In the same year, the population of the other Polish areas also reached its pre-war level (23,930,100 in 1970 vs 23,483,000 in 1939).<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt_2003-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the population of the territories is predominantly Polish, although a small German minority still exists in a few places, including <a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole Voivodeship</a> (the area of <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strzelce_Opolskie" title="Strzelce Opolskie">Strzelce Opolskie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prudnik" title="Prudnik">Prudnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle" title="Kędzierzyn-Koźle">Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krapkowice" title="Krapkowice">Krapkowice</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_the_Recovered_Territories_in_the_Communists'_rise_to_power"><span id="Role_of_the_Recovered_Territories_in_the_Communists.27_rise_to_power"></span>Role of the Recovered Territories in the Communists' rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role of the Recovered Territories in the Communists' rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0115-0010-058,_Berlin,_VI._SED-Parteitag,_1.Tag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0115-0010-058%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_1.Tag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0115-0010-058%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_1.Tag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0115-0010-058%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_1.Tag.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0115-0010-058%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_1.Tag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0115-0010-058%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_1.Tag.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B0115-0010-058%2C_Berlin%2C_VI._SED-Parteitag%2C_1.Tag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a> (center), minister in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> who oversaw the integration and development of the Recovered Territories between 1945 and 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>The Communist government, not democratically legitimized, sought to legitimize itself through anti-German propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_2000,_p.167_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karl_Cordell_2000,_p.167-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German "revanchism" was played up as a permanent German threat, with the Communists being the only guarantors and defenders of Poland's continued possession of the "Recovered Territories". Gomułka asserted that: </p> <blockquote><p>The western territories are one of the reasons the government has the support of the people. This neutralizes various elements and brings people together. Westward expansion and agricultural reform will bind the nation with the state. Any retreat would weaken our domestic position.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan_Diner_p.164-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The redistribution of "ownerless property" among the people by the regime brought it broad-based popular sympathy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan_Diner_p.164-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Second World War, the Soviet Union annexed the Polish territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>—located east of the <a href="/wiki/Curzon_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Curzon line">Curzon line</a>—and encouraged or forced ethnic minorities in these parts of Poland, including ethnic Poles, to move west. In the framework of the campaign, Soviets exhibited posters in public places with messages such as,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Western territories. Eldorado. In bloody battles, the Polish soldier has liberated very old Polish territories. Polish territory for Poland. 5,000 lorries are available to bring settlers to the west.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status_of_the_territories">Legal status of the territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legal status of the territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zgorzelec_190906_15_dom_kulturny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zgorzelec_190906_15_dom_kulturny.jpg/220px-Zgorzelec_190906_15_dom_kulturny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zgorzelec_190906_15_dom_kulturny.jpg/330px-Zgorzelec_190906_15_dom_kulturny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Zgorzelec_190906_15_dom_kulturny.jpg/440px-Zgorzelec_190906_15_dom_kulturny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Municipal House of Culture in <a href="/wiki/Zgorzelec" title="Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a>, place of signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Treaty of Zgorzelec</a> in 1950</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the official position in the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> was that the concluding document of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> was not an international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>, but a mere <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It regulated the issue of the German eastern border, which was to be the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a>, but the final article of the memorandum said that the final status of the German state and therefore its territories were subject to a separate peace treaty between Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>. During the period from 1945 to 1990 two treaties between Poland and both <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> were signed concerning the German-Polish border. In 1950, the German Democratic Republic and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Treaty of Zgorzelec</a>, recognizing the Oder-Neisse line, officially designated by the Communists as the "Border of Peace and Friendship".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 December 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> between the Federal Republic of Germany and Poland was signed concerning the Polish western border. Both sides committed themselves to nonviolence and accepted the existing <i>de facto</i> border—the Oder-Neisse line. However a final treaty was not signed until 1990 as the "<a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_With_Respect_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany</a>". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0905_Border_POL_GER_873.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/0905_Border_POL_GER_873.JPG/220px-0905_Border_POL_GER_873.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/0905_Border_POL_GER_873.JPG/330px-0905_Border_POL_GER_873.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/0905_Border_POL_GER_873.JPG/440px-0905_Border_POL_GER_873.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3095" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>Boundary stones of Germany and Poland in the <a href="/wiki/Ueckerm%C3%BCnde_Heath" title="Ueckermünde Heath">Ueckermünde Heath</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the Treaty on the Final Settlement, the West German government regarded the status of the German territories east of the Oder-Neisse rivers as that of areas "temporarily under Polish or Soviet administration". To facilitate wide international acceptance of <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990, the German political establishment recognized the "<a href="/wiki/Facts_on_the_ground" title="Facts on the ground">facts on the ground</a>" and accepted the clauses in the Treaty on the Final Settlement whereby Germany renounced all claims to territory east of the Oder-Neisse line. This allowed the treaty to be negotiated quickly and for unification of democratic West Germany and socialist East Germany to go ahead quickly. </p><p>In accordance with a duty imposed on Germany by the Treaty on the Final Settlement, in the same year, 1990, Germany signed a separate treaty with Poland, the <a href="/wiki/German-Polish_Border_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Polish Border Treaty">German-Polish Border Treaty</a>, confirming the two countries' present borders. </p><p>The signature and ratification of the border treaty between Germany and Poland formalized in international law the recognition of the existing border and put an end to all qualified German claims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_question" title="Kaliningrad question">Kaliningrad question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Former eastern territories of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial changes of Poland after World War II">Territorial changes of Poland after World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Territorial evolution of Poland">Territorial evolution of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_A_and_B" title="Poland A and B">Poland A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D3IDT1RmI38C&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+propaganda&pg=PA215"><i>Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw During the Century of Expulsions, pp 215</i></a>. Princeton University Press. 8 August 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400839964" title="Special:BookSources/9781400839964"><bdi>9781400839964</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518044750/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Uprooted/D3IDT1RmI38C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+propaganda&pg=PA215&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uprooted%3A+How+Breslau+Became+Wroclaw+During+the+Century+of+Expulsions%2C+pp+215&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.isbn=9781400839964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD3IDT1RmI38C%26dq%3D%2522recovered%2Bterritories%2522%2Bpropaganda%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Curp2006" class="citation book cs1">David Curp, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+propaganda&pg=PA67"><i>A Clean Sweep?: The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing in Western Poland, 1945-1960</i></a>. University Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580462389" title="Special:BookSources/9781580462389"><bdi>9781580462389</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518044750/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Clean_Sweep/ARxnK1u_WOEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+propaganda&pg=PA67&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Clean+Sweep%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+Western+Poland%2C+1945-1960&rft.pub=University+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781580462389&rft.aulast=David+Curp&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARxnK1u_WOEC%26dq%3D%2522recovered%2Bterritories%2522%2Bpropaganda%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2013" class="citation web cs1">Hammer, Eric (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/13702">"Ms. Livni, Remember the Recovered Territories. There is an historical precedent for a workable solution"</a>. <i>Arutz Sheva</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023111638/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/13702">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=Ms.+Livni%2C+Remember+the+Recovered+Territories.+There+is+an+historical+precedent+for+a+workable+solution.&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FArticles%2FArticle.aspx%2F13702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinhold1887" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weinhold, Karl (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Die Verbreitung und die Herkunft der Deutschen in Schlesien</i></a> (in German). Stuttgart: Verlag von J. Engelhorn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Verbreitung+und+die+Herkunft+der+Deutschen+in+Schlesien&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Verlag+von+J.+Engelhorn&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Weinhold&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_CqpCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRE-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRE_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojecki1999" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wojecki, Mieczysław (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakorzenianie.most.org.pl/za6/02.htm">"Przemiany demograficzne społeczności greckiej na Ziemi Lubuskiej w latach 1953–1998"</a> [Demographics of the Greek community in Lubusz Land in the years 1953–1998], <i>Zakorzenienie</i> (in Polish), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617001311/http://zakorzenianie.most.org.pl/za6/02.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zakorzenienie&rft.atitle=Przemiany+demograficzne+spo%C5%82eczno%C5%9Bci+greckiej+na+Ziemi+Lubuskiej+w+latach+1953%E2%80%931998&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wojecki&rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzakorzenianie.most.org.pl%2Fza6%2F02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._M._Douglas" class="citation book cs1">R. M. Douglas. <i>Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War</i>. Yale University Press. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orderly+and+Humane.+The+Expulsion+of+the+Germans+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.au=R.+M.+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Ustaw" title="Dziennik Ustaw">Dziennik Ustaw</a></i> 1938 no. 78 item 533.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neires466-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neires466_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An explanation note in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_49GjK8ovMC&pg=PA466"><i>"The Neighbors Respond: The Controversy Over the Jedwabne Massacre in Poland"</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305233642/https://books.google.com.au/books?id=a_49GjK8ovMC&pg=PA466&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_2&sig=jMhtaVsIbLmsC_LA07eB0mYV158">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ed. by Polonsky and Michlic, p. 466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_K._Roberts,_Patricia_Hogwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey K. Roberts, Patricia Hogwood (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847790323" title="Special:BookSources/9781847790323"><bdi>9781847790323</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310081925/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q40tDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+Today+Companion+to+West+European+Politics&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781847790323&rft.au=Geoffrey+K.+Roberts%2C+Patricia+Hogwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ40tDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Stefan_Wandycz1980" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC"><i>The United States and Poland</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674926851" title="Special:BookSources/9780674926851"><bdi>9780674926851</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310081926/https://books.google.com/books?id=_XaFaNshCrkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Poland&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780674926851&rft.au=Piotr+Stefan+Wandycz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XaFaNshCrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_A._Bühler1990" class="citation book cs1">Phillip A. Bühler (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riBpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law</i></a>. East European Monographs. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880331746" title="Special:BookSources/9780880331746"><bdi>9780880331746</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310081456/https://books.google.com/books?id=riBpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oder-Neisse+Line%3A+a+reappraisal+under+international+law&rft.series=East+European+Monographs&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780880331746&rft.au=Phillip+A.+B%C3%BChler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriBpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_pp.207-208-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_pp.207-208_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic, <i>Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present</i>, 2006, pp. 207–208, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3240-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3240-3">0-8032-3240-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3240-2">978-0-8032-3240-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_Davies_2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_2005_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, <i>God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes</i>, 2005, pp. 381ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4">0-19-925340-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1">978-0-19-925340-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geoffrey_Hosking_1997,_p.153_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Hosking, George Schopflin, <i>Myths and Nationhood</i>, 1997, p. 153, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91974-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-91974-6">0-415-91974-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91974-6">978-0-415-91974-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan_Kubik_1994,_pp.64-65-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Kubik_1994,_pp.64-65_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Kubik, <i>The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland</i>, 1994, pp. 64–65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01084-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01084-3">0-271-01084-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01084-7">978-0-271-01084-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Kubik, <i>The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland</i>, 1994, pp. 65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01084-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01084-3">0-271-01084-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01084-7">978-0-271-01084-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfred_M_p.168-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfred_M_p.168_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfred_M_p.168_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred M. De Zayas, <i>Nemesis at Potsdam</i>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimniak2007" class="citation book cs1">Zimniak, Pawel (2007). "Im Schatten des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Machtverhältnisse und Erinnerungsinteressen beim Umgang mit dem Deprivationsphänomen in der deutsch-polnischen Öffentlichkeit". In Glunz, Claudia; Pełka, Artur; Schneider, Thomas F (eds.). <i>Information Warfare</i>. Osnabrück/Göttingen: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Osnabrück">University of Osnabrück</a>/V&R unipress. pp. <span class="nowrap">547–</span>562, 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-391-6"><bdi>978-3-89971-391-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Im+Schatten+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges.+Machtverh%C3%A4ltnisse+und+Erinnerungsinteressen+beim+Umgang+mit+dem+Deprivationsph%C3%A4nomen+in+der+deutsch-polnischen+%C3%96ffentlichkeit&rft.btitle=Information+Warfare&rft.place=Osnabr%C3%BCck%2FG%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E562%2C+556&rft.pub=University+of+Osnabr%C3%BCck%2FV%26R+unipress&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89971-391-6&rft.aulast=Zimniak&rft.aufirst=Pawel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dmitrow-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dmitrow_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmitrow2000" class="citation book cs1">Dmitrow, Edmund (2000). "Vergangenheitspolitik in Polen 1945-1989". In Borodziej, Wlodzimierz; Ziemer, Klaus (eds.). <i>Deutsch-polnische Beziehungen 1939 - 1945 - 1949</i>. Osnabrück. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>264, 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vergangenheitspolitik+in+Polen+1945-1989&rft.btitle=Deutsch-polnische+Beziehungen+1939+-+1945+-+1949&rft.place=Osnabr%C3%BCck&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E264%2C+250&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dmitrow&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> As cited by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimniak2007" class="citation book cs1">Zimniak, Pawel (2007). "Im Schatten des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Machtverhältnisse und Erinnerungsinteressen beim Umgang mit dem Deprivationsphänomen in der deutsch-polnischen Öffentlichkeit". In Glunz, Claudia; Pełka, Artur; Schneider, Thomas F (eds.). <i>Information Warfare</i>. Osnabrück/Göttingen: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Osnabrück">University of Osnabrück</a>/V&R unipress. pp. <span class="nowrap">547–</span>562, 556, 562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-391-6"><bdi>978-3-89971-391-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Im+Schatten+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges.+Machtverh%C3%A4ltnisse+und+Erinnerungsinteressen+beim+Umgang+mit+dem+Deprivationsph%C3%A4nomen+in+der+deutsch-polnischen+%C3%96ffentlichkeit&rft.btitle=Information+Warfare&rft.place=Osnabr%C3%BCck%2FG%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E547-%3C%2Fspan%3E562%2C+556%2C+562&rft.pub=University+of+Osnabr%C3%BCck%2FV%26R+unipress&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-89971-391-6&rft.aulast=Zimniak&rft.aufirst=Pawel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rick_Fawn_2003,_p.190_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rick Fawn, <i>Ideology and national identity in post-communist foreign policies</i>, 2003, p. 190, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5517-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5517-1">0-7146-5517-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5517-8">978-0-7146-5517-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_p.208-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_p.208_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joanna_B._Michlic_2006,_p.208_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna B. Michlic, <i>Poland's Threatening Other: The Image of the Jew from 1880 to the Present</i>, 2006, p. 208, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3240-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3240-3">0-8032-3240-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3240-2">978-0-8032-3240-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jan_Kubik_1994,_p.65-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Kubik_1994,_p.65_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jan_Kubik_1994,_p.65_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Kubik, <i>The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland</i>, 1994, p. 65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01084-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01084-3">0-271-01084-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01084-7">978-0-271-01084-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._M._Douglas" class="citation book cs1">R. M. Douglas. <i>Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War</i>. Yale University Press. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orderly+and+Humane.+The+Expulsion+of+the+Germans+after+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.au=R.+M.+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, <i>Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948</i>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_Davies_2005,_pp.386-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_2005,_pp.386_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Davies_2005,_pp.386_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, <i>God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes</i>, 2005, p. 386, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4">0-19-925340-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1">978-0-19-925340-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.298-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.298_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.298_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, p. 298, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_Capital_51-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Social_Capital_51_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Åberg, Mikael Sandberg, <i>Social Capital and Democratisation: Roots of Trust in Post-Communist Poland and Ukraine</i>, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-1936-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-1936-2">0-7546-1936-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1nPLTUhscC&pg=PA51">Google Print, p. 51</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704122229/http://books.google.com/books?id=uy1nPLTUhscC&pg=PA51&sig=ln5zKXKfbZSpr1Uy8Ad8AB4-1Oc">Archived</a> 2014-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordell_2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cordell_2005_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Cordell, Stefan Wolff (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WCjxIMz0o8QC&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+1945+value&pg=PA139"><i>Germany's Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic: Ostpolitik Revisited</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704193346/http://books.google.com/books?id=WCjxIMz0o8QC&pg=PA139&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+1945+value&lr=&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U3RuDJCYlEz34sYEVTrRFFMcQTFSg">Archived</a> 2014-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p. 139. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36974-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36974-6">0-415-36974-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36974-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36974-9">978-0-415-36974-9</a>. "In addition ... it has been relatively easy for Polish historians and others to attempt to debunk communist historiography and present a more balanced analysis of the past – and not only with respect to Germany. It has been controversial, and often painful, but nevertheless it has been done. For example, Poland's acquisition in 1945 of eastern German territories is increasingly presented as the price Germany paid for launching a total war, and then having lost it totally. The 'recovered territories' thesis previously applied in almost equal measures by the communists and Catholic Church has been discarded. Some circles freely admit that on the whole, 'the recovered territories' in fact had a wholly German character. The extent to which this fact transmitted to groups other than the socially and politically engaged is a matter of debate."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krzysztof Kwaśniewski, <i>Smutek anegdot</i>, 2010, p. 93, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-86944-75-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-86944-75-0">978-83-86944-75-0</a>, also his previous work <i>Adaptacja i integracja kulturowa ludności Śląska po drugiej wojnie światowej</i> 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kodeks dyplomatyczny Wielkopolski, t. III nr 1709, p. 425–426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historia_Ustroju_i_Prawa_Polskiego-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Historia_Ustroju_i_Prawa_Polskiego_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliusz_Bardach,_Bogusław_Leśnodorski,_Michał_Pietrzak2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_Bardach" title="Juliusz Bardach">Juliusz Bardach</a>, Bogusław Leśnodorski, Michał Pietrzak (2001). <a href="/wiki/Lexis_Nexis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexis Nexis">Lexis Nexis</a> (ed.). <i>Historia Ustroju i Prawa Polskiego</i> (in Polish). Warszawa. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-88296-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/83-88296-02-7"><bdi>83-88296-02-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Ustroju+i+Prawa+Polskiego&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=83-88296-02-7&rft.au=Juliusz+Bardach%2C+Bogus%C5%82aw+Le%C5%9Bnodorski%2C+Micha%C5%82+Pietrzak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreilich1918" class="citation book cs1">Freilich, Joseph (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalcond01commgoog"><i>Fundamental Conditions of the Economic Independence of Poland</i></a>. Chicago: Polish National Defense Committee. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalcond01commgoog/page/n93">88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Conditions+of+the+Economic+Independence+of+Poland&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Polish+National+Defense+Committee&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Freilich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalcond01commgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreilich1918" class="citation book cs1">Freilich, Joseph (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalcond01commgoog"><i>Fundamental Conditions of the Economic Independence of Poland</i></a>. Chicago: Polish National Defense Committee. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalcond01commgoog/page/n98">93</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Conditions+of+the+Economic+Independence+of+Poland&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Polish+National+Defense+Committee&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Freilich&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalcond01commgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs1932" class="citation book cs1">Fuchs, Werner (1932). <i>Poland's policy of expansion as revealed by Polish testimonies</i>. Deutscher Ostmarken-Verein. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+policy+of+expansion+as+revealed+by+Polish+testimonies&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Deutscher+Ostmarken-Verein&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadeusz Gasztold, Hieronim Kroczyński, Hieronim Rybicki, <i>Kołobrzeg: zarys dziejów</i>, Wydaw. Poznańskie, 1979, p. 27 (in Polish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_M._Clark,_University_Christopher_Clark,_MD2006" class="citation book cs1">Christopher M. Clark, University Christopher Clark, MD (2006). <i>Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+and+Downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600-1947&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Christopher+M.+Clark%2C+University+Christopher+Clark%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strzelce Krajeńskie. Studia i szkice historyczne</i>, Strzelce Krajeńskie, 2016, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">„Kronika polska, Gall Anonim”, series „Kroniki polskie”, Zakł. Nard. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogdan Walczak, <i>Zarys dziejów języka polskiego</i>, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, 1999, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Łoś, <i>Początki piśmiennictwa polskiego: (przegląd zabytków językowych)</i>, Wydawnictwo Zakładu Narodowego im. Ossolińskich, Lwów, 1922, p. 212–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=26222&from=FBC">"Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa – biblioteka cyfrowa regionu śląskiego – Wznowione powszechne taxae-stolae sporządzenie, Dla samowładnego Xięstwa Sląska, Podług ktorego tak Auszpurskiey Konfessyi iak Katoliccy Fararze, Kaznodzieie i Kuratusowie Zachowywać się powinni. Sub Dato z Berlina, d. 8. Augusti 1750"</a>. <i>225240 IV</i>. Sbc.org.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606011210/http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=26222&from=FBC">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=225240+IV&rft.atitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ska+Biblioteka+Cyfrowa+%E2%80%93+biblioteka+cyfrowa+regionu+%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego+%E2%80%93+Wznowione+powszechne+taxae-stolae+sporz%C4%85dzenie%2C+Dla+samow%C5%82adnego+Xi%C4%99stwa+Sl%C4%85ska%2C+Pod%C5%82ug+ktorego+tak+Auszpurskiey+Konfessyi+iak+Katoliccy+Fararze%2C+Kaznodzieie+i+Kuratusowie+Zachowywa%C4%87+si%C4%99+powinni.+Sub+Dato+z+Berlina%2C+d.+8.+Augusti+1750&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.org.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdoccontent%3Fid%3D26222%26from%3DFBC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugo Weczerka, <i>Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien</i>, 2003, p.XXXVI, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-520-31602-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-520-31602-1">3-520-31602-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Czapliński [in:] M. Czapliński (red.) Historia Śląska, Wrocław 2007, s. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Badstübner, <i>Dehio - Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler in Polen: Schlesien</i>, 2003, p.4, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-422-03109-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-422-03109-X">3-422-03109-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert (2007). <i>Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: Der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa</i>. pp. 76ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-05-004155-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-05-004155-2">3-05-004155-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-05-004155-1">978-3-05-004155-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kossert, Andreas (2006). <i>Masuren, Ostpreußens vergessener Süden</i> (in German). Pantheon. pp. 210, 211. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55006-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55006-0">3-570-55006-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon Sobociński, <i>Na gruzach Smętka</i>, wyd. B. Kądziela, Warszawa, 1947, p. 61 (in Polish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blanke, Richard (2001). <i>Polish-speaking Germans? Language and national identity among the Masurians since 1871</i>. Böhlau. pp. 253, 254. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-12000-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-12000-6">3-412-12000-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberhardt_2003-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_2003_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Eberhardt" title="Piotr Eberhardt">Piotr Eberhardt</a>, Jan Owsinski, <i>Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis</i>, 2003, pp.142ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0665-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0665-8">0-7656-0665-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0665-5">978-0-7656-0665-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wysiedlenia,_wypędzenia_i_ucieczki_1939-1959_Atlas_ziem_polski-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wysiedlenia,_wypędzenia_i_ucieczki_1939-1959_Atlas_ziem_polski_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitold_SienkiewiczGrzegorz_Hryciuk2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Witold Sienkiewicz; Grzegorz Hryciuk; et al. (2008). Demart (ed.). <i>Wysiedlenia, wypędzenia i ucieczki 1939-1959 Atlas ziem polski</i> (in Polish). Warszawa. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7427-391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7427-391-6"><bdi>978-83-7427-391-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wysiedlenia%2C+wyp%C4%99dzenia+i+ucieczki+1939-1959+Atlas+ziem+polski&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-7427-391-6&rft.au=Witold+Sienkiewicz&rft.au=Grzegorz+Hryciuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wojciech Roszkowski "Historia Polski 1918-1997" page 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksandra_Wagrodzka2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aleksandra Wagrodzka (2018). "Teschen oder das vergessene Dreiländereck". In Dagmara Jajeśniak-Quast, Uwe Rada (ed.). <i>Die vergessene Grenze</i> (in German). be-bra Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teschen+oder+das+vergessene+Dreil%C3%A4ndereck&rft.btitle=Die+vergessene+Grenze&rft.pub=be-bra+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Aleksandra+Wagrodzka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernd Martin, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Wardzyńska: "Intelligenzaktion" na Warmii, Mazurach oraz Północnym Mazowszu. Główna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr. 12/1, 2003/2004, pp. 38–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, Roger Moorhouse (2003). <i>Microcosm: A Portrait of a Central European City</i>. Pimlico. p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Poniatowska, Bogusław Drewniak (1961). <i>Polonia szczecińska 1890–1939</i>. Poznań.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weczerka, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosiński1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosiński, Leszek (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/33932/WA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf">"Pochodzenie terytorialne ludności Ziem Zachodnich w 1950 r. [Territorial origins of inhabitants of the Western Lands in year 1950]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dokumentacja Geograficzna</i> (in Polish). <b>2</b>. Warsaw: PAN (Polish Academy of Sciences), Institute of Geography: Tabela 1 (data by county). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102195435/https://rcin.org.pl//Content/33932/WA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span> – via Repozytorium Cyfrowe Instytutów Naukowych.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dokumentacja+Geograficzna&rft.atitle=Pochodzenie+terytorialne+ludno%C5%9Bci+Ziem+Zachodnich+w+1950+r.+%5BTerritorial+origins+of+inhabitants+of+the+Western+Lands+in+year+1950%5D&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=Tabela+1+%28data+by+county%29&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kosi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F33932%2FWA51_50482_r1960-z2_Dokumentacja-Geogr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parrish-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parrish_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaczkowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Paczkowski, Andrzej (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKQWem2yl4C&pg=PA14"><i>The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom</i></a>. translation Jane Cave. Penn State Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271047534" title="Special:BookSources/0271047534"><bdi>0271047534</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518044751/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKQWem2yl4C&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spring+Will+Be+Ours%3A+Poland+and+the+Poles+from+Occupation+to+Freedom&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0271047534&rft.aulast=Paczkowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWoKQWem2yl4C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soccap79-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-soccap79_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Åberg, Mikael Sandberg, <i>Social Capital and Democratisation: Roots of Trust in Post-Communist Poland and Ukraine</i>, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-1936-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-1936-2">0-7546-1936-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1nPLTUhscC&pg=PA80">Google Print, p.79</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603053059/https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1nPLTUhscC&pg=PA80&ei=p85NR8uhKaCKpgLnsYnuBg&sig=EPpKsFWcnMe5B0eKOjCeYyHyzrU#PPA79,M1">Archived</a> 2016-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cadmus.iue.it-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cadmus.iue.it_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cadmus.iue.it_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomasz Kamusella in Prauser and Reeds (eds), <i>The Expulsion of the German communities from Eastern Europe</i>, p.28, EUI HEC 2004/1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001182808/http://cadmus.iue.it/dspace/bitstream/1814/2599/1/HEC04-01.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak, <i>Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948</i>, 2001, p.114, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1094-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1094-8">0-7425-1094-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4">978-0-7425-1094-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, pp.363, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurp2006" class="citation book cs1">Curp, T. David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA84"><i>A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945-1960</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-238-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58046-238-3"><bdi>1-58046-238-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607031910/http://www.google.de/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+clean+sweep%3F%3A+the+politics+of+ethnic+cleansing+in+western+Poland%2C+1945-1960&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58046-238-3&rft.aulast=Curp&rft.aufirst=T.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARxnK1u_WOEC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, pp. 287, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, p. 282, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p._281-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p._281_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p._281_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, p. 281, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, p. 283, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, <i>God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes</i>, 2005, p. 393, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925340-4">0-19-925340-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925340-1">978-0-19-925340-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pomocnik Historyczny POLITYKI - "Prusy - wzlot i upadek" 137 16.03.2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karl_Cordell_2000,_p.167-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_2000,_p.167_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karl_Cordell_2000,_p.167_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, <i>Poland and the European Union</i>, 2000, p.167, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23885-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23885-4">0-415-23885-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23885-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23885-4">978-0-415-23885-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/473MVL6RCN1X85KD5XQ2KTRRQRC36L.pdf">Powszechny sumaryczny spis ludności z dn. 19.ll 1946 r.</a> [General summarized population census on February the 14th 1946] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Urz%C4%85d_Statystyczny" class="mw-redirect" title="Główny Urząd Statystyczny">Główny Urząd Statystyczny</a> Rzeczypospolitej Polski [Central Statistical Office of the Republic of Poland]. 1947. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508130234/statlibr.stat.gov.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/473MVL6RCN1X85KD5XQ2KTRRQRC36L.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-05-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Powszechny+sumaryczny+spis+ludno%C5%9Bci+z+dn.+19.ll+1946+r.&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+Rzeczypospolitej+Polski+%5BCentral+Statistical+Office+of+the+Republic+of+Poland%5D&rft.date=1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatlibr.stat.gov.pl%2Fexlibris%2Faleph%2Fa22_1%2Fapache_media%2F473MVL6RCN1X85KD5XQ2KTRRQRC36L.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakson" class="citation web cs1">Sakson, Andrzej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609030009/http://www.iz.poznan.pl/news/91_Mniejszo%C5%9Bci%20Narodowe.%20A.%20Sakson1.pdf">"National minorities in northern and western Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Western_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Western Affairs (page does not exist)">Institute for Western Affairs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instytut_Zachodni_im._Zygmunta_Wojciechowskiego" class="extiw" title="pl:Instytut Zachodni im. Zygmunta Wojciechowskiego">pl</a>]</span></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iz.poznan.pl/news/91_Mniejszo%C5%9Bci%20Narodowe.%20A.%20Sakson1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Western+Affairs%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bpl%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=National+minorities+in+northern+and+western+Poland&rft.aulast=Sakson&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iz.poznan.pl%2Fnews%2F91_Mniejszo%25C5%259Bci%2520Narodowe.%2520A.%2520Sakson1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curp83-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curp83_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curp83_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curp83_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurp2006" class="citation book cs1">Curp, T. David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA83"><i>A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945-1960</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-238-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58046-238-3"><bdi>1-58046-238-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607032006/http://www.google.de/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+clean+sweep%3F%3A+the+politics+of+ethnic+cleansing+in+western+Poland%2C+1945-1960&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58046-238-3&rft.aulast=Curp&rft.aufirst=T.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARxnK1u_WOEC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dan_Diner_p.164-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dan_Diner_p.164_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Diner, Raphael Gross, Yfaat Weiss, <i>Jüdische Geschichte als allgemeine Geschichte</i>, p.164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.344-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregor_Thum_2006,_p.344_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, p.344, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordell_1999-2-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cordell_1999-2_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordell_1999-2_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomasz Kamusella and Terry Sullivan in Karl Cordell, <i>Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe</i>, 1999, pp.175ff, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17312-4">0-415-17312-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17312-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17312-4">978-0-415-17312-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, p.344, 349, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoshioka-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yoshioka_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/14_yoshioka.pdf">"Jun Yoshioka: Imagining Their Lands as Ours: Place Name Changes on Ex-German Territories in Poland after World War II"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831061321/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/14_yoshioka.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jun+Yoshioka%3A+Imagining+Their+Lands+as+Ours%3A+Place+Name+Changes+on+Ex-German+Territories+in+Poland+after+World+War+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fcoe21%2Fpublish%2Fno15_ses%2F14_yoshioka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marek Zybura, <i>Impressionen aus der Kulturlandschaft Schlesien, Band 3, Der Umgang mit dem deutschen Kulturerbe in Schlesien nach 1945</i>, 2005, p.65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-935330-19-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-935330-19-7">3-935330-19-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Thum, <i>Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945</i>, 2006, p.520, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-570-55017-6">3-570-55017-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-570-55017-5">978-3-570-55017-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Kulczycki, "Who Is a Pole? Polish Nationality Criteria in the "Recovered Lands," 1945-1951," <i>Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism</i> (2001) 28#1 pp 107-118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curp42-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curp42_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curp42_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curp42_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurp2006" class="citation book cs1">Curp, T. David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42"><i>A clean sweep?: the politics of ethnic cleansing in western Poland, 1945-1960</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58046-238-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58046-238-3"><bdi>1-58046-238-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128133042/http://www.google.de/books?id=ARxnK1u_WOEC&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+clean+sweep%3F%3A+the+politics+of+ethnic+cleansing+in+western+Poland%2C+1945-1960&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58046-238-3&rft.aulast=Curp&rft.aufirst=T.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARxnK1u_WOEC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos1966" class="citation book cs1">Roos, Hans (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig"><i>A history of modern Poland: from the foundation of the State in the First World War to the present day</i></a>. Knopf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308120817/http://www.google.de/books?id=EfpoAAAAMAAJ&q=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&dq=%22recovered+territories%22+gdansk+OR+danzig&lr=">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Poland%3A+from+the+foundation+of+the+State+in+the+First+World+War+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfpoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522recovered%2Bterritories%2522%2Bgdansk%2BOR%2Bdanzig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordell168-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cordell168_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordell168_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordell168_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordell168_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordell168_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Cordell, Andrzej Antoszewski, <i>Poland and the European Union</i>, 2000, p.168, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23885-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23885-4">0-415-23885-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23885-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23885-4">978-0-415-23885-4</a>: gives 4.55 million in the first years</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski, <i>Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis</i>, 2003, p.142 gives 4,79 million as of 1950, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0665-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0665-8">0-7656-0665-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0665-5">978-0-7656-0665-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffmann142-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann142_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann142_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannSchwartz1999" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Dierk; Schwartz, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Js8XWnqR6HMC&dq=vertreibung+polen&pg=PA140"><i>Dierk Hoffmann, Michael Schwartz, </i>Geglückte Integration?<i>, p.142</i></a>. Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486645033" title="Special:BookSources/9783486645033"><bdi>9783486645033</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307155634/https://books.google.de/books?id=Js8XWnqR6HMC&pg=PA140&dq=vertreibung+polen&lr=&sig=ACfU3U3NdOJdTE4UOsjN6kQyponjdFIP8A#PPA142,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dierk+Hoffmann%2C+Michael+Schwartz%2C+Gegl%C3%BCckte+Integration%3F%2C+p.142&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783486645033&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Dierk&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJs8XWnqR6HMC%26dq%3Dvertreibung%2Bpolen%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thum, p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selwyn Ilan Troen, Benjamin Pinkus, Merkaz le-moreshet Ben-Guryon, <i>Organizing Rescue: National Jewish Solidarity in the Modern Period</i>, pp.283-284, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3413-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3413-1">0-7146-3413-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3413-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3413-5">978-0-7146-3413-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thum, p.127 + p.128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/narodowe-spisy-powszechne/narodowy-spis-powszechny-2002/wyniki-narodowego-spisu-powszechnego-2002-narodowosci-oraz-jezyka/">"Wyniki Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań 2002 w zakresie deklarowanej narodowości oraz języka używanego w domu"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215092141/https://stat.gov.pl/spisy-powszechne/narodowe-spisy-powszechne/narodowy-spis-powszechny-2002/wyniki-narodowego-spisu-powszechnego-2002-narodowosci-oraz-jezyka/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wyniki+Narodowego+Spisu+Powszechnego+Ludno%C5%9Bci+i+Mieszka%C5%84+2002+w+zakresie+deklarowanej+narodowo%C5%9Bci+oraz+j%C4%99zyka+u%C5%BCywanego+w+domu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fspisy-powszechne%2Fnarodowe-spisy-powszechne%2Fnarodowy-spis-powszechny-2002%2Fwyniki-narodowego-spisu-powszechnego-2002-narodowosci-oraz-jezyka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksander Kochański, <i>Protokół obrad KC PPR w maju 1945 roku</i> [The Minutes of the Session of the Central Committee of the Polish Workers' Party in May 1945], Dokumenty do dziejów PRL, 1 (Warsaw: Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN), 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies and Roger Moorhouse: <i>Die Blume Europas. Breslau, Wrocław, Vratislava. Die Geschichte einer mitteleuropäischen Stadt</i>. Droemer, Munich 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-426-27259-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-426-27259-8">3-426-27259-8</a>, pp. 533-534 (in German, <i>The Flower of Europe. Breslau, Wrocław, Vratislava. The History of a Town in Central Europe</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/oder.htm">"Why is the Oder-Neiße Line a Peace Border? (1950)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014191924/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/oder.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+the+Oder-Nei%C3%9Fe+Line+a+Peace+Border%3F+%281950%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.calvin.edu%2Facademic%2Fcas%2Fgpa%2Foder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recovered_Territories&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolak-Springer2015" class="citation book cs1">Polak-Springer, P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHspBgAAQBAJ"><i>Recovered Territory: A German-Polish Conflict over Land and Culture, 1919-1989</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-888-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-888-3"><bdi>978-1-78238-888-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovered+Territory%3A+A+German-Polish+Conflict+over+Land+and+Culture%2C+1919-1989&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-888-3&rft.aulast=Polak-Springer&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHspBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkin2023" class="citation book cs1">Parkin, Robert (2023-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781805390039/html?lang=en"><i>White Eagle, Black Eagle</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781805390039">10.1515/9781805390039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781805390039" title="Special:BookSources/9781805390039"><bdi>9781805390039</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Eagle%2C+Black+Eagle&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2023-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781805390039&rft.isbn=9781805390039&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781805390039%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulińska-JurgielKleinmannŘezníkWarneck2019" class="citation book cs1">Gulińska-Jurgiel, P.; Kleinmann, Y.; Řezník, M.; Warneck, D.; Wallstein-Verlag (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szt3tgEACAAJ"><i>Ends of War: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Past and New Polish Regions After 1944</i></a>. Polen: Kultur - Geschichte - Gesellschaft. Wallstein Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-3307-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-3307-9"><bdi>978-3-8353-3307-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+War%3A+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives+on+Past+and+New+Polish+Regions+After+1944&rft.series=Polen%3A+Kultur+-+Geschichte+-+Gesellschaft&rft.pub=Wallstein+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-8353-3307-9&rft.aulast=Guli%C5%84ska-Jurgiel&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Kleinmann%2C+Y.&rft.au=%C5%98ezn%C3%ADk%2C+M.&rft.au=Warneck%2C+D.&rft.au=Wallstein-Verlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dszt3tgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKończal2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kończal, Kornelia (2021-03-04). "German property and the reconstruction of East Central Europe after 1945: politics, practices and pitfalls of confiscation". <i>European Review of History</i>. <b>28</b> (2). Routledge: <span class="nowrap">278–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507486.2020.1860910">10.1080/13507486.2020.1860910</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-7486">1350-7486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=German+property+and+the+reconstruction+of+East+Central+Europe+after+1945%3A+politics%2C+practices+and+pitfalls+of+confiscation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507486.2020.1860910&rft.issn=1350-7486&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%84czal&rft.aufirst=Kornelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecovered+Territories" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kończal, Kornelia (2023), <i>Post-German Spaces</i>, in: Yifat Gutman und Jenny Wüstenberg (ed.): The Routledge Handbook of Memory Activism, London and New York, Routledge, p. 345–349.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Pomerania" title="Template:Geography of Pomerania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Pomerania" title="Template talk:Geography of Pomerania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Pomerania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Pomerania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_Pomerania146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Pomerania" title="Gdańsk Pomerania">Gdańsk Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kociewie" title="Kociewie">Kociewie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82%C3%B3w_Land" title="Michałów Land">Michałów Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubawa" title="Lubawa">Lubawa</a> Land</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania" title="History of Pomerania">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circipania" title="Circipania">Circipania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Lands of Schlawe and Stolp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_Euroregion" title="Pomerania Euroregion">Pomerania Euroregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth,_Germany" title="Barth, Germany">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartz" title="Gartz">Gartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heringsdorf" title="Heringsdorf">Heringsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribnitz-Damgarten" title="Ribnitz-Damgarten">Ribnitz-Damgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagard" title="Sagard">Sagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassnitz" title="Sassnitz">Sassnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Starogard Gdański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tricity,_Poland" title="Tricity, Poland">Tricity</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metro</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ueckerm%C3%BCnde" title="Ueckermünde">Ueckermünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejherowo" title="Wejherowo">Wejherowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolgast" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingst,_Germany" title="Zingst, Germany">Zingst</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania#Cities_and_towns" title="Western Pomerania">List of towns in Western Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Farther_Pomerania" title="List of towns in Farther Pomerania">List of towns in Farther Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania,_A%E2%80%93H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of municipalities in the Province of Pomerania, A–H (page does not exist)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania,_I%E2%80%93P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of municipalities in the Province of Pomerania, I–P (page does not exist)">I–P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_municipalities_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania,_Q%E2%80%93Z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of municipalities in the Province of Pomerania, Q–Z (page does not exist)">Q–Z</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inhabited islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirr" title="Kirr">Kirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiddensee" title="Hiddensee">Hiddensee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummanz" title="Ummanz">Ummanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A4nholm" title="Dänholm">Dänholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96he" title="Öhe">Öhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riems" title="Riems">Riems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilm" title="Vilm">Vilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswalder_Oie" title="Greifswalder Oie">Greifswalder Oie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rmitz" title="Görmitz">Görmitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usedom" title="Usedom">Usedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsib%C3%B3r" title="Karsibór">Karsibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolin" title="Wolin">Wolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woli%C5%84ska_K%C4%99pa" title="Wolińska Kępa">Wolińska Kępa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrz%C4%85szczewska_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrząszczewska Island">Chrząszczewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka" title="Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka">Pucka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka" title="Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka">Grodzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka" title="Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka">Kępa Parnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka" title="Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka">Zaleskie Łęgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyodrze-Wyspa_Pucka" title="Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka">Zielona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81asztownia" title="Łasztownia">Łasztownia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Grabowski" title="Ostrów Grabowski">Ostrów Grabowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Salt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Młyńska Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Island_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Port Island (Gdańsk)">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82owianka" title="Ołowianka">Ołowianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Island" title="Ostrów Island">Ostrów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobieszewo_Island" title="Sobieszewo Island">Sobieszewo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peninsulae and <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fischland-Dar%C3%9F-Zingst" title="Fischland-Darß-Zingst">Darß-Zingst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmund" title="Jasmund">Jasmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_Peninsula" title="Hel Peninsula">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchgut" title="Mönchgut">Mönchgut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reddevitz_H%C3%B6ft" title="Reddevitz Höft">Reddevitz Höft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewa,_Poland" title="Rewa, Poland">Rewa Sandbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Rozewie" title="Cape Rozewie">Cape Rozewie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzucewo" title="Rzucewo">Cape Rzucewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittow" title="Wittow">Wittow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Cape Arkona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug_(R%C3%BCgen)" title="Bug (Rügen)">Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaabe" title="Schaabe">Schaabe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zudar" title="Zudar">Zudar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_Ort" title="Palmer Ort">Palmer Ort</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brda_(river)" title="Brda (river)">Brda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawa" title="Drawa">Drawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drw%C4%99ca" title="Drwęca">Drwęca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziwna" title="Dziwna">Dziwna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabowa_(river)" title="Grabowa (river)">Grabowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwda" title="Gwda">Gwda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_(river)" title="Ina (river)">Ina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81eba_(river)" title="Łeba (river)">Łeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot%C5%82awa" title="Motława">Motława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Oder" title="West Oder">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Oder" title="East Oder">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalica" class="mw-redirect" title="Regalica">Regalica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars%C4%99ta" title="Parsęta">Parsęta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peenestrom" title="Peenestrom">Peenestrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82onia_(river)" title="Płonia (river)">Płonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radunia" title="Radunia">Radunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randow" title="Randow">Randow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recknitz" title="Recknitz">Recknitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(river)" title="Reda (river)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rega" title="Rega">Rega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryck" title="Ryck">Ryck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upia" title="Słupia">Słupia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awina" title="Świna">Świna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollense" title="Tollense">Tollense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebel_(river)" title="Trebel (river)">Trebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uecker" title="Uecker">Uecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leniwka" title="Leniwka">Leniwka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amia%C5%82a_Wis%C5%82a" title="Śmiała Wisła">Śmiała Wisła</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martwa_Wis%C5%82a" title="Martwa Wisła">Martwa Wisła</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przekop" class="mw-redirect" title="Przekop">Przekop Canal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wda" title="Wda">Wda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieprza" title="Wieprza">Wieprza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wierzyca" title="Wierzyca">Wierzyca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charzykowy" title="Charzykowy">Charzykowskie Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85bie_Lake" title="Dąbie Lake">Dąbie Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawsko_Lake" title="Drawsko Lake">Drawsko Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Gardno" title="Lake Gardno">Gardno Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamno_(lake)" title="Jamno (lake)">Jamno Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kummerow" title="Lake Kummerow">Lake Kummerow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ebsko_Lake" title="Łebsko Lake">Łebsko Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miedwie" title="Miedwie">Miedwie Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu%C5%84skie_Lake" title="Raduńskie Lake">Raduńskie Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wdzydze_Lake" title="Wdzydze Lake">Wdzydze Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicko_(lake)" title="Wicko (lake)">Wicko Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays, lagoons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterwasser" title="Achterwasser">Achterwasser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmer_See" title="Balmer See">Balmer See</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darss-Zingst_Bodden_Chain" title="Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain">Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodstedter_Bodden" title="Bodstedter Bodden">Bodstedter Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barther_Bodden" title="Barther Bodden">Barther Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabow_(Bodden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabow (Bodden)">Grabow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bay" title="Gdańsk Bay">Bay of Gdańsk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Puck" title="Bay of Puck">Bay of Puck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania" title="Bay of Pomerania">Bay of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Greifswald" title="Bay of Greifswald">Bay of Greifswald</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgischer_Bodden" title="Rügischer Bodden">Rügischer Bodden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagensche_Wiek" title="Hagensche Wiek">Hagensche Wiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Having_(inlet)" title="Having (inlet)">Having</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreecher_See" title="Wreecher See">Wreecher See</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamie%C5%84ski_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamieński Lagoon">Kamieński Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_R%C3%BCgen_Bodden" title="North Rügen Bodden">North Rügen Bodden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wieker_Bodden" title="Wieker Bodden">Wieker Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassower_Strom" title="Rassower Strom">Rassower Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Jasmunder_Bodden" title="Großer Jasmunder Bodden">Großer Jasmunder Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleiner_Jasmunder_Bodden" title="Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden">Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorer_Wiek" title="Prorer Wiek">Prorer Wiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Lagoon" title="Szczecin Lagoon">Szczecin Lagoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowe_Warpno_Bay" title="Nowe Warpno Bay">Nowe Warpno Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuwarper_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuwarper See">Neuwarper See</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromper_Wiek" title="Tromper Wiek">Tromper Wiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_R%C3%BCgen_Bodden" title="West Rügen Bodden">West Rügen Bodden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitter_Bodden" title="Vitter Bodden">Vitter Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaproder_Bodden" title="Schaproder Bodden">Schaproder Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udarser_Wiek" title="Udarser Wiek">Udarser Wiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubitzer_Bodden" title="Kubitzer Bodden">Kubitzer Bodden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liebitz" title="Liebitz">Liebitz</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania_Lagoon_Area_National_Park" title="Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park">Western Pomerania Lagoon Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmund_National_Park" title="Jasmund National Park">Jasmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Oder_Valley_National_Park" title="Lower Oder Valley National Park">Lower Oder Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolin_National_Park" title="Wolin National Park">Wolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawa_National_Park" title="Drawa National Park">Drawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_National_Park" title="Slovincian National Park">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bory_Tucholskie_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bory Tucholskie National Park">Bory Tucholskie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Pomerania602" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pomeranian_history" title="Template:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pomeranian_history" title="Template talk:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pomeranian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Pomerania602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania" title="History of Pomerania">History of Pomerania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Pomerania" title="Early history of Pomerania">10,000 BC – 600 AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">600–1100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the High Middle Ages">1100–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages">1300–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Modern Age">1500–1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1806%E2%80%931933)" title="History of Pomerania (1806–1933)">1806–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Pomerania (1933–1945)">1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pomerania (1945–present)">1945–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Administrative602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_G%C3%BCtzkow" title="County of Gützkow">Gützkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Demmin" title="Pomerania-Demmin">Pomerania-Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin" title="Pomerania-Stettin">Pomerania-Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Schlawe" title="Pomerania-Schlawe">Pomerania-Schlawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast" title="Pomerania-Wolgast">Pomerania-Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Neustettin" title="Pomerania-Neustettin">Pomerania-Neustettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-R%C3%BCgenwalde" title="Pomerania-Rügenwalde">Pomerania-Rügenwalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp" title="Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp">Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Barth" title="Pomerania-Barth">Pomerania-Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_of_Police" title="Enclave of Police">Enclave of Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern#German_Democratic_Republic" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt" title="Bezirk Frankfurt">Bezirk Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Bezirk Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Bezirk Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a><br /></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Schlawe-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">classified as<br /> <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kociewie" title="Kociewie">Kociewie</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#As_part_of_Poland" title="Pomerelia">Polish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#Danish_conquest_and_independence" title="Pomerelia">Danish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Eastern_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Eastern Pomerania">Duchy of Eastern Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samborides" title="Samborides">Samborides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Duchy of Gdańsk">Duchy of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie_and_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo">Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bia%C5%82ogarda" title="Duchy of Białogarda">Duchy of Białogarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Lubiszewo">Duchy of Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie" title="Duchy of Świecie">Duchy of Świecie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> 1466–1793 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship" title="Chełmno Voivodeship">Chełmno Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig 1920–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1946-1975" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1975–1998" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Toruń Voivodeship">Toruń Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Bia%C5%82y_B%C3%B3r" title="Gmina Biały Bór">Gmina Biały Bór</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecclesiastical602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ecclesiastical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Christianization of Pomerania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Diocese of Wollin/Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Kolberg">Diocese of Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Che%C5%82mno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno">Diocese of Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_See_of_Roskilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient See of Roskilde">Diocese of Roskilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Germany" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany">Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin#Breslau's_Prince-Episcopal_Delegation_for_Brandenburg_and_Pomerania" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig">Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_T%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Tütz">Apostolic Administration of Tütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Schneidem%C3%BChl" title="Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl">Prelature of Schneidemühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Kamie%C5%84,_Lubusz_and_the_Prelature_of_Pi%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła">Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)</a> with see in <a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> 1945–1972</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Archdiocese of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bydgoszcz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz">Diocese of Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Archdiocese of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Koszalin-Ko%C5%82obrzeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg">Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pelplin" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pelplin">Diocese of Pelplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Szczecin-Kamie%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień">Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Toruń">Diocese of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek">Diocese of Włocławek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical State Church in Prussia">Evangelical State Church in Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Pomeranian Evangelical Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany</a> <ul><li>Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Pomerania-Greater_Poland" title="Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland">Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław">Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demography_and_anthropology602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pomerania" title="Demographic history of Pomerania">Demography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle-Ellerbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelland_culture" title="Havelland culture">Havelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_culture" title="Pomeranian culture">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustow_group" title="Gustow group">Gustow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture" title="Dębczyn culture">Dębczyn (Denzin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Slavic Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velunzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Velunzani">Velunzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">German Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major demographic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">WWII flight and expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pomeranian dialect">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Pomeranian dialect">West Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treaties602" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kremmen" title="Treaty of Kremmen">Kremmen</a> (1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Landin" title="Treaty of Landin">Landin</a> (1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno" title="Treaty of Kępno">Kępno</a> (1282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1309)">Soldin (1309)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin" title="Treaty of Templin">Templin</a> (1317)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Ueckermünde (page does not exist)">Ueckermünde</a> (1327)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1343)" title="Treaty of Kalisz (1343)">Kalisz</a> (1343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1354)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1354)">Stralsund (1354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1370)">Stralsund (1370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry" title="Treaty of Pyzdry">Pyzdry</a> (1390)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Raci%C4%85%C5%BCek" title="Peace of Raciążek">Raciążek (1404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)" title="Peace of Thorn (1411)">Thorn, First</a> (1411)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1415)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1415) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, First</a> (1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno" title="Treaty of Melno">Melno</a> (1422)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Perleberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Perleberg (page does not exist)">Perleberg</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1427)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1427) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, Second</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Truce of Łęczyca">Łęczyca (1433)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Peace of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a> (1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1466)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1466)">Soldin (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Thorn, Second (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau" title="Treaty of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> (1448/1468/1472/1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyritz" title="Treaty of Pyritz">Pyritz</a> (1493)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1700</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Thorn" title="Compromise of Thorn">Thorn</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Treaty of Kraków">Kraków</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">Grimnitz</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Lublin</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Stettin (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Franzburg" title="Capitulation of Franzburg">Franzburg</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Stettin (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> (1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Stettin (1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Labiau</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Wehlau and Bromberg</a> (1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Oliva</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lund" title="Peace of Lund">Lund (1679)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Stockholm</a> (1719 / 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frederiksborg" title="Treaty of Frederiksborg">Frederiksborg</a> (1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Polish Partitions Treaties</a> (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Vienna</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1925" title="Concordat of 1925">Polish Concordat</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Concordat" title="Prussian Concordat">Prussian Concordat</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">Molotov–Ribbentrop</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">Moscow (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Warsaw (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania" title="Bay of Pomerania">Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification#German_Reunification_Treaty" title="German reunification">German Reunification Treaty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty" title="German–Polish Border Treaty">German–Polish Border Treaty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship" title="Treaty of Good Neighbourship">Treaty of Good Neighbourship</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1993" title="Concordat of 1993">Polish Concordat</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Convention on the International Commission on the Protection of the Oder against Pollution</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">Treaty of Accession 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silesia_topics128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silesia_topics" title="Template talk:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silesia_topics128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Silesia" title="History of Silesia">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Offensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Offensives">Offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" title="1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite">1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teschen" title="Treaty of Teschen">Treaty of Teschen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Book of Henryków">Book of Henryków</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Battle of Leuthen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Silesia" title="Category:History of Silesia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Geography128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Silesia">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelenia Góra valley">Jelenia Góra valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_Valley" title="Kłodzko Valley">Kłodzko Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesian Wilderness">Lower Silesian Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obni%C5%BCenie_Milicko-G%C5%82ogowskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie (page does not exist)">Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrava_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrava Valley">Ostrava Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_Basin" title="Oświęcim Basin">Oświęcim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przedg%C3%B3rze_Sudeckie" class="mw-redirect" title="Przedgórze Sudeckie">Przedgórze Sudeckie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Walls" title="Silesian Walls">Silesian Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Foothills" title="Silesian Foothills">Silesian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands" title="Silesian Lowlands">Silesian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Przesieka" title="Silesian Przesieka">Silesian Przesieka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Upland" title="Silesian Upland">Silesian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Lusatian_Lowlands" title="Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands">Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Moravian_Foothills" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian-Moravian Foothills">Silesian-Moravian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%C5%82_Trzebnicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wał Trzebnicki (page does not exist)">Wał Trzebnicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zielona_G%C3%B3ra_Acclivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zielona Góra Acclivity (page does not exist)">Zielona Góra Acclivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Gocza%C5%82kowickie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Goczałkowickie">Jezioro Goczałkowickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Otmuchowskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Otmuchowskie">Jezioro Otmuchowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezioro_S%C5%82awskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezioro Sławskie (page does not exist)">Jezioro Sławskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyskie_Lake" title="Nyskie Lake">Nyskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_Harta_Reservoir" title="Slezská Harta Reservoir">Slezská Harta Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Beskids" title="Silesian Beskids">Silesian Beskids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Beskids" title="Moravian-Silesian Beskids">Moravian-Silesian Beskids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudetes" title="Eastern Sudetes">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sudetes" title="Central Sudetes">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sudetes" title="Western Sudetes">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divok%C3%A1_Orlice" title="Divoká Orlice">Divoká Orlice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizera_(river)" title="Jizera (river)">Jizera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Apa" title="Úpa">Úpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barycz_(river)" title="Barycz (river)">Barycz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3br" title="Bóbr">Bóbr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczawa" title="Kaczawa">Kaczawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odnica" title="Kłodnica">Kłodnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwisa" title="Kwisa">Kwisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liswarta" title="Liswarta">Liswarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Panew" title="Mała Panew">Mała Panew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nysa Kłodzka">Nysa Kłodzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olza_(river)" title="Olza (river)">Olza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za" title="Ślęza">Ślęza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_(Vistula)" title="Biała (Vistula)">Biała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brynica" title="Brynica">Brynica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostynia" title="Gostynia">Gostynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemsza" title="Przemsza">Przemsza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pszczynka" title="Pszczynka">Pszczynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(river)" title="Rawa (river)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/55px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/83px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/110px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Politics128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">Duchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Piasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Silesia">dukes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Parliament" title="Silesian Parliament">parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Category:Politicians of the Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Treasury" title="Silesian Treasury">treasury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_country" title="State country">State country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia Province">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Province_(Prussia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesia Province (Prussia)">Lower Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Silesia" title="Eastern Silesia">Eastern Silesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk_District" title="Jeseník District">Jeseník District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Region">Moravian–Silesian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis" title="Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis">Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship" title="Voivodeship">Voivodeships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">EP</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">constituencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_and_Opole_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lower Silesian and Opole (European Parliament constituency)">Lower Silesian and Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Silesian (European Parliament constituency)">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/55px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/83px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/110px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="167" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socioeconomics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">Katowice urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_GZM" title="Metropolis GZM">Metropolis GZM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katowice-Ostrava_metropolitan_area" title="Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area">Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bielski_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy (page does not exist)">Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legnicko-G%C5%82ogowski_Okr%C4%99g_Miedziowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy (page does not exist)">Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_Coal_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Silesian Coal Basin (page does not exist)">Lower Silesian Coal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Coal_Basin" title="Upper Silesian Coal Basin">Upper Silesian Coal Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Industrial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrava-Karvin%C3%A1_Coal_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrava-Karviná Coal Area (page does not exist)">Ostrava-Karviná</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rybnik_Coal_Area" title="Rybnik Coal Area">Rybnik Coal Areas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Silesia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Society128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_architecture" title="Silesian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Familok" title="Familok">Familŏk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_regional_costume" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian regional costume">Regional costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Ethnographic_Park" title="Upper Silesian Ethnographic Park">Upper Silesian Ethnographic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesian_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Silesian Museum (page does not exist)">Upper Silesian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum_(Opava)" title="Silesian Museum (Opava)">Silesian Museum (Opava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Museum">Silesian Museum (Katowice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Theatre" title="Silesian Theatre">Silesian Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Opera" title="Silesian Opera">Silesian Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Library" title="Silesian Library">Silesian Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_cuisine" title="Silesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Black noodles">Black noodles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bryja" title="Bryja">Bryja</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panczkraut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panczkraut (page does not exist)">Panczkraut <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(ciapkapusta)</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silesian_dumplings" title="Silesian dumplings">Klōzki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galert (page does not exist)">Galert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauskyjza" title="Hauskyjza">Hauskyjza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karminadle" title="Karminadle">Karminadle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%82%C5%8Fcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kołŏcz (page does not exist)">Kołŏcz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopalnioki" title="Kopalnioki">Kopalnioki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kreple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreple">Kreple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaszanka" title="Kaszanka"><i>Krupniok</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makōwki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moczka" title="Moczka">Moczka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modr%C5%8F_kapusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modrŏ kapusta (page does not exist)">Modrŏ kapusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siemieniotka" title="Siemieniotka">Siymiyniotka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sza%C5%82ot" title="Szałot">Szałŏt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wodzionka" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodzionka">Wodziōnka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBur" class="mw-redirect" title="Żur">Żur</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin,_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia" title="Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia">Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession">Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Football Association (page does not exist)">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Football League">Moravian–Silesian Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_national_football_team" title="Silesia national football team">National football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Stadium" title="Silesian Stadium">Silesian Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German <span style="font-size:85%;">(Lower Silesian)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language"> Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Silesia" title="Coat of arms of Silesia">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Silesia">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unofficial anthems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesien_Unvergessene_Heimat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat (page does not exist)">Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesierlied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesierlied (page does not exist)">Schlesierlied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slezsk%C3%A1_hymna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slezská hymna (page does not exist)">Slezská hymna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Silesia">Demographics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landsmannschaft_Schlesien" title="Landsmannschaft Schlesien">Landsmannschaft Schlesien</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_March" title="Autonomy March">Marsz Autōnōmije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/55px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/83px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/110px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/55px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/83px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/110px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Silesia" title="Category:Silesia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Polish_People&#039;s_Republic453" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Template:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Template talk:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Polish People's Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Polish_People&#039;s_Republic453" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945–48 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Consolidation_of_communist_power" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Early post-war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Recovered Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Polish population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Provisional Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup" title="Augustów roundup">Augustów roundup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Polish_people%27s_referendum" title="1946 Polish people's referendum">1946 Polish people's referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947 Polish legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Constitution_of_1947" title="Small Constitution of 1947">Small Constitution of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_of_1947" title="Amnesty of 1947">Amnesty of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_trade" title="Battle for trade">Battle for trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Year_Plan" title="Three-Year Plan">Three-Year Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–56 <a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bierut</a>'s rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Year_Plan" title="Six-Year Plan">Six-Year Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism_in_Poland" title="Socialist realism in Poland">Socialist realism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w_Prison_executions_of_1951" title="Mokotów Prison executions of 1951">Mokotów Prison executions of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Constitution of the Polish People's Republic">1952 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_show_trial_of_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Curia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia">Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Generals" title="Trial of the Generals">Trial of the Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX_Association" title="PAX Association">PAX Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_protests_of_1956" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań protests of 1956">Poznań protests of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1956–70 <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Gomułka</a>'s<br />autarchic communism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1957_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Polish legislative election">1957 Polish legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_the_Polish_State" title="Millennium of the Polish State">Millennium of the Polish State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Reconciliation_of_the_Polish_Bishops_to_the_German_Bishops" title="Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops">Bishops' Letter of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau" title="Kniefall von Warschau">Kniefall von Warschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_protests_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish protests of 1970">Polish protests of 1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–81 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Gierek</a>'s <br />international opening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_strikes" title="1971 Łódź strikes">1971 Łódź strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_59" title="Letter of 59">Letter of 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee" title="Workers' Defence Committee">Workers' Defence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_University" title="Flying University">Flying University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Lublin_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Lublin strikes">1980 Lublin strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes">Jastrzębie-Zdrój strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity (Polish trade union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Students%27_Association" title="Independent Students' Association">Independent Students' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Solidarity" title="Rural Solidarity">Rural Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_events" title="Bydgoszcz events">Bydgoszcz events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_warning_strike_in_Poland" title="1981 warning strike in Poland">1981 warning strike in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Polish_hunger_demonstrations" title="1981 Polish hunger demonstrations">1981 Polish hunger demonstrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–89 <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Jaruzelski</a>'s<br />autocratic rule and demise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Militsiya hour">Militsiya hour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Council_of_National_Salvation" title="Military Council of National Salvation">Military Council of National Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Wujek" title="Pacification of Wujek">Pacification of Wujek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_demonstrations_in_Poland" title="1982 demonstrations in Poland">1982 demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Fighting_Youth" title="Federation of Fighting Youth">Federation of Fighting Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Polish_political_and_economic_reforms_referendum" title="1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum">1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irredentism312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irredentism" title="Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irredentism" title="Template talk:Irredentism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irredentism312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">unification with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir independence movement">Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" title="Territories claimed by the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Thaiism" title="Pan-Thaiism">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Azerbaijan" title="Whole Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism#Irredentism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism#Pan-Syrianism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermarium" title="Intermarium">Intermarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">unification with Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">occupation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">proposed annexation of South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupation of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic#Territory" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_question" title="Karelian question">Karelia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">unification with Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Cyprus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese irredentism">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Myth" title="Kosovo Myth">Kosovo Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">partition of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentism in Corfu">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Italian Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Ticino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belgium" title="Greater Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_borders_of_France" title="Natural borders of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Wallonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_relations" title="Canada–Turks and Caicos Islands relations">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_the_United_States_to_purchase_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposals for the United States to purchase Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan unification">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Related concepts:</i> <i><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since 1914">Border changes since 1914</a> · <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partitionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Reunification</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revisionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></b></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borders_of_Poland21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Poland" title="Template:Borders of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borders_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Borders of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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