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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_and_Hawaiian_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_Hawaiian_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historical and Hawaiian usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_Hawaiian_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hapa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hapa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3502586#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3502586" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hawaiian term for mixed ethnicity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a term for a person of mixed ethnic heritage. For for the Hawaiian genre of music, see <a href="/wiki/Hapa_haole_music" title="Hapa haole music">Hapa haole music</a>. For the psychological theory of health behavior change, see <a href="/wiki/Health_action_process_approach" title="Health action process approach">Health action process approach</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Hapa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-dictcom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> word for someone of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multiracial</a> ancestry. In <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, the word refers to any person of mixed ethnic heritage, regardless of the specific mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is used for any multiracial person of partial <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a>, or Pacific Islander mixture in California.<sup id="cite_ref-dictcom_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ho_2015_p._153_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ho_2015_p._153-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sunakawa_Willmore_Varner_Rosenberg_2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunakawa_Willmore_Varner_Rosenberg_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chew_2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chew_2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gamble_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamble_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In what can be characterized as <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">trans-cultural diffusion</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Wave_model" title="Wave model">wave model</a>, this latter usage has also spread to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:Lian_Niu_2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Lian_Niu_2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-activities.osu.edu_2021_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activities.osu.edu_2021-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_City_of_Portland,_Oregon_2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_City_of_Portland,_Oregon_2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both uses are concurrent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuynh-HohnbaumYoo2009437:_"The_term_"hapa"_is_commonly_used_to_refer_to_multiracial_Asian_and_Pacific_Islanders_(APIs)_and_originates_from_a_Native_Hawaiian_word."_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuynh-HohnbaumYoo2009437:_"The_term_"hapa"_is_commonly_used_to_refer_to_multiracial_Asian_and_Pacific_Islanders_(APIs)_and_originates_from_a_Native_Hawaiian_word."-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Folen_Ng_2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folen_Ng_2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_Hawaiian_usage">Historical and Hawaiian usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical and Hawaiian usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Hapa_Haole%27_(No._206)_by_Grace_Hudson,_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%27Hapa_Haole%27_%28No._206%29_by_Grace_Hudson%2C_1901.jpg/170px-%27Hapa_Haole%27_%28No._206%29_by_Grace_Hudson%2C_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%27Hapa_Haole%27_%28No._206%29_by_Grace_Hudson%2C_1901.jpg/255px-%27Hapa_Haole%27_%28No._206%29_by_Grace_Hudson%2C_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%27Hapa_Haole%27_%28No._206%29_by_Grace_Hudson%2C_1901.jpg/340px-%27Hapa_Haole%27_%28No._206%29_by_Grace_Hudson%2C_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption><i>Hapa Haole</i> (No. 206) by <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hudson" title="Grace Hudson">Grace Hudson</a>, 1901</figcaption></figure><p>The word "hapa" entered the Hawaiian language in the early 1800s, with the arrival of Christian missionaries who instituted a Hawaiian alphabet and developed curriculum for schools. It is a transliteration of the English word "half," but quickly came to mean "part," which could be combined with numbers to form fractions. For example, <i>hapalua</i> is half, <i>hapahā</i> is one-fourth, and <i>hapanui</i> means majority.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hawaii, the term can be used in conjunction with other Hawaiian racial and ethnic descriptors to specify a particular racial or ethnic mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this is <i>hapa haole</i> (part European/White).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukui" title="Mary Kawena Pukui">Pukui</a> states that the original meaning of the word <i>haole</i> was "foreigner." Therefore, all non-Hawaiians can be called <i>haole</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practical terms, however, the term is used as a racial description for whites, with the specific exclusion of Portuguese. Portuguese are traditionally considered to be a separate race in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_1961_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_1961-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa_haole_music" title="Hapa haole music">Hapa-haole</a></i> also is the name of a type of <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian music">Hawaiian music</a> in which the tune, styling, and/or subject matter is Hawaiian, but the lyrics are partly, mostly, or entirely in English.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <i>hapa-haole</i> songs had their musical roots in the Western tradition, and the lyrics were in some combination of English and Hawaiian; these songs first gained popularity outside the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a> beginning in 1912–1915,<sup id="cite_ref-Haas_2011_p._152_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas_2011_p._152-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and include titles such as "<a href="/wiki/My_Little_Grass_Shack_in_Kealakekua,_Hawaii" title="My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua, Hawaii">My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Leilani" title="Sweet Leilani">Sweet Leilani</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Shepherd_2003_p._450_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shepherd_2003_p._450-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hapa haole</i> is also used for Hawaiian-language <a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a> songs that are partly in English, thus disqualifying them as "authentic" Hawaiian hula in some venues such as the <a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some see the use of the term to refer to mixed Asian people without any connections to Hawaii as a misappropriation of <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian culture">Hawaiian culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDariotis2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDariotis2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are <i><a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BB%C4%81ina" title="Kamaʻāina">kamaʻāina</a></i> and <i>Kānaka Maoli</i> who see it as hypocritical to protest anyone using what was originally taken from another culture to begin with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeSmith2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeSmith2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still others take a stronger stand in discouraging its usage and misuse as they consider the term to be vulgar and racist.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the term, unlike other words referring to mixed-race people, has never been a derogatory term when it is used in its original Hawaiian context, although there is some debate about appropriate usage outside this context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2016_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Wei Ming Dariotis states, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Hapa' was chosen because it was the only word we could find that did not really cause us pain. It is not any of the Asian words for mixed Asian people that contain negative connotations either literally (e.g. 'children of the dust,' 'mixed animal') or by association (Eurasian)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDariotis2007_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDariotis2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, a film called <i><a href="/wiki/One_Big_Hapa_Family" title="One Big Hapa Family">One Big Hapa Family</a></i> was released about Japanese Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_mestizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino mestizo">Filipino mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_people_of_Spanish_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people of Spanish ancestry">Filipino people of Spanish ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Xue-Er" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun-Xue-Er">Hun-Xue-Er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hapa_Project" title="The Hapa Project">The Hapa Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_culture_kid" title="Third culture kid">Third culture kid</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Asian or Pacific Islander (API)" was a <a href="/wiki/US_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census">US Census</a> classification prior to the <a href="/wiki/2000_US_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 US Census">2000 US Census</a> subsequently separated into two categories: "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dictcom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictcom_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictcom_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hapa">"Definition of hapa | Dictionary.com"</a>. <i>www.dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+hapa+%7C+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fhapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinDe_la_Cruz2009">Bernstein & De la Cruz 2009</a>, p. 723: "Thus, for locals in Hawai’i, both hapa or hapa haole are used to depict people of mixed-race heritage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaniguchiHeidenreich2006">Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006</a>, p. 137: "Currently, Hawaiian locals use 'hapa' to refer to any individual who is racially mixed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ho_2015_p._153-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ho_2015_p._153_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2015" class="citation book cs1">Ho, Jennifer Ann (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialambiguityi00hoje"><i>Racial Ambiguity in Asian American Culture</i></a></span>. Asian American Studies Today. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialambiguityi00hoje/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813570716" title="Special:BookSources/9780813570716"><bdi>9780813570716</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/973052426">973052426</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Ambiguity+in+Asian+American+Culture&rft.series=Asian+American+Studies+Today&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F973052426&rft.isbn=9780813570716&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialambiguityi00hoje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunakawa_Willmore_Varner_Rosenberg_2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sunakawa_Willmore_Varner_Rosenberg_2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunakawaWillmoreVarnerRosenberg2015" class="citation web cs1">Sunakawa, Ellie; Willmore, Alison; Varner, Will; Rosenberg, Shannon; Nguyen, Dao; Hua, Bryant (May 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/elliesunakawa/31-things-all-half-asians-know-to-be-true">"31 Things All Half-Asians Know To Be True"</a>. <i>BuzzFeed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed&rft.atitle=31+Things+All+Half-Asians+Know+To+Be+True&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.aulast=Sunakawa&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft.au=Willmore%2C+Alison&rft.au=Varner%2C+Will&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Shannon&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Dao&rft.au=Hua%2C+Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Felliesunakawa%2F31-things-all-half-asians-know-to-be-true&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chew_2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chew_2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChew2016" class="citation web cs1">Chew, Erin (March 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706191247/https://www.yomyomf.com/are-we-using-the-word-hapa-in-the-wrong-context/">"Are we using the word 'Hapa' in the wrong context?"</a>. <i>You Offend Me You Offend My Family</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yomyomf.com/are-we-using-the-word-hapa-in-the-wrong-context/">the original</a> on July 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=You+Offend+Me+You+Offend+My+Family&rft.atitle=Are+we+using+the+word+%27Hapa%27+in+the+wrong+context%3F&rft.date=2016-03-22&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yomyomf.com%2Fare-we-using-the-word-hapa-in-the-wrong-context%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamble_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gamble_2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gamble, Adriane E. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/dept/AAS/journal/Old%20Paper%20Pages/agamble09.pdf">"Hapas: Emerging Identity, Emerging Terms and Labels & the Social Construction of Race"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stanford Journal of Asian American Studies</i>. <b>II</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Journal+of+Asian+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Hapas%3A+Emerging+Identity%2C+Emerging+Terms+and+Labels+%26+the+Social+Construction+of+Race&rft.volume=II&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Adriane+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FAAS%2Fjournal%2FOld%2520Paper%2520Pages%2Fagamble09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Lian_Niu_2022-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Lian_Niu_2022_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiu2022" class="citation news cs1">Niu, Lian (October 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyfreepress.com/2022/10/11/half-asian-peoples-association-strives-to-connect-through-the-disconnects/">"Half Asian People's Association strives to 'connect through the disconnects'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Daily Free Press</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-7337">1094-7337</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Half+Asian+People%27s+Association+strives+to+%27connect+through+the+disconnects%27&rft.date=2022-10-11&rft.issn=1094-7337&rft.aulast=Niu&rft.aufirst=Lian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyfreepress.com%2F2022%2F10%2F11%2Fhalf-asian-peoples-association-strives-to-connect-through-the-disconnects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-activities.osu.edu_2021-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-activities.osu.edu_2021_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://activities.osu.edu/involvement/student_organizations/find_a_student_org/?i=e97be5b3-33ed-4411-9930-5d900bbe22df&l=H&c=Columbus&page=0">"Half-Asian People's Association : Find a Student Organization : Student Activities"</a>. <i>activities.osu.edu</i>. January 26, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105181206/https://activities.osu.edu/involvement/student_organizations/find_a_student_org/?i=e97be5b3-33ed-4411-9930-5d900bbe22df&l=H&c=Columbus&page=0">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=activities.osu.edu&rft.atitle=Half-Asian+People%27s+Association+%3A+Find+a+Student+Organization+%3A+Student+Activities&rft.date=2021-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factivities.osu.edu%2Finvolvement%2Fstudent_organizations%2Ffind_a_student_org%2F%3Fi%3De97be5b3-33ed-4411-9930-5d900bbe22df%26l%3DH%26c%3DColumbus%26page%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_City_of_Portland,_Oregon_2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_City_of_Portland,_Oregon_2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portlandoregon.gov/71327">"Hapa, Asian, and Pacific Islander (H.A.P.I.)"</a>. <i>The City of Portland, Oregon</i>. August 1, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105181201/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/71327">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+of+Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.atitle=Hapa%2C+Asian%2C+and+Pacific+Islander+%28H.A.P.I.%29&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portlandoregon.gov%2F71327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuynh-HohnbaumYoo2009437:_"The_term_"hapa"_is_commonly_used_to_refer_to_multiracial_Asian_and_Pacific_Islanders_(APIs)_and_originates_from_a_Native_Hawaiian_word."-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuynh-HohnbaumYoo2009437:_"The_term_"hapa"_is_commonly_used_to_refer_to_multiracial_Asian_and_Pacific_Islanders_(APIs)_and_originates_from_a_Native_Hawaiian_word."_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuynh-HohnbaumYoo2009">Huynh-Hohnbaum & Yoo 2009</a>, p. 437: "The term "hapa" is commonly used to refer to multiracial Asian and Pacific Islanders (APIs) and originates from a Native Hawaiian word.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernsteinDe_la_Cruz2009">Bernstein & De la Cruz 2009</a>, p. 723: "Today, 'hapa' is used to describe any person of mixed East and South East Asian or Pacific Islander descent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOzakiJohnston2009">Ozaki & Johnston 2009</a>, pp. 53–54: "Currently, hapa is often used to refer to anyone of a racially mixed Asian heritage, and even more recently to anyone who is of mixed-race heritage (<a href="#CITEREFTaniguchiHeidenreich2006">Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006</a>)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folen_Ng_2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Folen_Ng_2007_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolenNg" class="citation web cs1">Folen, Alana; Ng, Tina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918121300/http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html">"The Hapa Project: How multiracial identity crosses oceans"</a>. <i>soc.hawaii.edu</i>. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soc.hawaii.edu/uhtoday/spring2007/j402/alanatina.html">the original</a> on September 18, 2009. <q>Jonathan Okamura, professor of ethnic studies at the University of Hawai`i at Manoa, explained that although hapa is a word that describes all people of mixed ancestry, hapa is primarily used to describe people who are half white and half East or Southeast Asian American.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soc.hawaii.edu&rft.atitle=The+Hapa+Project%3A+How+multiracial+identity+crosses+oceans&rft.aulast=Folen&rft.aufirst=Alana&rft.au=Ng%2C+Tina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soc.hawaii.edu%2Fuhtoday%2Fspring2007%2Fj402%2Falanatina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaniguchiHeidenreich2006">Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006</a>, p. 135: "In the United States, individuals recognized the term as meaning mixed Asian/Pacific Islander or, more popularly, part Asian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2017" class="citation news cs1">Downes, Lawrence (March 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/11/opinion/sunday/in-los-angeles-a-festival-of-love-and-hapa-ness.html">"In Los Angeles, a Festival of Love and Hapa-ness"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Los+Angeles%2C+a+Festival+of+Love+and+Hapa-ness&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F11%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fin-los-angeles-a-festival-of-love-and-hapa-ness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Management_and_Budget1997" class="citation cs2">Office of Management and Budget (October 30, 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards">"Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121150512/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/fedreg_1997standards/">archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Management+and+Budget&rft.atitle=Revisions+to+the+Standards+for+the+Classification+of+Federal+Data+on+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.date=1997-10-30&rft.au=Office+of+Management+and+Budget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fomb%2Ffedreg_1997standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEasley1995">Easley 1995</a>, p. 76: "'Hapa haole' is a commonly used phrase in Hawaii, employed by all Asian subgroups, but Hawaiian in origin. The phrase literally translates into "of part-white ancestry or origin.""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hapa%20haole">"Hapa Haole"</a>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hapa+Haole&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhapa%2520haole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPukuiElbert1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukui" title="Mary Kawena Pukui">Pukui, Mary Kawena</a>; Elbert, Samuel (March 1, 1986). <i>Hawaiian Dictionary</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824807030" title="Special:BookSources/9780824807030"><bdi>9780824807030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1986-03-01&rft.isbn=9780824807030&rft.aulast=Pukui&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kawena&rft.au=Elbert%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judd_1961-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judd_1961_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd1961" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Gerrit Parmele (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawaiiinformalhi00judd"><i>Hawaii : an informal history</i></a></span>. Collier-Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hawaiiinformalhi00judd/page/136">136</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035087443">1035087443</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii+%3A+an+informal+history&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Collier-Macmillan&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035087443&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+Parmele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhawaiiinformalhi00judd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanaheleBerger2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kanahele" title="George Kanahele">Kanahele, George S.</a>; Berger, John, eds. (2012) [1979]. <i>Hawaiian Music & Musicians</i> (2nd ed.). Honolulu, HI, USA: Mutual Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566479677" title="Special:BookSources/9781566479677"><bdi>9781566479677</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/808415079">808415079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiian+Music+%26+Musicians&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI%2C+USA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Mutual+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F808415079&rft.isbn=9781566479677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haas_2011_p._152-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haas_2011_p._152_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas2011" class="citation book cs1">Haas, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2wjBLn_OoC&pg=PA152"><i>Barack Obama, the Aloha Zen President: How a Son of the 50th State May Revitalize America Based on 12 Multicultural Principles</i></a>. Praeger. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313394027" title="Special:BookSources/9780313394027"><bdi>9780313394027</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/714891924">714891924</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama%2C+the+Aloha+Zen+President%3A+How+a+Son+of+the+50th+State+May+Revitalize+America+Based+on+12+Multicultural+Principles&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F714891924&rft.isbn=9780313394027&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNi2wjBLn_OoC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shepherd_2003_p._450-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd_2003_p._450_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shepherd, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&pg=PA450"><i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World</i></a>. Vol. II: Performance and Production. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826463227" title="Special:BookSources/9780826463227"><bdi>9780826463227</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50235133">50235133</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Popular+Music+of+the+World&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50235133&rft.isbn=9780826463227&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpJvzEzjahkQC%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaniguchiHeidenreich2006">Taniguchi & Heidenreich 2006</a>, p. 38: "Prominent figures in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a>, such as the Trask sisters, have spoken out against the co-optation of the Hawaiian language by Hapa organizations and other 'inappropriate' uses of the term."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDariotis2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDariotis2007_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDariotis2007_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDariotis2007">Dariotis 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2016-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2016_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2016_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson2016">Johnson 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeSmith2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeSmith2018_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeSmith2018">NeSmith 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsakawa2015" class="citation book cs1">Asakawa, Gil (2015) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-1HCgAAQBAJ&q=hapa+racist+term&pg=PA8"><i>Being Japanese American</i></a> (2nd ed.). Stone Bridge Press. p. preface page 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611720228" title="Special:BookSources/978-1611720228"><bdi>978-1611720228</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Japanese+American&rft.pages=preface+page+2&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Stone+Bridge+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1611720228&rft.aulast=Asakawa&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-1HCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhapa%2Bracist%2Bterm%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reelasian.com/reel-asian-news/2010-festival-award-winners/">"2010 Festival Award Winners"</a>. <i>Reel Asian International Film Festival</i>. November 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reel+Asian+International+Film+Festival&rft.atitle=2010+Festival+Award+Winners&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reelasian.com%2Freel-asian-news%2F2010-festival-award-winners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuynh-HohnbaumYoo2009" class="citation book cs1">Huynh-Hohnbaum, Anh-Luu T.; Yoo, Grace J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R_t3yQiWKQEC&q=%22multiracial%20asian%20and%20pacific%20islanders%22&pg=PA437">"Multiracial Asians and Pacific Islanders"</a>. In Chen, Wen-Chu; Yoo, Grace J. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Asian American Issues Today</i>. Vol. 1. Greenwood Pub Group. pp. 437–443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313347511" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313347511"><bdi>978-0313347511</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422757556">422757556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multiracial+Asians+and+Pacific+Islanders&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+American+Issues+Today&rft.pages=437-443&rft.pub=Greenwood+Pub+Group&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422757556&rft.isbn=978-0313347511&rft.aulast=Huynh-Hohnbaum&rft.aufirst=Anh-Luu+T.&rft.au=Yoo%2C+Grace+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR_t3yQiWKQEC%26q%3D%2522multiracial%2520asian%2520and%2520pacific%2520islanders%2522%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernsteinDe_la_Cruz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, Mary; De la Cruz, Marcie (2009). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"What are You?": Explaining Identity as a Goal of the Multiracial Hapa Movement". <i>Social Problems</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 722–745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsp.2009.56.4.722">10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722">10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Problems&rft.atitle=%22What+are+You%3F%22%3A+Explaining+Identity+as+a+Goal+of+the+Multiracial+Hapa+Movement&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=722-745&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fsp.2009.56.4.722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fsp.2009.56.4.722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=De+la+Cruz%2C+Marcie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasley1995" class="citation journal cs1">Easley, Allen Ken (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonlinebackup.com/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/asiapalj3&section=8">"Of Children's Plates, Melting Pots, Tossed Salads and Multiple Consciousness: Tales from a Hapa Haole"</a>. <i>UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 75–80<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Asian+Pacific+American+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Of+Children%27s+Plates%2C+Melting+Pots%2C+Tossed+Salads+and+Multiple+Consciousness%3A+Tales+from+a+Hapa+Haole&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-80&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Easley&rft.aufirst=Allen+Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonlinebackup.com%2Fhol-cgi-bin%2Fget_pdf.cgi%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fasiapalj3%26section%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzakiJohnston2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ozaki, C. Casey; Johnston, Marc (2009). "The space in between: Issues for multiracial student organizations and advising". <i>New Directions for Student Services</i>. <b>2008</b> (123): 53–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fss.286">10.1002/ss.286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Directions+for+Student+Services&rft.atitle=The+space+in+between%3A+Issues+for+multiracial+student+organizations+and+advising&rft.volume=2008&rft.issue=123&rft.pages=53-61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fss.286&rft.aulast=Ozaki&rft.aufirst=C.+Casey&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaniguchiHeidenreich2006" class="citation web cs1">Taniguchi, Angela S.; Heidenreich, Linda (June 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.libraries.wsu.edu/xmlui/handle/2376/12">"Re-Mix: Rethinking the use of Hapa in Mixedrace Asian/Pacific Islander American Community Organizing"</a>. <i>Research Exchange</i>. McNair Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Exchange&rft.atitle=Re-Mix%3A+Rethinking+the+use+of+Hapa+in+Mixedrace+Asian%2FPacific+Islander+American+Community+Organizing&rft.date=2006-06-28&rft.aulast=Taniguchi&rft.aufirst=Angela+S.&rft.au=Heidenreich%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.libraries.wsu.edu%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F2376%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDariotis2007" class="citation news cs1">Dariotis, Wei Ming (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mixedheritagecenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1259&Itemid=34">"Hapa: The Word of Power"</a>. Mixed Heritage Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hapa%3A+The+Word+of+Power&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dariotis&rft.aufirst=Wei+Ming&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mixedheritagecenter.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1259%26Itemid%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Akemi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/08/08/487821049/who-gets-to-be-hapa">"Who Gets To Be 'Hapa'?"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+Gets+To+Be+%27Hapa%27%3F&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Akemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2016%2F08%2F08%2F487821049%2Fwho-gets-to-be-hapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeSmith2018" class="citation news cs1">NeSmith, Richard Keao (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZPa_yyoJc8">"The Etymology of Hapa"</a>. <i>Japanese American National Museum</i>. Event occurs at 44:35-45:10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+American+National+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Etymology+of+Hapa&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=NeSmith&rft.aufirst=Richard+Keao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZZPa_yyoJc8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/hapa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hapa">hapa</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-09-15/how-hawaiian-word-hapa-came-be-used-people-mixed-heritage">How the Hawaiian word 'hapa' came to be used by people of mixed heritage</a> (audio)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hapahappyhour.libsyn.com/">Hapa Happy Hour</a> podcast</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hapa.me/">"new work by kip fulbeck"</a>. <i>hapa.me</i>. November 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hapa.me&rft.atitle=new+work+by+kip+fulbeck&rft.date=2018-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhapa.me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHapa" class="Z3988"></span> online presentation about the Hapa Project</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Okinawans_in_Hawaii" title="Okinawans in Hawaii">Okinawans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese in Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Korean immigration to Hawaii">in Hawaii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Mien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian 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href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_arts_and_entertainment" title="Asian Americans in arts and entertainment">Arts and Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_broadcast_journalism" title="Asian Americans in broadcast journalism">Broadcast journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Asian_Americans" title="Demographics of Asian Americans">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_government_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in government and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_science_and_technology" title="Asian Americans in science and technology">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_sports" title="Asian Americans in sports">Sports</a></li> <li>Stereotypes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_East_and_Southeast_Asians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States">East and Southeast Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_South_Asians" title="Stereotypes of South Asians">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_California" title="Asian Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="Asian Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_San_Francisco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Asian Americans in San Francisco (disambiguation)">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Metro Detroit">Metro Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Asian immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Houston" title="Asian Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian-Americans_in_Maryland" title="Asian-Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Nevada" title="Asian Americans in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Puerto Rican">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington_(state)" title="Asian Americans in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Virginia" title="Asian Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiracial_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapa&oldid=1243467710">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hapa&oldid=1243467710</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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