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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="fr-FR" xml:lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8">  <title>Biographie d'ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (1089-1164) - Encyclop忙dia Universalis</title> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta name="generator" content="TYPO3 CMS" /> <meta name="description" content="Biographie d'ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (1089-1164). Commentateur, grammairien, philosophe et astronome, Abraham ibn Ezra, n茅脿 Tudela, est l'une des plus grandes..." /> <meta name="robots" content="index, all, follow" /> <meta name="viewport" content="viewport-fit=cover, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="author" content="Encyclop忙dia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Biographie d'ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (1089-1164)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Biographie d'ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (1089-1164). Commentateur, grammairien, philosophe et astronome, Abraham ibn Ezra, n茅脿 Tudela, est l'une des plus grandes figures de la pens茅e juive du Moyen 脗ge. Sa carri猫re se divise en deux p茅riodes bien distinctes. Pendant la premi猫re, jusqu'en 1140, il..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/abraham-ibn-ezra/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclop忙dia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie d'ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (1089-1164)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie d'ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (1089-1164). Commentateur, grammairien, philosophe et astronome, Abraham ibn Ezra, n茅脿 Tudela, est l'une des plus grandes figures de la pens茅e juive du Moyen 脗ge. Sa carri猫re se divise en deux p茅riodes bien distinctes. 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data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifi茅 le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT228522_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT228522_0"></i><p> Commentateur, grammairien, philosophe et astronome, Abraham ibn Ezra, n茅脿 Tudela, est l'une des plus grandes figures de la pens茅e juive du Moyen 脗ge. Sa carri猫re se divise en deux p茅riodes bien distinctes. Pendant la premi猫re, jusqu'en 1140, il vit en Espagne, o霉 des liens d'amiti茅 le lient 脿 Juda Hal茅vi, dont il 茅pouse la fille. Des cinq fils issus de cette union, un seul, Isaac, est connu. Selon la l茅gende, celui-ci se convertit 脿 l'islam, ce qui incita le p猫re 脿 quitter son pays pour passer le reste de sa vie 脿 voyager.</p><p>C'est pendant ses ann茅es de p茅r茅grination qu'Abraham ibn Ezra 茅crivit tous ses grands ouvrages聽: 脿 Rome, son trait茅 de grammaire (<em>La Balance de la langue sacr茅e</em>, <em>Mozney leshon ha-qodesh</em>, Venise, 1546)聽; 脿 Lucques, un bref commentaire sur le Pentateuque et un autre sur les livres historiques, qui n'est pas conserv茅聽; 脿 Mantoue, un trait茅 sur le calendrier (<em>Sefer ha-鈥業bbur</em>, 1874) et un ouvrage sur les nombres (<em>Sefer ha-mispar</em>, 1895). En 1147, il quitte l'Italie pour la Provence, puis pour le nord de la France. C'est l脿 qu'il 茅crit son long commentaire sur le Pentateuque, dont seuls subsistent quelques chapitres sur la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans la Bible juive (texte massor茅tique), le Livre de la Gen猫se a pour titre son premier mot, Bereshit (芦聽au commencement聽禄). Dans la version des Septante, c'est Genesis (芦聽origine聽禄), terme immortalis茅 par sa latinisation dans la Vulgate. D'une mani猫re large, le titre 芦聽Gen猫se聽禄 s'explique par le fait que le livre d茅bute par le r茅cit des origines du monde, de l'homme et d..." title="Article : LIVRE DE LA GEN脠SE" href="/encyclopedie/livre-de-la-genese/">Gen猫se</a> et sur l'Exode (<em>Sefer ha-Shem</em>, 1834), ainsi que des commentaires sur le livre de Daniel, les Psaumes, le livre d'Esther, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Cantique des cantiques, c'est-脿-dire le Cantique par excellence, constitue l'un des plus beaux chants d' amour de la litt茅rature universelle. Il c茅l猫bre un couple , le bien-aim茅 et la bien-aim茅e, qui se rejoignent et se perdent, se cherchent et se retrouvent.. De toutes les 艙uvres bibliques, c'est celle qui a suscit茅 le plus d'interpr茅tations diverses. Dans la Bible juive, il f..." title="Article : CANTIQUE DES CANTIQUES" href="/encyclopedie/cantique-des-cantiques/">Cantique des cantiques</a>, les Douze Proph猫tes dits mineurs. Il y 茅crit aussi ses ouvrages astrologiques (<em>Mishpetei ha-Mazzalot</em>, <em>Sefer ha-Moladot</em>, in茅dits聽; <em>Sefer ha-Meorot</em>, 1932聽; <em>Sefer ha-Olam</em>, 1937). Il s'y lie d'amiti茅 avec R. Jacob Tam. En 1158, il est 脿 Londres, o霉 il r茅dige son ouvrage de philosophie, <em>Yesod Mora</em> (Constantinople, 1530). Suivant la tradition, 脿 la fin de sa vie, il accomplit un voyage en Terre sainte. 脡tant donn茅 le caract猫re mouvement茅 de sa carri猫re, ses ouvrages ne sont pas organis茅s d'une mani猫re m茅thodique et sont en majorit茅 compos茅s de brefs trait茅s.</p><p>Dans ses commentaires scripturaires, Abraham ibn Ezra s'efforce d'exposer le sens litt茅ral des termes, faisant un large usage des commentaires talmudiques聽; ses explications sur le Pentateuque concernent surtout l'茅tymologie et la grammaire des termes, comportant des excursus sur des termes midrashiques, parfois une note de pol茅mique antikara茂te, des d茅veloppements ayant trait 脿 la vie contemporaine, voire 脿 des exp茅riences personnelles de l'auteur au cours de ses voyages. Dans son commentaire sur les Psaumes, il expose son opinion sur leurs auteurs聽; dans le commentaire sur le livre d'Esther, il explique pour quelle raison le nom divin n'y est pas mentionn茅. Il regarde le Cantique des cantiques comme une all茅gorie de l'histoire du peuple juif, depuis Abraham jusqu'脿 la venue du Messie, et la seconde partie du livre d'Isa茂e (du chap. <span class="pc">xl</span> 脿 la fin) comme l'艙uvre d'un proph猫te de l'Exil.</p><p>Bien qu'il n'ait pas cr茅茅 un syst猫me de grammaire original, Abraham ibn Ezra est tenu pour le plus grand grammairien de la langue h茅bra茂que, parce qu'il fut le premier 脿 composer ses ouvrages de grammaire en h茅breu et 脿 introduire en Europe le principe des racines trilit猫res repris des 艙uvres de Hayyuj, qu'il traduisit d'arabe en h茅breu.</p><p>Sa doctrine philosophique se trouve dans son trait茅 sur les noms divins (<em>Sefer ha-Shem</em>), dans l'interpr茅tation des commandements (<em>Yesod Mora</em>) et dans de nombreux passages de ses commentaires bibliques. Dans sa th茅orie sur la Cr茅ation, il combine la doctrine n茅o-platonicienne de l'茅manation avec la th茅orie platonisante de la Cr茅ation. La Cr茅ation d茅crite dans le chapitre <span class="pc">i</span><sup>er</sup> de la Gen猫se est celle de la mati猫re, 脿 laquelle le monde intelligible pr茅existe selon un mode d'锚tre intemporel. L'univers se compose de trois sph猫res聽: le monde intelligible des anges, le monde interm茅diaire des sph猫res c茅lestes, le monde sublunaire,<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonn茅s</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus vari茅s, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les 茅crans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicit茅</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">D茅couvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> D茅j脿 abonn茅 ? 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Commentateur, grammairien, philosophe et astronome, Abraham ibn Ezra, n茅脿 Tudela, est l'une des plus grandes figures de la pens茅e juive du Moyen 脗ge. Sa carri猫re se divise en deux p茅riodes bien distinctes. Pendant la premi猫re, jusqu'en 1140, il vit en Espagne, o霉 des liens d'amiti茅 le lient 脿 Juda Hal茅vi, dont il 茅pouse la fille. Des cinq fil..." title="Article : ABRAHAM IBN EZRA (1089-1164)" href="/encyclopedie/abraham-ibn-ezra/">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> (d茅form茅 en latin en <em>Abenesra</em>), d'abord rendus en ancien fran莽ais. 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