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It highlights the contrasting roles of literate clergy and largely illiterate laymen, pointing out the impact on intellectual and cultural development. Various forms of oral traditions, including formulae, poetry, lists, tales, and commentaries, are identified and categorized, further illustrating the richness of oral culture before the widespread adoption of written communication.","publication_date":"2000,,","publication_name":"Literacy in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian Culture (The Viking Collection 16) (Odense 2005)"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Verba Volant, Scripta Manent? 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Aspects of Early Scandinavian Oral Society”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37389652/mini_magick20190302-28815-6tk8ll.png?1551566086" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Verba Volant, Scripta Manent? Aspects of Early Scandinavian Oral Society</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29800732" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/StefanBrink"><img alt="Profile image of Stefan Brink" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/29800732/8607339/9707545/s65_stefan.brink.jpg" />Stefan Brink</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2000, Literacy in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian Culture (The Viking Collection 16) (Odense 2005)</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">59 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 11989547; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=11989547"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper discusses the transition from an oral to a literate culture in Scandinavia, emphasizing that this shift is not an abrupt event but rather a gradual process that occurred particularly during the Late Iron Age to the Middle Ages. It highlights the contrasting roles of literate clergy and largely illiterate laymen, pointing out the impact on intellectual and cultural development. Various forms of oral traditions, including formulae, poetry, lists, tales, and commentaries, are identified and categorized, further illustrating the richness of oral culture before the widespread adoption of written communication.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":37389652,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11989547/Verba_Volant_Scripta_Manent_Aspects_of_Early_Scandinavian_Oral_Society"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":37389652,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11989547/Verba_Volant_Scripta_Manent_Aspects_of_Early_Scandinavian_Oral_Society"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Svetlana Loutchitsky and Marie-Christine Varol – in The Medieval Review [online], 12.12.04","attachmentId":36294123,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10195315/Homo_legens_Style_et_pratiques_de_lecture_analyses_compar%C3%A9es_des_traditions_orales_et_%C3%A9crites_au_Moyen_%C3%82ge_ed_Svetlana_Loutchitsky_and_Marie_Christine_Varol_in_The_Medieval_Review_online_12_12_04","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10195315/Homo_legens_Style_et_pratiques_de_lecture_analyses_compar%C3%A9es_des_traditions_orales_et_%C3%A9crites_au_Moyen_%C3%82ge_ed_Svetlana_Loutchitsky_and_Marie_Christine_Varol_in_The_Medieval_Review_online_12_12_04"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="115573450" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115573450/The_Meaning_of_Media_Texts_and_Materiality_in_Medieval_Scandinavia">The Meaning of Media: Texts and Materiality in Medieval Scandinavia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="96909145" href="https://uio.academia.edu/AnnaHorn">Anna Horn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present book is the first in a new series intended to provide the foundation for a new history of texts in transmission in the Scandinavian Middle Ages. It is therefore relevant to stress what is central to and new about this approach to medieval manuscript culture. The traditional synthesis in the form of literary history is generally presented as a chronological narrative formed around the production of works, primarily works at the centre of an accepted canon. Our contention is that it is more relevant to establish a dynamic model based on the dissemination, distribution, and reception of texts in motion rather than static works, while to some degree, however, retaining relevant aspects of the production of the original form. One central aim is to provide the theoretical and methodological framework for such a narrative of the history of texts. Our use of the concepts of genre and type of text will, for example, as a consequence also be determined by the actual reception of texts over time rather than by fixed and static categories. At the outset, it is also important to stress that the material taken into account will to a large extent involve texts that are traditionally placed outside of the canon. This enables us to form a more comprehensive view of the emerging literate culture in Latin and the vernacular. The literate culture of the Middle Ages, in manuscripts and epigraphic writing, has with good reason been characterized as constituted by variance on all levels, from palaeography and orthography to the transmission of motifs and larger textual units (see e.g. Zumthor 1987). It is obvious, however, that there has been a tendency in earlier scholarship to divide the investigation of this culture into various fields of study, with the result that interrelations and conflicting tendencies leading to changes in a longer-term perspective may have been overlooked. Good examples of this would be the lack of studies on the relation between epigraphy and manuscripts throughout the Middle Ages, or on the interaction between manuscript traditions and the emerging print culture of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. It has been common to focus on runic material as representative of regional literacy, while inscriptions in Latin have very often been neglected. And yet, from the introduction of Roman script and Latin texts, probably as early as the tenth century, but attested more clearly only in later centuries, our material demonstrates the interaction between the traditional use of runes and the novelty of Latin texts in various media. Runes are primarily found in epigraphic contexts, sometimes in direct connection with Latin inscriptions. In the manuscript material, Roman script dominates, but we do find examples of written runic messages, both</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Meaning of Media: Texts and Materiality in Medieval Scandinavia","attachmentId":111941438,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115573450/The_Meaning_of_Media_Texts_and_Materiality_in_Medieval_Scandinavia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115573450/The_Meaning_of_Media_Texts_and_Materiality_in_Medieval_Scandinavia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="30817317" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30817317/Literacy_in_Scandinavia_A_passage_from_orality_influenced_by_runes">Literacy in Scandinavia: A passage from orality influenced by runes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12566728" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElenaMiramontes">Elena Miramontes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">After reading the recent studies about the traces of orality and the beginning of literacy in the oldest Scandinavian texts we preserve, the first conclusion to be drawn is that the problem is far from being solved. Even though some medievalists believe that orality can not be proven by reading the primary sources we have, most general linguists accept that oral texts should preserve certain features indicating their pre-literate origins. However, the first texts we find written in the Latin alphabet do not show most of those generally accepted oral features. Then, maybe we must accept that the texts we preserve were not composed in an oral society. Runes were used centuries before the arrival of the Latin alphabet and they were used for noting down poems and memorial messages. Those inscriptions show an evolution not only in the type of messages written, but also in the complexity of the poems carved. Thus, a study on the Scandinavian texts, taking into account the runic inscriptions, could help us understand better the history of the passage from orality to literacy in this region and the role that runes would have played in this process.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Literacy in Scandinavia: A passage from orality influenced by runes","attachmentId":51250266,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30817317/Literacy_in_Scandinavia_A_passage_from_orality_influenced_by_runes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30817317/Literacy_in_Scandinavia_A_passage_from_orality_influenced_by_runes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="821755" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/821755/The_Orality_of_a_Silent_Age_The_Place_of_Orality_in_Medieval_Studies">The Orality of a Silent Age: The Place of Orality in Medieval Studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="298007" href="https://leeds.academia.edu/AlaricHall">Alaric Hall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article uses a brief survey of current work on Old English poetry as the point of departure for arguing that although useful, the concepts of orality and literacy have, in medieval studies, been extended further beyond their literal referents of spoken and written communication than is heuristically useful. Recent emphasis on literate methods and contexts for the writing of our surviving Anglo-Saxon poetry, in contradistinction to the previous emphasis on oral ones, provides the basis for this criticism. Despite a significant amount of revisionist work, the concept of orality remains something of a vortex into which a range of only party related issues have been sucked: authorial originality/communal property; impromptu composition/meditated composition; authorial and audience alienation/immediacy. The relevance of orality to these issues is not in dispute; the problem is that they do not vary along specifically oral/literate axes. The article suggests that this is symptomatic of a wider modernist discourse in medieval studies whereby modern, literate society is (implicitly) contrasted with medieval, oral society: the extension of the orality/literacy axis beyond its literal reference has to some extent facilitated the perpetuation of an earlier contrast between primitivity and modernity which deserves still to be questioned and disputed. Pruning back our conceptions of the oral and the literate to their stricter denotations, we might hope to see more clearly what areas of medieval studies would benefit from alternative interpretations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Orality of a Silent Age: The Place of Orality in Medieval Studies","attachmentId":31309212,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/821755/The_Orality_of_a_Silent_Age_The_Place_of_Orality_in_Medieval_Studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/821755/The_Orality_of_a_Silent_Age_The_Place_of_Orality_in_Medieval_Studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="71458334" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71458334/The_Emergence_of_an_Authorial_Culture_Publishing_in_Denmark_in_the_Long_Twelfth_Century">The Emergence of an Authorial Culture: Publishing in Denmark in the Long Twelfth Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4600165" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/SamuNiskanen">Samu Niskanen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Meaning of Media</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This essay seeks to outline how the publication of original Latin literary works began and matured as a process in Denmark in the course of the long twelfth century. 1 Characterized by cultural and societal transformations in Western Christendom, the period witnessed the emergence of a Latin literary culture in Scandinavia. The present paper's geographical focus is on Denmark because, in comparison with other Scandinavian realms, the kingdom was a forerunner in the field of Latin composition. 2 The corpus of texts discussed embraces selected Latin literary works from Denmark datable to the long twelfth century. The principle governing the selection was that the texts furnish evidence regarding their publication and are representative of pertinent key trends. The corpus tends towards the hagiographical and historical, rather than the theological and scholarly, because writings falling into the former categories were authored throughout the period under study. The earliest text in our corpus is an anonymous hagiographical text from the turn of the eleventh century; the latest is the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus, published in 1208 or soon after. Before embarking on the analysis, I must clarify how the terms literary and publication are applied here, and how the subject is approached. Literary here denotes texts that were transmitted by means of books or booklets (as opposed to inscriptions), that were not produced in the course of business and were characterized by at least a degree of commitment to elegance of expression (as opposed to administrative documents), and that were longer than a few lines. The term publication calls for a more detailed treatment; a short overview of previous research on authorial publication in the Middle Ages is likewise necessary. Today, the vehicle for publishing is a printed or Samu Niskanen, University of Helsinki 1 This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 716538 (MedPub, Medieval Publishing from c. 1000 to 1500). I am indebted to Jakub Kujawinski, Lars Boje Mortensen, the editors of this book, and the two anonymous reviewers for their comments. Any remaining errors are mine. 2 This assessment pertains to quantity and variety. The earliest Scandinavian literary text in Latin was composed possibly in mid-eleventh-century Norway; see Mortensen (2012: "Sanctus Olavus"):</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Emergence of an Authorial Culture: Publishing in Denmark in the Long Twelfth Century","attachmentId":80791594,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71458334/The_Emergence_of_an_Authorial_Culture_Publishing_in_Denmark_in_the_Long_Twelfth_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71458334/The_Emergence_of_an_Authorial_Culture_Publishing_in_Denmark_in_the_Long_Twelfth_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="38767161" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38767161/Orality_and_Literacy_after_the_Reformation">Orality and Literacy after the Reformation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42779190" href="https://lka-lt.academia.edu/LinaVidauskyt%C4%97">Lina Vidauskytė</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In Kulturelle Wirkungen der Reformation / Cultural Impacts of the Reformation. Kongressdokumentation Lutherstadt Wittenberg August 2017. Leucorea-Studien zur Geschichte der Reformation und der Lutherischen Orthodoxie (LStRLO), 2019, 37, Band II, Evangelische Verlagsanstalt. Leipzig, S. 345- 353.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Orality and Literacy after the Reformation","attachmentId":58856225,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38767161/Orality_and_Literacy_after_the_Reformation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38767161/Orality_and_Literacy_after_the_Reformation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="8100601" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8100601/Rural_Literacy_in_Sixteenth_Century_Norway">Rural Literacy in Sixteenth Century Norway</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="395669" href="https://ntnu-no.academia.edu/IvarBerg">Ivar Berg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Vernacular Literacies – Past, Present and Future, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper discusses how the increased importance of literacy in the beginning of the Early Modern era affected the Common Man in Norway. The paper claims a “literacy of the illiterate.” Even people who could not themselves read were members of communities that relied on written testimonies and their use; they were used to hearing charters read out loud and knew how they were supposed to sound. The claim is made that the social function of “farmer letters” (bondebrev) and their peculiar linguistic form (compared to other texts written in Norway at the same time) are connected.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rural Literacy in Sixteenth Century Norway","attachmentId":34549846,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8100601/Rural_Literacy_in_Sixteenth_Century_Norway","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8100601/Rural_Literacy_in_Sixteenth_Century_Norway"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37389652,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37389652,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_37389652" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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B. Mortensen and T. M. S. Lehtonen, eds., with A. Bergholm, The Performance of Christian and Pagan Storyworlds: Non-Canonical Chapters of the History of Nordic Medieval Literature. (Medieval Identities: Socio-Cultural Spaces 3.) Turnhout: Brepols, 2013.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21823" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/Gottsk%C3%A1lkJensson">Gottskálk Jensson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Speculum Review of L. B. Mortensen and T. M. S. Lehtonen, eds., with A. Bergholm, The Performance of Christian and Pagan Storyworlds: Non-Canonical Chapters of the History of Nordic Medieval Literature. (Medieval Identities: Socio-Cultural Spaces 3.) 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