CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gypsum - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e7cee0b6-e09f-483c-b302-f31594a2a1ea","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gypsum","wgTitle":"Gypsum","wgCurRevisionId":1267752632,"wgRevisionId":1267752632,"wgArticleId":13040,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from May 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from July 2014","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles using infobox templates with no data rows","Commons link from Wikidata", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference","Calcium minerals","Sulfate minerals","Sedimentary rocks","Evaporite","Alchemical substances","Monoclinic minerals","Minerals in space group 15","Alabaster","Luminescent minerals","Industrial minerals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gypsum","wgRelevantArticleId":13040,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en" ,"pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q82658","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles" :"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gypse_Caresse.jpg/1200px-Gypse_Caresse.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1077"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gypse_Caresse.jpg/800px-Gypse_Caresse.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="718"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gypse_Caresse.jpg/640px-Gypse_Caresse.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="574"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gypsum - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gypsum rootpage-Gypsum skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gypsum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gypsum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Gypsum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gypsum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Crystal varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Desulfurization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desulfurization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Desulfurization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desulfurization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desalination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desalination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Desalination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desalination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refinery_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refinery_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Refinery waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refinery_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Occupational safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupational_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occupational safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occupational_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Construction industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling,_sculpture_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling,_sculpture_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Modeling, sculpture and art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling,_sculpture_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine_and_cosmetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine_and_cosmetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Medicine and cosmetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine_and_cosmetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gypsum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B5" title="جص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheso_(mineral)" title="Cheso (mineral) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cheso (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelsu" title="Yelsu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yelsu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips_(mineral)" title="Gips (mineral) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gips (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsum" title="Gipsum – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gipsum" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гіпс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гіпс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіпс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guix" title="Guix – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guix" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1drovec" title="Sádrovec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sádrovec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kips" title="Kips – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kips" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%8D%CF%88%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γύψος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γύψος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeso_(mineral)" title="Yeso (mineral) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yeso (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipso%C5%9Dtono" title="Gipsoŝtono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gipsoŝtono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igeltsu_(minerala)" title="Igeltsu (minerala) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Igeltsu (minerala)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%AF%DA%86" title="سنگ گچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ گچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypse" title="Gypse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gypse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipseam" title="Gipseam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gipseam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeso" title="Xeso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EA%B3%A0" title="석고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BD" title="Գիպս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիպս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A0" title="हरसौंठ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हरसौंठ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipso" title="Gipso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gipso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsum" title="Gipsum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gipsum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesso_(minerale)" title="Gesso (minerale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gesso (minerale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A1" title="גבס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82" title="ಜಿಪ್ಸಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿಪ್ಸಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gypsum" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თაბაშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თაბაშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasi" title="Jasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceps" title="Ceps – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ceps" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gypsum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2ipsis" title="Ģipsis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģipsis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsas" title="Gipsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gipsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsz" title="Gipsz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gipsz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatosanga" title="Vatosanga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatosanga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsum" title="Gipsum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gipsum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BD%D3%A9" title="Гөлтгөнө – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гөлтгөнө" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%86%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျစ်ပဆမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျစ်ပဆမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石膏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гипсум – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гипсум" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gip" title="Gip – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gip" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਖੜੀਆ ਮਿੱਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੜੀਆ ਮਿੱਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%85" title="جپسم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جپسم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%86%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျစ်ပဆမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျစ်ပဆမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsita" title="Gipsita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gipsita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghips" title="Ghips – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghips" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quntay" title="Quntay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quntay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8D" title="Гиипсэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гиипсэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gypsum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jissu_(minirali)" title="Jissu (minirali) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jissu (minirali)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gypsum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چيرولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيرولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadrovec" title="Sadrovec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sadrovec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadra" title="Sadra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sadra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гипс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гипс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipsi" title="Kipsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kipsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips" title="Gips – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gips" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜிப்சம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜிப்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Гипсум – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гипсум" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="ยิปซัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยิปซัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A7%C4%B1_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Alçı taşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alçı taşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Гіпс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіпс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%B3" title="گىپىس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گىپىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A1ch_cao" title="Thạch cao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thạch cao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyipsum" title="Dyipsum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dyipsum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石膏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石膏" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石膏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82658#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gypsum" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gypsum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gypsum"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Gypsum" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Gypsum" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&oldid=1267752632" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Gypsum&id=1267752632&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGypsum"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGypsum"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gypsum&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q82658" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soft calcium sulfate mineral</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gypsum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gypsum (disambiguation)">Gypsum (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Gypsum</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypse_Caresse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gypse_Caresse.jpg/260px-Gypse_Caresse.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gypse_Caresse.jpg/390px-Gypse_Caresse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Gypse_Caresse.jpg/520px-Gypse_Caresse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="3139" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sulfate_mineral" title="Sulfate mineral">Sulfate minerals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(repeating unit)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CaSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mineral_symbols" title="List of mineral symbols">IMA symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gp<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.CD.40</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">Monoclinic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal class">Crystal class</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Prismatic (2/m) <br /><a href="/wiki/H-M_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="H-M symbol">H-M symbol</a>: (2/m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Monoclinic <br /><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a>: <i>I</i>2/a</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure#Unit_cell" title="Crystal structure">Unit cell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">a = 5.679(5), b = 15.202(14) <br />c = 6.522(6) Å; β = 118.43°; Z = 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Colorless (in transmitted light) to white; often tinged other hues due to impurities; may be yellow, tan, blue, pink, dark brown, reddish brown or gray</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">Crystal habit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Massive, flat. Elongated and generally prismatic crystals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">Twinning</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Very common on {110}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Perfect on {010}, distinct on {100}</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Conchoidal on {100}, splintery parallel to [001]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tenacity_(mineralogy)" title="Tenacity (mineralogy)">Tenacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Flexible, inelastic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5–2 (defining mineral for 2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vitreous to silky, pearly, or waxy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</a></th><td class="infobox-data">White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">Diaphaneity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transparent to translucent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.31–2.33</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data">Biaxial (+)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>n</i><sub>α</sub> = 1.519–1.521<br /> <i>n</i><sub>β</sub> = 1.522–1.523<br /> <i>n</i><sub>γ</sub> = 1.529–1.530</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">δ = 0.010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/2V_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="2V angle">2V angle</a></th><td class="infobox-data">58°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fusibility" title="Fusibility">Fusibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hot, dilute HCl</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cornelis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornelis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Major varieties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Satin spar</th><td class="infobox-data">Pearly, fibrous masses</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transparent and bladed crystals</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">Alabaster</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fine-grained, slightly colored</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gypsum</b> is a soft <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_mineral" title="Sulfate mineral">sulfate mineral</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">dihydrate</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CaSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornelis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornelis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely mined and is used as a <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> and as the main constituent in many forms of <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">drywall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackboard" title="Blackboard">blackboard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_chalk" title="Sidewalk chalk">sidewalk chalk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gypsum also <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallizes</a> as translucent crystals of <a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">selenite</a>. It forms as an <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> mineral and as a <a href="/wiki/Mineral_hydration" title="Mineral hydration">hydration</a> product of <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale of mineral hardness</a> defines gypsum as hardness value 2 based on <a href="/wiki/Scratch_hardness" title="Scratch hardness">scratch</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardness_comparison" title="Hardness comparison">hardness comparison</a>. </p><p>Fine-grained white or lightly tinted forms of gypsum known as <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> have been used for <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> by many cultures including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_alabaster" title="Nottingham alabaster">Nottingham alabasters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval England">Medieval England</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gypsum" class="extiw" title="wikt:gypsum">gypsum</a></i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">γύψος</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">gypsos</i></span>), "plaster".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> have long furnished burnt gypsum (<a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcined</a> gypsum) used for various purposes, this dehydrated gypsum became known as <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of Paris">plaster of Paris</a>. Upon adding water, after a few dozen minutes, plaster of Paris becomes regular gypsum (dihydrate) again, causing the material to harden or "set" in ways that are useful for casting and construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Szostakowski_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szostakowski-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gypsum was known in Old English as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">spærstān</i></span>, "spear stone", referring to its crystalline projections. Thus, the word <a href="/wiki/Spar_(mineralogy)" title="Spar (mineralogy)">spar</a> in mineralogy, by comparison to gypsum, refers to any non-<a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> mineral or crystal that forms in spearlike projections. In the mid-18th century, the German clergyman and agriculturalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Mayer_(agriculturist)" title="Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)">Johann Friderich Mayer</a> investigated and publicized gypsum's use as a fertilizer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gypsum may act as a source of sulfur for plant growth, and in the early 19th century, it was regarded as an almost miraculous fertilizer. American farmers were so anxious to acquire it that a lively smuggling trade with Nova Scotia evolved, resulting in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hants_County,_Nova_Scotia#Plaster_War" title="Hants County, Nova Scotia">"Plaster War"</a> of 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum_deformed_cristal-MCG_7747-P4150901-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gypsum_deformed_cristal-MCG_7747-P4150901-black.jpg/220px-Gypsum_deformed_cristal-MCG_7747-P4150901-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gypsum_deformed_cristal-MCG_7747-P4150901-black.jpg/330px-Gypsum_deformed_cristal-MCG_7747-P4150901-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gypsum_deformed_cristal-MCG_7747-P4150901-black.jpg/440px-Gypsum_deformed_cristal-MCG_7747-P4150901-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Gypsum crystals are soft enough to bend under pressure of the hand. Sample on display at Musée cantonal de géologie de Lausanne.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gypsum is moderately water-soluble (~2.0–2.5 g/L at 25 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-Bock_1961_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bock_1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in contrast to most other salts, it exhibits <a href="/wiki/Solubility#Factors_affecting_solubility" title="Solubility">retrograde solubility</a>, becoming less soluble at higher temperatures. When gypsum is heated in air it loses water and converts first to <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate_hemihydrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium sulfate hemihydrate">calcium sulfate hemihydrate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bassanite" title="Bassanite">bassanite</a>, often simply called "plaster") and, if heated further, to anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a>). As with <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a>, the solubility of gypsum in saline solutions and in <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brines</a> is also strongly dependent on <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (common table salt) concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bock_1961_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bock_1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure of gypsum consists of layers of calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) and sulfate (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>) ions tightly bound together. These layers are bonded by sheets of <a href="/wiki/Anion_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion water">anion water</a> molecules via weaker <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a>, which gives the crystal perfect cleavage along the sheets (in the {010} plane).<sup id="cite_ref-Cornelis_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornelis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crystal_varieties">Crystal varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crystal varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite (mineral)</a></div> <p>Gypsum occurs in nature as flattened and often <a href="/wiki/Crystal_twinning" title="Crystal twinning">twinned</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a>, and transparent, cleavable masses called <a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">selenite</a>. Selenite contains no significant <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>; rather, both substances were named for the ancient Greek word for the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. </p><p>Selenite may also occur in a silky, fibrous form, in which case it is commonly called "satin spar". Finally, it may also be granular or quite compact. In hand-sized samples, it can be anywhere from transparent to opaque. A very fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, is prized for ornamental work of various sorts. In arid areas, gypsum can occur in a flower-like form, typically opaque, with embedded sand grains called <a href="/wiki/Desert_rose_(crystal)" title="Desert rose (crystal)">desert rose</a>. It also forms some of the largest crystals found in nature, up to 12 m (39 ft) long, in the form of selenite.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gypsum is a common mineral, with thick and extensive <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> beds in association with <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>. Deposits are known to occur in <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> from as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archaean</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeon" title="Aeon">eon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gypsum is deposited from lake and sea water, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> vapors, and sulfate solutions in <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">Hydrothermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a> in veins is commonly hydrated to gypsum by groundwater in near-surface exposures. It is often associated with the minerals <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. Gypsum is the most common sulfate mineral.<sup id="cite_ref-DHZ1966_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHZ1966-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pure gypsum is white, but other substances found as impurities may give a wide range of colors to local deposits. </p><p>Because gypsum dissolves over time in water, gypsum is rarely found in the form of sand. However, the unique conditions of the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands National Park</a> in the US state of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> have created a 710 km<sup>2</sup> (270 sq mi) expanse of white gypsum sand, enough to supply the US construction industry with <a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">drywall</a> for 1,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Albuquerque_Journal_1999-02-07_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Albuquerque_Journal_1999-02-07-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial exploitation of the area, strongly opposed by area residents, was permanently prevented in 1933 when President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> declared the gypsum <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> a protected <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monument</a>. </p><p>Gypsum is also formed as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, amongst others by <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> generated reacts with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. Its presence indicates oxidizing conditions. Under reducing conditions, the sulfates it contains can be reduced back to sulfide by <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate-reducing bacteria">sulfate-reducing bacteria</a>. This can lead to accumulation of elemental sulfur in oil-bearing formations,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as salt domes,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it can be mined using the <a href="/wiki/Frasch_process" title="Frasch process">Frasch process</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric power stations burning coal with <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurization" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gas desulfurization">flue gas desulfurization</a> produce large quantities of gypsum as a byproduct from the scrubbers. </p><p>Orbital pictures from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (MRO) have indicated the existence of gypsum dunes in the northern polar region of Mars,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were later confirmed at ground level by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> (MER) <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunity rover">Opportunity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large gypsum crystals in Lechuguilla Cave's "chandelier ballroom""><img alt="Large gypsum crystals in Lechuguilla Cave's "chandelier ballroom"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg/124px-Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg/186px-Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg/248px-Lechuguilla_Chandelier_Ballroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3566" data-file-height="4308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large gypsum crystals in <a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Cave" title="Lechuguilla Cave">Lechuguilla Cave</a>'s "chandelier ballroom" </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum crystals in the Cave of the Crystals in Mexico (person at lower right for scale)"><img alt="Gypsum crystals in the Cave of the Crystals in Mexico (person at lower right for scale)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG/225px-Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG/338px-Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG/450px-Cristales_cueva_de_Naica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum crystals in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Crystals" title="Cave of the Crystals">Cave of the Crystals</a> in Mexico (person at lower right for scale)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GypsumCrystalsLakeLucerno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum crystals formed as the water evaporated in Lake Lucero, White Sands National Park"><img alt="Gypsum crystals formed as the water evaporated in Lake Lucero, White Sands National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/GypsumCrystalsLakeLucerno.jpg/300px-GypsumCrystalsLakeLucerno.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/GypsumCrystalsLakeLucerno.jpg/450px-GypsumCrystalsLakeLucerno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/GypsumCrystalsLakeLucerno.jpg/600px-GypsumCrystalsLakeLucerno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum crystals formed as the water evaporated in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lucero" title="Lake Lucero">Lake Lucero</a>, White Sands National Park</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Gypsum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503198.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum veins in the silts/marls of the Tea Green and Grey Marls, Blue Anchor, Somerset, United Kingdom"><img alt="Gypsum veins in the silts/marls of the Tea Green and Grey Marls, Blue Anchor, Somerset, United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/White_Gypsum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503198.jpg/226px-White_Gypsum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503198.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/White_Gypsum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503198.jpg/339px-White_Gypsum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/White_Gypsum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503198.jpg/452px-White_Gypsum_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2503198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum veins in the silts/marls of the Tea Green and Grey Marls, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Anchor" title="Blue Anchor">Blue Anchor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum_layers_Caprock_Canyons_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum veins in Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway, Texas"><img alt="Gypsum veins in Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gypsum_layers_Caprock_Canyons_1.JPG/226px-Gypsum_layers_Caprock_Canyons_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gypsum_layers_Caprock_Canyons_1.JPG/339px-Gypsum_layers_Caprock_Canyons_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Gypsum_layers_Caprock_Canyons_1.JPG/452px-Gypsum_layers_Caprock_Canyons_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum veins in <a href="/wiki/Caprock_Canyons_State_Park_and_Trailway" title="Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway">Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway</a>, Texas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yardangs_in_dunes,_White_Sands_National_Park,_New_Mexico,_United_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunes made of small crystals of gypsum, White Sands National Park"><img alt="Dunes made of small crystals of gypsum, White Sands National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Yardangs_in_dunes%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.jpg/226px-Yardangs_in_dunes%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Yardangs_in_dunes%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.jpg/340px-Yardangs_in_dunes%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Yardangs_in_dunes%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.jpg/453px-Yardangs_in_dunes%2C_White_Sands_National_Park%2C_New_Mexico%2C_United_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dunes made of small crystals of gypsum, White Sands National Park</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right;"> <caption>Estimated production of Gypsum in 2015<br />(thousand metric tons)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Production</th> <th>Reserves </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>132,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td>22,000</td> <td>1,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>12,500</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>11,500</td> <td>700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>10,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>6,400</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>5,300</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>5,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>4,500</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>4,100</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>3,500</td> <td>39,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>3,500</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></td> <td>3,500</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>3,300</td> <td>290,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>3,300</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>2,700</td> <td>450,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td>2,400</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td>2,200</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>1,800</td> <td>450,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>1,400</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>1,300</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>1,200</td> <td>55,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Other countries</td> <td>15,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">World total</td> <td>258,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Commercial quantities of gypsum are found in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Araripina" title="Araripina">Araripina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graja%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Grajaú">Grajaú</a> in Brazil; in Pakistan, Jamaica, Iran (world's second largest producer), Thailand, Spain (the main producer in Europe), Germany, Italy, England, Ireland, Canada<sup id="cite_ref-Mining_Canada_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_Canada-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States. Large open pit quarries are located in many places including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dodge,_Iowa" title="Fort Dodge, Iowa">Fort Dodge, Iowa</a>, which sits on one of the largest deposits of gypsum in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Plaster_City,_California" title="Plaster City, California">Plaster City, California</a>, United States, and East <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia. Several small mines also exist in places such as <a href="/wiki/Kalannie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalannie">Kalannie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, where gypsum is sold to private buyers for additions of calcium and sulfur as well as reduction of aluminum toxicities on <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> for agricultural purposes. </p><p>Crystals of gypsum up to 11 m (36 ft) long have been found in the caves of the <a href="/wiki/Naica_Mine" title="Naica Mine">Naica Mine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, Mexico. The crystals thrived in the cave's extremely rare and stable natural environment. Temperatures stayed at 58 °C (136 °F), and the cave was filled with mineral-rich water that drove the crystals' growth. The largest of those crystals weighs 55 tonnes (61 short tons) and is around 500,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 789px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum-24382.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden gypsum crystals from Winnipeg"><img alt="Golden gypsum crystals from Winnipeg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gypsum-24382.jpg/146px-Gypsum-24382.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gypsum-24382.jpg/219px-Gypsum-24382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gypsum-24382.jpg/291px-Gypsum-24382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden gypsum crystals from <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum sand from White Sands National Park, New Mexico"><img alt="Gypsum sand from White Sands National Park, New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg/220px-WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg/330px-WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg/440px-WhiteSandsGypsum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> from <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Synthetic</a> gypsum is produced as a waste product or by-product in a range of industrial processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desulfurization">Desulfurization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Desulfurization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurization" class="mw-redirect" title="Flue gas desulfurization">Flue gas desulfurization</a> gypsum (FGDG) is recovered at some coal-fired power plants. The main contaminants are Mg, K, Cl, F, B, Al, Fe, Si, and Se. They come both from the limestone used in desulfurization and from the coal burned. This product is pure enough to replace natural gypsum in a wide variety of fields including drywalls, water treatment, and cement set retarder. Improvements in flue gas desulfurization have greatly reduced the amount of toxic elements present.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31561139_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31561139-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desalination">Desalination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Desalination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gypsum precipitates onto brackish water <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membranes</a>, a phenomenon known as mineral salt <a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">scaling</a>, such as during <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> water <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> of water with high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>. Scaling decreases membrane life and productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the main obstacles in brackish water membrane desalination processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nanofiltration" title="Nanofiltration">nanofiltration</a>. Other forms of scaling, such as <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> scaling, depending on the water source, can also be important considerations in <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a>, where either the salt <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> can change rapidly. </p><p>A new study has suggested that the formation of gypsum starts as tiny crystals of a mineral called <a href="/wiki/Bassanite" title="Bassanite">bassanite</a> (2CaSO<sub>4</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process occurs via a three-stage pathway: </p> <ol><li>homogeneous nucleation of nanocrystalline bassanite;</li> <li>self-assembly of bassanite into aggregates, and</li> <li>transformation of bassanite into gypsum.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refinery_waste">Refinery waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Refinery waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The production of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> fertilizers requires breaking down calcium-containing <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a> with acid, producing calcium sulfate waste known as <a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">phosphogypsum</a> (PG). This form of gypsum is contaminated by impurities found in the rock, namely <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, radioactive elements such as <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, and heavy metal elements such as <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, production of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> produces titanium gypsum (TG) due to neutralization of excess acid with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">lime</a>. The product is contaminated with silica, fluorides, organic matters, and alkalis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26495867_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26495867-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impurities in refinery gypsum waste have, in many cases, prevented them from being used as normal gypsum in fields such as construction. As a result, waste gypsum is stored in stacks indefinitely, with significant risk of leaching their contaminants into water and soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reduce the accumulation and ultimately clear out these stacks, research is underway to find more applications for such waste products.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26495867_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26495867-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_safety">Occupational safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occupational safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 12em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFCB66; font-size: 98%;"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a><br /><i>safety square</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><sup id="cite_ref-MSDS_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSDS-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e" /></span><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>Gypsum</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People can be exposed to gypsum in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, and eye contact. Calcium sulfate <i>per se</i> is nontoxic and is even approved as a food additive,<sup id="cite_ref-pc_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pc-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as powdered gypsum, it can irritate skin and mucous membranes.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for gypsum exposure in the workplace as TWA 15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for total exposure and TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of TWA 10 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for total exposure and TWA 5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for respiratory exposure over an eight-hour workday.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2.-Calera._Cal_i_guix_(26561676342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2.-Calera._Cal_i_guix_%2826561676342%29.jpg/330px-2.-Calera._Cal_i_guix_%2826561676342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2.-Calera._Cal_i_guix_%2826561676342%29.jpg/495px-2.-Calera._Cal_i_guix_%2826561676342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2.-Calera._Cal_i_guix_%2826561676342%29.jpg/660px-2.-Calera._Cal_i_guix_%2826561676342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>Gypsum works, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Museum_of_Ethnology" title="Valencian Museum of Ethnology">Valencian Museum of Ethnology</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algepsar_d%27Alfarb._Forn_primer,_1_(Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Algepsar_d%27Alfarb._Forn_primer%2C_1_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/220px-Algepsar_d%27Alfarb._Forn_primer%2C_1_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Algepsar_d%27Alfarb._Forn_primer%2C_1_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/330px-Algepsar_d%27Alfarb._Forn_primer%2C_1_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Algepsar_d%27Alfarb._Forn_primer%2C_1_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg/440px-Algepsar_d%27Alfarb._Forn_primer%2C_1_%28Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3856" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Old <a href="/wiki/Alfarb" title="Alfarb">Alfarb</a> kiln for making plaster as a construction material</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KirkbyThoreGypsumPlant(SimonLedingham)May2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KirkbyThoreGypsumPlant%28SimonLedingham%29May2005.jpg/290px-KirkbyThoreGypsumPlant%28SimonLedingham%29May2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KirkbyThoreGypsumPlant%28SimonLedingham%29May2005.jpg/435px-KirkbyThoreGypsumPlant%28SimonLedingham%29May2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KirkbyThoreGypsumPlant%28SimonLedingham%29May2005.jpg/580px-KirkbyThoreGypsumPlant%28SimonLedingham%29May2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>British Gypsum, <a href="/wiki/Kirkby_Thore" title="Kirkby Thore">Kirkby Thore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_(page_96)_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_96%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/280px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_96%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_96%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/420px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_96%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_96%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg/560px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_96%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Map of gypsum deposits in northern Ohio, black squares indicate the location of deposits, from <i>"Geography of Ohio"</i>, 1923</figcaption></figure> <p>Gypsum is used in a wide variety of applications: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_industry">Construction industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Construction industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">Gypsum board</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is primarily used as a finish for walls and ceilings, and is known in construction as plasterboard, "sheetrock", or drywall. Gypsum provides a degree of fire-resistance to these materials, and glass fibers are added to their composition to accentuate this effect. Gypsum has negligible heat conductivity, giving its plaster some insulative properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonewitz-2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonewitz-2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_block" title="Gypsum block">Gypsum blocks</a> are used like concrete blocks in construction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsum mortar">Gypsum mortar</a> is an ancient mortar used in construction.</li> <li>A component of <a href="/wiki/Portland_cement" title="Portland cement">Portland cement</a> used to prevent flash setting (too rapid hardening) of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.</li> <li>A wood substitute in the ancient world: For example, when wood became scarce due to deforestation on <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, gypsum was employed in building construction at locations where wood was previously used.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a>: In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Nova Scotia gypsum, often referred to as plaster, was a highly sought fertilizer for wheat fields in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gypsum provides two of the <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">secondary plant macronutrients</a>, calcium and sulfur. Unlike limestone, it generally does not affect soil pH.<sup id="cite_ref-soilsorg_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soilsorg-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Reclamation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saline_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline soils">saline soils</a>, regardless of pH. When gypsum is added to sodic (saline) and <a href="/wiki/Acidic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic soil">acidic soil</a>, the highly <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_metaborate" title="Sodium metaborate">sodium metaborate</a>) is converted to the less soluble calcium metaborate. The exchangeable sodium percentage is also reduced by gypsum application.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works" title="Zuiderzee Works">Zuiderzee Works</a> uses gypsum for the recovered land.<sup id="cite_ref-ley196110_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196110-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a> uses: Gypsum reduces aluminium and boron toxicity in acidic soils. It also improves soil structure, water absorption, and aeration.<sup id="cite_ref-soilsorg_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soilsorg-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Soil <a href="/wiki/Water_potential" title="Water potential">water potential</a> monitoring: a gypsum block can be inserted into the soil, and its electrical resistance can be measured to derive soil moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling,_sculpture_and_art"><span id="Modeling.2C_sculpture_and_art"></span>Modeling, sculpture and art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modeling, sculpture and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a> for casting moulds and modeling.</li> <li>As <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, a material for sculpture, it was used especially in the ancient world before steel was developed, when its relative softness made it much easier to carve.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, it was preferred even to <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the medieval period, <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminators</a> used it as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a>, which was applied to illuminated letters and gilded with gold in illuminated manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Food and drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> (soy bean curd) coagulant, making it ultimately a significant source of dietary <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adding <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hardness</a> to water used for <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Used in baking as a dough conditioner, reducing stickiness, and as a baked goods source of dietary calcium.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary component of mineral yeast food.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Used in mushroom cultivation to stop grains from clumping together.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine_and_cosmetics">Medicine and cosmetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medicine and cosmetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a> for surgical splints.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Impression plasters in dentistry.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An alternative to iron oxide in some thermite mixes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tests have shown that gypsum can be used to remove pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from contaminated waters.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Unusual gypsum specimens from around the world</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum-71006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green gypsum crystals from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, South Australia - its green color is due to presence of copper ions."><img alt="Green gypsum crystals from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, South Australia - its green color is due to presence of copper ions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gypsum-71006.jpg/136px-Gypsum-71006.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gypsum-71006.jpg/204px-Gypsum-71006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gypsum-71006.jpg/272px-Gypsum-71006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green gypsum crystals from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> - its green color is due to presence of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> ions.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum-162462.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unusual selenite gypsum from the Red River, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"><img alt="Unusual selenite gypsum from the Red River, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gypsum-162462.jpg/130px-Gypsum-162462.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gypsum-162462.jpg/195px-Gypsum-162462.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gypsum-162462.jpg/260px-Gypsum-162462.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unusual selenite gypsum from the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River</a>, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum-47190.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Classic "ram's horn" gypsum from Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua, Mexico, 7.5×4.3×3.8 cm"><img alt="Classic "ram's horn" gypsum from Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua, Mexico, 7.5×4.3×3.8 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gypsum-47190.jpg/58px-Gypsum-47190.jpg" decoding="async" width="58" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gypsum-47190.jpg/88px-Gypsum-47190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gypsum-47190.jpg/117px-Gypsum-47190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Classic "ram's horn" gypsum from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Eulalia,_Chihuahua" title="Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua">Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua</a>, Mexico, 7.5×4.3×3.8 cm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roses_des_Sables_Tunisie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Desert rose, 47 cm long"><img alt="Desert rose, 47 cm long" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roses_des_Sables_Tunisie.jpg/165px-Roses_des_Sables_Tunisie.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roses_des_Sables_Tunisie.jpg/248px-Roses_des_Sables_Tunisie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Roses_des_Sables_Tunisie.jpg/330px-Roses_des_Sables_Tunisie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="2831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Desert_rose_(crystal)" title="Desert rose (crystal)">Desert rose</a>, 47 cm long</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum-53691.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, Stuart Shelf area, Andamooka Ranges - Lake Torrens area, South Australia, Australia"><img alt="Gypsum from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, Stuart Shelf area, Andamooka Ranges - Lake Torrens area, South Australia, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gypsum-53691.jpg/127px-Gypsum-53691.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gypsum-53691.jpg/190px-Gypsum-53691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Gypsum-53691.jpg/254px-Gypsum-53691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum from Pernatty Lagoon, Mt Gunson, Stuart Shelf area, Andamooka Ranges - Lake Torrens area, South Australia, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper-Gypsum-203925.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum with crystalline native copper inside"><img alt="Gypsum with crystalline native copper inside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Copper-Gypsum-203925.jpg/122px-Copper-Gypsum-203925.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Copper-Gypsum-203925.jpg/184px-Copper-Gypsum-203925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Copper-Gypsum-203925.jpg/245px-Copper-Gypsum-203925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum with crystalline <a href="/wiki/Native_copper" title="Native copper">native copper</a> inside</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum_J1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum from Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia. The coloring is due to the copper oxide"><img alt="Gypsum from Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia. The coloring is due to the copper oxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsum_J1.jpg/102px-Gypsum_J1.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsum_J1.jpg/153px-Gypsum_J1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gypsum_J1.jpg/204px-Gypsum_J1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="3810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum from Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia. The coloring is due to the copper oxide</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum-21996.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterclear twined crystal of the form known as "Roman sword". Fuentes de Ebro, Zaragoza (Spain)"><img alt="Waterclear twined crystal of the form known as "Roman sword". Fuentes de Ebro, Zaragoza (Spain)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gypsum-21996.jpg/99px-Gypsum-21996.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gypsum-21996.jpg/149px-Gypsum-21996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gypsum-21996.jpg/198px-Gypsum-21996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Waterclear twined crystal of the form known as "Roman sword". Fuentes de Ebro, Zaragoza (Spain)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botryogen-Gypsum-199664.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bright, cherry-red gypsum crystals 2.5 cm in height colored by rich inclusions of the rare mineral botryogen"><img alt="Bright, cherry-red gypsum crystals 2.5 cm in height colored by rich inclusions of the rare mineral botryogen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Botryogen-Gypsum-199664.jpg/160px-Botryogen-Gypsum-199664.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Botryogen-Gypsum-199664.jpg/239px-Botryogen-Gypsum-199664.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Botryogen-Gypsum-199664.jpg/319px-Botryogen-Gypsum-199664.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bright, cherry-red gypsum crystals 2.5 cm in height colored by rich inclusions of the rare mineral <a href="/wiki/Botryogen" title="Botryogen">botryogen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypse_Naica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gypsum from Naica, Mun. de Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico"><img alt="Gypsum from Naica, Mun. de Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gypse_Naica.jpg/126px-Gypse_Naica.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gypse_Naica.jpg/189px-Gypse_Naica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gypse_Naica.jpg/252px-Gypse_Naica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gypsum from Naica, Mun. de Saucillo, Chihuahua, Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gypsum-251118.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden color gem, "fishtail"-twinned crystals of gypsum sitting atop a "ball" of gypsum which is composed of several single bladed crystals"><img alt="Golden color gem, "fishtail"-twinned crystals of gypsum sitting atop a "ball" of gypsum which is composed of several single bladed crystals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gypsum-251118.jpg/154px-Gypsum-251118.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gypsum-251118.jpg/231px-Gypsum-251118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gypsum-251118.jpg/308px-Gypsum-251118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden color gem, "fishtail"-twinned crystals of gypsum sitting atop a "ball" of gypsum which is composed of several single bladed crystals</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_flora_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Gypsum flora of Nova Scotia">Gypsum flora of Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">Phosphogypsum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarr2021" class="citation journal cs1">Warr, L.N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"</a>. <i>Mineralogical Magazine</i>. <b>85</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W">2021MinM...85..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43">10.1180/mgm.2021.43</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616">235729616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineralogical+Magazine&rft.atitle=IMA%E2%80%93CNMNC+approved+mineral+symbols&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235729616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021MinM...85..291W&rft.aulast=Warr&rft.aufirst=L.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1180%252Fmgm.2021.43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_John_W.Bideaux,_Richard_A.Bladh,_Kenneth_W.Nichols,_Monte_C.2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/gypsum.pdf">"Gypsum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Handbook of Mineralogy</i>. Vol. V (Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0962209703" title="Special:BookSources/978-0962209703"><bdi>978-0962209703</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206190607/http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/gypsum.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gypsum&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mineralogy&rft.place=Chantilly%2C+VA%2C+US&rft.pub=Mineralogical+Society+of+America&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0962209703&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frruff.geo.arizona.edu%2Fdoclib%2Fhom%2Fgypsum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1784.html">Gypsum</a>. Mindat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornelis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornelis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornelis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornelis_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinHurlbut1985" class="citation cs2">Klein, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius S. Jr. (1985), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/352"><i>Manual of Mineralogy</i></a></span> (20th ed.), John Wiley, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofmineralo00klei/page/352">352–353</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-80580-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-80580-9"><bdi>978-0-471-80580-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Mineralogy&rft.pages=352-353&rft.edition=20th&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-471-80580-9&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Hurlbut%2C+Cornelius+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofmineralo00klei%2Fpage%2F352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute2017" class="citation web cs1">Institute, Canadian Conservation (14 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/conservation-preservation-publications/canadian-conservation-institute-notes/care-plaster-paris.html">"Care of Objects Made of Plaster of Paris – Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes 12/2"</a>. <i>www.canada.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canada.ca&rft.atitle=Care+of+Objects+Made+of+Plaster+of+Paris+%E2%80%93+Canadian+Conservation+Institute+%28CCI%29+Notes+12%2F2&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft.aulast=Institute&rft.aufirst=Canadian+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fconservation-institute%2Fservices%2Fconservation-preservation-publications%2Fcanadian-conservation-institute-notes%2Fcare-plaster-paris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Make your own sidewalk chalk. (1998, July 21). Christian Science Monitor. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/plaster">"Plaster | Definition, Uses, Types, & Facts"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Plaster+%7C+Definition%2C+Uses%2C+Types%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fplaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/drywall">"drywall — definition"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=drywall+%E2%80%94+definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdrywall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719220246/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/gypsum">"Compact Oxford English Dictionary: gypsum"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/gypsum">the original</a> on 19 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Compact+Oxford+English+Dictionary%3A+gypsum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fconcise_oed%2Fgypsum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szostakowski-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szostakowski_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzostakowskiSmithamKhan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Szostakowski, B.; Smitham, P.; Khan, W.S. (17 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5420179">"Plaster of Paris–Short History of Casting and Injured Limb Immobilzation"</a>. <i>The Open Orthopaedics Journal</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">291–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874325001711010291">10.2174/1874325001711010291</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-3250">1874-3250</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5420179">5420179</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28567158">28567158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Open+Orthopaedics+Journal&rft.atitle=Plaster+of+Paris%E2%80%93Short+History+of+Casting+and+Injured+Limb+Immobilzation&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5420179%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1874-3250&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28567158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1874325001711010291&rft.aulast=Szostakowski&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Smitham%2C+P.&rft.au=Khan%2C+W.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5420179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaer1844" class="citation book cs1">Thaer, Albrecht Daniel (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAhJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA519"><i>The Principles of Agriculture</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by Shaw, William; Johnson, Cuthbert W. London, England: Ridgway. pp. <span class="nowrap">519–</span>520.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Agriculture&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E519-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.pub=Ridgway&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Thaer&rft.aufirst=Albrecht+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAhJAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Herrmann1990" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klaus Herrmann (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016334/images/index.html?seite=556">"Mayer, Johann Friedrich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (in German). Vol. 16. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. <span class="nowrap">544–</span>545</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mayer%2C+Johann+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E544-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Klaus+Herrmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016334%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn104138432.html">full text online</a>). From p. 544: <i>" … er bewirtschaftete nebenbei ein Pfarrgüttchen, … für die Düngung der Felder mit dem in den nahen Waldenburger Bergen gefundenen Gips einsetzte."</i> ( … he also managed a small parson's estate, on which he repeatedly conducted agricultural experiments. In 1768, he first published the fruits of his experiences during this time as "Instruction about Gypsum", in which he espoused the fertilizing of fields with the gypsum that was found in the nearby Waldenburg mountains.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckmann1775" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beckmann, Johann (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8w6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Grundsätze der deutschen Landwirthschaft</i></a> [<i>Fundamentals of German Agriculture</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). Göttingen, (Germany): Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grunds%C3%A4tze+der+deutschen+Landwirthschaft&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Johann+Christian+Dieterich&rft.date=1775&rft.aulast=Beckmann&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8w6AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 60: <i>"Schon seit undenklichen Zeiten … ein Gewinn zu erhalten seyn wird."</i> (Since times immemorial, in our vicinity, in the ministry of Niedeck [a village southeast of Göttingen], one has already made this use of gypsum; but Mr. Mayer has the merit to have made it generally known. In the <i>History of Farming in Kupferzell</i>, he had depicted a crushing mill (p. 74), in order to pulverize gypsum, from which a profit has been obtained, albeit with difficulty.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1768" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayer, Johann Friderich (1768). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSlAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Lehre vom Gyps als vorzueglich guten Dung zu allen Erd-Gewaechsen auf Aeckern und Wiesen, Hopfen- und Weinbergen</i></a> [<i>Instruction in gypsum as an ideal good manure for all things grown in soil on fields and pastures, hops yards and vineyards</i>] (in German). Anspach, (Germany): Jacob Christoph Posch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehre+vom+Gyps+als+vorzueglich+guten+Dung+zu+allen+Erd-Gewaechsen+auf+Aeckern+und+Wiesen%2C+Hopfen-+und+Weinbergen&rft.place=Anspach%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pub=Jacob+Christoph+Posch&rft.date=1768&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Johann+Friderich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSlAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joshua (2007). <i>Borderland smuggling: Patriots, loyalists, and illicit trade in the Northeast, 1780–1820</i>. Gainesville, FL: UPF. pp. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-2986-3"><bdi>978-0-8130-2986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borderland+smuggling%3A+Patriots%2C+loyalists%2C+and+illicit+trade+in+the+Northeast%2C+1780%E2%80%931820&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=UPF&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-2986-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bock_1961-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bock_1961_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bock_1961_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock1961" class="citation journal cs1">Bock, E. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fv61-228">"On the solubility of anhydrous calcium sulphate and of gypsum in concentrated solutions of sodium chloride at 25 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Chemistry</i>. <b>39</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1746–</span>1751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fv61-228">10.1139/v61-228</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=On+the+solubility+of+anhydrous+calcium+sulphate+and+of+gypsum+in+concentrated+solutions+of+sodium+chloride+at+25+%C2%B0C%2C+30+%C2%B0C%2C+40+%C2%B0C%2C+and+50+%C2%B0C&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1746-%3C%2Fspan%3E1751&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fv61-228&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1139%252Fv61-228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandalMandal2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mandal, Pradip K; Mandal, Tanuj K (2002). "Anion water in gypsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O) and hemihydrate (CaSO<sub>4</sub>·1/2H<sub>2</sub>O)". <i>Cement and Concrete Research</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0008-8846%2801%2900675-5">10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00675-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cement+and+Concrete+Research&rft.atitle=Anion+water+in+gypsum+%28CaSO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%C2%B72H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%29+and+hemihydrate+%28CaSO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%C2%B71%2F2H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%29&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=313&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0008-8846%2801%2900675-5&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Pradip+K&rft.au=Mandal%2C+Tanuj+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-RuizVillasusoAyoraCanals2007" class="citation journal cs1">García-Ruiz, Juan Manuel; Villasuso, Roberto; Ayora, Carlos; Canals, Angels; Otálora, Fermín (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/3439/1/garciaruiznaica.pdf">"Formation of natural gypsum megacrystals in Naica, Mexico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geology</i>. <b>35</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>330. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Geo....35..327G">2007Geo....35..327G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG23393A.1">10.1130/G23393A.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F3439">10261/3439</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816122316/http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/3439/1/garciaruiznaica.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Formation+of+natural+gypsum+megacrystals+in+Naica%2C+Mexico&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F3439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG23393A.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Geo....35..327G&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Juan+Manuel&rft.au=Villasuso%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Ayora%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Canals%2C+Angels&rft.au=Ot%C3%A1lora%2C+Ferm%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.csic.es%2Fbitstream%2F10261%2F3439%2F1%2Fgarciaruiznaica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockell-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cockell_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockellRaven2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cockell, C. S.; Raven, J. A. (2007). "Ozone and life on the Archaean Earth". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>365</b> (1856): <span class="nowrap">1889–</span>1901. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007RSPTA.365.1889C">2007RSPTA.365.1889C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2007.2049">10.1098/rsta.2007.2049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17513273">17513273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4716">4716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Ozone+and+life+on+the+Archaean+Earth&rft.volume=365&rft.issue=1856&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1889-%3C%2Fspan%3E1901&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2007.2049&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17513273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007RSPTA.365.1889C&rft.aulast=Cockell&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft.au=Raven%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHZ1966-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DHZ1966_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeerHowieZussman1966" class="citation book cs1">Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A.; Zussman, J. (1966). <i>An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals</i>. London: Longman. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-44210-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-44210-8"><bdi>978-0-582-44210-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Rock+Forming+Minerals&rft.place=London&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-582-44210-8&rft.aulast=Deer&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft.au=Howie%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Zussman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Albuquerque_Journal_1999-02-07-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Albuquerque_Journal_1999-02-07_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbarr1999" class="citation news cs1">Abarr, James (7 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630120616/http://www.abqjournal.com:80/venue/travel/tourism/heritage_whitesands.htm">"Sea of sand"</a>. <i>The Albuquerque Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abqjournal.com/venue/travel/tourism/heritage_whitesands.htm">the original</a> on 30 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Albuquerque+Journal&rft.atitle=Sea+of+sand&rft.date=1999-02-07&rft.aulast=Abarr&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abqjournal.com%2Fvenue%2Ftravel%2Ftourism%2Fheritage_whitesands.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Machel, H.G (April 2001). "Bacterial and thermochemical sulfate reduction in diagenetic settings — old and new insights". <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>. <b>140</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SedG..140..143M">2001SedG..140..143M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2800%2900176-7">10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00176-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4606551">4606551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+and+thermochemical+sulfate+reduction+in+diagenetic+settings+%E2%80%94+old+and+new+insights&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4606551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2800%2900176-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SedG..140..143M&rft.aulast=Machel&rft.aufirst=H.G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassenChinnMcCabe1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sassen, Roger; Chinn, E.W.; McCabe, C. (December 1988). "Recent hydrocarbon alteration, sulfate reduction and formation of elemental sulfur and metal sulfides in salt dome cap rock". <i>Chemical Geology</i>. <b>74</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ChGeo..74...57S">1988ChGeo..74...57S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0009-2541%2888%2990146-5">10.1016/0009-2541(88)90146-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&rft.atitle=Recent+hydrocarbon+alteration%2C+sulfate+reduction+and+formation+of+elemental+sulfur+and+metal+sulfides+in+salt+dome+cap+rock&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0009-2541%2888%2990146-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988ChGeo..74...57S&rft.aulast=Sassen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Chinn%2C+E.W.&rft.au=McCabe%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_Nehb,_Karel_Vydra" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wolfgang Nehb, Karel Vydra. "Sulfur". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a25_507.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a25_507.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulfur&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a25_507.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.au=Wolfgang+Nehb%2C+Karel+Vydra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/nea.php">High-resolution Mars image gallery</a>. University of Arizona</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html">NASA Mars Rover Finds Mineral Vein Deposited by Water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615235154/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, 7 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gypsum/mcs-2016-gypsu.pdf">"GYPSUM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Geological Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212180411/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gypsum/mcs-2016-gypsu.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GYPSUM&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fgypsum%2Fmcs-2016-gypsu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mining_Canada-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mining_Canada_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313183544/http://mmsd1.mms.nrcan.gc.ca/mmsd/producers/commodityCompany_e.asp?nId=51&minetype=nonMetal">"Mines, mills and concentrators in Canada"</a>. Natural Resources Canada. 24 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mmsd1.mms.nrcan.gc.ca/mmsd/producers/commodityCompany_e.asp?nId=51&mineType=nonMetal">the original</a> on 13 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mines%2C+mills+and+concentrators+in+Canada&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmsd1.mms.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fmmsd%2Fproducers%2FcommodityCompany_e.asp%3FnId%3D51%26mineType%3DnonMetal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide</i>. Helion. 2018 – via Credo Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Unabridged+Encyclopedia+with+Atlas+and+Weather+Guide&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne2008" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard (27 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/3269047/Worlds-largest-crystal-discovered-in-Mexican-cave.html">"World's largest crystal discovered in Mexican cave"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=World%27s+largest+crystal+discovered+in+Mexican+cave&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F3269047%2FWorlds-largest-crystal-discovered-in-Mexican-cave.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31561139-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31561139_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoralegedaraPintoDionysiouAl-Abed2019" class="citation journal cs1">Koralegedara, NH; Pinto, PX; Dionysiou, DD; Al-Abed, SR (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7396127">"Recent advances in flue gas desulfurization gypsum processes and applications – A review"</a>. <i>Journal of Environmental Management</i>. <b>251</b>: 109572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2019.109572">10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7396127">7396127</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31561139">31561139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+flue+gas+desulfurization+gypsum+processes+and+applications+%E2%80%93+A+review.&rft.volume=251&rft.pages=109572&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7396127%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31561139&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2019.109572&rft.aulast=Koralegedara&rft.aufirst=NH&rft.au=Pinto%2C+PX&rft.au=Dionysiou%2C+DD&rft.au=Al-Abed%2C+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7396127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchymiakLysterGlaterCohen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Uchymiak, Michal; Lyster, Eric; Glater, Julius; Cohen, Yoram (April 2008). "Kinetics of gypsum crystal growth on a reverse osmosis membrane". <i>Journal of Membrane Science</i>. <b>314</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">163–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.memsci.2008.01.041">10.1016/j.memsci.2008.01.041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Membrane+Science&rft.atitle=Kinetics+of+gypsum+crystal+growth+on+a+reverse+osmosis+membrane&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.memsci.2008.01.041&rft.aulast=Uchymiak&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=Lyster%2C+Eric&rft.au=Glater%2C+Julius&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Yoram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DriesscheBenningRodriguez-BlancoOssorio2012" class="citation journal cs1">Van Driessche, A.E.S.; Benning, L. G.; Rodriguez-Blanco, J. D.; Ossorio, M.; Bots, P.; García-Ruiz, J. M. (2012). "The role and implications of bassanite as a stable precursor phase to gypsum precipitation". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>336</b> (6077): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336...69V">2012Sci...336...69V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1215648">10.1126/science.1215648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22491851">22491851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9355745">9355745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+role+and+implications+of+bassanite+as+a+stable+precursor+phase+to+gypsum+precipitation&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6077&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1215648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9355745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22491851&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336...69V&rft.aulast=Van+Driessche&rft.aufirst=A.E.S.&rft.au=Benning%2C+L.+G.&rft.au=Rodriguez-Blanco%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Ossorio%2C+M.&rft.au=Bots%2C+P.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Ruiz%2C+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayibiChouraLópezAlguacil2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tayibi, Hanan; Choura, Mohamed; López, Félix A.; Alguacil, Francisco J.; López-Delgado, Aurora (2009). "Environmental Impact and Management of Phosphogypsum". <i>Journal of Environmental Management</i>. <b>90</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">2377–</span>2386. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JEnvM..90.2377T">2009JEnvM..90.2377T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2009.03.007">10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F45241">10261/45241</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19406560">19406560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Environmental+Impact+and+Management+of+Phosphogypsum&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2377-%3C%2Fspan%3E2386&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F45241&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19406560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2009.03.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JEnvM..90.2377T&rft.aulast=Tayibi&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft.au=Choura%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez%2C+F%C3%A9lix+A.&rft.au=Alguacil%2C+Francisco+J.&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Delgado%2C+Aurora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26495867-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26495867_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26495867_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangWangHuangGuo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Y; Wang, F; Huang, H; Guo, Y; Li, B; Liu, Y; Chu, PK (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.cugb.edu.cn/uploadCms/file/20600/papers_upload/20161008164505966187.pdf">"Gypsum blocks produced from TiO2 production by-products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environmental Technology</i>. <b>37</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1094–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnvTe..37.1094Z">2016EnvTe..37.1094Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09593330.2015.1102329">10.1080/09593330.2015.1102329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26495867">26495867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28458281">28458281</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325023932/https://www1.cugb.edu.cn/uploadCms/file/20600/papers_upload/20161008164505966187.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Technology&rft.atitle=Gypsum+blocks+produced+from+TiO2+production+by-products.&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1094-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09593330.2015.1102329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28458281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26495867&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016EnvTe..37.1094Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+F&rft.au=Huang%2C+H&rft.au=Guo%2C+Y&rft.au=Li%2C+B&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rft.au=Chu%2C+PK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cugb.edu.cn%2FuploadCms%2Ffile%2F20600%2Fpapers_upload%2F20161008164505966187.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSDS-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSDS_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichigan_Gypsum" class="citation web cs1">Michigan Gypsum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncmissouri.edu/consumerinfo/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Gypsum-Calcium-Sulfate-msds.pdf">"MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Consumer Information</i>. NorthCentral Missouri College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121062715/https://www.ncmissouri.edu/consumerinfo/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2016/12/Gypsum-Calcium-Sulfate-msds.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Information&rft.atitle=MATERIAL+SAFETY+DATA+SHEET+Gypsum+%28Calcium+Sulfate+Dihydrate%29&rft.au=Michigan+Gypsum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncmissouri.edu%2Fconsumerinfo%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F26%2F2016%2F12%2FGypsum-Calcium-Sulfate-msds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pc-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pc_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/calcium_sulfate#section=Food-Additives-and-Ingredients">"Compound Summary for CID 24497 – Calcium Sulfate"</a>. PubChem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compound+Summary+for+CID+24497+%E2%80%93+Calcium+Sulfate&rft.pub=PubChem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2Fcalcium_sulfate%23section%3DFood-Additives-and-Ingredients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0308.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Gypsum"</a>. <i>www.cdc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Gypsum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csinet.org/s_csi/docs/9400/9361.pdf">Complimentary list of MasterFormat 2004 Edition numbers and titles</a> (large PDF document)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonewitz-2008-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonewitz-2008_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonewitz2008" class="citation book cs1">Bonewitz, Ronald (2008). <i>Rock and Gem: The Definitive Guide to Rocks, Minerals, Gems, and Fossils</i>. United States: DK. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+and+Gem%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Rocks%2C+Minerals%2C+Gems%2C+and+Fossils&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bonewitz&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/10854/knossos.html#fieldnotes">"Knossos fieldnotes"</a>. <i>Modern Antiquarian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Antiquarian&rft.atitle=Knossos+fieldnotes&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themodernantiquarian.com%2Fsite%2F10854%2Fknossos.html%23fieldnotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1938" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Gerald S. (1938). "The Gypsum Trade of the Maritime Provinces: Its Relation to American Diplomacy and Agriculture in the Early Nineteenth Century". <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3739630">3739630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=The+Gypsum+Trade+of+the+Maritime+Provinces%3A+Its+Relation+to+American+Diplomacy+and+Agriculture+in+the+Early+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3739630%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Gerald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soilsorg-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soilsorg_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soilsorg_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soils.org/news/science-news/gypsum-agricultural-product/">"Gypsum as an agricultural product | Soil Science Society of America"</a>. <i>www.soils.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.soils.org&rft.atitle=Gypsum+as+an+agricultural+product+%7C+Soil+Science+Society+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soils.org%2Fnews%2Fscience-news%2Fgypsum-agricultural-product%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANCBDwAAQBAJ&dq=boron+sodium+soil&pg=PA99">Genesis and Management of Sodic (Alkali) Soils.</a> (2017). (n.p.): Scientific Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterFrenkel1980" class="citation journal cs1">Oster, J. D.; Frenkel, H. (1980). "The chemistry of the reclamation of sodic soils with gypsum and lime". <i><a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a></i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980SSASJ..44...41O">1980SSASJ..44...41O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1980.03615995004400010010x">10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400010010x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=The+chemistry+of+the+reclamation+of+sodic+soils+with+gypsum+and+lime&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1980.03615995004400010010x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980SSASJ..44...41O&rft.aulast=Oster&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Frenkel%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ley196110-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ley196110_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLey1961" class="citation magazine cs1">Ley, Willy (October 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v19n06_1961-08#page/n65/mode/1up">"The Home-Made Land"</a>. For Your Information. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+Home-Made+Land&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=1961-10&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v19n06_1961-08%23page%2Fn65%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurnerOr2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Durner, W.; Or, D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soil.tu-bs.de/download/downloads/pubs/2005.hsa077a.Durner-Or.SoilWaterPotentialMeasurement.pdf">"Soil water potential measurement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Anderson, M.G. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of hydrological sciences</i>. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471491033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471491033"><bdi>978-0471491033</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616051818/http://www.soil.tu-bs.de/download/downloads/pubs/2005.hsa077a.Durner-Or.SoilWaterPotentialMeasurement.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soil+water+potential+measurement&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+hydrological+sciences&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0471491033&rft.aulast=Durner&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Or%2C+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soil.tu-bs.de%2Fdownload%2Fdownloads%2Fpubs%2F2005.hsa077a.Durner-Or.SoilWaterPotentialMeasurement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2009" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, George (2009). "Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials". <i>Archaeomineralogy</i>. Natural Science in Archaeology. pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-78594-1_6">10.1007/978-3-540-78594-1_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78593-4"><bdi>978-3-540-78593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soft+Stones+and+Other+Carvable+Materials&rft.btitle=Archaeomineralogy&rft.series=Natural+Science+in+Archaeology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-78594-1_6&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78593-4&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloppmannLerouxBrombletLe_Pogam2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kloppmann, W.; Leroux, L.; Bromblet, P.; Le Pogam, P.-Y.; Cooper, A. H.; Worley, N.; Guerrot, C.; Montech, A. T.; Gallas, A. M.; Aillaud, R. (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5692548">"Competing English, Spanish, and French alabaster trade in Europe over five centuries as evidenced by isotope fingerprinting"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>114</b> (45): <span class="nowrap">11856–</span>11860. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..11411856K">2017PNAS..11411856K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1707450114">10.1073/pnas.1707450114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5692548">5692548</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29078309">29078309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Competing+English%2C+Spanish%2C+and+French+alabaster+trade+in+Europe+over+five+centuries+as+evidenced+by+isotope+fingerprinting&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11856-%3C%2Fspan%3E11860&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5692548%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29078309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1707450114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..11411856K&rft.aulast=Kloppmann&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Leroux%2C+L.&rft.au=Bromblet%2C+P.&rft.au=Le+Pogam%2C+P.-Y.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Worley%2C+N.&rft.au=Guerrot%2C+C.&rft.au=Montech%2C+A.+T.&rft.au=Gallas%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Aillaud%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5692548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1995" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michelle (1995). <i>Understanding illuminated manuscripts : a guide to technical terms</i>. Los Angeles, California: Yale University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892362172" title="Special:BookSources/9780892362172"><bdi>9780892362172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+illuminated+manuscripts+%3A+a+guide+to+technical+terms&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780892362172&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurtleff2000" class="citation book cs1">Shurtleff, William (2000). <i>Tofu & soymilk production : a craft and technical manual</i>. Lafayette, CA: Soyfoods Center. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781928914044" title="Special:BookSources/9781928914044"><bdi>9781928914044</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tofu+%26+soymilk+production+%3A+a+craft+and+technical+manual&rft.place=Lafayette%2C+CA&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Soyfoods+Center&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781928914044&rft.aulast=Shurtleff&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter4-2.html">"Water Chemistry Adjustment for Extract Brewing"</a>. HowToBrew.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Chemistry+Adjustment+for+Extract+Brewing&rft.pub=HowToBrew.com&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtobrew.com%2Fsection1%2Fchapter4-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130704125140/http://www.usg.com/rc/technical-specifications/fillers/food-grade-calcium-sulfate-for-baking-industry-technical-specifications-en-IG130.pdf">"Calcium sulphate for the baking industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Gypsum Company</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usg.com/rc/technical-specifications/fillers/food-grade-calcium-sulfate-for-baking-industry-technical-specifications-en-IG130.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Gypsum+Company&rft.atitle=Calcium+sulphate+for+the+baking+industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usg.com%2Frc%2Ftechnical-specifications%2Ffillers%2Ffood-grade-calcium-sulfate-for-baking-industry-technical-specifications-en-IG130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185607/http://www.lesaffreyeastcorp.com/sites/default/files/products_files/Tech%20Sheet%20-%20RS%20Yeast%20Food.pdf">"Tech sheet for yeast food"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lesaffre Yeast Corporation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesaffreyeastcorp.com/sites/default/files/products_files/Tech%20Sheet%20-%20RS%20Yeast%20Food.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lesaffre+Yeast+Corporation&rft.atitle=Tech+sheet+for+yeast+food&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesaffreyeastcorp.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fproducts_files%2FTech%2520Sheet%2520-%2520RS%2520Yeast%2520Food.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, R.T. (March 1983). "Treatment of broken legs before and after the introduction of gypsum". <i>Injury</i>. <b>14</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">389–</span>394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-1383%2883%2990089-X">10.1016/0020-1383(83)90089-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6347885">6347885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Injury&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+broken+legs+before+and+after+the+introduction+of+gypsum&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E394&rft.date=1983-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0020-1383%2883%2990089-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6347885&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrennonJohnson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Drennon, David G.; Johnson, Glen H. (February 1990). "The effect of immersion disinfection of elastomeric impressions on the surface detail reproduction of improved gypsum casts". <i>The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry</i>. <b>63</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3913%2890%2990111-O">10.1016/0022-3913(90)90111-O</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2106026">2106026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Prosthetic+Dentistry&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+immersion+disinfection+of+elastomeric+impressions+on+the+surface+detail+reproduction+of+improved+gypsum+casts&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=1990-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-3913%2890%2990111-O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2106026&rft.aulast=Drennon&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Glen+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovenderFockeTichapondwaCloete2018" class="citation journal cs1">Govender, Desania R.; Focke, Walter W.; Tichapondwa, Shepherd M.; Cloete, William E. (20 June 2018). "Burn Rate of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate–Aluminum Thermites". <i>ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces</i>. <b>10</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">20679–</span>20687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.8b04205">10.1021/acsami.8b04205</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F66006">2263/66006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29842778">29842778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206483977">206483977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Applied+Materials+%26+Interfaces&rft.atitle=Burn+Rate+of+Calcium+Sulfate+Dihydrate%E2%80%93Aluminum+Thermites&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20679-%3C%2Fspan%3E20687&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F66006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206483977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29842778&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsami.8b04205&rft.aulast=Govender&rft.aufirst=Desania+R.&rft.au=Focke%2C+Walter+W.&rft.au=Tichapondwa%2C+Shepherd+M.&rft.au=Cloete%2C+William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstillerosGodelitsasRodríguez-BlancoFernández-Díaz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Astilleros, J.M.; Godelitsas, A.; Rodríguez-Blanco, J.D.; Fernández-Díaz, L.; Prieto, M.; Lagoyannis, A.; Harissopulos, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.ucm.es/18174/1/1000958.pdf">"Interaction of gypsum with lead in aqueous solutions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Applied Geochemistry</i>. <b>25</b> (7): 1008. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApGC...25.1008A">2010ApGC...25.1008A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apgeochem.2010.04.007">10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.04.007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809180523/http://eprints.ucm.es/18174/1/1000958.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Interaction+of+gypsum+with+lead+in+aqueous+solutions&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1008&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apgeochem.2010.04.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ApGC...25.1008A&rft.aulast=Astilleros&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.au=Godelitsas%2C+A.&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Blanco%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-D%C3%ADaz%2C+L.&rft.au=Prieto%2C+M.&rft.au=Lagoyannis%2C+A.&rft.au=Harissopulos%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.ucm.es%2F18174%2F1%2F1000958.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguezJimenezPrietoTorre2008" class="citation journal cs1">Rodriguez, J. D.; Jimenez, A.; Prieto, M.; Torre, L.; Garcia-Granda, S. (2008). "Interaction of gypsum with As(V)-bearing aqueous solutions: Surface precipitation of guerinite, sainfeldite, and Ca<sub>2</sub>NaH(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>⋅6H<sub>2</sub>O, a synthetic arsenate". <i>American Mineralogist</i>. <b>93</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): 928. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AmMin..93..928R">2008AmMin..93..928R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2138%2Fam.2008.2750">10.2138/am.2008.2750</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98249784">98249784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=Interaction+of+gypsum+with+As%28V%29-bearing+aqueous+solutions%3A+Surface+precipitation+of+guerinite%2C+sainfeldite%2C+and+Ca%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ENaH%28AsO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%8B%856H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%2C+a+synthetic+arsenate&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=928&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98249784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2138%2Fam.2008.2750&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AmMin..93..928R&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Jimenez%2C+A.&rft.au=Prieto%2C+M.&rft.au=Torre%2C+L.&rft.au=Garcia-Granda%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez-Blanco,_Juan_DiegoJiménez,_AmaliaPrieto,_Manuel2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rodríguez-Blanco, Juan Diego; Jiménez, Amalia; Prieto, Manuel (2007). "Oriented Overgrowth of Pharmacolite (CaHAsO<sub>4</sub>⋅2H2O) on Gypsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub>⋅2H<sub>2</sub>O)". <i>Cryst. Growth Des</i>. <b>7</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2756–</span>2763. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcg070222%2B">10.1021/cg070222+</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryst.+Growth+Des.&rft.atitle=Oriented+Overgrowth+of+Pharmacolite+%28CaHAsO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%8B%852H2O%29+on+Gypsum+%28CaSO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%8B%852H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2756-%3C%2Fspan%3E2763&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcg070222%2B&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Blanco%2C+Juan+Diego&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez%2C+Amalia&rft.au=Prieto%2C+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gypsum" class="extiw" title="commons:Gypsum"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gypsum</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/gypsum" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/gypsum">gypsum</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Gypsum.shtml">WebMineral data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814041825/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/sulfates/gypsum/gypsum.htm">Mineral galleries – gypsum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0308.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gypsum"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gypsum">"Gypsum" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gypsum&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Gypsum"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Gypsum">"Gypsum" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gypsum&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGypsum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness34" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mohs" title="Template:Mohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Mohs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Mohs (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale of mineral hardness</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a></li> <li>2 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gypsum</a></li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a></li> <li>4 <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li>5 <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">Apatite</a></li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Orthoclase" title="Orthoclase">Orthoclase</a></li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">Corundum</a></li> <li>10 <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82658#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1915" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82658#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1915" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82658#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4132860-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gypsum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85058113">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gypse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958210p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gypse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958210p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570631">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sádrovec"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph536695&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007545708105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gypse"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02757010X">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=30203">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&oldid=1267752632">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&oldid=1267752632</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Calcium_minerals" title="Category:Calcium minerals">Calcium minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sulfate_minerals" title="Category:Sulfate minerals">Sulfate minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sedimentary_rocks" title="Category:Sedimentary rocks">Sedimentary rocks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evaporite" title="Category:Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_substances" title="Category:Alchemical substances">Alchemical substances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monoclinic_minerals" title="Category:Monoclinic minerals">Monoclinic minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minerals_in_space_group_15" title="Category:Minerals in space group 15">Minerals in space group 15</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alabaster" title="Category:Alabaster">Alabaster</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luminescent_minerals" title="Category:Luminescent minerals">Luminescent minerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_minerals" title="Category:Industrial minerals">Industrial minerals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use American English from May 2022">Use American English from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2014">Use dmy dates from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_templates_with_no_data_rows" title="Category:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows">Articles using infobox templates with no data rows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_The_American_Cyclopaedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_The_American_Cyclopaedia_with_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 January 2025, at 14:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gypsum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gypsum</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>88 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-pt4wx","wgBackendResponseTime":137,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.947","walltime":"1.106","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6177,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":172928,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4863,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":256104,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 987.848 1 -total"," 41.93% 414.221 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.19% 189.588 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.11% 99.865 2 Template:Lang"," 7.62% 75.315 2 Template:Infobox"," 7.11% 70.239 1 Template:Mohs"," 7.10% 70.126 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.76% 66.801 1 Template:Navbox"," 5.02% 49.583 1 Template:Infobox_mineral"," 4.72% 46.618 13 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.611","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16625913,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-6khgx","timestamp":"20250215133346","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gypsum","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gypsum","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82658","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q82658","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2025-01-06T14:16:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Gypse_Caresse.jpg","headline":"mineral, calcium sulfate with bounded water"}</script> </body> </html>