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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div 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<ul id="toc-Quackery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_and_research_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_and_research_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Medical and research uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_and_research_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Modern applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Hazards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hazards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Radium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" > 152 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ራዲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu_(elementu)" title="Radiu (elementu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="رادیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রেডিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Радый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Рад (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рад (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རེ་ཌིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རེ་ཌིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_(element)" title="Radi (element) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radi (element)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiwm" title="Radiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Radiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raadium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ράδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumo" title="Radiumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="رادیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raidiam" title="Raidiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Raidiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadjum" title="Raadjum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Raadjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="રેડિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રેડિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="라듐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라듐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ռադիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumo" title="Radiumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radiumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmSebembi" title="UmSebembi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmSebembi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C3%ADn" title="Radín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Radín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Radio (elemento chimico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radio (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רדיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Radɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Radɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೇಡಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რადიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ریڈیم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریڈیم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_(elementi)" title="Radi (elementi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Radi (elementi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rady%C3%B2m" title="Radyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rady%C3%BBm" title="Radyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Radyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81dijs" title="Rādijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rādijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radis" title="Radis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radii" title="Radii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Radii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dircyjinme" title="dircyjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dircyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(element_chimich)" title="Radio (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radio (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dium" title="Rádium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rádium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റേഡിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konuruke" title="Konuruke – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konuruke" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2i_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Lòi (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lòi (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ради – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ради" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ради – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ради" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ရေဒီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ラジウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ରେଡ଼ିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରେଡ଼ିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaqa(wahiyyoo)" title="Calaqa(wahiyyoo) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Calaqa(wahiyyoo)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiy" title="Radiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੇਡੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ریڈیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریڈیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راډيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="راډيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(element)" title="Radio (element) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Radio (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad_(pierwiastek)" title="Rad (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rad (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Rádio (elemento químico) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio (elemento químico)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratyu_q%27illay" title="Ratyu q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ratyu q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0diu_(elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu)" title="Ràdiu (elementu chìmicu) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ràdiu (elementu chìmicu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumi" title="Radiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Radiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0diu_(elementu)" title="Ràdiu (elementu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ràdiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dium" title="Rádium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadhiyaam" title="Raadhiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Raadhiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕادیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕادیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radijum" title="Radijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ரேடியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரேடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రేడియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เรเดียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyum" title="Radyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Радій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ریڈیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڈیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A" title="رادىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رادىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radii" title="Radii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Radii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ראדיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראדיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiomu" title="Radiomu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Radiomu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="镭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Radium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Radium (disambiguation)">Radium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 88 (Ra)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Radium, 88Ra</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/220px-Radium226.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/330px-Radium226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/440px-Radium226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="522" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Radium electroplated on a very small sample of copper foil and covered with polyurethane to prevent reaction with the air</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Radium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈreɪdiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">RAY-dee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white metallic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[226]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Radium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> 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title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td 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style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> ↑ Ra ↓ (<a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Ubn</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a> ← radium → <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">88</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">group 2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">973 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (700 °C, 1292 °F) (disputed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2010 K (1737 °C, 3159 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">5.5 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.5 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">113 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>819 </td> <td>906 </td> <td>1037 </td> <td>1209 </td> <td>1446 </td> <td>1799 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 0.9 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 509.3 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 979.0 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">221±2 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">283 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of radium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">from decay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for radium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 514.8 pm (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18.6 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">nonmagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-14-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1898)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data">Marie Curie (1910)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radium" title="Isotopes of radium">Isotopes of radium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_radium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox radium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_radium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox radium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Radium-223" title="Radium-223">223Ra</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11.43 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-219" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon-219">219Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">224Ra </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.6319 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-220" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon-220">220Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">225Ra </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.9 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium-225" title="Actinium-225">225Ac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α<a href="#cite_note-Ra-225-3">[3]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-221" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon-221">221Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Radium-226" title="Radium-226">226Ra</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1599 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">222Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">228Ra </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.75 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium-228" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium-228">228Ac</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Radium" title="Category:Radium">Category: Radium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_radium" title="Template:Infobox radium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_radium" title="Template talk:Infobox radium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_radium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox radium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg/270px-Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg/405px-Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg/540px-Radium_226_radiation_source_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Radium-226 radiation source.</li><li>Activity 3300 Bq (3.3 kBq)</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> Radium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Ra and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 88. It is the sixth element in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">group 2</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a>. Pure radium is silvery-white, but it readily reacts with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) upon exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of <a href="/wiki/Radium_nitride" title="Radium nitride">radium nitride</a> (Ra3N2). All <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a> of radium are <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>, the most stable isotope being <a href="/wiki/Radium-226" title="Radium-226">radium-226</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 1,600 years. When radium decays, it emits <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a> as a by-product, which can excite <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> chemicals and cause <a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">radioluminescence</a>. For this property, it was widely used in <a href="/wiki/Self-luminous_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-luminous paint">self-luminous paints</a> following its discovery. Of the <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radioactive elements</a> that occur in quantity, radium is considered particularly <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>, and it is <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> due to the radioactivity of both it and its immediate decay product <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> as well as its tendency to <a href="/wiki/Bone_seeker" title="Bone seeker">accumulate in the bones</a>. Radium, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Radium_chloride" title="Radium chloride">radium chloride</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> in 1898 from ore mined at <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov" title="Jáchymov">Jáchymov</a>. They extracted the radium compound from <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">uraninite</a> and published the discovery at the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> five days later. Radium was isolated in its <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> state by Marie Curie and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of radium chloride in 1910, and soon afterwards the metal started being produced on larger scales in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. However, the amount of radium produced globally has always been small in comparison to other elements, and by the 2010s, annual production of radium, mainly via extraction from <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a>, was less than 100 grams. In nature, radium is found in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ores in quantities as small as a seventh of a gram per ton of uraninite, and in <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> ores in trace amounts. Radium is not necessary for <a href="/wiki/Biological_roles_of_the_elements" title="Biological roles of the elements">living organisms</a>, and its radioactivity and chemical reactivity make adverse health effects likely when it is incorporated into biochemical processes because of its chemical mimicry of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>. As of 2018, other than in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a>, radium has no commercial applications. Formerly, from the 1910s to the 1970s, it was used as a radioactive source for <a href="/wiki/Radioluminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioluminescent">radioluminescent</a> devices and also in <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_quackery" title="Radioactive quackery">radioactive quackery</a> for its supposed curative power. In nearly all of its applications, radium has been replaced with less dangerous <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopes">radioisotopes</a>, with one of its few remaining non-medical uses being the production of <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulk_properties">Bulk properties</h2></div> Radium is the heaviest known <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metal</a> and is the only <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> member of its group. Its physical and chemical properties most closely resemble its lighter <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112-4">[4]</a> Pure radium is a <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustrous</a> silvery-white metal, even though its lighter congeners <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, and barium have a slight yellow tint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112-4">[4]</a> Radium's lustrous surface rapidly becomes black upon exposure to air, likely due to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Radium_nitride" title="Radium nitride">radium nitride</a> (Ra3N2).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644-5">[5]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> is either 700 °C (1,292 °F) or 960 °C (1,760 °F)<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> is 1,737 °C (3,159 °F); however, this is not well established.<a href="#cite_note-brit-7">[6]</a> Both of these values are slightly lower than those of barium, confirming <a href="/wiki/Periodic_trend" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic trend">periodic trends</a> down the group 2 elements.<a href="#cite_note-Lide2004-8">[7]</a> Like barium and the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>, radium crystallizes in the <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> structure at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>: the radium–radium bond distance is 514.8 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">picometers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Radium has a density of 5.5 g/cm3, higher than that of barium, and the two elements have similar <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">bcc</a> at standard temperature and pressure).<a href="#cite_note-Young-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radium" title="Isotopes of radium">Isotopes of radium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decay_chain(4n%2B2,_Uranium_series).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg/280px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg/420px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg/560px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">Decay chain</a> of 238U, the primordial <a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">progenitor</a> of 226Ra</figcaption></figure> Radium has 33 known isotopes with <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass numbers</a> from 202 to 234, all of which are <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> Four of these – <a href="/wiki/Radium-223" title="Radium-223">223Ra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> 11.4 days), 224Ra (3.64 days), 226Ra (1600 years), and 228Ra (5.75 years) – occur naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">decay chains</a> of primordial <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">thorium-232</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> (223Ra from uranium-235, 226Ra from uranium-238, and the other two from thorium-232). These isotopes nevertheless still have <a href="/wiki/Half-lives" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-lives">half-lives</a> too short to be <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial radionuclides</a>, and only exist in nature from these decay chains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19643-12">[11]</a> Together with the mostly <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">artificial</a> 225Ra (15 d), which occurs in nature only as a decay product of minute traces of <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium-237">neptunium-237</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4n1-13">[12]</a> these are the five most stable isotopes of radium.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> All other 27 known radium isotopes have half-lives under two hours, and the majority have half-lives under a minute.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> Of these, 221Ra (half-life 28 s) also occurs as a 237Np daughter, and 220Ra and 222Ra would be produced by the still-unobserved <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> of natural <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_radon" title="Isotopes of radon"> radon isotopes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tretyak2002-14">[13]</a> At least 12 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a> have been reported, the most stable of which is radium-205m with a half-life between 130~230 milliseconds; this is still shorter than twenty-four <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground-state</a> radium isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> 226Ra is the most stable isotope of radium and is the last isotope in the (4n + 2) decay chain of uranium-238 with a half-life of over a millennium; it makes up almost all of natural radium. Its immediate decay product is the dense radioactive <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> (specifically the isotope <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">222Rn</a>), which is responsible for much of the danger of environmental radium.<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> It is 2.7 million times more radioactive than the same <a href="/wiki/Amount_of_substance" title="Amount of substance">molar amount</a> of natural <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (mostly uranium-238), due to its proportionally shorter half-life.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> A sample of radium metal maintains itself at a higher <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> than its surroundings because of the radiation it emits. Natural radium (which is mostly 226Ra) emits mostly <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha particles">alpha particles</a>, but other steps in its decay chain (the <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain#Uranium_series" title="Decay chain">uranium or radium series</a>) emit alpha or <a href="/wiki/Beta_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta particles">beta particles</a>, and almost all particle emissions are accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Gamma_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma rays">gamma rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> Experimental nuclear physics studies have shown that nuclei of several radium isotopes, such as 222Ra, 224Ra and 226Ra, have reflection-asymmetric ("pear-like") shapes.<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> In particular, this experimental information on radium-224 has been obtained at <a href="/wiki/ISOLDE" title="ISOLDE">ISOLDE</a> using a technique called <a href="/wiki/Coulomb_excitation" title="Coulomb excitation">Coulomb excitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2></div> Radium only exhibits the oxidation state of +2 in solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644-5">[5]</a> It forms the colorless Ra2+ <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>, which is highly <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> and does not form <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">complexes</a> readily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644-5">[5]</a> Most radium compounds are therefore simple <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic</a> compounds,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644-5">[5]</a> though participation from the <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">6s and 6p electrons</a> (in addition to the valence 7s electrons) is expected due to <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic effects</a> and would enhance the <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a> character of radium compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Radium_fluoride" title="Radium fluoride">RaF2</a> and Ra<a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a>2.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-23">[21]</a> For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">standard electrode potential</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Half-reaction" title="Half-reaction">half-reaction</a> Ra2+ (aq) + 2e- → Ra (s) is −2.916 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>, even slightly lower than the value −2.92 V for barium, whereas the values had previously smoothly increased down the group (Ca: −2.84 V; Sr: −2.89 V; Ba: −2.92 V).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111-24">[22]</a> The values for barium and radium are almost exactly the same as those of the heavier alkali metals <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997111-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3></div> Solid radium compounds are white as radium ions provide no specific coloring, but they gradually turn yellow and then dark over time due to self-<a href="/wiki/Radiolysis" title="Radiolysis">radiolysis</a> from radium's <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644-5">[5]</a> Insoluble radium compounds <a href="/wiki/Coprecipitation" title="Coprecipitation">coprecipitate</a> with all barium, most <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> compounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19648-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radium_oxide" title="Radium oxide">Radium oxide</a> (RaO) is poorly characterized, as the reaction of radium with air results in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Radium_nitride" title="Radium nitride">radium nitride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radium_hydroxide" title="Radium hydroxide">Radium hydroxide</a> (Ra(OH)2) is formed via the reaction of radium metal with water, and is the most readily soluble among the alkaline earth hydroxides and a stronger base than its barium congener, <a href="/wiki/Barium_hydroxide" title="Barium hydroxide">barium hydroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">[25]</a> It is also more soluble than <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium hydroxide (page does not exist)">actinium hydroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium hydroxide">thorium hydroxide</a>: these three adjacent hydroxides may be separated by precipitating them with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radium_chloride" title="Radium chloride">Radium chloride</a> (RaCl2) is a colorless, <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescent</a> compound. It becomes yellow after some time due to self-damage by the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha radiation">alpha radiation</a> given off by radium when it decays. Small amounts of barium impurities give the compound a <a href="/wiki/Rose_(color)" title="Rose (color)">rose color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">[25]</a> Its It is soluble in water, though less so than <a href="/wiki/Barium_chloride" title="Barium chloride">barium chloride</a>, and its solubility decreases with increasing concentration of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>. Crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaCl2·2H2O, <a href="/wiki/Isomorphism_(crystallography)" title="Isomorphism (crystallography)">isomorphous</a> with its barium analog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radium_bromide" title="Radium bromide">Radium bromide</a> (RaBr2) is also a colorless, luminous compound.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">[25]</a> In water, it is more soluble than radium chloride. Like radium chloride, crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaBr2·2H2O, isomorphous with its barium analog. The ionizing radiation emitted by radium bromide excites <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> molecules in the air, making it glow. The <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> emitted by radium quickly gain two electrons to become neutral <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, which builds up inside and weakens radium bromide crystals. This effect sometimes causes the crystals to break or even explode.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radium_nitrate" title="Radium nitrate">Radium nitrate</a> (Ra(NO3)2) is a white compound that can be made by dissolving <a href="/wiki/Radium_carbonate" title="Radium carbonate">radium carbonate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>. As the concentration of nitric acid increases, the solubility of radium nitrate decreases, an important property for the chemical purification of radium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">[25]</a> Radium forms much the same insoluble salts as its lighter congener barium: it forms the insoluble <a href="/wiki/Radium_sulfate" title="Radium sulfate">sulfate</a> (RaSO4, the most insoluble known sulfate), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_chromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium chromate (page does not exist)">chromate</a> (RaCrO4), <a href="/wiki/Radium_carbonate" title="Radium carbonate">carbonate</a> (RaCO3), <a href="/wiki/Radium_iodate" title="Radium iodate">iodate</a> (Ra(IO3)2), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_tetrafluoroberyllate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium tetrafluoroberyllate (page does not exist)">tetrafluoroberyllate</a> (RaBeF4), and nitrate (Ra(NO3)2). With the exception of the carbonate, all of these are less soluble in water than the corresponding barium salts, but they are all <a href="/wiki/Isostructural" title="Isostructural">isostructural</a> to their barium counterparts. Additionally, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium phosphate (page does not exist)">radium phosphate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_oxalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium oxalate (page does not exist)">oxalate</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_sulfite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium sulfite (page does not exist)">sulfite</a> are probably also insoluble, as they <a href="/wiki/Coprecipitation" title="Coprecipitation">coprecipitate</a> with the corresponding insoluble barium salts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19648–9-28">[26]</a> The great insolubility of radium sulfate (at 20 °C, only 2.1 <a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">mg</a> will dissolve in 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> of water) means that it is one of the less biologically dangerous radium compounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky196412-29">[27]</a> The large ionic radius of Ra2+ (148 pm) results in weak ability to form <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a> and poor extraction of radium from aqueous solutions when not at high pH.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> All isotopes of radium have half-lives much shorter than the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>, so that any primordial radium would have decayed long ago. Radium nevertheless still occurs <a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">in the environment</a>, as the isotopes 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, and 228Ra are part of the decay chains of natural thorium and uranium isotopes; since thorium and uranium have very long half-lives,<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">[2]</a> these <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">daughters</a> are continually being regenerated by their decay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19643-12">[11]</a> Of these four isotopes, the longest-lived is 226Ra (half-life 1600 years), a decay product of natural uranium. Because of its relative longevity, 226Ra is the most common isotope of the element, making up about one <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_trillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per trillion">part per trillion</a> of the Earth's crust; essentially all natural radium is 226Ra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-31">[29]</a> Thus, radium is found in tiny quantities in the uranium ore <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">uraninite</a> and various other uranium <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, and in even tinier quantities in thorium minerals. One <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">pitchblende</a> typically yields about one seventh of a <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> of radium.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> One kilogram of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> contains about 900 <a href="/wiki/Picogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Picogram">picograms</a> of radium, and one <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> contains about 89 <a href="/wiki/Femtogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Femtogram">femtograms</a> of radium.<a href="#cite_note-Raabundance-33">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie#New_elements" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie § New elements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/220px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/330px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/440px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Marie and Pierre Curie experimenting with radium, a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Castaigne" title="André Castaigne">André Castaigne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_radium_standard_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/220px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/330px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/440px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Glass tube of radium chloride kept by the US Bureau of Standards that served as the primary standard of radioactivity for the United States in 1927.</figcaption></figure> Radium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> on 21 December 1898 in a <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">uraninite</a> (pitchblende) sample from <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov" title="Jáchymov">Jáchymov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crc-34">[32]</a> While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. In July 1898, while studying pitchblende, they isolated an element similar to <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> which turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>. They then isolated a radioactive mixture consisting of two components: compounds of <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave <a href="/wiki/Carmine_(color)" title="Carmine (color)">carmine</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except they were less soluble. This discovery made it possible for the Curies to isolate the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced their discovery to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> on 26 December 1898.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word radium, formed in Modern Latin from radius (ray): this was in recognition of radium's emission of energy in the form of rays.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The gaseous emissions of radium, radon, were recognized and studied extensively by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ernst_Dorn" title="Friedrich Ernst Dorn">Friedrich Ernst Dorn</a> in the early 1900s, though at the time they were characterized as "radium emanations".<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> In September 1910, Marie Curie and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a> announced that they had isolated radium as a pure <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of pure radium <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> (RaCl2) solution using a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, producing radium–mercury <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ColbyChurchill1911-38">[36]</a> This amalgam was then heated in an atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas to remove the mercury, leaving pure radium metal.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Later that same year, E. Ebler isolated radium metal by <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azide</a>, Ra(N3)2.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Radium metal was first industrially produced at the beginning of the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Biraco" title="Biraco">Biraco</a>, a subsidiary company of <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut_Katanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Minière du Haut Katanga">Union Minière du Haut Katanga</a> (UMHK) in its <a href="/wiki/Olen,_Belgium" title="Olen, Belgium">Olen</a> plant in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> The metal became an important export of Belgium from 1922 up until World War II.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> The general historical unit for radioactivity, the <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>, is based on the radioactivity of 226Ra. it was originally defined as the radioactivity of one gram of radium-226,<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> but the definition was later refined to be 3.7×1010 disintegrations per second.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_applications">Historical applications</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Luminescent_paint">Luminescent paint</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/220px-Radium_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/330px-Radium_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/440px-Radium_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Watch hands coated with radium paint under ultraviolet light</figcaption></figure> Radium was formerly used in <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">self-luminous</a> paints for watches, aircraft switches, clocks, and instrument dials and panels. A typical self-luminous watch that uses radium paint contains around 1 microgram of radium.<a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_2024184_on_20240813160145-46">[44]</a> In the mid-1920s, a lawsuit was filed against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Radium_Corporation" title="United States Radium Corporation">United States Radium Corporation</a> by five dying "<a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a>" – dial painters who had painted radium-based <a href="/wiki/Luminous_paint" title="Luminous paint">luminous paint</a> on the components of watches and clocks.<a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[45]</a> The dial painters were instructed to lick their brushes to give them a fine point, thereby ingesting radium.<a href="#cite_note-OakRidge-48">[46]</a> Their exposure to radium caused serious health effects which included sores, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cancer">bone cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[14]</a> During the litigation, it was determined that the company's scientists and management had taken considerable precautions to protect themselves from the effects of radiation, but it did not seem to protect their employees. Additionally, for several years the companies had attempted to cover up the effects and avoid liability by insisting that the Radium Girls were instead suffering from <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> As a result of the lawsuit, and an extensive study by the U.S. Public Health Service, the adverse effects of radioactivity became widely known, and radium-dial painters were instructed in proper safety precautions and provided with protective gear. Radium continued to be used in dials, especially in manufacturing during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but from 1925 onward there were no further injuries to dial painters. <a href="#cite_note-:2-47">[45]</a> From the 1960s the use of radium paint was discontinued. In many cases luminous dials were implemented with non-radioactive fluorescent materials excited by light; such devices glow in the dark after exposure to light, but the glow fades.<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[14]</a> Where long-lasting self-luminosity in darkness was required, safer radioactive <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>-147 (half-life 2.6 years) or <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (half-life 12 years) paint was used; both continue to be used as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> These had the added advantage of not degrading the phosphor over time, unlike radium.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Tritium as it is used in these applications is considered safer than radium,<a href="#cite_note-ieer-52">[50]</a> as it emits very low-energy <a href="/wiki/Beta_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta radiation">beta radiation</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> (even lower-energy than the beta radiation emitted by promethium)<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> which cannot penetrate the skin,<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> unlike the gamma radiation emitted by radium isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-ieer-52">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg/220px-WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg/330px-WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg/440px-WWI_German_altimeter_radium_painted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5117" data-file-height="4794" /></a><figcaption>A zeppelin <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a> from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The dial, previously painted with a luminescent radium paint, has turned yellow due to the degradation of the fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a> medium.</figcaption></figure> Clocks, watches, and instruments dating from the first half of the 20th century, often in military applications, may have been painted with radioactive luminous paint. They are usually no longer luminous; this is not due to radioactive decay of the radium (which has a half-life of 1600 years) but to the fluorescence of the zinc sulfide fluorescent medium being worn out by the radiation from the radium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2003351-56">[54]</a> Originally appearing as white, most radium paint from before the 1960s has tarnished to yellow over time. The radiation dose from an intact device is usually only a hazard when many devices are grouped together or if the device is disassembled or tampered with.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quackery">Quackery</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_quackery" title="Radioactive quackery">Radioactive quackery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radium_fad" title="Radium fad">Radium fad</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/220px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/330px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/440px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>1918 ad for Radior, one of several cosmetic products claiming to contain radium for its purported curative properties<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> Radium was once an additive in products such as cosmetics, soap, razor blades, and even beverages due to its supposed curative powers. Many contemporary products were falsely advertised as being radioactive.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Such products soon fell out of vogue and were prohibited by authorities in many countries after it was discovered they could have serious adverse health effects. (See, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Radithor" title="Radithor">Radithor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Revigator">Revigator</a> types of "radium water" or "Standard Radium Solution for Drinking".)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2003351-56">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Destination_spa" title="Destination spa">Spas</a> featuring radium-rich water are still occasionally touted as beneficial, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Misasa,_Tottori" title="Misasa, Tottori">Misasa, Tottori</a>, Japan,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> though the sources of radioactivity in these spas vary and may be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> and other radioisotopes.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_and_research_uses">Medical and research uses</h4></div> Radium (usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Radium_chloride" title="Radium chloride">radium chloride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radium_bromide" title="Radium bromide">radium bromide</a>) was used in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> to produce radon gas, which in turn was used as a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> treatment.<a href="#cite_note-brit-7">[6]</a> Several of these radon sources were used in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> However, many treatments that were used in the early 1900s are not used anymore because of the harmful effects radium bromide exposure caused. Some examples of these effects are <a href="/wiki/Anaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaemia">anaemia</a>, cancer, and <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">genetic mutations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvie-63">[61]</a> As of 2011, safer gamma emitters such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">60Co</a>, which is less costly and available in larger quantities, were usually used to replace the historical use of radium in this application,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98-30">[28]</a> but factors including increasing costs of cobalt and risks of keeping radioactive sources on site have led to an increase in the use of <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear particle accelerators</a> for the same applications.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In the U.S., from 1940 through the 1960s, radium was used in <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">nasopharyngeal</a> radium irradiation, a treatment that was administered to children to treat <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a> and chronic <a href="/wiki/Otitis" title="Otitis">otitis</a>. The procedure was also administered to <a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">airmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> crew to treat <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Early in the 1900s, biologists used radium to induce mutations and study <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. As early as 1904, Daniel MacDougal used radium in an attempt to determine whether it could provoke sudden large mutations and cause major evolutionary shifts. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> used radium to induce changes resulting in white-eyed fruit flies. Nobel-winning biologist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a> briefly studied the effects of radium on fruit fly mutations before turning to more affordable x-ray experiments.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/220px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/330px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/440px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Discovery of Radium in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov" title="Jáchymov">Jáchymov</a></figcaption></figure> Uranium had no large scale application in the late 19th century and therefore no large uranium mines existed. In the beginning, the <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> mines in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov" title="Jáchymov">Jáchymov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>) were the only large sources for uranium ore.<a href="#cite_note-crc-34">[32]</a> The uranium ore was only a <a href="/wiki/Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproduct</a> of the mining activities.<a href="#cite_note-Ceranski-68">[66]</a> In the first extraction of radium, Curie used the residues after extraction of uranium from pitchblende. The uranium had been extracted by dissolution in <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> leaving radium sulfate, which is similar to <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a> but even less soluble in the residues. The residues also contained rather substantial amounts of barium sulfate which thus acted as a carrier for the radium sulfate. The first steps of the radium extraction process involved boiling with sodium hydroxide, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> treatment to minimize impurities of other compounds. The remaining residue was then treated with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> to convert the barium sulfate into barium carbonate (carrying the radium), thus making it soluble in hydrochloric acid. After dissolution, the barium and radium were reprecipitated as sulfates; this was then repeated to further purify the mixed sulfate. Some impurities that form insoluble sulfides were removed by treating the chloride solution with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, followed by filtering. When the mixed sulfates were pure enough, they were once more converted to mixed chlorides; barium and radium thereafter were separated by <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(chemistry)" title="Fractional crystallization (chemistry)">fractional crystallisation</a> while monitoring the progress using a <a href="/wiki/Spectroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscope">spectroscope</a> (radium gives characteristic red lines in contrast to the green barium lines), and the <a href="/wiki/Electroscope" title="Electroscope">electroscope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> After the isolation of radium by Marie and Pierre Curie from uranium ore from <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1chymov" title="Jáchymov">Jáchymov</a>, several scientists started to isolate radium in small quantities. Later, small companies purchased mine tailings from Jáchymov mines and started isolating radium. In 1904, the Austrian government <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a> the mines and stopped exporting raw ore. Until 1912, when radium production increased, radium availability was low.<a href="#cite_note-Ceranski-68">[66]</a> The formation of an Austrian monopoly and the strong urge of other countries to have access to radium led to a worldwide search for uranium ores. The United States took over as leading producer in the early 1910s,<a href="#cite_note-crc-34">[32]</a> producing 70 g total from 1913 to 1920 in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[68]</a> The Curies' process was still used for industrial radium extraction in 1940, but mixed bromides were then used for the fractionation. If the barium content of the uranium ore is not high enough, additional barium can be added to carry the radium. These processes were applied to high grade uranium ores but may not have worked well with low grade ores.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Small amounts of radium were still extracted from uranium ore by this method of mixed precipitation and ion exchange as late as the 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-31">[29]</a> but as of 2011, it is extracted only from spent nuclear fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2003437-72">[70]</a> Pure radium metal is isolated by reducing radium oxide with aluminium metal in a vacuum at 1,200 °C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98-30">[28]</a> In 1954, the total worldwide supply of purified radium amounted to about 5 pounds (2.3 kg).<a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_2024184_on_20240813160145-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> and Canada were briefly the largest producers of radium in the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-:1-70">[68]</a> As of 1997. the chief radium-producing countries were Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-31">[29]</a> The annual production of radium compounds was only about 100 g in total as of 1984;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-31">[29]</a> annual production of radium had reduced to less than 100 g by 2018.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_applications">Modern applications</h2></div> Radium is seeing increasing use in the field of <a href="/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics" title="Atomic, molecular, and optical physics">atomic, molecular, and optical physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking" title="Symmetry breaking">Symmetry breaking</a> forces scale proportional to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ Z^{3}\ ,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ Z^{3}\ ,}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5de4151dba82cbf5167223c59f6b7e4e242d2de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.571ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ Z^{3}\ ,}"><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> which makes radium, the heaviest alkaline earth element, well suited for constraining new physics beyond the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">standard model</a>. Some radium isotopes, such as radium-225, have <a href="/wiki/Octupole" class="mw-redirect" title="Octupole">octupole</a> deformed parity doublets that enhance sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">charge parity violating</a> new physics by two to three orders of magnitude compared to 199Hg.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> Radium is also a promising candidate for trapped ion <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock#Optical_clocks" title="Atomic clock">optical clocks</a>. The radium ion has two subhertz-linewidth transitions from the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {7s^{2}S_{1/2}} \ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {7s^{2}S_{1/2}} \ }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9dc0500687e4b877da1a8561f055c6893d2eef02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.285ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {7s^{2}S_{1/2}} \ }"> ground state that could serve as the clock transition in an optical clock.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> A 226Ra+ trapped ion atomic clock has been demonstrated on the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {7s^{2}S_{1/2}} \ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {7s^{2}S_{1/2}} \ }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9dc0500687e4b877da1a8561f055c6893d2eef02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.285ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {7s^{2}S_{1/2}} \ }"> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {6d^{2}D_{5/2}} \ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {6d^{2}D_{5/2}} \ }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cf33519e4d73f2b992c83bbef8db15826e995793" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:9.144ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \mathrm {6d^{2}D_{5/2}} \ }"> transition, which has been considered for the creation of a transportable optical clock as all transitions necessary for clock operation can be addressed with direct diode lasers at common wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> Some of the few practical uses of radium are derived from its radioactive properties. More recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt-60</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a>, are replacing radium in even these limited uses because several of these isotopes are more powerful emitters, safer to handle, and available in more concentrated form.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The isotope <a href="/wiki/Radium-223" title="Radium-223">223Ra</a> was approved by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> in 2013 for use in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> treatment of bone <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> in the form of a solution<a href="#cite_note-XofigoSPC-80">[78]</a> including radium-223 chloride.<a href="#cite_note-FBT-FDA2013-81">[79]</a> The main indication of treatment is the therapy of <a href="/wiki/Bone_metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone metastases">bony metastases</a> from castration-resistant prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> 225Ra has also been used in experiments concerning therapeutic irradiation, as it is the only reasonably long-lived radium isotope which does not have radon as one of its daughters.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Radium was still used in 2007 as a radiation source in some <a href="/wiki/Industrial_radiography" title="Industrial radiography">industrial radiography</a> devices to check for flawed metallic parts, similarly to <a href="/wiki/X-ray_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray imaging">X-ray imaging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[14]</a> When mixed with <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, radium acts as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron source</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley2003351-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Up until at least 2004, radium-beryllium neutron sources were still sometimes used,<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> but other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> have become more common for use in neutron sources. RaBeF4-based (α, n) neutron sources have been deprecated despite the high number of neutrons they emit (1.84×106 neutrons per second) in favour of <a href="/wiki/Americium-241" title="Americium-241">241Am</a>–Be sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201196–98-86">[84]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit">[update]</a>, the isotope 226Ra is mainly used to form 227<a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_irradiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron irradiation">neutron irradiation</a> in a nuclear reactor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2></div> Radium is highly radioactive, as is its immediate decay product, <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> gas. When ingested, 80% of the ingested radium leaves the body through the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, while the other 20% goes into the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>, mostly accumulating in the bones. This is because the body treats radium as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_seeker" title="Bone seeker">deposits it in the bones</a>, where radioactivity degrades <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">marrow</a> and can mutate <a href="/wiki/Bone_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cells">bone cells</a>. Exposure to radium, internal or external, can cause cancer and other disorders, because radium and radon emit alpha and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> upon their decay, which kill and mutate cells.<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[14]</a> Radium is generally considered the most toxic of the radioactive elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201196–98-86">[84]</a> Some of the biological effects of radium include the first case of "radium-dermatitis", reported in 1900, two years after the element's discovery. The French physicist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Becquerel">Antoine Becquerel</a> carried a small ampoule of radium in his waistcoat pocket for six hours and reported that his skin became <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulcerated</a>. Pierre Curie attached a tube filled with radium to his arm for ten hours, which resulted in the appearance of a skin lesion, suggesting the use of radium to attack cancerous tissue as it had attacked healthy tissue.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Handling of radium has been blamed for Marie Curie's death, due to <a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anemia" title="Aplastic anemia">aplastic anemia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> though analysis of her levels of radium exposure done after her death find them within accepted safe levels and attribute her illness and death to her use of <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> A significant amount of radium's danger comes from its daughter radon, which as a gas can enter the body far more readily than can its parent radium.<a href="#cite_note-epa-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_radiation_protection" title="History of radiation protection">History of radiation protection</a></div> The first published recommendations for protection against radium and radiation in general were made by the British X-ray and Radium Protection Committee and were adopted internationally in 1928 at the first meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Radiological_Protection" title="International Commission on Radiological Protection">International Commission on Radiological Protection</a> (ICRP), following preliminary guidance written by the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgen Society">Röntgen Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> This meeting led to further developments of radiation protection programs<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> coordinated across all countries represented by the commission.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Exposure to radium is still regulated internationally by the ICRP, alongside the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) publishes safety standards and provides recommendations for the handling of and exposure to radium in its works on <a href="/wiki/Naturally_occurring_radioactive_material" title="Naturally occurring radioactive material">naturally occurring radioactive materials</a> and the broader International Basic Safety Standards,<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> which are not enforced by the IAEA but are available for adoption by members of the organization.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In addition, in efforts to reduce the quantity of old <a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a> devices that contain radium, the IAEA has worked since 2022<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> to manage and recycle disused 226Ra sources.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> In several countries, further regulations exist and are applied beyond those recommended by the IAEA and ICRP. For example, in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>-defined Maximum Contaminant Level for radium is 5 pCi/L for drinking water;<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> in the 1940s, the "tolerance level" for workers was set at 0.1 micrograms of ingested radium.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> does not specifically set exposure limits for radium, and instead limits ionizing radiation exposure in units of <a href="/wiki/Roentgen_equivalent_man" title="Roentgen equivalent man">roentgen equivalent man</a> based on the exposed area of the body. Radium sources themselves, rather than worker exposures, are regulated more closely by the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> which requires licensing for anyone possessing 226Ra with activity of more than 0.01 μCi.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The particular governing bodies that regulate radioactive materials and nuclear energy are documented by the Nuclear Energy Agency for member countries<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> – for instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a>, the nation's radiation safety standards are managed by the Korea Radioisotope Institute, established in 1985, and the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, established in 1990<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> – and the IAEA leads efforts in establishing governing bodies in locations that do not have government regulations on radioactive materials.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Both values are encountered in sources and there is no agreement among scientists as to the true value of the melting point of radium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">radon mitigation</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). 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Hanusa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489270">Radium</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lide2004-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Lide2004_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2004" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D.R.; et al., eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (84th ed.). 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Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 476 (2239): 20200202. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPSA.47600202B">2020RSPSA.47600202B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2020.0202">10.1098/rspa.2020.0202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426035">7426035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32821242">32821242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=Pear-shaped+atomic+nuclei&rft.volume=476&rft.issue=2239&rft.pages=20200202&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7426035%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32821242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.2020.0202&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020RSPSA.47600202B&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7426035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern/about/updates/2013/05/first-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei">"First observations of short-lived pear-shaped atomic nuclei – CERN"</a>. home.cern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145136/https://home.cern/about/updates/2013/05/first-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home.cern&rft.atitle=First+observations+of+short-lived+pear-shaped+atomic+nuclei+%E2%80%93+CERN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fabout%2Fupdates%2F2013%2F05%2Ffirst-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffneyButlerScheck2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gaffney, L. P.; Butler, P. A.; Scheck, M.; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400663">"Studies of pear-shaped nuclei using accelerated radioactive beams"</a>. Nature. 497 (7448): 199–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.497..199G">2013Natur.497..199G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12073">10.1038/nature12073</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23657348">23657348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4380776">4380776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Studies+of+pear-shaped+nuclei+using+accelerated+radioactive+beams&rft.volume=497&rft.issue=7448&rft.pages=199-204&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4380776%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23657348&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.497..199G&rft.aulast=Gaffney&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft.au=Butler%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Scheck%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F400663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thayer-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, John S. 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U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Mines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radium&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Bureau+of+Mines&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Paul+McIntosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3D1KSfyGTUXpcC%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19644–8_27-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirbySalutsky1964">Kirby & Salutsky 1964</a>, pp. 4–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19648–9-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky19648–9_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirbySalutsky1964">Kirby & Salutsky 1964</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky196412-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbySalutsky196412_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirbySalutsky1964">Kirby & Salutsky 1964</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellerWolfShani201197–98_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellerWolfShani2011">Keller, Wolf & Shani 2011</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109–110_31-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml">"Radium"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115182006/http://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml">Archived</a> 15 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 5 August 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Raabundance-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Raabundance_33-0">^</a> Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea, in Lide, David R. (ed.), <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-crc-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_34-2">c</a> Hammond, C. R. "Radium" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4398-5511-0"><bdi>1-4398-5511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=1-4398-5511-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurie,_PierreCurie,_MarieBémont,_Gustave1898" class="citation journal cs1">Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie & Bémont, Gustave (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende"</a> [On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende]. 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Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/351">351 ff</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.pages=351-ff&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerWolfShani2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam (15 October 2011). "Radionuclides, 2. 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Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15">10.1002/14356007.o22_o15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radionuclides%2C+2.+Radioactive+Elements+and+Artificial+Radionuclides&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Walter&rft.au=Shani%2C+Jashovam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbySalutsky1964" class="citation report cs1">Kirby, H.W. & Salutsky, Murrell L. (December 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1027502/">The Radiochemistry of Radium</a> (Report). crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>, UNT Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Radiochemistry+of+Radium&rft.series=crediting+UNT+Libraries+Government+Documents+Department&rft.date=1964-12&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rft.au=Salutsky%2C+Murrell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1027502%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> Alternate source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf">https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanny_Fröman1996" class="citation web cs1">Nanny Fröman (1 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/curie/index.html">"Marie and Pierre Curie and the discovery of polonium and radium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Retrieved 25 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+and+Pierre+Curie+and+the+discovery+of+polonium+and+radium&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1996-12-01&rft.au=Nanny+Fr%C3%B6man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Farticles%2Fcurie%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacklis,_R.M.1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Macklis, R.M. (1993). "The great radium scandal". <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. Vol. 269, no. 2. pp. 94–99. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SciAm.269b..94M">1993SciAm.269b..94M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0893-94">10.1038/scientificamerican0893-94</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8351514">8351514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+great+radium+scandal&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-99&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8351514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0893-94&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993SciAm.269b..94M&rft.au=Macklis%2C+R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie_Curie1921" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1921), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Radium" class="extiw" title="s:The Discovery of Radium">The Discovery of Radium: Address by Madame M. Curie at Vassar College May 14, 1921</a> (1st ed.), Poughkeepsie: <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22920166" class="extiw" title="d:Q22920166">Q22920166</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Radium%3A+Address+by+Madame+M.+Curie+at+Vassar+College+May+14%2C+1921&rft.place=Poughkeepsie&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vassar+College&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Marie+Curie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantos,_Lucy_Jane2020" class="citation book cs1">Santos, Lucy Jane (2020). Half Lives: The Unlikely History of Radium. Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785786082" title="Special:BookSources/9781785786082"><bdi>9781785786082</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158229829">1158229829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half+Lives%3A+The+Unlikely+History+of+Radium&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158229829&rft.isbn=9781785786082&rft.au=Santos%2C+Lucy+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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#aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Radium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radium" class="extiw" title="wikt:radium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:radium" class="extiw" title="c:Category:radium">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Radium_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Radium atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309040715/http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/the-discovery-of-radium-by-marie-curie.html">"The discovery of radium"</a>. Lateral Science. UK. 8 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/radium/RaDisc.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lateral+Science&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+radium&rft.date=2012-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lateralscience.co.uk%2Fradium%2FRaDisc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markwshead.com/stuffHappens/radium.html">Radium water bath in Oklahoma</a>. markwshead.com (photographic images).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radium+water+bath+in+Oklahoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.markwshead.com%2FstuffHappens%2Fradium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+radium,+radioactive">"Radium, radioactive"</a>. NLM Hazardous Substances Databank. U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NLM+Hazardous+Substances+Databank&rft.atitle=Radium%2C+radioactive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoxnet.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsis%2Fsearch%2Fr%3Fdbs%2Bhsdb%3A%40term%2B%40na%2B%40rel%2Bradium%2C%2Bradioactive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625210454/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FRadium">"Annotated bibliography for radium"</a>. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. Lexington, VA: <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science/Radium">the original</a> on 25 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alsos+Digital+Library+for+Nuclear+Issues&rft.atitle=Annotated+bibliography+for+radium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falsos.wlu.edu%2Fqsearch.aspx%3Fbrowse%3Dscience%2FRadium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/088.htm">"Radium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Template talk:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marie and Pierre Curie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marie_and_Pierre_Curie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie"> Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie"> Pierre</a> Curie</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_law" title="Curie's law">Curie's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie%E2%80%93Weiss_law" title="Curie–Weiss law">Curie–Weiss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean-field_theory" title="Mean-field theory">Mean-field theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectricity" title="Piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie%27s_principle" title="Curie's principle">Curie's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Radioactivity" title="Treatise on Radioactivity">Treatise on Radioactivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Museum" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%88ve_Curie" title="Ève Curie">Ève Curie</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Langevin-Joliot" title="Hélène Langevin-Joliot">Hélène Langevin-Joliot</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joliot" title="Pierre Joliot">Pierre Joliot</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Jacques_Curie" title="Paul-Jacques Curie">Paul-Jacques Curie</a> (Pierre's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Marie_Sklodowska-Curie_Award" title="IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award">IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Medal" title="Marie Curie Medal">Marie Curie Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Bridge,_Warsaw" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge, Warsaw">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Park" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Curie-Sk%C5%82odowska_University" title="Maria Curie-Skłodowska University">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre and Marie Curie University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_National_Research_Institute_of_Oncology" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology">Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_Island" title="Curie Island">Curie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7000_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="7000 Curie">7000 Curie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Lublin)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Lublin)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Downtown,_Warsaw)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Downtown, Warsaw)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Monument_(Ochota)" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument (Ochota)">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie_Gargoyle" title="Marie Curie Gargoyle">Marie Curie Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie_Medallion" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion">Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Curie_(film)" title="Madame Curie (film)">Madame Curie</a> (1943 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Palmes_de_M._Schutz" title="Les Palmes de M. Schutz">Les Palmes de M. Schutz</a> (1997 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie,_une_femme_sur_le_front" title="Marie Curie, une femme sur le front">Marie Curie, une femme sur le front</a> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie:_The_Courage_of_Knowledge" title="Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge">Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge</a> (2016 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_(film)" title="Radioactive (film)">Radioactive</a> (2019 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alkaline_earth_metals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Template:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Template talk:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alkaline_earth_metals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">Alkaline earth metals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Weight: 9.012182 Melting Point: 1560.15 K Boiling Point: 2742 K Specific mass: 1.85 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.57 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.3050 Melting Point: 923.15 K Boiling Point: 1363 K Specific mass: 1.738 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.31 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Weight: 40.078 Melting Point: 1112.15 K Boiling Point: 1757 K Specific mass: 1.54 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Weight: 87.62 Melting Point: 1042.15 K Boiling Point: 1655 K Specific mass: 2.64 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.95 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Weight: 137.327 Melting Point: 1002.15 K Boiling Point: 2170 K Specific mass: 3.594 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.89 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radium</a> Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Weight: [226] Melting Point: 973.15 K Boiling Point: 2010 K Specific mass: 5.5 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.9 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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bromide">RaBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_sulfate" title="Radium sulfate">RaSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_nitrate" title="Radium nitrate">Ra(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_iodide" title="Radium iodide">RaI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_hydroxide" title="Radium hydroxide">Ra(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_oxide" title="Radium oxide">RaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_nitride" title="Radium nitride">Ra3N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_tungstate" title="Radium tungstate">RaWO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_chlorate" title="Radium chlorate">Ra(ClO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_iodate" title="Radium iodate">Ra(IO3)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px 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