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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg/235px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg/353px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg/470px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Ursa_Major.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2523" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Bears</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">antiquity</a> had natural observations recorded about them from as the early as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, and were part of most natural histories that followed. One knows from <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> that bears roamed <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and archaeological evidence found such as bear teeth attest to his witness.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural Histories that studied bears were recorded by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oppian" title="Oppian">Oppian</a> and were probably based on their first hand accounts or the testimony of hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears came to represent a state between wild and tame, and were represented as such in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriations</a>. The image of the bear was also commercialised in trade, as were its body parts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_Histories">Natural Histories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Natural Histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_anatomy">The anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> describes the erect posture of bears [<i>HA</i> 2.17 507b], the quality of having a single stomach like humans [<i>HA</i> 2.17 507b] and the fact that like men they have paws with five fingers and three finger joints [<i>HA</i> 2.1].<sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppian also describes the physical parallels between man and bear in his more complete description of the bear;</p><blockquote><p><i>"clothed in a close and rugged coat of hair and a form unkindly with unsmiling eyes. Sawtoothed, deadly, and long is their mouth; nose dark, eye keen, ankle swift, body nimble, head broad, hand like the hands of men, feet like men's feet."</i> [<i>C</i>. 3.139-45]<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Most other natural histories are similar, however, some deviations can be found. Pliny describes the male bear as "remarkably fat" rather than 'nimble,' and to be "dull" rather than 'keen' cited [<i>NH</i>. 8.54].<sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childbirth">Childbirth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childbirth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Procreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Procreation">procreation</a> of bears was described by most naturalists, as it was perceived to be unique among all animals. Aristotle wrote that bears mated by lying down and embracing [<i>HA.</i> 579a20] before the she-bear delivers incomplete offspring [<i>GA.</i> 744b5-16].<sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> adds that this took place in winter before the she-bear goes to a separate den from the male bear, and commonly gives birth to five shapeless objects. These objects are marginally bigger than mice with claws, and grow into bears over the four months that the she-bear spends in hibernation [<i>NH.</i> 8.54].<sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> records that the shapeless object is loved and recognised by the she-bear, and licked into shape [<i>NA</i>. 2.19].<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while Aelian states that this is because the she-bear is "unable to produce a cub", Pseudo-Oppian attributes the shapeless offspring to the she-bear's insatiable "desire for mating", stating that the cub is forced out undeveloped so as "not to have her bed widowed" [<i>C</i>. 3.150-160].<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, Aelian records that the male bear reportedly sleeps for forty days, and for these days sucking on his paw is enough for him to be nourished [<i>NA.</i> 6.3].<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg/363px-2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="363" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg/545px-2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg/726px-2010-kodiak-bear-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Natural histories in antiquity focussed mainly on the behavioural traits of bears and put forward reasons for these. </p><p><b>Tricks against Prey</b> </p><p>Aelian observed that when a bear preys on a bull, instead of fighting it head-on, it wrestles with it before putting it in a head-lock and bellowing until the bull is dead [<i>NA.</i> 6.9].<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny also describes this tactic, clarifying that it is made possible by the bear's weight [<i>NH</i>. 8.54].<sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aelian also notes that when being preyed upon, the bear cleverly has its cubs run as far as they can before carrying them to first exhaust their energy [<i>NA.</i> 6.9].<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Eating Habits</b> </p><p>Pliny observed the bear habit of eating a plant known as the Aros and put forward to explanations for this. Firstly, it was to relax their bowels and avoid <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> (presumably from being in hibernation for so long). The second reason was that the roots of the plant sharpened the bears' teeth [<i>NH</i>. 8.54].<sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny also describes the bears seeking of honeycombs. Pliny states this is because bears have poor eyesight that causes oppression in the head, which is relieved by bees attacking the neck [<i>NH</i>. 8.54].<sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>General Observations</b> </p><p>Pliny states that the bear first covers its head with its paws in defence, due to it having a fragile head [<i>NH</i>. 8.54].<sup id="cite_ref-:22_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppian observes how the bear acts when being hunted. The bear is described to "rage with jaws and terrible jaws" and to sometimes be able to break free of the net being used to try to capture it [<i>C.</i> 410-420].<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_Conclusions">Philosophical Conclusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Philosophical Conclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Both the bear's likeness to humans and their role in child-bearing, lead them to be a philosophical symbol of the antithesis between man and beast, and between maiden and mother. On the significance of standing erect, Aristotle wrote;</p><blockquote><p><i>"Man is the only animal that stands upright, and this is because his nature and essence is divine. Now the business of that which is most divine is to think and to be intelligent..." PA</i> 4.10 (686a26-28)<sup id="cite_ref-:42_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>While on the significance of having hands, Aristotle stated;</p><blockquote><p><i>"Anaxagoras indeed asserts that it is his possession of hands that makes man the most intelligent of the animals; but surely the reasonable point of view is that it is because he is the most intelligent animal that he has got hands."</i> <i>PA</i> 4.10 (687a17-20)<sup id="cite_ref-:42_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Aristotle was not the only one to draw significance from such attributes. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> remarked that man's upright posture allowed men alone to view things a distance away [Xen. <i>Mem.</i> 1.4.11], while <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> stated it meant man could see the stars [Ov. <i>Met.</i> 1.75].<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle quotes the Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> as viewing hands as the source of intelligence. The fact that bears were observed to share these traits with humans somewhat, meant that in the ancient Greek psyche, they were viewed differently to other animals. Bears were also seen as divine mothers, evidenced by <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a>' <i>Life of Pythagoras,</i> which quotes the ancient mathematician as saying that the she-bear constellation was "the hand of Rhea" [<i>pyth</i>. 41].<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians interpreting how bears were viewed in antiquity have commented the following:</p><blockquote><p>"The bear and the she-bear mark distinctively the rites of passage through which maidens become women." - Laura Cherubini<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The semi-human aspects of the bear make it an ideal symbol of Artemis' function in the rituals of Attica, namely as a figure on the margin between wildness/virginity and tameness/wifehood." - Thomas F. Scanlon<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_presence">Cultural presence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myth">Myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bears made various appearances in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology of the Greeks</a>, and their appearance was often related with their perception of being a good child-bearer. </p><p><b>Kallisto</b> </p><p>The myth of <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Kallisto</a> was famous throughout antiquity and retold by many ancient writers. The oldest of these comes from Hesiod. <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> wrote that Kallisto was a princess, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Lycaon_of_Arcadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycaon of Arcadia">King Lykaon</a>. She roamed the forests with <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> and swore that she would remain a virgin to the goddess. However, when Artemis discovered that <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> had indeed seduced Kallisto, she turned her into a bear. Kallisto gave birth to a boy named Arkas who was taken by goat-herds. One day, Kallisto was hunted by her son, who didn't recognise her, when Zeus intervened and placed Kallisto among the stars, and named her Arktos (meaning bear) [Hesiod The Astronomy Fragment 3].<sup id="cite_ref-:42_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various alternate versions. Pausanias states that Hera turned Kallisto into a bear and Artemis shot her, before Hermes rescued Arkas and Zeus placed Kallisto among the stars [<i>Description of Greece</i> 8. 3. 6].<sup id="cite_ref-:42_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another version is preserved by Pseudo-Apollodorus who wrote that it was Zeus who turned Kallisto into the bear, in order to hide her from Hera [<i>Bibliotheca</i> 3. 100].<sup id="cite_ref-:42_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Child-Birth Myth</b> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9_-_The_Race_between_Hippomenes_and_Atalanta_-_WGA11034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9_-_The_Race_between_Hippomenes_and_Atalanta_-_WGA11034.jpg/388px-No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9_-_The_Race_between_Hippomenes_and_Atalanta_-_WGA11034.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9_-_The_Race_between_Hippomenes_and_Atalanta_-_WGA11034.jpg/582px-No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9_-_The_Race_between_Hippomenes_and_Atalanta_-_WGA11034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9_-_The_Race_between_Hippomenes_and_Atalanta_-_WGA11034.jpg/776px-No%C3%ABl_Hall%C3%A9_-_The_Race_between_Hippomenes_and_Atalanta_-_WGA11034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Atalanta in her famous race against Hippomemes</figcaption></figure> <p>The bear is also involved in myths involving the rearing of children. Two very famous gods were recorded in antiquity to have been suckled by a she-bear. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a>, famous for a favourite of Artemis and a female hero, was abandoned by her father who had hoped for male offspring. Pseudo-Apollodorus recorded that upon being exposed, a she-bear came and gave her suck until hunters found her. [<i>Bibliotheca</i> 3. 9. 2] Aelian describes a very similar tradition, however, gives the bear more humanistic characteristics. Aelian, after establishing that the bear was a mother who had lost her children because of hunters, details the toil and pain of being "weighed down with milk" and the "relief" the bear felt when giving suck to Atalanta. [<i>Historical Miscellany</i> 13. 1].<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeus also is recorded to have been suckled by bears when brought to Crete. Aratus wrote that <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a> suckled the young child. Ursa Major and Ursa Minor were the names given to Kallisto and her child when placed among the starts, and so this myth appears to have a differing chronology to other myths. </p><p><b>Polyphonte</b> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Liberalis" title="Antoninus Liberalis">Antoninus Liberalis</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Polyphonte" title="Polyphonte">Polyphonte</a> was from the line of Ares and was a companion of Artemis. Polyphonte had no regard for the activities of Aphrodite. As punishment for scorning her doings, Aphrodite led Polyphonte to fall in love with a bear. Unable to resist the desires instilled within her by Aphrodite, Polyphonte came to sleep with the bear. Disgusted, Artemis had all the beasts attack Polyphonte and drive her out of the mountains wherein they dwelt. Polyphonte took refuge at her father's </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Casa_dell_Orso_Ferito_-_Bear_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pompeii_-_Casa_dell_Orso_Ferito_-_Bear_Mosaic.jpg/270px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dell_Orso_Ferito_-_Bear_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pompeii_-_Casa_dell_Orso_Ferito_-_Bear_Mosaic.jpg/405px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dell_Orso_Ferito_-_Bear_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pompeii_-_Casa_dell_Orso_Ferito_-_Bear_Mosaic.jpg/540px-Pompeii_-_Casa_dell_Orso_Ferito_-_Bear_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic of a Bear in Pompeii (Reg VII, Ins 2, 45)</figcaption></figure><p>house and gave birth to two giant, half-bear and half-man creatures. Zeus hated the children so sent Hermes to punish them, however, Ares persuaded <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> to only turn the creatures and Polyphonte into birds. Polyphonte became a small owl, and her children became an eagle owl and vulture. [<i>Metamorphoses.</i> 21]<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Folktale Myth</b> </p><p>Some folktales were spread about the bear in antiquity. For example, Aristotle records that Kephalos, the great-grandfather of Odysseus, consulted an oracle when he desired a child. Kephalos was instructed that his firstborn's mother would be the first woman he encountered after leaving the shrine of Apollo. The first woman that Kephalos met was a she-bear, and so in accordance with the oracle he had received, he slept with the bear who subsequently was transformed into a woman and bore him the child Arkeisios [Aristotle, Frg. 504 (rose)].<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example comes from Aelian, who recorded a story called "A Lion, a Bear, and a Dog". The story is told about a young man who was a hunter and lived with wild animals. For a while, the hunter managed to tame the animals and live with them in harmony. Then, one day the dog was making fun of the bear when, with no warning, the bear clawed the dog and tore open its stomach. The lion was disgusted with the actions of the bear, and so responded by attacking the bear in the same way the bear attacked the dog [Aelian, <i>On Animals</i>, 4.45].<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bear was a recurring image within the artworks of antiquity: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The Bear in Ancient Artworks at the <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">Getty Museum</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Culture </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Getty Object Number </th> <th>Artist </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Statue of a Bear<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Roman </td> <td>Roman Empire </td> <td>AD. 100-125 </td> <td>Marble </td> <td>72.AA.125 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>A life-size marble statue of a bear climbing a rock. The piece is speculated to have originally been part of a larger work that also included a party hunting the bear. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mosaic Floor Panel<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Roman </td> <td>"Stufe di Nerone", near Lago Lucrino, near Pozzuoli, Italy </td> <td>AD. 4th century </td> <td>Stone tesserae </td> <td>72.AH.76.9 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Part of a larger mosaic, depicting a bear hunt. This panel shows two bears fleeing, with a net thrown out in front of them. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mosaic Floor Panel<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Roman </td> <td>"Stufe di Nerone", near Lago Lucrino, near Pozzuoli, Italy </td> <td>AD. 4th century </td> <td>Stone tesserae </td> <td>72.AH.76.12 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>Also part of the bear hunt mosaic. This panel shows a bear with its mouth wide open, crying out as it is chased by hunters. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apulian Red-Figure Chous<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Greek </td> <td>Apulia, South Italy </td> <td>BC. 360 circa. </td> <td>Terracotta </td> <td>72.AE.128 </td> <td>Attributed to near the Black Fury Group </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Oenochoe" title="Oenochoe">chous</a> depicting Kallisto transforming into a bear. Kallisto is seated upon a rock, looking down upon her changing body. Bear fur has grown upon her arms, her fingers have started to resemble claws and her ears have become pointed like those of animals. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bear was an animal sacred to Artemis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bears played a role in a prominent cult to Artemis at Brauron. Aristophanes recorded in his Lysistrata that young girls would "act the she-bear" for Artemis [Aristophanes, <i>Lysistrata</i>, 641-47].<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been interpreted by modern scholars as a rite of passage for young maidens who were maturing into a stage of motherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this was recorded by the scholia, which told a story about a bear injuring a maiden playmate. The maidens brothers killed the bear in rage, and in response. The oracle at Delphi then told the Athenian maidens that from then onwards, they must "act the she-bear".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence includes hundreds of black figure kraters that depict girls running foot-races and dancing, activities that were probably considered to be 'acting the she-bear' at the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architectural remains at the sanctuary site of Brauron included rows of small rooms built into a cave shelter, and date back to the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have been suggested by modern scholars to mean that young girls would pretend to go into hibernation, like the she-bear, and emerge mature, as part of their worship to Artemis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear in heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bears_in_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bears in mythology">Bears in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+J.+Paul+Getty+in+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=Apulian+Red-Figure+Chous+%28Shape+3%29+%28Getty+Museum%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fobjects%2F6978%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABears+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Artemis.html">"ARTEMIS - Greek Goddess of Hunting & Wild Animals"</a>. <i>Theoi Greek Mythology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoi+Greek+Mythology&rft.atitle=ARTEMIS+-+Greek+Goddess+of+Hunting+%26+Wild+Animals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FOlympios%2FArtemis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABears+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristophanes1987" class="citation cs2">Aristophanes (1987), "Lysistrata", in Henderson, Jeffrey (ed.), <i>Aristophanes: Lysistrata</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00230248">10.1093/oseo/instance.00230248</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198144960" title="Special:BookSources/9780198144960"><bdi>9780198144960</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lysistrata&rft.btitle=Aristophanes%3A+Lysistrata&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foseo%2Finstance.00230248&rft.isbn=9780198144960&rft.au=Aristophanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABears+in+antiquity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&oldid=1234508325">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bears_in_antiquity&oldid=1234508325</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bears_in_art" title="Category:Bears in art">Bears in art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bears_in_literature" title="Category:Bears in literature">Bears in literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_historiography" title="Category:Classical historiography">Classical historiography</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 July 2024, at 18:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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