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= true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":15682723,"created_at":"2015-09-14T05:55:34.451-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-15T05:48:44.449-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Background: By 2009, 99% of U.S. classrooms had access to computers, with an average ratio of 1.7 students per computer, and 40% of teachers report using computers often in their classrooms. However, while K-12 schools are investing more heavily in digital technologies, only a small fraction of this investment is going to instructional software (7%) and digital content (5%). Education policy leaders have called for increased investment in and use of digital learning technologies in K-12 education, which has significant professional implications for the 40% of teachers who use computers often and, perhaps more importantly, for the 60% who do not.","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Teachers College Record","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"46543856"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Technology and the new professionalization of teaching","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [32163245,3683060]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 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class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3683060/6986393/7877612/s65_david.shaffer.jpg" />David Shaffer</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Teachers College Record</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":46543856,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/15682723/Technology_and_the_new_professionalization_of_teaching"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":46543856,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/15682723/Technology_and_the_new_professionalization_of_teaching"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="46543856" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/15682723/Technology_and_the_new_professionalization_of_teaching" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="399278" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/399278/Teaching_with_Digital_Technology">Teaching with (Digital) Technology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="127179" href="https://ui-springfield.academia.edu/KarenSwan">Karen Swan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter focuses on three interrelated issues which form the basis for most debates concerning technology in education. The first issue is centered on digital technologies’ effect on teaching and learning. The second issue centers on how to make the most effective use of digital technologies in teaching and learning. The third big issue in educational technology debates focuses on teacher professional development, and how to best prepare teachers to teach with digital technologies. No matter whether or how you believe technologies affect thinking and learning, no matter what you think their most appropriate uses in schools are, no matter what (combination of) methods you believe will best prepare teachers to use technologies in their classrooms, it is clear that digital technologies can no longer be viewed as optional tools, available to only a small proportion of the world’s teachers and students. This chapter should help you to begin thinking about where you stand on these fundamental issues.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Teaching with (Digital) Technology","attachmentId":1899844,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/399278/Teaching_with_Digital_Technology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/399278/Teaching_with_Digital_Technology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="17930277" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17930277/A_variety_of_roles_for_a_new_type_of_teacherEducational_technology_and_the_teaching_profession">A variety of roles for a new type of teacherEducational technology and the teaching profession</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3742744" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MoniqueVolman">Monique Volman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Teaching and Teacher Education, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A variety of roles for a new type of teacherEducational technology and the teaching profession","attachmentId":39784913,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17930277/A_variety_of_roles_for_a_new_type_of_teacherEducational_technology_and_the_teaching_profession","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17930277/A_variety_of_roles_for_a_new_type_of_teacherEducational_technology_and_the_teaching_profession"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="56036378" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56036378/Teachers_Learning_with_Digital_Technologies_A_review_of_research_and_projects">Teachers Learning with Digital Technologies: A review of research and projects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="824670" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/TonyFisher">Tony Fisher</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Futurelab, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Our purpose in this review is to examine how teachers learn, and what part digital technologies may have to play in that process. We have consulted the literature in order to examine the research base. We have found that, though there is research-based literature ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Teachers Learning with Digital Technologies: A review of research and projects","attachmentId":71619908,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56036378/Teachers_Learning_with_Digital_Technologies_A_review_of_research_and_projects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56036378/Teachers_Learning_with_Digital_Technologies_A_review_of_research_and_projects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="86891155" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86891155/The_Role_of_Technology_in_teaching_and_the_classroom">The Role of Technology in teaching and the classroom</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12032360" href="https://ictuniversity.academia.edu/DrAbowabaJohnsonIdowuKings">Dr Abowaba Johnson Idowu Kings</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Paper, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It has taken a while, but I think I have finally come up with a single, comprehensive and actionable statement of the role of technology in the classroom. This is crucial, because many educators/teachers are becoming confused and frustrated by the myriad approaches and ways of talking about technology’s role. Although much in twenty-first century primary/secondary education still needs to be figured out, such as creating a generally-agreed-upon twenty-first century curriculum, one goal is, I think, now clear – the pedagogy with which our kids should be taught. Although it can be stated in many ways, the basic direction is away from the “old” pedagogy of teachers “telling” (or talking, or lecturing, or being the “Sage on the Stage”) to the “new” pedagogy of kids teaching themselves with teacher’s guidance (a combination of “student-centered learning,” “problem-based learning,” “case-based learning,” and the teacher’s being the “Guide on the Side.”) Of course this pedagogy is not really new, except, at the moment, to many of our teachers. Every teacher and administrator is, currently, somewhere on a continuum between the old and the new paradigms. Our herculean task is to move all of them, around the world, to the new pedagogy as quickly as possible. With this view of our goal (while some may disagree, it is becoming generally and widely accepted) we can now proceed to define the role of technology:</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Role of Technology in teaching and the classroom","attachmentId":91244413,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86891155/The_Role_of_Technology_in_teaching_and_the_classroom","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86891155/The_Role_of_Technology_in_teaching_and_the_classroom"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="101989792" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101989792/Preparing_teachers_for_the_use_of_digital_technologies_in_educational_activities">Preparing teachers for the use of digital technologies in educational activities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="82190839" href="https://kdu-md.academia.edu/OxanaCurteva">Oxana Curteva</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">SHS Web of Conferences, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Digital technologies have a strong impact on changes in the educational environment and activities. In the context of such changes, aggravated by the spread of coronavirus infection and the transition of schools to distance learning, teachers and students are facing the need to actively master digital tools and educational platforms. The authors aim at analyzing the professional gaps of teachers associated with digital literacy and the ability to effectively use digital technologies in educational activities. The conducted sociological research and the results obtained allow the authors to study the existing internal teachers’ gaps and show the main problems in the organization of educational activities in the context of the transition to distance learning and the existing gaps in the use of digital technologies by school teachers. Based on the results of the study, the authors have identified the key areas of the professional development of teachers. They have developed educational...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preparing teachers for the use of digital technologies in educational activities","attachmentId":102376108,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101989792/Preparing_teachers_for_the_use_of_digital_technologies_in_educational_activities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101989792/Preparing_teachers_for_the_use_of_digital_technologies_in_educational_activities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="11710713" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11710713/Transforming_K_12_Classrooms_with_Digital_Technology_A_Look_at_What_Works">Transforming K-12 Classrooms with Digital Technology: A Look at What Works</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28699989" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RLeneway">Robert Leneway</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Transforming K-12 Classrooms with Digital Technology: A Look at What Works","attachmentId":37150330,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11710713/Transforming_K_12_Classrooms_with_Digital_Technology_A_Look_at_What_Works","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11710713/Transforming_K_12_Classrooms_with_Digital_Technology_A_Look_at_What_Works"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="103033909" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103033909/Mapping_the_Use_of_Digital_Learning_Tools_and_Methods_for_Increasing_Teachers_Digital_Competence">Mapping the Use of Digital Learning Tools and Methods for Increasing Teachers' Digital Competence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52953588" href="https://upi.academia.edu/ZaenuriArifMohamad">Zaenuri Arif Mohamad</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jurnal Pendidikan Glasser, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Teachers are required to be able to apply digital tools and media to every aspect of their professional duties. Teachers' digital competence become important for teachers to acquire. This research purpose is to mapping the use of digital technologies in teachers' practice. Data was obtained through a survey and analyzed with descriptive statistics analysis from 93 samples of elementary, middle school, high school, and vocational school teachers. The results show 56.99% teachers use smartphones for learning tools while other 43.01% use PC/laptop device. As many as 48.39% teachers conduct digital learning through message app, 19.35% through LMS, and the rest through online meeting, social media, or all of the type simultaneously. The type of the content dominated by video and image, obtained through web content providers that are searched through search engine. Teachers also use text to give guidance for students, and quiz for formative and summative assessment. A total of 22 teachers carried out asynchronous learning, 35 synchronous learning, and 33 hybrid learning. In conclusion, teachers more often use smartphones, messaging app, and learning media that contain text, with additional video or image content for the learning process, guidance, and quizzes in assessments provided through synchronous and hybrid learning.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mapping the Use of Digital Learning Tools and Methods for Increasing Teachers' Digital Competence","attachmentId":103148308,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103033909/Mapping_the_Use_of_Digital_Learning_Tools_and_Methods_for_Increasing_Teachers_Digital_Competence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103033909/Mapping_the_Use_of_Digital_Learning_Tools_and_Methods_for_Increasing_Teachers_Digital_Competence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="85531969" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85531969/Preparing_Current_and_Future_Teachers_to_Teach_With_Technology">Preparing Current and Future Teachers to Teach With Technology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34221602" href="https://florida.academia.edu/KaraDawson">Kara Dawson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Computing in Teacher Education, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent research as well as local, state, and national mandates promote an increased role of technology in teaching and learning. In response to this call, K–12 institutions and colleges of education are faced with preparing current and future teachers to teach with technology. The current models of inservice and preservice teacher preparation with technology, although sometimes effective in developing technology skills, often fail to address numerous other issues related to integrating technology into the curriculum. One solution to these issues is for schools and universities to collaborate and improve teacher preparation simultaneously. This paper discusses issues with current technology and teacher preparation models, reasons for school-university collaborations, various models of school-university collaborations, and the positive results of these collaborations. This paper also provides a much needed categorization system that enables teacher educators to explore matters related...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Preparing Current and Future Teachers to Teach With Technology","attachmentId":90202972,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85531969/Preparing_Current_and_Future_Teachers_to_Teach_With_Technology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85531969/Preparing_Current_and_Future_Teachers_to_Teach_With_Technology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="339569" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/339569/K_12_Teachers_and_Learners_In_An_Electronic_World_A_Review_of_the_Literature_Part_I_Context_Learning_Outcomes_and_Pedagogical_Implications">K-12 Teachers and Learners In An Electronic World: A Review of the Literature. 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Part I: Context, Learning Outcomes and Pedagogical Implications","attachmentId":1730941,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/339569/K_12_Teachers_and_Learners_In_An_Electronic_World_A_Review_of_the_Literature_Part_I_Context_Learning_Outcomes_and_Pedagogical_Implications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/339569/K_12_Teachers_and_Learners_In_An_Electronic_World_A_Review_of_the_Literature_Part_I_Context_Learning_Outcomes_and_Pedagogical_Implications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="82660925" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82660925/Transforming_K_12_Classrooms_with_Digital_Technology">Transforming K-12 Classrooms with Digital Technology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="674395" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertLeneway">Robert Leneway</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Advances in Early Childhood and K-12 Education, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Transforming K-12 Classrooms with Digital Technology","attachmentId":88294625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82660925/Transforming_K_12_Classrooms_with_Digital_Technology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82660925/Transforming_K_12_Classrooms_with_Digital_Technology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46543856,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":46543856,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_46543856" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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