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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_papacy,_the_Papal_States_and_Vatican_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_papacy,_the_Papal_States_and_Vatican_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The papacy, the Papal States and Vatican City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_papacy,_the_Papal_States_and_Vatican_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples_in_recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples_in_recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other examples in recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples_in_recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abdication</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="التنازل عن العرش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التنازل عن العرش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikasiya" title="Abdikasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abdikasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абдикация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абдикация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikacija" title="Abdikacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abdikacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicaci%C3%B3" title="Abdicació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abdicació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikace" title="Abdikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abdikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymddiorseddu" title="Ymddiorseddu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymddiorseddu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikation" title="Abdikation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abdikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikation" title="Abdikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abdikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troonist_loobumine" title="Troonist loobumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Troonist loobumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicaci%C3%B3n" title="Abdicación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abdicación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdiko" title="Abdiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abdiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کناره‌گیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کناره‌گیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abdication" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troans%C3%B4fst%C3%A2n" title="Troansôfstân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Troansôfstân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicaci%C3%B3n" title="Abdicación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abdicación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%87%B4%EC%9C%84" title="퇴위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퇴위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikacija" title="Abdikacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abdikacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun_takhta" title="Turun takhta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turun takhta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicazione" title="Abdicazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abdicazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A1" title="ויתור על הכס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויתור על הכס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абдикация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абдикация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicazion" title="Abdicazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abdicazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Абдикација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абдикација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turun_takhta" title="Turun takhta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turun takhta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicatie" title="Abdicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abdicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D" title="退位 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="退位" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikasjon" title="Abdikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abdikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikasjon" title="Abdikasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abdikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdykacja" title="Abdykacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abdykacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Abdicação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abdicação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicare" title="Abdicare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abdicare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Абдикация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абдикация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abdication" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdik%C3%A1cia" title="Abdikácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abdikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Абдикација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абдикација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikacija" title="Abdikacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abdikacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikaatio" title="Abdikaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abdikaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdikation" title="Abdikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abdikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="การสละราชสมบัติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสละราชสมบัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Абдикація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абдикація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دستبرداری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دستبرداری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%C3%A1i_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Thoái vị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thoái vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D" title="退位 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="退位" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E4%BD%8D" title="逊位 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逊位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Voluntary or forced renunciation of sovereign power</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg/220px-Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg/330px-Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg/440px-Bouchot_-_Napol%C3%A9on_signe_son_abdication_%C3%A0_Fontainebleau_11_avril_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s first abdication, signed at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a> 4 April 1814</figcaption></figure> <p> <b>Abdication</b> is the act of formally relinquishing monarchical authority. Abdications have played various roles in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession procedures</a> of monarchies. While some cultures have viewed abdication as an extreme abandonment of duty, in other societies (such as pre-<a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>), abdication was a regular event and helped maintain stability during political succession. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting showing a crowded room in which a uniformed man hands a sheaf of papers to another uniformed man while in the background a weeping woman sits in an armchair holding a young boy before whom a woman kneels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg/220px-Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg/330px-Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg/440px-Abdicacao_Pedro_I_do_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>, founder and emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, delivers his abdication letter on 7 April 1831</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, abdications have occurred both by force (where the regnant was <i><a href="/wiki/Dethronement" class="mw-redirect" title="Dethronement">dethroned</a></i>, thus forced to abdicate on pain of death or other severe consequences) and voluntarily. Some rulers are deemed to have abdicated <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_absentia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:in absentia"><i>in absentia</i></a>, vacating the physical throne and thus their position of power, although these judgements were generally pronounced by successors with vested interests in seeing the throne abdicated, and often without or despite the direct input of the abdicating monarch. </p><p>Recently, due to the largely ceremonial nature of the regnant in many <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>, many monarchs have abdicated due to old age, such as the monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_effigy_of_heart_of_King_John_II_Casimir_Vasa_at_Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_-in_Paris.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tomb_effigy_of_heart_of_King_John_II_Casimir_Vasa_at_Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_-in_Paris.PNG/220px-Tomb_effigy_of_heart_of_King_John_II_Casimir_Vasa_at_Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_-in_Paris.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tomb_effigy_of_heart_of_King_John_II_Casimir_Vasa_at_Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_-in_Paris.PNG/330px-Tomb_effigy_of_heart_of_King_John_II_Casimir_Vasa_at_Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_-in_Paris.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Tomb_effigy_of_heart_of_King_John_II_Casimir_Vasa_at_Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_-in_Paris.PNG/440px-Tomb_effigy_of_heart_of_King_John_II_Casimir_Vasa_at_Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s_-in_Paris.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Tomb effigy of heart of King <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Saint-Germain-des-Pr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés">Abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, showing removal of the crown</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>abdication</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>abdicatio</i> meaning to disown or renounce (<i>ab</i>, away from, and <i>dicare</i>, to proclaim).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its broadest sense <i>abdication</i> is the act of renouncing and resigning from any formal office, but it is applied especially to the supreme office of state. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> the term was also applied to the disowning of a family member, such as disinheriting a son. Today the term is commonly only used for monarchs. An elected or appointed official is said to <i>resign</i> rather than to <i>abdicate</i>. A notable exception is the voluntary relinquishing of the office of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> (and thus sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City State">Vatican City State</a>) by the pope, called <i>papal resignation</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal renunciation</a></i>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain cultures, the abdication of a monarch was seen as a profound and shocking abandonment of royal duty. As a result, abdications usually only occurred in the most extreme circumstances of political turmoil or violence. For other cultures, abdication was a much more routine element of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a>, often employed to smooth the transition process between monarchs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most notable abdications of antiquity are those of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quinctius_Cincinnatus" title="Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus">Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Roman dictator</a>, in 458 and 439 BC; <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a>, the Roman dictator, in 79 BC; <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in AD 305; and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a> in AD 476. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_papacy,_the_Papal_States_and_Vatican_City"><span id="The_papacy.2C_the_Papal_States_and_Vatican_City"></span>The papacy, the Papal States and Vatican City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The papacy, the Papal States and Vatican City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Papal renunciation</a></div> <p>Due to the complex nature of the office of <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> (head of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church and sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> from 754 to 1870 and of Vatican City since 1929), a papal abdication involves both the spiritual and the secular sphere. Technically, the correct term for a reigning pope voluntarily stepping down as bishop of Rome is renunciation or resignation, as regulated in Canon 332 §2 of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>. </p><p>The debate is open about some disputed resignations in the early Middle Ages: the last three popes to resign were <a href="/wiki/Celestine_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestine V">Celestine V</a> in 1294, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a> in 1415, to end the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> in 2013, who was succeeded by the current pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>. Benedict's resignation, which occurred 598 years after the last time a pope did so, and 719 years after the last one who renounced entirely on his own volition, was an event unheard of for more than half a millennium, as well as being the first papal resignation since the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, and was met with a great deal of surprise worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_abdication.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edward_abdication.png/220px-Edward_abdication.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edward_abdication.png/330px-Edward_abdication.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edward_abdication.png/440px-Edward_abdication.png 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="3969" /></a><figcaption>Instrument of abdication signed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> and his three brothers, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">George</a>, 10 December 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most well-known abdications in recent history is that of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>. In 1936 <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Edward abdicated</a> to marry American divorcée <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, over the objections of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a>, the British establishment, the governments of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> was forced to abdicate in 1399 after power was seized by his paternal first cousin <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolingbroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bolingbroke">Henry Bolingbroke</a> while Richard was abroad. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688, <a href="/wiki/James_II_and_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="James II and VII">James II and VII</a> fled to France, dropping the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal of the Realm</a> into the Thames, and the question was discussed in Parliament whether he had forfeited the throne or had abdicated. The latter designation was agreed upon in spite of James's protest, and in a full assembly of the Lords and Commons it was resolved "that King James II having endeavoured to subvert the constitution of the kingdom, by breaking the original contract between king and people, and, by the advice of <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> and other wicked persons, having violated the fundamental laws, and having withdrawn himself out of this kingdom, has abdicated the government, and that the throne is thereby vacant." The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scottish Parliament</a> pronounced a decree of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forfeiture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:forfeiture">forfeiture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposition</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, was forced to abdicate in 1567 in favour of her one-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>. </p><p>Today, because the title to the Crown depends upon statute, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a>, a royal abdication can be effected only by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act of Parliament</a>; under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>, such an act must be agreed by the parliaments of all extant signatories of the Statute. To give legal effect to the abdication of King Edward VIII, <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936</a> was passed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese history</a>, abdication was used very often, and in fact occurred more often than death on the throne. In those days,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> most executive authority resided in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%8D_and_Kampaku" title="Sesshō and Kampaku">Sesshō and Kampaku</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a>'s chief task was priestly, containing so many repetitive rituals that it was deemed the incumbent emperor deserved pampered retirement as an honoured <a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D_Tenn%C5%8D" title="Daijō Tennō">retired emperor</a> after a service of around ten years. A tradition developed that an emperor should accede to the throne relatively young. The high-priestly duties were deemed possible for a walking child; and a dynast who had passed his toddler years was regarded as suitable and old enough; reaching the age of legal majority was not a requirement. Thus, many Japanese emperors have acceded as children, some only 6 or 8 years old. Childhood apparently helped the monarch to endure tedious duties and to tolerate subjugation to political power brokers, as well as sometimes to cloak the truly powerful members of the imperial dynasty. Almost all Japanese empresses and dozens of emperors abdicated and lived the rest of their lives in pampered retirement, wielding influence behind the scenes, often with more power than they had had while on the throne (see <a href="/wiki/Cloistered_rule" title="Cloistered rule">Cloistered rule</a>). Several emperors abdicated while still in their teens. These traditions show in Japanese folklore, theatre, literature and other forms of culture, where the emperor is usually described or depicted as an adolescent. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, Japan had eleven reigning empresses. Over half of Japanese empresses abdicated once a suitable male descendant was considered to be old enough to rule. There is also no provision for abdication in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law" title="Imperial Household Law">Imperial Household Law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a>, or the current 1947 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>. </p><p>After the defeat of Japan in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial Family</a>, such as Princes <a href="/wiki/Yasuhito,_Prince_Chichibu" title="Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu">Chichibu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu" title="Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu">Takamatsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">Higashikuni</a>, pressured then-Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> to abdicate so that one of the princes could serve as regent until Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2000571–573_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2000571–573-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 February 1946, the Emperor's youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Mikasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Mikasa">Prince Mikasa</a> (Takahito), even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged the Emperor to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. U.S. Army General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> insisted that Emperor Hirohito remain on the throne. MacArthur saw the emperor as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. </p><p>On 13 July 2016, national broadcaster <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> reported that Emperor Akihito intended to abdicate in favour of his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Naruhito" title="Naruhito">Crown Prince Naruhito</a> within a few years, citing his age; an abdication within the Imperial Family had not occurred since <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dkaku" title="Emperor Kōkaku">Emperor Kōkaku</a> abdicated in 1817. However, senior officials within the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Agency</a> denied that there was any official plan for the monarch to abdicate. A potential abdication by the Emperor required an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Law" title="Imperial Household Law">Imperial Household Law</a>, which at that time had no provisions for such a move.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August 2016, the Emperor gave a rare televised address, where he emphasized his advanced age and declining health;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this address was interpreted as an implication of his intention to abdicate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 May 2017, the bill that would allow Akihito to abdicate was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a>'s cabinet. On 8 June 2017, the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> passed a one-off bill allowing Akihito to abdicate, and for the government to begin arranging the process of handing over the position to Crown Prince Naruhito.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December 2017, following a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Council" title="Imperial Household Council">Imperial Household Council</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> announced that the abdication would occur at the end of <a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">30 April 2019</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Jain sources written almost 800 years after his reign, <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta</a>, the first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Dynasty">Mauryan Dynasty</a> abdicated and became a Jain monk in the last years of his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples_in_recent_history">Other examples in recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other examples in recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christina_of_Sweden%27s_abdication_1654.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Christina_of_Sweden%27s_abdication_1654.jpg/220px-Christina_of_Sweden%27s_abdication_1654.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Christina_of_Sweden%27s_abdication_1654.jpg/330px-Christina_of_Sweden%27s_abdication_1654.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Christina_of_Sweden%27s_abdication_1654.jpg/440px-Christina_of_Sweden%27s_abdication_1654.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina of Sweden">Christina of Sweden</a> shocked Europe by abdicating to move to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and serve the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The chaos of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> forced <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a> (<i>Kaiser</i>) <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> to abdicate his throne as German Emperor and consequentially, his throne as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King of Prussia</a>. The following <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> resulted in the abolition of both monarchies, leading to the other German kings, dukes, princes and other nobility to abdicate and renounce their royalty titles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a> abdicated the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a> in October 1924.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Germany invaded Belgium in 1940, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a>, instead of fleeing to London like his Dutch and Norwegian counterparts in a similar predicament, surrendered to the invaders. This made him unpopular both at home and abroad, and after the war, in July 1951, the Belgian government <a href="/wiki/Royal_question" title="Royal question">ordered Leopold III to abdicate</a>. </p><p>After mass protests against <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk of Egypt</a> began on 23 July 1952, the military forced Farouk I to abdicate in favour of his infant son <a href="/wiki/Fuad_II_of_Egypt" title="Fuad II of Egypt">Fuad II</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 1952">Egyptian revolution of 1952</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farouk was exiled to Italy. Fuad himself was shortly thereafter deposed and a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Egypt_(1953%E2%80%931958)" title="Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)">republic declared</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, the monarchs of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> have abdicated either as a result of old age or to pass the throne to the heir sooner. </p><p>In June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> of Spain <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Juan_Carlos_I" title="Abdication of Juan Carlos I">abdicated</a> in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Felipe VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VOA-abdication_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VOA-abdication-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time-abdication_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-abdication-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December 2023, <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II</a> of Denmark announced her <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Margrethe_II" title="Abdication of Margrethe II">abdication</a> during her annual New Year's address, to be scheduled for 14 January 2024, the 52nd anniversary of her accession to the Danish throne. She was the first Danish monarch to abdicate since king <a href="/wiki/Erik_III_Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik III Lamb">Erik III Lamb</a> in 1146 and the first Scandinavian monarch to abdicate since queen <a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrika Eleonora">Ulrika Eleonora</a> of Sweden in 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_who_abdicated" title="List of monarchs who abdicated">List of monarchs who abdicated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_office-holders" title="Lists of office-holders">Lists of office-holders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_who_lost_their_thrones_in_the_20th_century" title="List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th century">List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_who_lost_their_thrones_in_the_21st_century" title="List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 21st century">List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Papal renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resignations_from_government" title="List of resignations from government">List of resignations from government</a> – republic equivalent</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/abdicate">"Abdicate"</a>. <i>EtymOnline</i>. Etymology, origin and meaning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdicate&rft.btitle=EtymOnline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fabdicate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBix2000571–573-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBix2000571–573_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBix2000">Bix 2000</a>, pp. 571–573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713100512/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html">"天皇陛下「生前退位」の意向示される"</a> [His Majesty The Emperor Indicates His Intention to 'Abdicate'] (in Japanese). NHK. 13 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20160713/k10010594271000.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B+%E3%80%8C%E7%94%9F%E5%89%8D%E9%80%80%E4%BD%8D%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E6%84%8F%E5%90%91%E7%A4%BA%E3%81%95%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fnews%2Fhtml%2F20160713%2Fk10010594271000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045">"Japanese Emperor Akihito 'wishes to abdicate'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japanese+Emperor+Akihito+%27wishes+to+abdicate%27&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-36784045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/page/okotoba/detailEn/12#41">"Message from His Majesty The Emperor"</a>. The Imperial Household Agency. 8 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+from+His+Majesty+The+Emperor&rft.pub=The+Imperial+Household+Agency&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunaicho.go.jp%2Fpage%2Fokotoba%2FdetailEn%2F12%2341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37007106">"Japan's Emperor Akihito hints at wish to abdicate"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Emperor+Akihito+hints+at+wish+to+abdicate&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-37007106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40168983">"Japan passes landmark bill for Emperor Akihito to abdicate"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+passes+landmark+bill+for+Emperor+Akihito+to+abdicate&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-40168983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42191096">"Japan's Emperor Akihito to abdicate in April 2019"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Emperor+Akihito+to+abdicate+in+April+2019&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-42191096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48020703">"Japan's Emperor Akihito abdicates"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Emperor+Akihito+abdicates&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-48020703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsaki2017" class="citation web cs1">Osaki, Tomohiro (1 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/01/national/emperors-abdication-date-confirmed-april-30-2019/">"Japan sets date for Emperor Akihito's abdication as April 30, 2019"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+sets+date+for+Emperor+Akihito%27s+abdication+as+April+30%2C+2019&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft.aulast=Osaki&rft.aufirst=Tomohiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2017%2F12%2F01%2Fnational%2Femperors-abdication-date-confirmed-april-30-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0ubvD99Ly4C&q=the+complete+vacuity+prevailing+in+all+corners+as+a+result+of+your+bad+behavior&pg=PA58"><i>The Long Struggle: The Seeds of the Muslim World's Frustration</i></a> by Amil Khan (2010), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOA-abdication-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VOA-abdication_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/spains-king-to-abdicate-for-son/1927321.html">"King of Spain to Abdicate for Son, Prince Felipe"</a>. VOA News. 2 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King+of+Spain+to+Abdicate+for+Son%2C+Prince+Felipe&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Fspains-king-to-abdicate-for-son%2F1927321.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-abdication-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time-abdication_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608151210/http://time.com/2845028/spains-king-attends-last-parade-before-abdication/">"Spain's King Attends Last Parade Before Abdication"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Associated Press. 8 June 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/2845028/spains-king-attends-last-parade-before-abdication/">the original</a> on 8 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+King+Attends+Last+Parade+Before+Abdication&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F2845028%2Fspains-king-attends-last-parade-before-abdication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67976042">"King Frederik: Tens of thousands turn out for succession"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=King+Frederik%3A+Tens+of+thousands+turn+out+for+succession&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-67976042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bix" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Bix">Bix, Herbert P.</a> (2000). <i><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a></i>. New York: Harper and Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019314-0"><bdi>978-0-06-019314-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Collins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019314-0&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcenturybookf00unkngoog"><i>The New Century Book of Facts</i></a>. Springfield, Massachusetts: King-Richardson Company. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Century+Book+of+Facts&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=King-Richardson+Company&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcenturybookf00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Abdication" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Abdication">Abdication</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Abdications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Abdications">Abdications</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Abdication"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Abdication">"Abdication" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdication&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abdication">Abdication</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdication&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Abdication">Abdication</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdication&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abdication">Abdication</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abdication&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Speech_of_Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:Speech of Abdication">Speech of Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Napoleon%27s_Proclamation_to_the_French_People_on_His_Second_Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:Napoleon's Proclamation to the French People on His Second Abdication">Napoleon's Proclamation to the French People on His Second Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II of Germany</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Statement_of_Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:Statement of Abdication">Statement of Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Abdication_of_King_Edward_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Abdication of King Edward VIII">Abdication of King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">O. Henry</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Higher_Abdication" class="extiw" title="s:The Higher Abdication">"The Higher Abdication"</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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