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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prime Minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-premiership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-premiership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-premiership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-premiership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ناروهيكو هيغاشيكوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناروهيكو هيغاشيكوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higasikuni-no-miya_Naruhiko_%C3%94ng" title="Higasikuni-no-miya Naruhiko Ông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Higasikuni-no-miya Naruhiko Ông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higa%C5%A1ikuni" title="Naruhiko Higašikuni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Naruhiko Higašikuni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashikuni_Naruhiko" title="Higashikuni Naruhiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Higashikuni Naruhiko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashikuni_Naruhiko" title="Higashikuni Naruhiko – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Higashikuni Naruhiko" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شاهزاده ناروهیکو هیگاشیکونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهزاده ناروهیکو هیگاشیکونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EA%B0%80%EC%8B%9C%EC%BF%A0%EB%8B%88_%EB%82%98%EB%A3%A8%ED%9E%88%EC%BD%94" title="히가시쿠니 나루히코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히가시쿠니 나루히코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeran_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Pangeran Naruhiko Higashikuni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pangeran Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הנסיך היגשיקוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנסיך היגשיקוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashikuni_Naruhiko" title="Higashikuni Naruhiko – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Higashikuni Naruhiko" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="هيجاشيكونى ناروهيكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيجاشيكونى ناروهيكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putera_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Putera Naruhiko Higashikuni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Putera Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B9%85%E9%82%87%E5%AE%AE%E7%A8%94%E5%BD%A6%E7%8E%8B" title="東久邇宮稔彦王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東久邇宮稔彦王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashikuni_Naruhiko" title="Higashikuni Naruhiko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Higashikuni Naruhiko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Хигасикуни-но-мия Нарухико – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хигасикуни-но-мия Нарухико" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangeran_Higashikuni_Naruhiko" title="Pangeran Higashikuni Naruhiko – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pangeran Higashikuni Naruhiko" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0" title="เจ้าชายนารูฮิโกะ ฮิงาชิกูนิโนะมิยะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ้าชายนารูฮิโกะ ฮิงาชิกูนิโนะมิยะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нарухико Хигасикуни – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нарухико Хигасикуни" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Naruhiko Higashikuni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%96%D2%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Принц Нарухіко Хіґасікуні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Принц Нарухіко Хіґасікуні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashikuni_Naruhiko" title="Higashikuni Naruhiko – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Higashikuni Naruhiko" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko" title="Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B9%85%E9%82%87%E5%AE%AE%E7%A8%94%E5%BD%A5%E7%8E%8B" title="東久邇宮稔彥王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東久邇宮稔彥王" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B9%85%E9%82%87%E5%AE%AE%E7%A8%94%E5%BD%A5%E7%8E%8B" title="東久邇宮稔彥王 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東久邇宮稔彥王" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese prince and prime minister (1887-1990)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Prince Higashikuni" redirects here. For the Japanese title, see <a href="/wiki/Higashikuni-no-miya" title="Higashikuni-no-miya">Higashikuni-no-miya</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Higashikuni</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B9%85%E9%82%87%E5%AE%AE%E7%A8%94%E5%BD%A6%E7%8E%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:東久邇宮稔彦王">the corresponding article</a> in Japanese</b>.  <i><small>(March 2017)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at [[:ja:東久邇宮稔彦王]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ja|東久邇宮稔彦王}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni" title="Talk:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/His_Imperial_Highness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Imperial Highness">His Imperial Highness</a> <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ja"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">東久邇宮稔彦王</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:HIGASHIKUNI_Naruhiko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HIGASHIKUNI_Naruhiko.jpg/220px-HIGASHIKUNI_Naruhiko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HIGASHIKUNI_Naruhiko.jpg/330px-HIGASHIKUNI_Naruhiko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HIGASHIKUNI_Naruhiko.jpg/440px-HIGASHIKUNI_Naruhiko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1441" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Formal portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1936</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 August 1945 – 9 October 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1887-12-03</span>)</span>3 December 1887<br /><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto City">Kyoto City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 January 1990<span style="display:none">(1990-01-20)</span> (aged 102)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Metropolis">Tokyo Metropolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Higashikuni" title="Toshiko Higashikuni">Toshiko, Princess Yasu</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="18 May 1915">1915</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="5 March 1978">1978</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Higashikuni" title="Morihiro Higashikuni">Morihiro Higashikuni</a><br />Moromasa Higashikuni<br />Akitsune Higashikuni<br />Toshihiko Higashikuni</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahiko,_Prince_Kuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahiko, Prince Kuni">Asahiko, Prince Kuni</a> (father)</li><li>Terao Utako (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy" title="Imperial Japanese Army Academy">Imperial Japanese Army Academy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Army_War_College_(Japan)" title="Army War College (Japan)">Army War College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial Prince</a><br /><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> with Paulownia Flowers, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Kite" title="Order of the Golden Kite">Order of the Golden Kite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HigashikuniN_kao.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/HigashikuniN_kao.png/103px-HigashikuniN_kao.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/HigashikuniN_kao.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/22px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/33px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg/44px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1908–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86.svg/35px-%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86.svg/53px-%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86.svg/70px-%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E3%81%AE%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A%E2%80%95%E8%A5%9F%E7%AB%A0%E2%80%95%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="76" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IJA_4th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 4th Division">IJA 4th Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Second_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Second Army">IJA 2nd Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Defense_Command" title="General Defense Command">General Defense Command</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Higashikuni-no-miya" title="Higashikuni-no-miya">Prince Higashikuni</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 1906 – 14 October 1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Title abolished</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Higashikuni-no-miya" title="Higashikuni-no-miya">Head of the <i>House of Higashikuni</i></a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">3 November 1906 – 20 January 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobuhiko_Higashikuni" title="Nobuhiko Higashikuni">Nobuhiko Higashikuni</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東久邇宮稔彦王</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Higashikuni-no-miya Naruhiko Ō</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Naruhiko, Prince Higashikuni</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">東久邇宮稔彦王</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Higashikuni-no-miya Naruhiko Ō</i></span>, 3 December 1887 – 20 January 1990)</span> was a Japanese imperial prince, a career officer in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> and the 30th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime minister of Japan</a> from 17 August 1945 to 9 October 1945, a period of 54 days. He is the shortest-serving prime minister, resigning after fifty-four days. An uncle-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a> twice over,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Higashikuni was the only member of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Japanese imperial family</a> to head a cabinet and was the last general officer of the Imperial Japanese military to become prime minister. He was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Institute_of_Technology" title="Chiba Institute of Technology">Chiba Institute of Technology</a>. He was one of the longest-lived members of any royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince Naruhiko was born on 3 December 1887 in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, the ninth son of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kuni_Asahiko" title="Prince Kuni Asahiko">Prince Kuni Asahiko</a> (<i>Kuni no miya Asahiko Shinnō</i>) and the court lady Terao Utako. His father, Prince Asahiko, was a son of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Fushimi_Kuniie" title="Prince Fushimi Kuniie">Prince Fushimi Kuniie</a> (<i>Fushimi no miya Kuniie Shinnō</i>), the twentieth head of the <a href="/wiki/Fushimi-no-miya" title="Fushimi-no-miya">Fushimi-no-miya</a>, the oldest of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shinn%C5%8Dke" title="Shinnōke">sesshu shinnōke</a></i> or cadet branches of the imperial dynasty from whom an emperor might be chosen in default of a direct heir. Prince Naruhiko was a half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kuni_Kuniyoshi" title="Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi">Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi</a>, the father of the future <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Djun" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Kōjun">Empress Kōjun</a>, the wife of Emperor Shōwa. His other half-brothers, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Asaka_Yasuhiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Asaka Yasuhiko">Prince Asaka Yasuhiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nashimoto_Morimasa" title="Prince Nashimoto Morimasa">Prince Nashimoto Morimasa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kaya_Kuninori" title="Prince Kaya Kuninori">Prince Kaya Kuninori</a>, all formed new branches of the imperial family (<i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cke" title="Ōke">ōke</a></i>) during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> granted Prince Naruhiko the title <i>Higashikuni-no-miya</i> and permission to start a <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cke" title="Ōke">new branch of the imperial family</a> on 3 November 1906. Prince Naruhiko married the ninth daughter of Emperor Meiji, <a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Higashikuni" title="Toshiko Higashikuni">Toshiko, Princess Yasu</a> (11 May 1896 – 5 March 1978), on 18 May 1915. The couple had four sons. </p> <ol><li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Higashikuni_Morihiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Higashikuni Morihiro">Higashikuni Morihiro</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">盛厚王</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Morohiro ō</i></span>, 6 May 1916 – 1 February 1969)</span>; married <a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Higashikuni" title="Shigeko Higashikuni">Shigeko, Princess Teru</a>, the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Nagako" title="Empress Nagako">Empress Kōjun</a>.</li> <li>Prince Moromasa<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">師正王</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Moromasa ō</i></span>, 3 November 1918 – 1 September 1923)</span>; died in the <a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a>.</li> <li>Prince Akitsune<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">彰常王</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Akitsune ō</i></span>, 13 May 1920 – 30 August 2006)</span>; renounced imperial title and created <a href="/wiki/Marquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis">Marquis</a> Awata Akitsune, 1940</li> <li>Prince Toshihiko<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">俊彦王</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Toshihiko ō</i></span>, March 24, 1929 – April 15, 2015)</span>; renounced imperial title and created <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a> Tarama Toshihiko, 1943; relocated to <a href="/wiki/Lins,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Lins, São Paulo">Lins, São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, 1950.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko was a career officer in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>. In 1908, he graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Academy" title="Imperial Japanese Army Academy">Imperial Japanese Army Academy</a> as a second lieutenant, was promoted to lieutenant in 1910 and to captain in 1913. In 1914, he graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Army_War_College_(Japan)" title="Army War College (Japan)">Army War College</a>. He was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a> in the 29th Infantry Brigade, and promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> in the <a href="/wiki/IJA_7th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 7th Division">IJA 7th Division</a> in 1915. </p><p>Prince Higashikuni then studied <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_Militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" class="mw-redirect" title="École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr">École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, from 1920 to 1926, during which time he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1920 and to colonel in 1926. Always somewhat of a rebel, Prince Higashikuni's behavior in Paris scandalized the Imperial Court. He had a French mistress, enjoyed fast cars and high living. He left his wife and children in Japan, and the death of his second son did not prompt his return. In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Agency" title="Imperial Household Agency">Imperial Household Ministry</a> dispatched a chamberlain to Paris to collect him. </p><p>Upon his return to Japan, he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff</a> Headquarters. Promoted to major-general in August 1930 and appointed commander of the 5th Infantry Brigade (1930–1934), he was promoted to lieutenant-general in August 1934 and given command of the <a href="/wiki/IJA_4th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 4th Division">IJA 4th Division</a> (1934–1937). After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, he headed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a> (1937–1938), and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Second_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Second Army">IJA 2nd Army</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> from 1938–1939. He was promoted to general in August 1939. </p><p>According to a memo discovered by historian <a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Yoshimi" title="Yoshiaki Yoshimi">Yoshiaki Yoshimi</a>, Prince Higashikuni authorized the use of <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas">poison gas</a> against the Chinese on 16 August 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince Higashikuni encouraged and enabled human experiments, providing advice, money, men and equipment. He personally witnessed human experiments conducted by the military physicians during his tours in <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 May 1939 the Imperial General Headquarters authorized the use of poison gas to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Northern_China_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Northern China Area Army">Japanese Northern China Area Army</a>(大陸指第四百五十二号). Only riot control agents were used till then. Prince Higashikuni moved to the post at home dated 4 January 1939. Promoted to full <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a>, The prince was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Kite" title="Order of the Golden Kite">Order of the Golden Kite</a>, 1st Class in 1940. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before Japan entered the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, on 15 October 1941, outgoing <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> proposed Prince Higashikuni to Emperor Shōwa as his successor for prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konoe believed that only a member of the Imperial Family with a distinguished military background could restrain the pro-war faction led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Sugiyama" title="Hajime Sugiyama">Hajime Sugiyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akira_Mut%C5%8D" title="Akira Mutō">Akira Mutō</a>. Prince Higashikuni was also the choice of both Chief of Staffs of the Army and the Navy. </p><p>However, both Emperor Shōwa and the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Keeper_of_the_Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan">Lord Privy Seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kido_K%C5%8Dichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kido Kōichi">Kido Kōichi</a>, believed that it would be inappropriate for a member of the Imperial Family to serve in that position, as he could be blamed for anything which went wrong in the war. Thus, two days later, the Emperor chose army minister General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a> as prime minister. In 1946, he explained this decision: "I actually thought Prince Higashikuni suitable as Chief of Staff of the Army; but I think the appointment of a member of the Imperial house to a political office must be considered very carefully. Above all, in time of peace this is fine, but when there is a fear that there may even be a war, then more importantly, considering the welfare of the imperial house, I wonder about the wisdom of a member of the Imperial family serving [as prime minister]."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six weeks later, Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a>. During the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, Prince Higashikuni served as commander of the <a href="/wiki/General_Defense_Command" title="General Defense Command">General Defense Command</a> from 1941 to 1944. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Prince_Naruhito_Higashikuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1920_Prince_Naruhito_Higashikuni.jpg/220px-1920_Prince_Naruhito_Higashikuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1920_Prince_Naruhito_Higashikuni.jpg/330px-1920_Prince_Naruhito_Higashikuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1920_Prince_Naruhito_Higashikuni.jpg/440px-1920_Prince_Naruhito_Higashikuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> portrait by Auguste Léon, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Prince Higashikuni remained steadfast in his opposition to the war with the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a>, and was part of the conspiracy (with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Yasuhiko_Asaka" title="Prince Yasuhiko Asaka">Prince Yasuhiko Asaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu" title="Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu">Prince Nobuhito Takamatsu</a>, and former prime minister Konoe) which finally ousted Tōjō in July 1944 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan" title="Battle of Saipan">fall of Saipan</a> to American forces. The American researchers with <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">SCAP</a> also found out that he had planned towards the end of the war to depose Emperor Shōwa, placing the Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> on the throne instead, governing the country with himself as regent.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister">Prime Minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prime Minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni_Cabinet_19450817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni_Cabinet_19450817.jpg/220px-Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni_Cabinet_19450817.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni_Cabinet_19450817.jpg/330px-Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni_Cabinet_19450817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni_Cabinet_19450817.jpg/440px-Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni_Cabinet_19450817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Higashikuni_Cabinet" title="Higashikuni Cabinet">Higashikuni Cabinet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Shigemitsu" title="Mamoru Shigemitsu">Mamoru Shigemitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Mitsumasa Yonai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> in front row.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the course of the war turned against Japan, and the decision was made to <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">accept</a> the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, the Emperor Shōwa appointed Prince Higashikuni to the prime minister on 17 August 1945, replacing navy Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a>. The mission of the <a href="/wiki/Higashikuni_Cabinet" title="Higashikuni Cabinet">Higashikuni Cabinet</a> was twofold: first, to ensure the orderly cessation of hostilities and <a href="/wiki/Demobilization" title="Demobilization">demobilization</a> of the Japanese armed forces; and second, to reassure the Japanese people that the imperial institution remained secure. Prince Higashikuni resigned in October over a dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Allied occupation forces</a> over the repeal of the 1925 <a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a>. This law was largely intended to prevent the spread of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> to Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-premiership">Post-premiership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-premiership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 February 1946, Prince Higashikuni gave an interview to the <i><a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun#History" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri-Hōchi</a></i> newspaper in which he claimed that many members of the imperial family had approved Emperor Shōwa's abdication, with <a href="/wiki/Nobuhito,_Prince_Takamatsu" title="Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu">Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu</a> serving as regent until Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the government, only Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a> and the Imperial Household Minister <a href="/wiki/Yoshitami_Matsudaira" title="Yoshitami Matsudaira">Yoshitami Matsudaira</a> opposed this. On 4 March 1946, Higashikuni gave a similar interview to the <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i> (reported in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>) indicating that he had proposed to the Emperor possible dates for abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, Prince Higashikuni asked the emperor for permission to renounce his membership in the Imperial Family and become a commoner. The emperor denied the request. However, along with other members of the Imperial branch families (<i><a href="/wiki/Shinn%C5%8Dke" title="Shinnōke">shinnōke</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cke" title="Ōke">ōke</a></i>), Prince Higashikuni lost his title and most of his wealth as a result of the American occupation’s abolition of the princely houses on 17 October 1947. </p><p>As a private citizen, Higashikuni operated several unsuccessful retail enterprises (including a provisions store, second-hand goods store, and dressmaker's shop). He even created his own new <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>-based religious sect, the <a href="/wiki/Higashikuni-kyo" title="Higashikuni-kyo">Higashikuni-kyo</a>, which was subsequently banned by the American occupation authorities. </p><p>The former prince became the honorary chairman of the <a href="/wiki/International_Martial_Arts_Federation" title="International Martial Arts Federation">International Martial Arts Federation</a> (IMAF) in 1957, and honorary president of several other organizations. </p><p>In 1958, Higashikuni published his wartime journals under the title, <i>Ichi Kozoku no Senso Nikki</i> (or <i>The War Diary of a Member of the Imperial Family</i>). He published his autobiographical memoirs, <i>Higashikuni Nikki</i>, in 1968. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Higashikuni died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> in Tokyo on 20 January 1990 at the age of 102 years, 48 days, having outlived his wife, two of his sons, his siblings, and his nephew, Emperor Shōwa. Higashikuni is today mainly remembered as first postwar prime minister of Japan. He is the shortest-serving prime minister, resigning after eight weeks (54 days) and one of the longest-lived prime ministers of all time, along with <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Antoine Pinay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hornsrud" title="Christopher Hornsrud">Christopher Hornsrud</a>, and at his death was the last surviving full general of the Imperial Japanese Army. From 14 May 1988, when former <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a> died, until his own death, Higashikuni was the world's oldest living former head of government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oocities.org/jtaliaferro.geo/miyake.html">"The Miyake"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>. <q>He was an uncle of Empress Nagako and an uncle-in-law of Emperor Shōwa twice over</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Miyake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oocities.org%2Fjtaliaferro.geo%2Fmiyake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Naruhiko+Higashikuni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoke2021" class="citation web cs1">Coke, Hope (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tatler.com/article/longest-living-royals-top-10-oldest-royalty-in-history">"The top 10 longest-living royals in history"</a>. <i>Tatler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tatler&rft.atitle=The+top+10+longest-living+royals+in+history&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Coke&rft.aufirst=Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tatler.com%2Farticle%2Flongest-living-royals-top-10-oldest-royalty-in-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Naruhiko+Higashikuni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (1991). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinajapan.org/articles/04.1/04.1wakabayashi4-27.pdf">Emperor Hirohito on Localized Aggression in China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721021647/http://chinajapan.org/articles/04.1/04.1wakabayashi4-27.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Sino-Japanese Studies</i> <b>4</b> (1), p.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1995" class="citation book cs1">Large, Stephen (1995). <i>Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan, A Political Biography</i>. Routledge. pp. 67–68, 134, 117–119, 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781-138009110" title="Special:BookSources/9781-138009110"><bdi>9781-138009110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Hirohito+and+Showa+Japan%2C+A+Political+Biography&rft.pages=67-68%2C+134%2C+117-119%2C+144-145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781-138009110&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Naruhiko+Higashikuni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Wetzler, <i>Hirohito and War</i>, 1998, p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wetzler, ibid., p.44, Terasaki Hidenari, <i>Shōwa tennō dokuhakuroku</i>, 1991, p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">vgl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov">Records of the Army Staff: The Investigative Records Repository (IRR)</a> released under the <i>Japanese Imperial Government Disclosure Act of 2000</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBix,_Herbert_P.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bix, Herbert P. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/133011">"Inventing the "Symbol Monarchy" in Japan, 1945-52"</a>. <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F133011">10.2307/133011</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/133011">133011</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Inventing+the+%22Symbol+Monarchy%22+in+Japan%2C+1945-52&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=338&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F133011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F133011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bix%2C+Herbert+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F133011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Naruhiko+Higashikuni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/03/04/88336189.html?pageNumber=6">"PRINCE SUGGESTED THAT HIROHITO QUIT; Higashi-Kuni Says He Gave Emperor Three Suitable Times for Abdication Considered Abdication; Admiral Ueda Released"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. March 4, 1946. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PRINCE+SUGGESTED+THAT+HIROHITO+QUIT%3B+Higashi-Kuni+Says+He+Gave+Emperor+Three+Suitable+Times+for+Abdication+Considered+Abdication%3B+Admiral+Ueda+Released&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1946-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1946%2F03%2F04%2F88336189.html%3FpageNumber%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Naruhiko+Higashikuni" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko">Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HIH_Prince_Naruhiko_of_Higashikuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HIH Prince Naruhiko"><img alt="HIH Prince Naruhiko" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HIH_Prince_Naruhiko_of_Higashikuni.jpg/91px-HIH_Prince_Naruhiko_of_Higashikuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HIH_Prince_Naruhiko_of_Higashikuni.jpg/137px-HIH_Prince_Naruhiko_of_Higashikuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HIH_Prince_Naruhiko_of_Higashikuni.jpg/183px-HIH_Prince_Naruhiko_of_Higashikuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="262" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HIH Prince Naruhiko</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HIH Prince Naruhiko in France"><img alt="HIH Prince Naruhiko in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko.jpg/78px-HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko.jpg/117px-HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko.jpg/156px-HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Naruhiko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HIH Prince Naruhiko in France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Higashikuni_Toshiko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HIH Princess Toshiko, Emperor Meiji's daughter (wife)"><img alt="HIH Princess Toshiko, Emperor Meiji's daughter (wife)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Princess_Higashikuni_Toshiko.jpg/80px-Princess_Higashikuni_Toshiko.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Princess_Higashikuni_Toshiko.jpg/120px-Princess_Higashikuni_Toshiko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Princess_Higashikuni_Toshiko.jpg/160px-Princess_Higashikuni_Toshiko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HIH <a href="/wiki/Toshiko_Higashikuni" title="Toshiko Higashikuni">Princess Toshiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a>'s daughter (wife)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Morihiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HIH Prince Morihiro (son and heir)"><img alt="HIH Prince Morihiro (son and heir)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Morihiro.jpg/83px-HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Morihiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Morihiro.jpg/124px-HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Morihiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Morihiro.jpg/166px-HIH_Prince_Higashikuni_Morihiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HIH <a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Higashikuni" title="Morihiro Higashikuni">Prince Morihiro</a> (son and heir)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dochter_van_de_Keizer_van_Japan_,_Shigeko_Higashikuni_op_Schiphol,_Bestanddeelnr_910-7440.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HIH Princess Shigeko, Emperor Shōwa's daughter (daughter-in-law)"><img alt="HIH Princess Shigeko, Emperor Shōwa's daughter (daughter-in-law)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dochter_van_de_Keizer_van_Japan_%2C_Shigeko_Higashikuni_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7440.jpg/79px-Dochter_van_de_Keizer_van_Japan_%2C_Shigeko_Higashikuni_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7440.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dochter_van_de_Keizer_van_Japan_%2C_Shigeko_Higashikuni_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7440.jpg/118px-Dochter_van_de_Keizer_van_Japan_%2C_Shigeko_Higashikuni_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7440.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Dochter_van_de_Keizer_van_Japan_%2C_Shigeko_Higashikuni_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7440.jpg/158px-Dochter_van_de_Keizer_van_Japan_%2C_Shigeko_Higashikuni_op_Schiphol%2C_Bestanddeelnr_910-7440.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="3693" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HIH <a href="/wiki/Shigeko_Higashikuni" title="Shigeko Higashikuni">Princess Shigeko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Emperor Shōwa</a>'s daughter (daughter-in-law)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Naruhiko_Higashikuni&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">Dower, John W.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Embracing_Defeat:_Japan_in_the_Wake_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II">Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II</a></i>. W. W. Norton & Company (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32027-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32027-8">0-393-32027-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard B.</a> <i>Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire</i>. Penguin (Non-Classics); Reissue edition (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-100146-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-100146-1">0-14-100146-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Manchester" title="William Manchester">Manchester, William</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Caesar" title="American Caesar">American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964</a></i>. Little, Brown and Company (1978). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54498-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-54498-1">0-316-54498-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Spector" title="Ronald H. Spector">Spector, Ronald</a>. <i>Eagle Against the Sun: The American War With Japan</i>. Vintage; Vintage edition (1985). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74101-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74101-3">0-394-74101-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Toland (author)">Toland, John</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Sun:_The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Japanese_Empire,_1936%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945">The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945</a></i>. Modern Library; Reprint edition (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1">0-8129-6858-1</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> </b><br />Aug – Oct 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Kijūrō Shidehara</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Korechika_Anami" title="Korechika Anami">Korechika Anami</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of War of Japan">Army Minister</a> </b><br />Aug 1945 – Aug 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sadamu_Shimomura" title="Sadamu Shimomura">Sadamu Shimomura</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Otoz%C5%8D_Yamada" title="Otozō Yamada">Otozō Yamada</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/General_Defense_Command" title="General Defense Command">Commander, General Defense Command</a> </b><br />Dec 1941 – Apr 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Toshiz%C5%8D_Nishio" title="Toshizō Nishio">Toshizō Nishio</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Japan)" title="Second Army (Japan)">Commander, IJA 2nd Army</a> </b><br />Apr 1938 – Dec 1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_state_leaders" title="List of oldest living state leaders">Oldest living state leader</a> </b><br />14 May 1988 – 20 January 1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Antoine Pinay</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Japan_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="Template:Prime ministers of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Japan_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime ministers of Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> <br /> (1868–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <br /> (1868–1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanj%C5%8D_Sanetomi" title="Sanjō Sanetomi">Sanjō</a> (caretaker)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsukata_Masayoshi" title="Matsukata Masayoshi">Matsukata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsukata_Masayoshi" title="Matsukata Masayoshi">Matsukata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">H. Itō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <br /> (1912–1926)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De" title="Yamamoto Gonnohyōe">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu">Ōkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake">Terauchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Takashi" title="Hara Takashi">Hara</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchida Kosai">Uchida</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Korekiyo" title="Takahashi Korekiyo">Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D" title="Katō Tomosaburō">To. Katō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchida Kosai">Uchida</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamamoto_Gonnohy%C5%8De" title="Yamamoto Gonnohyōe">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyoura_Keigo" title="Kiyoura Keigo">Kiyoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Takaaki" title="Katō Takaaki">Ta. Katō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <br /> (1926–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Giichi" title="Tanaka Giichi">G. Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Hamaguchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Shidehara</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osachi_Hamaguchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Osachi Hamaguchi">Hamaguchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatsuki_Reijir%C5%8D" title="Wakatsuki Reijirō">Wakatsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_Korekiyo" title="Takahashi Korekiyo">Takahashi</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Makoto" title="Saitō Makoto">Saitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Okada" title="Keisuke Okada">Okada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fumio_Got%C5%8D" title="Fumio Gotō">Gotō</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisuke_Okada" title="Keisuke Okada">Okada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dki_Hirota" title="Kōki Hirota">Hirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senj%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Hayashi" title="Senjūrō Hayashi">Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranuma_Kiichir%C5%8D" title="Hiranuma Kiichirō">Hiranuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">N. Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Yonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Tōjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Koiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">K. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Higashikuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Shidehara" title="Kijūrō Shidehara">Shidehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Yoshida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">State of Japan</a> <br /> (1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <br /> (1947–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Ashida" title="Hitoshi Ashida">Ashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Yoshida" title="Shigeru Yoshida">Yoshida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichir%C5%8D_Hatoyama" title="Ichirō Hatoyama">I. Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzan_Ishibashi" title="Tanzan Ishibashi">Ishibashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobusuke_Kishi" title="Nobusuke Kishi">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_Ikeda" title="Hayato Ikeda">Ikeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Satō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakuei_Tanaka" title="Kakuei Tanaka">K. Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Miki" title="Takeo Miki">Miki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Fukuda" title="Takeo Fukuda">T. Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_%C5%8Chira" title="Masayoshi Ōhira">Ōhira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_Ito" title="Masayoshi Ito">M. Itō</a> (acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenko_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenko Suzuki">Z. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noboru_Takeshita" title="Noboru Takeshita">Takeshita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <br /> (1989–2019)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dsuke_Uno" title="Sōsuke Uno">Uno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiki_Kaifu" title="Toshiki Kaifu">Kaifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiichi_Miyazawa" title="Kiichi Miyazawa">Miyazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Hosokawa" title="Morihiro Hosokawa">Hosokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Hata" title="Tsutomu Hata">Hata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryutaro_Hashimoto" title="Ryutaro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiz%C5%8D_Obuchi" title="Keizō Obuchi">Obuchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mikio_Aoki" title="Mikio Aoki">Aoki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshir%C5%8D_Mori" title="Yoshirō Mori">Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Koizumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">S. Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Fukuda" title="Yasuo Fukuda">Y. Fukuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_As%C5%8D" title="Tarō Asō">Asō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Hatoyama" title="Yukio Hatoyama">Y. Hatoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naoto_Kan" title="Naoto Kan">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihiko_Noda" title="Yoshihiko Noda">Noda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">S. Abe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <br /> (2019–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Suga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumio_Kishida" title="Fumio Kishida">Kishida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Ishiba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of Japan (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315717#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008425223X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8937674">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1753804/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwCTwrj8p7Gb8fxDf3G73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88136330">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177667468">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177667468">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00010249">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01956646?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/220980772">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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