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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transcription rules</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transcription_rules-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transcription rules subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transcription_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Exceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Revised Romanization of Korean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="رومنة كورية منقحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومنة كورية منقحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_revisada_del_coreanu" title="Romanización revisada del coreanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Romanización revisada del coreanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="কোরীয় ভাষার সংশোধিত রোমানীকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোরীয় ভাষার সংশোধিত রোমানীকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-g%C3%AD_%C3%AA_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB_Pi%C3%A1u-k%C3%AC-hoat" title="Kok-gí ê Lô-má-jī Piáu-kì-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-gí ê Lô-má-jī Piáu-kì-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanitzaci%C3%B3_revisada_del_core%C3%A0" title="Romanització revisada del coreà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romanització revisada del coreà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revideret_romanisering_af_koreansk" title="Revideret romanisering af koreansk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Revideret romanisering af koreansk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revidierte_Romanisierung" title="Revidierte Romanisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Revidierte Romanisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_revisada_del_coreano" title="Romanización revisada del coreano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización revisada del coreano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revizia_latinliteriga_transskribo_de_la_korea_lingvo" title="Revizia latinliteriga transskribo de la korea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Revizia latinliteriga transskribo de la korea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreeraren_erromanizazio_berritu" title="Koreeraren erromanizazio berritu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koreeraren erromanizazio berritu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="لاتین‌نویسی کره‌ای اصلاح‌شده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌نویسی کره‌ای اصلاح‌شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9e_du_cor%C3%A9en" title="Romanisation révisée du coréen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation révisée du coréen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_revisada_do_coreano" title="Romanización revisada do coreano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Romanización revisada do coreano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%98_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="국어의 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국어의 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կորեերենի նոր ռոմանականացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորեերենի նոր ռոմանականացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alih_Aksara_Korea_yang_Disempurnakan" title="Alih Aksara Korea yang Disempurnakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alih Aksara Korea yang Disempurnakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinizzazione_riveduta_della_lingua_coreana" title="Latinizzazione riveduta della lingua coreana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Latinizzazione riveduta della lingua coreana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A9" title="הליטון הקוריאני המחודש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הליטון הקוריאני המחודש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_koreai_nyelv_%C3%A1tdolgozott_latin_bet%C5%B1s_%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa" title="A koreai nyelv átdolgozott latin betűs átírása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A koreai nyelv átdolgozott latin betűs átírása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ревидирана романизација на корејскиот јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ревидирана романизација на корејскиот јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_Semakan_Bahasa_Korea" title="Perumian Semakan Bahasa Korea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian Semakan Bahasa Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herziene_Koreaanse_Romanisatie" title="Herziene Koreaanse Romanisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herziene Koreaanse Romanisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%A6%B3%E5%85%89%E9%83%A82000%E5%B9%B4%E5%BC%8F" title="文化観光部2000年式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文化観光部2000年式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revidert_romanisering_av_koreansk" title="Revidert romanisering av koreansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Revidert romanisering av koreansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkrypcja_poprawiona_j%C4%99zyka_korea%C5%84skiego" title="Transkrypcja poprawiona języka koreańskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transkrypcja poprawiona języka koreańskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_revisada_da_l%C3%ADngua_coreana" title="Romanização revisada da língua coreana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romanização revisada da língua coreana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizarea_revizuit%C4%83_a_limbii_coreene" title="Romanizarea revizuită a limbii coreene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Romanizarea revizuită a limbii coreene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Новая романизация корейского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая романизация корейского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රතිශෝධිත රෝමානුකෘත කොරියන් භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රතිශෝධිත රෝමානුකෘත කොරියන් භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Revised Romanization of Korean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language#Writing_system" title="Korean language">Korean writing systems</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li>Chosŏn'gŭl (in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korean_Orthography" title="New Korean Orthography">New Korean Orthography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanja#Gukja" title="Hanja">Gukja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja#Yakja" title="Hanja">Yakja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Mixed script</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Braille</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transcription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean (North)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revised Romanization (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Moon_Kim_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Moon Kim romanization (page does not exist)">Bok Moon Kim romanization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:김복문 로마자 표기법">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Kontsevich</a> (Cyrillic)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodovich_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodovich system (page does not exist)">Kholodovich system</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Система Холодовича">ru</a>]</span> (Cyrillic)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transliteration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale (scholar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_writing" title="Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_writing" title="Template talk:Korean writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Revised Romanization of Korean</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">국어의 로마자 표기법</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Gugeoui romaja pyogibeop</i></span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "Roman-letter notation of the national language") is the official <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean language romanization</a> system in South Korea. It was developed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Academy of the Korean Language</a> from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Korea's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a> in Proclamation No. 2000-8.<sup id="cite_ref-MoCT2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoCT2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new system addressed problems in the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system, such as the phenomena where different consonants and vowels became indistinguishable in the absence of special symbols. To be specific, under the McCune–Reischauer system, the consonants <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span> (<i>k</i>), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> (<i>t</i>), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> (<i>p</i>) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> (<i>ch</i>) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span> (<i>k<span class="nowrap">'</span></i>), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span> (<i>t<span class="nowrap">'</span></i>), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span> (<i>p<span class="nowrap">'</span></i>) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> (<i>ch<span class="nowrap">'</span></i>) became indistinguishable when the <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> was removed. In addition, the vowels <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> (<i>ŏ</i>) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span> (<i>o</i>), as well as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> (<i>ŭ</i>) and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span> (<i>u</i>), became indistinguishable when the <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> was removed. Especially in early internet use, where omission of apostrophes and breves is common, this caused confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Revised Romanization of Korean</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:국어">국어</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:의">의 </a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:로마자">로마자 </a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:표기법">표기법</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:國語">國語</a>의 로마<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:字">字 </a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:表記法">表記法</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">gugeoui romaja pyogibeop</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">kugŏŭi romacha p'yogipŏp</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p>These are notable features of the Revised Romanization system: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (linguistics)">aspiration</a> distinction between consonants is represented in a new way. The unaspirated consonants <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> are represented as ⟨g⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨b⟩, and ⟨j⟩ respectively. The aspirated consonants <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> are represented as ⟨k⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨p⟩, ⟨ch⟩. These letter pairs have a similar aspiration distinction in English at the beginning of a syllable (though they also have a <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voicing</a> distinction unlike Korean); this approach is also used by <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system uses ⟨k⟩ ⟨t⟩ ⟨p⟩ ⟨ch⟩ both for the unaspirated and aspirated consonants, adding an apostrophe for the aspirated versions (⟨k'⟩ ⟨t'⟩ ⟨p'⟩ ⟨ch'⟩). (The McCune–Reischauer system also includes voicing, which the revised romanization does not.) <ul><li>When placed in the final position, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> are romanized as ⟨k⟩, ⟨t⟩, and ⟨p⟩ respectively, as they are neutralized to <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">unreleased stops</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">벽</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pjʌk̚]</span> → <i>byeo<b>k</b></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">밖</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pak̚]</span> → <i>ba<b>k</b></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">부엌</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pu.ʌk̚]</span> → <i>bueo<b>k</b></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">벽에</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pjʌ.ɡe]</span> → <i>byeo<b>g</b>e</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">밖에</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pa.k͈e]</span> → <i>ba<b>kk</b>e</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">부엌에</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pu.ʌ.kʰe]</span> → <i>bueo<b>k</b>e</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">입</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ip̚]</span> → <i>i<b>p</b></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">입에</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i.be]</span> → <i>i<b>b</b>e</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Vowels <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span> are written as ⟨eo⟩ and ⟨eu⟩ respectively, replacing the ⟨ŏ⟩ and ⟨ŭ⟩ of the <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system. <ul><li>However, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅝ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʌ/</span> is written as ⟨wo⟩, not ⟨weo⟩, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅢ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɰi/</span> is written as ⟨ui⟩, not ⟨eui⟩.</li></ul></li> <li>ㅅ in the syllable-initial position is always written as ⟨s⟩. The <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system used ⟨sh⟩ or ⟨s⟩ depending on context. <ul><li>When followed by another consonant or when in the final position, it is written as ⟨t⟩: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">옷</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ot̚]</span> → <i>o<b>t</b></i> (but <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">옷에</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o.se]</span> → <i>o<b>s</b>e</i>).</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> is ⟨r⟩ before a vowel or a semivowel and ⟨l⟩ everywhere else: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">리을</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾi.ɯl]</span> → <i><b>r</b>ieu<b>l</b></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">철원</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰʌ.ɾwʌn]</span> → <i>Cheo<b>r</b>won</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">울릉도</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ul.lɯŋ.do]</span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Ulleungdo" title="Ulleungdo">U<b>ll</b>eungdo</a></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">발해</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paɾ.ɦɛ]</span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Ba<b>l</b>hae</a></i>. Like in McCune–Reischauer, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is written ⟨l⟩ whenever pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> rather than as a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a> consonant: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">전라북도</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʌl.la.buk̚.t͈o]</span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Jeollabuk-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeollabuk-do">Jeo<b>l</b>labuk-do</a></i></li> <li>Phonological changes are reflected where <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span> are adjacent to <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">좋고</span></span> → <i>jo<b>k</b>o</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">놓다</span></span> → <i>no<b>t</b>a</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">잡혀</span></span> → <i>ja<b>p</b>yeo</i>, 낳지 → <i>na<b>ch</b>i</i>. <ul><li>However, aspirated sounds are not reflected in case of nouns where <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> follows <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">묵호</span></span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Mukho" title="Mukho">Mukho</a></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">집현전</span></span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Jiphyeonjeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiphyeonjeon">Jiphyeonjeon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-natinst_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natinst-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>In addition, special provisions are for regular phonological rules in exceptions to transcription (see <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a>). </p><p>Other rules and recommendations include the following: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> optionally<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disambiguates syllables: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">가을</span></span> → <i>ga<b>-</b>eul</i> (fall; autumn) versus <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">개울</span></span> → <i>gae<b>-</b>ul</i> (stream). Official publications usually do not make use of this provision (and actual instances of ambiguity among names are rare). <ul><li>However, a hyphen must be used in a linguistic transliteration (not transcription) to denote syllable-initial <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> except at the beginning of a word: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">없었습니다</span></span> → <i>eobs<b>-</b>eoss-seubnida</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">외국어</span></span> → <i>oegug<b>-</b>eo</i></li></ul></li> <li>It is permitted to hyphenate syllables in a <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">given name</a>. Certain phonological changes, ordinarily indicated in other contexts, are ignored in names, for better disambiguating between names: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">강홍립</span></span> → <i>Gang Hong<b>r</b>ip</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Gang_Hong-rip" title="Gang Hong-rip">Gang Hong-<b>r</b>ip</a></i> (not *<i>Hongnip</i> or <i>Hong-nip</i>), <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한복남</span></span> → <i>Han Bo<b>k</b>nam</i> or <i>Han Bo<b>k</b>-nam</i> (not *<i>Bongnam</i> or <i>Bong-nam</i>) <ul><li>However, this does not guarantee perfect reversibility. For example, given names <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">빛나</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">샛별</span></span> are romanized as <i>Bitna</i> and <i>Saetbyeol</i> respectively – syllable-final consonants <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span> both become <i>t</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>Administrative units (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Korean_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean province">do</a></i>) are hyphenated from the placename proper: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">강원도</span></span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon-do (South Korea)">Gangwon<b>-do</b></a></i> <ul><li>One may omit terms such as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">시, 군, 읍</span></span>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">평창군</span></span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang-gun</a></i> or <i>Pyeongchang</i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">평창읍</span></span> → <i>Pyeongchang-eup</i> or <i>Pyeongchang</i>.</li> <li>However, names for geographic features and artificial structures are not hyphenated: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">설악산</span></span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Seoraksan" title="Seoraksan">Seoraksan</a></i>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">해인사</span></span> → <i><a href="/wiki/Haeinsa" title="Haeinsa">Haeinsa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper nouns</a> are capitalized.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription_rules">Transcription rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transcription rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="700" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅑ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅒ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅕ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅖ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅘ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅙ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅚ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅛ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅝ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅞ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅟ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅠ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅢ</span></span></td> <td>ㅣ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romanization </th> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><i>ae</i></td> <td><i>ya</i></td> <td><i>yae</i></td> <td><i>eo</i></td> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><i>yeo</i></td> <td><i>ye</i></td> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><i>wa</i></td> <td><i>wae</i></td> <td><i>oe</i></td> <td><i>yo</i></td> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><i>wo</i></td> <td><i>we</i></td> <td><i>wi</i></td> <td><i>yu</i></td> <td><i>eu</i></td> <td><i>ui</i></td> <td><i>i</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="700" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄲ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄸ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅃ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅆ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅉ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Romanization</th> <th>Initial </th> <td><i>g</i></td> <td><i>kk</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>n</i></td> <td><i>d</i></td> <td><i>tt</i></td> <td><i>r</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>m</i></td> <td><i>b</i></td> <td><i>pp</i></td> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><i>ss</i></td> <td>–</td> <td><i>j</i></td> <td><i>jj</i></td> <td><i>ch</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>k</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>t</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>p</i></td> <td><i>h</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Final </th> <td><i>k</i></td> <td><i>k</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td>–</td> <td><i>l</i></td> <td><i>p</i></td> <td>–</td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>ng</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td>–</td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>t</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span> are transcribed as <i>g</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>b</i> and <i>r</i> when placed at the beginning of a word or coming before a vowel, and as <i>k</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>p</i> and <i>l</i> when followed by another consonant or when appearing at the end of a word.<sup id="cite_ref-natinst_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natinst-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_Korea">In South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Q246638_Bucheon_A01_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Q246638_Bucheon_A01_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Q246638_Bucheon_A01_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Q246638_Bucheon_A01_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Q246638_Bucheon_A01_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Q246638_Bucheon_A01_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Q246638_Bucheon_A01_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The sign with the name of the railway station in <a href="/wiki/Bucheon" title="Bucheon">Bucheon</a> — at the top, a writing in <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>, the transcription in Latin script below using the Revised Romanization, along with the <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> text</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jecheonstation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jecheonstation.jpg/220px-Jecheonstation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jecheonstation.jpg/330px-Jecheonstation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jecheonstation.jpg/440px-Jecheonstation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>The sign with the name of the railway station in <a href="/wiki/Jecheon" title="Jecheon">Jecheon</a> — at the top, a writing in <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>, the transcription in Latin script below using the Revised Romanization and the English translation of the word 'station', along with the <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a> text</figcaption></figure> <p>Almost all road signs, names of railway and subway stations on line maps and signs, etc. have been changed according to Revised Romanization of Korean (<i>RR</i>, also called <i>South Korean</i> or <i>Ministry of Culture (MC) 2000</i>). It is estimated to have cost at least 500 billion won to 600 billion won (US$500–600 million) to carry out this procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Korean textbooks, maps and signs to do with cultural heritage were required to comply with the new system by 28 February 2002. Romanization of surnames and existing companies' names has been left untouched because of the reasons explained below. However, the Korean government recommends using the revised romanization of Korean for the new names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptions">Exceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like several <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a> that have undergone spelling reforms (such as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>), the Revised Romanization is not expected to be adopted as the official romanization of <a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean family names</a> (example <i>I</i>, <i>Bak</i>, <i>Gim</i>, <i>Choe</i> instead of <a href="/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)" title="Lee (Korean surname)"><i>Lee</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Park_(Korean_surname)" title="Park (Korean surname)">Park</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)" title="Kim (Korean surname)">Kim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choi_(Korean_surname)" title="Choi (Korean surname)">Choi</a></i> which are used commonly). However, South Korea's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism recommends those who "newly" register their romanized names to follow the Revised Romanization of Korean. </p><p>In addition, North Korea continues to use a version of the McCune–Reischauer system of romanization, a different version of which was in official use in South Korea from 1984 to 2000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Korean pronunciation, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Help:IPA/Korean</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MoCT2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoCT2000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070916025652/http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303">"Romanization of Korean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a></i>. Ministry of Culture & Tourism. July 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/korea/kor_loca.asp?code=A020303">the original</a> on 16 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea.net&rft.atitle=Romanization+of+Korean&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2Fkorea%2Fkor_loca.asp%3Fcode%3DA020303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevised+Romanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kornorms.korean.go.kr/m/m_regltn.do?regltn_code=0004#a"><bdi lang="ko">한국어 어문 규범</bdi></a>. <i>kornorms.korean.go.kr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kornorms.korean.go.kr&rft.atitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4+%EC%96%B4%EB%AC%B8+%EA%B7%9C%EB%B2%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkornorms.korean.go.kr%2Fm%2Fm_regltn.do%3Fregltn_code%3D0004%23a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevised+Romanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=40942&docId=1088228&categoryId=32972"><bdi lang="ko">로마자표기법</bdi></a> [Romanization]. <i>m.terms.naver.com</i> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.terms.naver.com&rft.atitle=%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.terms.naver.com%2Fentry.naver%3Fcid%3D40942%26docId%3D1088228%26categoryId%3D32972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevised+Romanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natinst-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natinst_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natinst_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean.go.kr/front_eng/roman/roman_01.do">"Romanization of Korean"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+Language&rft.atitle=Romanization+of+Korean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean.go.kr%2Ffront_eng%2Froman%2Froman_01.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevised+Romanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김세중2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김세중 (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://korean.go.kr/nkview/nknews/200105/34_3.html"><bdi lang="ko">로마자 표기법의 이해 – 로마자 표기와 붙임표(-)</bdi></a> [Understanding the romanization system – Romanization and hyphen] (in Korean). New Korean News (새국어소식). <q>붙임표를 생략하면 한 로마자 표기가 두 가지로 발음될 수 있는데도 붙임표 사용을 강제하지 않은 데는 그만한 이유가 있다. 우선 붙임표는 대단히 눈에 거슬리는 기호라는 점이다. '강원'을 Gang-won으로 하기보다는 Gangwon으로 하는 것이 시각적으로 더 편안하다. 그러나 더 중요한 것은 표기와 발음은 완벽하게 일치하지 않는다는 사실이다. 어떤 언어든지 표기가 발음을 정확하게 반영하지는 않는다. 국어의 '말〔馬〕'은 모음이 짧고 '말〔言〕'은 모음이 길지만 똑같이 '말'로 적는다. 영어에서 lead(이끌다)는 발음이 [li:d]이고 lead(납)은 [led]이지만 표기는 같다. 로마자 표기라고 예외는 아니다. 로마자 표기로 발음을 완벽하게 보여 주어야 한다는 생각은 버려야 한다. Gangwon을 '간권'으로 발음하는 사람이 있다면 '강원'으로 바로잡아 주면 된다. 표기가 발음을 완벽하게 다 보여 주는 것은 아니며 발음은 어차피 따로 익혀야 할 부분이 있다. '아에'를 a-e로 쓰는 것을 허용하지만 ae로 쓰기를 더 권장한 까닭이 여기에 있다.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90+%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95%EC%9D%98+%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%B4+%E2%80%93+%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90+%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EC%99%80+%EB%B6%99%EC%9E%84%ED%91%9C%28-%29&rft.pub=New+Korean+News+%28%EC%83%88%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%8B%9D%29&rft.date=2001-05&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%84%B8%EC%A4%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkorean.go.kr%2Fnkview%2Fnknews%2F200105%2F34_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevised+Romanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?ctcd=&nNewsNumb=200009100029"><bdi lang="ko">2005년까지 연차적으로 도로표지판을 바꾸는 데 5000억~6000억원이 들고</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Chosun" title="Monthly Chosun">Monthly Chosun</a>. 1 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2005%EB%85%84%EA%B9%8C%EC%A7%80+%EC%97%B0%EC%B0%A8%EC%A0%81%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C+%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%91%9C%EC%A7%80%ED%8C%90%EC%9D%84+%EB%B0%94%EA%BE%B8%EB%8A%94+%EB%8D%B0+5000%EC%96%B5~6000%EC%96%B5%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B4+%EB%93%A4%EA%B3%A0&rft.pub=Monthly+Chosun&rft.date=2000-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonthly.chosun.com%2Fclient%2Fnews%2Fviw.asp%3Fctcd%3D%26nNewsNumb%3D200009100029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARevised+Romanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revised_Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/revised_romanization_of_korean" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/revised romanization of korean">revised romanization of korean</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P2001" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P2001">Revised Romanization (P2001)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP2001%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P2001%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean.go.kr/front_eng/roman/roman_01.do">Romanization of Korean</a> from the National Institute of Korean Language</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman.cs.pusan.ac.kr/input_eng.aspx">Korean Romanization Converter</a> by Pusan National University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/korean_conversion.htm">software online: lexilogos words' converter Hangul to Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130310000236">Culture Ministry sets guideline for Romanizing Korean names</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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