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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>McCune–Reischauer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McCune–Reischauer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_liberation_and_division_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_liberation_and_division_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>After the liberation and division of Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_liberation_and_division_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Computer age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Revised Romanization of Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revised_Romanization_of_Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kholodovich_romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kholodovich_romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kholodovich romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kholodovich_romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_various_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_various_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison of various systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_various_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanization of Korean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="কোরীয় ভাষার রোমানীকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোরীয় ভাষার রোমানীকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaja" title="Romaja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Romaja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="لاتین‌نویسی کره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌نویسی کره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="한국어 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국어 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisasi_bahasa_Korea" title="Latinisasi bahasa Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latinisasi bahasa Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcrive_de_hangul" title="Transcrive de hangul – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Transcrive de hangul" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="朝鮮語のローマ字表記法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮語のローマ字表記法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latynizacja_alfabetu_korea%C5%84skiego" title="Latynizacja alfabetu koreańskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Latynizacja alfabetu koreańskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Романизация корейского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романизация корейского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepis_z_k%C3%B3rejsk%C3%A9ho_p%C3%ADsma_do_latinky" title="Prepis z kórejského písma do latinky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prepis z kórejského písma do latinky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revidirana_romanizacija_korejskog_jezika" title="Revidirana romanizacija korejskog jezika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Revidirana romanizacija korejskog jezika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="การถอดอักษรเกาหลีเป็นอักษรโรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถอดอักษรเกาหลีเป็นอักษรโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaja" title="Romaja – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Romaja" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="韓文羅馬字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韓文羅馬字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E6%B3%95" title="韓語羅馬字表記法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="韓語羅馬字表記法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing Korean using the Latin script</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the official system of romanization in North Korea, see <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean (North)</a>.</div> <p>The <b>romanization of Korean</b> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">로마자 표기법</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">romaja pyogibeop</i></span>) is the use of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> to transcribe the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>. </p><p>There are multiple romanization systems in common use. The two most prominent systems are <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> (MR) and <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a> (RR). MR is almost universally used in academic <a href="/wiki/Korean_studies" title="Korean studies">Korean studies</a>, and a variant of it has been <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">the official system of North Korea</a> since 1992. RR is the official system of South Korea and has been in use since 2000. </p><p>The earliest romanization systems for Korean emerged around the mid-19th century. Due to a number of factors, including the properties of the Korean language and alphabet, as well as social and geopolitical issues, a single settled standard did not emerge. By 1934, there were 27 extant romanization systems, and by 1997, there were over 40. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_systems">Major systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunminjeongeumhaerye_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Hunminjeongeumhaerye_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, 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plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanja#Gukja" title="Hanja">Gukja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja#Yakja" title="Hanja">Yakja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Mixed script</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Braille</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transcription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean (North)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Moon_Kim_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Moon Kim romanization (page does not exist)">Bok Moon Kim romanization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:김복문 로마자 표기법">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Kontsevich</a> (Cyrillic)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodovich_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodovich system (page does not exist)">Kholodovich system</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Система Холодовича">ru</a>]</span> (Cyrillic)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transliteration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale (scholar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_writing" title="Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_writing" title="Template talk:Korean writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following systems are currently the most widely used: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> ("MR"; 1939): Basis for various romanization systems. Almost universally used by international academic journals on <a href="/wiki/Korean_studies" title="Korean studies">Korean studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modified version used for South Korea from 1984 to 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean</a> (1992): The official romanization in North Korea, with some differences from standard MR.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a> / U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> system is based on but deviates from MR. Unlike in MR, it addresses word division in seven pages of detail. Syllables of given names are always separated with a hyphen, which is expressly never done by MR. Sound changes are ignored more often than in MR.<sup id="cite_ref-ALALC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALALC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a> ("RR"; 2000): South Korea's official romanization system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001246,_255_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001246,_255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization of Korean</a> (1942): Standard for almost exclusively international <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999164–165_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999164–165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the earliest romanization system was an 1832 system by German doctor <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a>, who was living in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early romanization system was an 1835 unnamed and unpublished system by missionary <a href="/wiki/Walter_Henry_Medhurst" title="Walter Henry Medhurst">Walter Henry Medhurst</a> that was used in his translation of a book on the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medhurst's romanization scheme was otherwise not significantly used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, the Dallet system was introduced; it was based around French-language <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>. It was the first to use the digraphs <i>eo</i> and <i>eu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159–160_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159–160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first to use <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> for Korean romanization; it used the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> accents over the letter "e".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first system to see significant usage was the Ross system, named for <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(missionary)" title="John Ross (missionary)">John Ross</a>, which was designed in 1882. It saw adoption by missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897, <a href="/wiki/James_Scarth_Gale" title="James Scarth Gale">James Scarth Gale</a> introduced his system in his work <i><a href="/wiki/A_Korean-English_Dictionary" title="A Korean-English Dictionary">A Korean-English Dictionary</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system went on to achieve some adoption; it was reportedly adopted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Asiatic_Studies" title="Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies">Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</a></i>. In spite of this, some scholars found issues with these early systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More systems by Westerners emerged, based on English, French, and German phonology. Japanese scholars also developed their own romanizations for Korean, many of which were built on the work of Siebold and Dallet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160–161_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160–161-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, the first romanization system developed by Koreans, which was appended to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_Han%27g%C5%ADl_Orthography_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified Han'gŭl Orthography System (page does not exist)">Unified Han'gŭl Orthography System</a>, was promulgated by the Korean Language Society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeong_In-seop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeong In-seop (page does not exist)">Jeong In-seop</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%B8%EC%84%AD" class="extiw" title="ko:정인섭">ko</a>]</span> published "The International Phonetic Transcription of Korean Speech Sounds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Systems continued to be developed to address various perceived shortcomings in other systems. By 1934, according to Japanese linguist <a href="/wiki/Shinpei_Ogura" title="Shinpei Ogura">Shinpei Ogura</a>'s count, there were at least 27 extant systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> had already become the widely accepted standard for the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanization of Japanese</a> by the 1930s, Korean continued to lack such a standard. This led to significant diversity and inconsistencies in romanizations, not only between scholars but reportedly even within the writings of individual authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19391_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19391-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_for_developing_a_standard_romanization">Challenges for developing a standard romanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Challenges for developing a standard romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The task of developing a standard romanization scheme for Korean was complicated by a number of factors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even into the 20th century, there were significant variations in pronunciation and spelling in the Korean language itself, often due to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">dialects of Korean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19394–5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19394–5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts were made to standardize the Korean language, but these efforts were made by multiple authorities. Two rivaling societies for standardizing Korean emerged: the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Language_Society" title="Korean Language Society">Korean Language Society</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">조선어학회</span></span>) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C5%8Fson_%C5%8Ehak_Y%C5%8Fn%27guhoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chŏson Ŏhak Yŏn'guhoe (page does not exist)">Chŏson Ŏhak Yŏn'guhoe</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">조선어학연구회</span></span>); they published separate guidances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19395–6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19395–6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Korean Language Society's standard became the basis for the standards of both North and South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999157_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999157-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other references for spelling included those used in Gale's dictionary, guidances from the <a href="/wiki/Government-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-General of Chōsen">Government-General of Chōsen</a>, and a French dictionary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19397_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19397-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other challenges were fundamental to properties of the Korean language and script, which make the language not easily mappable onto the Latin script. McCune and Reischauer claimed in 1939 that there are eight to ten vowels in Korean (this topic was still debated by that point). As there are only five vowels in the Latin script, the other vowel sounds had to be rendered either using multiple letters in the form of <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> (e.g. <i>eo</i> for <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">ㅓ</span></span>) or by using <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19399–12_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19399–12-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in many cases, pronunciation does not exactly match what is written in Hangul; similar phenomena occurs with all other major scripts as well. For example, due to <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">linguistic assimilation</a>, the state <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> is written in Korean as <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">신라</span></span> (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">sin-la</i></span>), but pronounced <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">sil-la</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193920–21,_23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193920–21,_23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some challenges were social and geopolitical. Reportedly, early scholars often wrote about Korea from <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentric</a> or Japanese perspectives; Korean place names were often rendered using pronunciations from the Chinese or Japanese languages. Furthermore, after <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea went under Japanese rule</a>, the "official" names of many places were considered to be those in the Japanese language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Government-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-General of Chōsen">Japanese colonial government</a> implemented various restrictions on the use of the Korean language around the mid-1930s; the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Language_Society_incident" title="Korean Language Society incident">Korean Language Society was also persecuted in one incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of romanization systems, many Koreans chose and continue to choose to spell their names in Latin script in an <i>ad hoc</i> manner. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)" title="Lee (Korean surname)">이/리 (李)</a> is variously romanized as <i>Lee</i>, <i>Yi</i>, <i>I</i>, or <i>Rhee</i>. In some cases, single families romanized their surnames differently on <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_passport" title="South Korean passport">South Korean passports</a>. For example, within a single <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">심</span></span> family, a father's surname was rendered as "Shim" and the son's as "Sim".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McCune–Reischauer"><span id="McCune.E2.80.93Reischauer"></span>McCune–Reischauer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: McCune–Reischauer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></div> <p>McCune–Reischauer (MR) is a system that was first introduced in 1939, in the journal <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactions_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society_Korea_Branch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch (page does not exist)">Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer1939_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer1939-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named for <a href="/wiki/George_M._McCune" title="George M. McCune">George M. McCune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O._Reischauer" title="Edwin O. Reischauer">Edwin O. Reischauer</a>; the two developed the system together in consultation with Korean linguists <a href="/wiki/Choe_Hyeon-bae" title="Choe Hyeon-bae">Choe Hyeon-bae</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeong_In-seop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeong In-seop (page does not exist)">Jeong In-seop</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%B8%EC%84%AD" class="extiw" title="ko:정인섭">ko</a>]</span>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Seon-gi_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Seon-gi (linguist) (page does not exist)">Kim Seon-gi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EC%84%A0%EA%B8%B0_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99%EC%9E%90)" class="extiw" title="ko:김선기 (언어철학자)">ko</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19391_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19391-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_liberation_and_division_of_Korea">After the liberation and division of Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After the liberation and division of Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With 1945 came the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Korea">liberation of Korea</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">its division</a>. <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">Both Koreas began to develop separate language standards</a>. Just after the 1950–1953 <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, romanization was reportedly seen as a minor concern, compared to improving domestic literacy in Hangul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, romanization systems continued to emerge; by 1997, there were more than 40 romanization systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, North Korea became the first of the two Koreas to promulgate an official romanization system. This system combines features of the Dallet and 1933 Unified systems. It was revised in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education_(South_Korea,_1948%E2%80%931990)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Education (South Korea, 1948–1990) (page does not exist)">South Korean Ministry of Education</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EB%AC%B8%EA%B5%90%EB%B6%80" class="extiw" title="ko:대한민국 문교부">ko</a>]</span> published a romanization system, which has since been dubbed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Education_romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Education romanization of Korean (page does not exist)">Ministry of Education system</a> (MOE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19994–5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19994–5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reportedly quickly proved to be controversial, especially amongst non-Koreans. Fouser evaluated the system as prioritizing use for Koreans; it had a one-to-one correspondence from Hangul to Latin script, and did not account for the pronunciation changes that Hangul itself did not reflect. The system also tended to produce romanizations that bore superficial resemblance to words in English, some of which were seen as odd or humorous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162–163_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162–163-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the South Korean government began reevaluating the use of the system in anticipation of the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a>, which were to be held in Seoul. In 1984, a slightly revised version of McCune–Reischauer was adopted. Some South Koreans reportedly had negative reactions to the system, which they viewed as confusing and overly beholden to pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999163–164_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999163–164-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_E._Martin" title="Samuel E. Martin">Samuel E. Martin</a> introduced a system that has since been dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale system</a>. The system became widely adopted by the international academic linguistics community, although few others adopted it. Fouser argues that while the system allowed for <a href="/wiki/Romanization#Methods" title="Romanization">reversibility</a>, it is "unsightly", is suited to those who already know Hangul, and does not adequately communicate pronunciation, even in comparison to the MOE system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999164–165_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999164–165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Computer_age">Computer age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> by the 1980s and 1990s, complaints about MR reportedly grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999165–166_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999165–166-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breves used in MR were not easily accessible on a standard keyboard. Some took to replacing the breve with alternate characters or simply omitting it altogether; the diversity of practice and ambiguity if breves were not used led to confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999165–166_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999165–166-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoll20178_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoll20178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) requested both North and South Korea to work together on developing a standard romanization. The two countries held a series of meetings, during which they failed to reach a consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999166_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999166-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the South Korean <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_the_Korean_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of the Korean Language">National Academy of the Korean Language</a> (NAKL; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">국립국어연구원</span></span>) proposed its own new system. Concurrently, Bok Moon Kim produced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Moon_Kim_romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Moon Kim romanization of Korean (page does not exist)">his own romanization system</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:김복문 로마자 표기법">ko</a>]</span>. A large debate reportedly emerged, with more systems being proposed and some proposing reverting to previous systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999167–169_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999167–169-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revised_Romanization_of_Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revised Romanization of Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a></div> <p>On July 7, 2000, the NAKL and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (South Korea)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a> announced that South Korea would adopt a new system: Revised Romanization (RR).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001246,_255_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001246,_255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Road signs and textbooks were required to follow these rules as soon as possible, at a cost estimated by the government to be at least US$500–600 million.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List">List</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Siebold romanization (1832)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Medhurst romanization (1835)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dallet system (1874)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix-Clair_Ridel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix-Clair Ridel (page does not exist)">Félix-Clair Ridel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Clair_Ridel" class="extiw" title="fr:Félix-Clair Ridel">fr</a>]</span> dictionary (1880)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ross system (1882)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Korean-English_Dictionary" title="A Korean-English Dictionary">Gale system</a> (1897)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eckardt system (1923)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001249-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_Han%27g%C5%ADl_Orthography_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified Han'gŭl Orthography System (page does not exist)">Unified Han'gŭl Orthography System</a> appendix (1933)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ogura system (1934)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001249-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jung romanization (1936)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> (1939)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19992_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lukoff_romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lukoff romanization of Korean (page does not exist)">Lukoff romanization</a> (1945), developed by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Lukoff" title="Fred Lukoff">Fred Lukoff</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001249-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FredLukoff_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FredLukoff-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ministry of Education system (1959)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001249-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Shibu Shohei System (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization of Korean</a> (1968)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001249-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Korean Romanization for Data Application (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>You Mahn-gun's System (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999172_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999172-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lee Hyun Bok's Computer-Communication System (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999171_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999171-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Moon_Kim_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Moon Kim romanization (page does not exist)">Bok Moon Kim romanization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:김복문 로마자 표기법">ko</a>]</span> (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HanSe System (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999170–171_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999170–171-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a> (1996): This actually is two different standards under one name: one for North Korea (DPRK) and the other for South Korea (ROK). The initial submission to the ISO was based heavily on Yale and was a joint effort between both states, but they could not agree on the final draft. A superficial comparison between the two is available here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510131241/http://sori.org/hangul/romanizations.html#Roman_Intro">[1]</a></li> <li>National Academy of the Korean Language System (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999169–170_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999169–170-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a> (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001246_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001246-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kholodovich_romanization">Kholodovich romanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kholodovich romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the 1920s and 1930s various languages of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> were <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">switched to the Latin alphabet</a> and it was planned that the <a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">language of Koreans of the Far East</a> would be one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanja was deemed too hard to learn, while Hangul was claimed to be inconvenient for typesetting and handwriting. Since removal of Hanja would result in much ambiguity, it was proposed that Chinese words would be replaced by words of Korean origin (compare <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_Korean" title="Linguistic purism in Korean">linguistic purism in Korean</a>). The new alphabet, made by famous Koreanist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Kholodovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Kholodovich (page does not exist)">Aleksandr Kholodovich</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Холодович, Александр Алексеевич">ru</a>]</span>, who would later make a <a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">system of transcribing Korean words into Russian</a>, looked like this:</p><blockquote> <div class="Unicode"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Soviet Korean orthography </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Latin script </th> <th>a </th> <th>ʙ </th> <th>d </th> <th>e </th> <th>æ </th> <th>g </th> <th>h </th> <th>i </th> <th>y </th> <th>k </th> <th>kh </th> <th>l </th> <th>r </th> <th>m </th> <th>n </th> <th>ng </th> <th>o </th> <th>ө </th> <th>ə </th> <th>p </th> <th>ph </th> <th>s </th> <th>t </th> <th>th </th> <th>u </th> <th>z </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </th> <td>ㅏ </td> <td>ㅂ </td> <td>ㄷ </td> <td>ㅔ </td> <td>ㅐ </td> <td>ㄱ </td> <td>ㅎ </td> <td>ㅣ </td> <td>ㅡ </td> <td>ㄲ </td> <td>ㅋ </td> <td>ᄙ </td> <td>ㄹ </td> <td>ㅁ </td> <td>ㄴ </td> <td>ㅇ </td> <td>ㅗ </td> <td>ㅚ </td> <td>ㅓ </td> <td>ㅃ </td> <td>ㅍ </td> <td>ㅆ </td> <td>ㄸ </td> <td>ㅌ </td> <td>ㅜ </td> <td>ㅅ </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Small_capital_B" title="Small capital B">Lowercase ʙ</a> was commonly used in Soviet Roman-derived alphabets due to some alphabets having a <a href="/wiki/I_with_bowl" title="I with bowl">letter similar to b</a> with a different purpose. The usage of only lowercase letters was also not unusual, as it was the Latin alphabet of <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe language</a>, for example. </p><p>Some words written in the Soviet Latin alphabet: gu lli, nongdhion haggio, nong ʙ, zængsan, gugga diaʙondiyi. </p><p>The alphabet faced criticism from Koreans and was never put into use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_various_systems">Comparison of various systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comparison of various systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of romanization of consonants<sup id="cite_ref-EoL_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoL-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hangul</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>RR</th> <th>MR</th> <th>Yale</th> <th>DPRK </th> <th>USSR</th> <th>KORDA</th> <th>Shibu</th> <th>Han</th> <th>Lukoff</th> <th>Mahngun </th></tr> <tr> <td>ㅁ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m </td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅂ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td>b/p<sup id="cite_ref-rr-stop_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-stop-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>p/b</td> <td>p</td> <td>p </td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>p</td> <td>b </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅃ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p͈/</span></td> <td>pp</td> <td>pp</td> <td>pp</td> <td>pp </td> <td>p</td> <td>bb</td> <td>bb</td> <td>bb</td> <td>pp</td> <td>p </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅍ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span></td> <td>p</td> <td>p'</td> <td>ph</td> <td>ph </td> <td>ph</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>ph</td> <td>ph </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <td>ㄴ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n </td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㄷ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td>d/t<sup id="cite_ref-rr-stop_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-stop-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>t/d</td> <td>t</td> <td>t </td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> <td>d </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㄸ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͈/</span></td> <td>tt</td> <td>tt</td> <td>tt</td> <td>tt </td> <td>t</td> <td>dd</td> <td>dd</td> <td>dd</td> <td>tt</td> <td>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅌ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰ/</span></td> <td>t</td> <td>t'</td> <td>th</td> <td>th </td> <td>th</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>th </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㄹ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/<span class="wrap"> </span>[l]~[ɾ]</span></td> <td>r/l<sup id="cite_ref-rr-stop_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-stop-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>r/l</td> <td>l</td> <td>r </td> <td>r</td> <td>r/l</td> <td>r</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l/r </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅅ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s </td> <td>z</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅆ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s͈/</span></td> <td>ss</td> <td>ss</td> <td>ss</td> <td>ss </td> <td>s</td> <td>ss</td> <td>ss</td> <td>ss</td> <td>ss</td> <td>ss </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <td>ㅈ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕ/~/t͡s/</span></td> <td>j</td> <td>ch/j</td> <td>c</td> <td>ts </td> <td>з</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>j </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅉ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͈͡ɕ/~/t͈͡s/</span></td> <td>jj</td> <td>tch</td> <td>cc</td> <td>tss </td> <td>c</td> <td>jj</td> <td>jj</td> <td>zz</td> <td>jj</td> <td>cz </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅊ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ɕʰ/~/t͡sʰ/</span></td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch'</td> <td>ch</td> <td>tsh </td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>jh</td> <td>ch </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <td>ㄱ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td>g/k<sup id="cite_ref-rr-stop_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-stop-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>k/g</td> <td>k</td> <td>k </td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>k</td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㄲ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͈/</span></td> <td>kk</td> <td>kk</td> <td>kk</td> <td>kk </td> <td>k</td> <td>gg</td> <td>gg</td> <td>gg</td> <td>kk</td> <td>k </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅋ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span></td> <td>k</td> <td>k'</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh </td> <td>kh</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>kh</td> <td>kh </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅎ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h </td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅇ</td> <td>silent / <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span><sup id="cite_ref-ng_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>-/ng<sup id="cite_ref-ng_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>-/ng<sup id="cite_ref-ng_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>-/ng<sup id="cite_ref-ng_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>-/ng<sup id="cite_ref-ng_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ŋ</td> <td>-/ng<sup id="cite_ref-ng_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>'/q</td> <td>g</td> <td>ng</td> <td>ng </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of romanization of vowels<sup id="cite_ref-EoL_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoL-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hangul</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>RR</th> <th>MR</th> <th>Yale</th> <th>DPRK </th> <th>USSR</th> <th>KORDA</th> <th>Shibu</th> <th>Han</th> <th>Lukoff</th> <th>Mahngun </th></tr> <tr> <td>ㅏ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅓ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span></td> <td>eo</td> <td>ŏ</td> <td>e</td> <td>ŏ </td> <td>ь</td> <td>u</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>ø</td> <td>au </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅗ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>(w)o</td> <td>o </td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅜ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>wu</td> <td>u </td> <td>u</td> <td>oo</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>ou </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅡ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɯ/<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɯ]~[ɨ]</span></td> <td>eu</td> <td>ŭ</td> <td>u</td> <td>ŭ </td> <td>y</td> <td>eu</td> <td>y</td> <td>w</td> <td>ʉ</td> <td>u </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅣ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i </td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i/y </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <td>ㅐ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td>ae</td> <td>ae</td> <td>ay</td> <td>ae </td> <td>ə</td> <td>ae</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ae</td> <td>ä</td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅔ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>ey</td> <td>e </td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>ei</td> <td>é</td> <td>e</td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅚ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/<span class="wrap"> </span>[ø]~[we]</span></td> <td>oe</td> <td>oe</td> <td>(w)oy</td> <td>oe </td> <td>ø</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oi</td> <td>ó</td> <td>ö</td> <td>we </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅟ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/<span class="wrap"> </span>[y]~[ɥi]</span></td> <td>wi</td> <td>wi</td> <td>wi</td> <td>we </td> <td>ui</td> <td>wi</td> <td>ui</td> <td>uj</td> <td>wi</td> <td>wi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅢ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɰi/<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɰi]~[ɨ̯i]~[i]</span></td> <td>ui</td> <td>ŭi</td> <td>uy</td> <td>ŭi </td> <td>yi</td> <td>ui</td> <td>yi</td> <td>wj</td> <td>ʉ</td> <td>ui </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <td>ㅑ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ja/</span></td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya </td> <td>ja</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ia</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ya</td> <td>ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅕ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʌ/</span></td> <td>yeo</td> <td>yŏ</td> <td>ye</td> <td>yŏ </td> <td>jь</td> <td>yu</td> <td>ie</td> <td>je</td> <td>yø</td> <td>yau </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅛ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jo/</span></td> <td>yo</td> <td>yo</td> <td>yo</td> <td>yo </td> <td>jo</td> <td>yo</td> <td>io</td> <td>jo</td> <td>yo</td> <td>yo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅠ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ju/</span></td> <td>yu</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yu </td> <td>ju</td> <td>yoo</td> <td>iu</td> <td>ju</td> <td>yu</td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅒ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɛ/</span></td> <td>yae</td> <td>yae</td> <td>yay</td> <td>yae </td> <td>jə</td> <td>yae</td> <td>iai</td> <td>jae</td> <td>yä</td> <td>yai </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅖ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span></td> <td>ye</td> <td>ye</td> <td>yey</td> <td>ye </td> <td>je</td> <td>ye</td> <td>iei</td> <td>jé</td> <td>ye</td> <td>ye </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <td>ㅘ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wa/</span></td> <td>wa</td> <td>wa</td> <td>wa</td> <td>wa </td> <td>wa</td> <td>wa</td> <td>oa</td> <td>ōa</td> <td>wa</td> <td>wa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅝ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʌ/</span></td> <td>wo</td> <td>wŏ</td> <td>we</td> <td>wŏ </td> <td>wь</td> <td>wo</td> <td>ue</td> <td>ōe</td> <td>wø</td> <td>wau </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅙ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɛ/</span></td> <td>wae</td> <td>wae</td> <td>way</td> <td>wae </td> <td>wə</td> <td>wae</td> <td>oai</td> <td>óae</td> <td>wä</td> <td>wai </td></tr> <tr> <td>ㅞ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/we/</span></td> <td>we</td> <td>we</td> <td>wey</td> <td>we </td> <td>we</td> <td>we</td> <td>uei</td> <td>ōé</td> <td>we</td> <td>we </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Hangul</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>RR<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Hangeul" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanization of Hangeul">RR transliteration</a> in brackets)</small></th> <th>MR</th> <th>Yale </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">wall</a></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">벽</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pjʌk̚]</span></td> <td><i>byeok<br />(byeog)</i></td> <td><i>pyŏk</i></td> <td>pyek </td></tr> <tr> <td>on the wall</td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">벽에</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pjʌ.ɡe̞]</span></td> <td><i>byeoge<br />(byeog-e)</i></td> <td><i>pyŏge</i></td> <td>pyek ey </td></tr> <tr> <td>outside<br /><small>(uninflected)</small></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">밖</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pak̚]</span></td> <td><i>bak<br />(bakk)</i></td> <td><i>pak</i></td> <td>pakk </td></tr> <tr> <td>outside</td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">밖에</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pa.k͈e̞]</span></td> <td><i>bakke<br />(bakk-e)</i></td> <td><i>pakke</i></td> <td>pakk ey </td></tr> <tr> <td>kitchen</td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">부엌</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pu.ʌk̚]</span></td> <td><i>bueok<br />(bueok)</i></td> <td><i>puŏk</i></td> <td>puekh </td></tr> <tr> <td>to/in the kitchen</td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">부엌에</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pu.ʌ.kʰe̞]</span></td> <td><i>bueoke<br />(bueok-e)</i></td> <td><i>puŏk'e</i></td> <td>puekh ey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">위키백과</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[yk.çi.be̞k̚.k͈wa̠]</span></td> <td><i>wikibaekgwa<br />(wikibaeggwa)</i></td> <td><i>wikibaekkwa</i></td> <td>wikhi payk.kwa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한글</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[han.ɡɯl]</span></td> <td><i>hangeul</i> <small>or</small> <i>han-geul<br />(hangeul)</i></td> <td><i>han'gŭl</i></td> <td>hānkul </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">character, letter</a></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">글자</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɯl.t͈ɕa]</span></td> <td><i>geulja<br />(geulja)</i></td> <td><i>kŭlcha</i></td> <td>kulqca </td></tr> <tr> <td>(an) easy (+ noun)</td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">쉬운</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕɥi.un]</span></td> <td><i>swiun<br />(swiun)</i></td> <td><i>shwiun</i></td> <td>swīwun </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korea has four distinct <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a>.</td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한국은 네 계절이 뚜렷하다.</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[han.ɡu.ɡɯn<span class="wrap"> </span>ne̞<span class="wrap"> </span>kje̞.dʑʌ.ɾi<span class="wrap"> </span>t͈u.ɾjʌ.tʰa.da]</span></td> <td><i>Hangugeun ne gyejeori tturyeotada.</i><br /><i>(Hangug-eun ne gyejeol-i ttulyeoshada.)</i></td> <td><i>Han'gugŭn ne kyejŏri tturyŏthada.</i></td> <td>Hānkwuk un nēy kyēycel i ttwulyes hata. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Just <a href="/wiki/Check_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Check box">check</a> the line color and width you want.</td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">원하시는 선 색깔과 굵기에 체크하시면 됩니다.</span></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wʌn.ɦa.ɕi.nɯn<span class="wrap"> </span>sʌn<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛ̝k̚.k͈al.ɡwa<span class="wrap"> </span>kul.k͈i.e̞<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕʰe̞.k͡xɯ.ɦa.ɕi.mjʌn<span class="wrap"> </span>twe̞m.ɲi.da]</span></td> <td><i>Wonhasineun seon saekkkalgwa gulkkie chekeuhasimyeon doemnida.<br />(Wonhasineun seon saegkkalgwa gulggie chekeuhasimyeon doebnida.)</i></td> <td><i>Wŏnhasinŭn sŏn saekkalgwa kulkie ch'ek'ŭhasimyŏn toemnida.</i></td> <td>Wēn hasinun sen sayk.kkal kwa kwulk.ki ey cheykhu hasimyen toypnita. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Cyrillization of Korean</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English title of work was <i>Translation of a comparative Vocabulary of the Chinese, Corean and Japanese, to Which is Added the thousand Character Classic, in Chinese and Corean, the Whole Accompanied by Copious Indexes of All the Chinese and English Words Occurring in the Work</i>. It was a translation of an 18th century text by the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> government agency <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Interpreters" title="Bureau of Interpreters">Bureau of Interpreters</a>. Holstein claims this is the first romanization system,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein199912–13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein199912–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Fouser provides an earlier example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rr-stop-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rr-stop_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rr-stop_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rr-stop_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rr-stop_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The first alternative is used before a vowel; the second is used elsewhere.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ng-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ng_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ng_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nothing in syllable-initial position, <i>ng</i> syllable-finally.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Huh, Sun (August 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escienceediting.org/journal/view.php?number=106">"How to romanize Korean characters in international journals"</a>. <i>Science Editing</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6087%2Fkcse.100">10.6087/kcse.100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2288-8063">2288-8063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Editing&rft.atitle=How+to+romanize+Korean+characters+in+international+journals&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6087%2Fkcse.100&rft.issn=2288-8063&rft.aulast=Huh&rft.aufirst=Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escienceediting.org%2Fjournal%2Fview.php%3Fnumber%3D106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALALC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALALC_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/korean.pdf">"ALA-LC Romanization Tables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Fkorean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001246,_255-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001246,_255_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001246,_255_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2001">Lee 2001</a>, p. 246, 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999164–165-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999164–165_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999164–165_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19993_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolstein1999">Holstein 1999</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein199912–13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein199912–13_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolstein1999">Holstein 1999</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolstein1999">Holstein 1999</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159–160-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999159–160_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392–3_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160–161-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999160–161_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999161_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19392_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19391-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19391_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19391_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19394–5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19394–5_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19395–6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19395–6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999157-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999157_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19397-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19397_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19399–12-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer19399–12_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, pp. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193920–21,_23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer193920–21,_23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>, pp. 20–21, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김용2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김용 (July 12, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.news.naver.com/news.nhn?oid=076&aid=0004030620"><bdi lang="ko">아버지 성은 'SHIM', 아들은 'SIM'...'헤라클래스' 부자에 무슨 사연이?</bdi></a> [Father's surname is Shim, son's is Sim... What is the story behind the "Hercules" father and son?] (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Sports_Chosun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports Chosun">Sports Chosun</a>. <q>심정수는 이주 과정에서 여권 신청서를 작성할 때 실수로 아들들의 성을 'SIM'으로 적었다고 한다. 뒤늦게 실수를 알았지만, 다시 이름을 바꾸기는 어려웠다.</q> [When <a href="/wiki/Shim_Jeong-soo" title="Shim Jeong-soo">Shim Jeong-soo</a> was applying for his sons' passports to go abroad, he mistakenly wrote their surname as "SIM". He later realized his mistake, but it was too late to change.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%EC%95%84%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80+%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%80+%27SHIM%27%2C+%EC%95%84%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%80+%27SIM%27...%27%ED%97%A4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%B4%EB%9E%98%EC%8A%A4%27+%EB%B6%80%EC%9E%90%EC%97%90+%EB%AC%B4%EC%8A%A8+%EC%82%AC%EC%97%B0%EC%9D%B4%3F&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%9A%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.news.naver.com%2Fnews.nhn%3Foid%3D076%26aid%3D0004030620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19992-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19992_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19992_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolstein1999">Holstein 1999</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer1939-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCuneReischauer1939_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939">McCune & Reischauer 1939</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19991–2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolstein1999">Holstein 1999</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolstein19994–5-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolstein19994–5_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolstein1999">Holstein 1999</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162–163-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999162–163_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999163–164-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999163–164_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999165–166-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999165–166_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999165–166_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoll20178-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoll20178_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoll2017">Doll 2017</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999166-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999166_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999167–169-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999167–169_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 167–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthly.chosun.com/client/news/viw.asp?ctcd=&nNewsNumb=200009100029"><bdi lang="ko">2005년까지 연차적으로 도로표지판을 바꾸는 데 5000억~6000억원이 들고</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Chosun" title="Monthly Chosun">Monthly Chosun</a>. September 1, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2005%EB%85%84%EA%B9%8C%EC%A7%80+%EC%97%B0%EC%B0%A8%EC%A0%81%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C+%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%91%9C%EC%A7%80%ED%8C%90%EC%9D%84+%EB%B0%94%EA%BE%B8%EB%8A%94+%EB%8D%B0+5000%EC%96%B5~6000%EC%96%B5%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B4+%EB%93%A4%EA%B3%A0&rft.pub=Monthly+Chosun&rft.date=2000-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonthly.chosun.com%2Fclient%2Fnews%2Fviw.asp%3Fctcd%3D%26nNewsNumb%3D200009100029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthony.sogang.ac.kr/Dallet/Index.html">"Charles Dallet, Histoire"</a>. <i>anthony.sogang.ac.kr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anthony.sogang.ac.kr&rft.atitle=Charles+Dallet%2C+Histoire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthony.sogang.ac.kr%2FDallet%2FIndex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociété_des_missions_étrangères" class="citation book cs1">Société des missions étrangères. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/DictionnaireCoren-franais"><i>Dictionnaire coréen-français</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+cor%C3%A9en-fran%C3%A7ais&rft.au=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+missions+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDictionnaireCoren-franais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociété_asiatique_(Paris1864" class="citation journal cs1">Société asiatique (Paris, France) (1864). <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Aper%C3%A7u_de_la_langue_cor%C3%A9enne">"Aperçu de la langue coréenne"</a>. <i>Journal asiatique</i>: 287–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+asiatique&rft.atitle=Aper%C3%A7u+de+la+langue+cor%C3%A9enne&rft.pages=287-325&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+asiatique+%28Paris&rft.aufirst=France%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAper%25C3%25A7u_de_la_langue_cor%25C3%25A9enne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001249-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001249_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2001">Lee 2001</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FredLukoff-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FredLukoff_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926081646/http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/korpin.php">"Korean Romanization Reference"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/korpin.php">the original</a> on September 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Romanization+Reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glossika.com%2Fen%2Fdict%2Fkorpin.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tufs.ac.jp/ts/personal/choes/korean/middle/Esibu.html">"Shibu Shohei System of Korean Romanisation"</a>. <i>www.tufs.ac.jp</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tufs.ac.jp&rft.atitle=Shibu+Shohei+System+of+Korean+Romanisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tufs.ac.jp%2Fts%2Fpersonal%2Fchoes%2Fkorean%2Fmiddle%2FEsibu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.keyman.com/keyboard/korda/2.1/About%20KORDA.pdf">"KORDA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KORDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.keyman.com%2Fkeyboard%2Fkorda%2F2.1%2FAbout%2520KORDA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999172-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999172_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999171-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999171_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95&oldid=31564299"><bdi lang="ko">김복문 로마자 표기법</bdi></a>, <i>위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전</i> (in Korean), February 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%2C+%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC+%EB%AA%A8%EB%91%90%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84&rft.atitle=%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8+%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90+%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95&rft.date=2022-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fko.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25EA%25B9%2580%25EB%25B3%25B5%25EB%25AC%25B8_%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25A7%2588%25EC%259E%2590_%25ED%2591%259C%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EB%25B2%2595%26oldid%3D31564299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999170–171-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999170–171_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFouser1999169–170-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFouser1999169–170_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFouser1999">Fouser 1999</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2001246-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2001246_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2001">Lee 2001</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Советское языкознание, т.1. Л., 1935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.lib.ru/k/kim_o_i/tygj6rtf.shtml">"Ким Герман.Рассказы о родном языке.Рассказ 4.Неудавшаяся революция в корейской письменности"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B+%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5.%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+4.%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.lib.ru%2Fk%2Fkim_o_i%2Ftygj6rtf.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoL-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoL_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoL_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoma2005" class="citation book cs1">Noma, Hideki (2005). 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Taylor & Francis. pp. 579–584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-450-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-450-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-450-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Korean&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=579-584&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-450-4&rft.aulast=Noma&rft.aufirst=Hideki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNGEGN-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNGEGN_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNGEGN_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/Unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/22-GEGN-Docs/wp/gegn22wp48.pdf">"Updates to the Report on the Current Status of UN Romanization Systems for Geographic Names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations. 2004. pp. 20–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updates+to+the+Report+on+the+Current+Status+of+UN+Romanization+Systems+for+Geographic+Names&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2FUnsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F22-GEGN-Docs%2Fwp%2Fgegn22wp48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140307225247/http://www.hangeul.or.kr/html/nmf/han_50/12220.pdf#">"Argument for horizontal writing of Hangul"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hangeul.or.kr/html/nmf/han_50/12220.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argument+for+horizontal+writing+of+Hangul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hangeul.or.kr%2Fhtml%2Fnmf%2Fhan_50%2F12220.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2024" class="citation journal cs1">King, Ross (January 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/120306076/Another_language_that_failed_The_beginnings_of_Soviet_Korean_in_the_Russian_Far_East_1922_1937">"Another language that failed? The beginnings of 'Soviet' Korean in the Russian Far East, 1922-1937"</a>. <i>Korean Linguistics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Another+language+that+failed%3F+The+beginnings+of+%26%2339%3BSoviet%26%2339%3B+Korean+in+the+Russian+Far+East%2C+1922-1937&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F120306076%2FAnother_language_that_failed_The_beginnings_of_Soviet_Korean_in_the_Russian_Far_East_1922_1937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2024" class="citation journal cs1">King, Ross (January 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/120306076/Another_language_that_failed_The_beginnings_of_Soviet_Korean_in_the_Russian_Far_East_1922_1937">"Another language that failed? The beginnings of 'Soviet' Korean in the Russian Far East, 1922-1937"</a>. <i>Korean Linguistics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Another+language+that+failed%3F+The+beginnings+of+%26%2339%3BSoviet%26%2339%3B+Korean+in+the+Russian+Far+East%2C+1922-1937&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F120306076%2FAnother_language_that_failed_The_beginnings_of_Soviet_Korean_in_the_Russian_Far_East_1922_1937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoll2017" class="citation journal cs1">Doll, Chris (October 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal/vol2017/iss165/8/">"Korean Rŏmaniz'atiŏn: Is It Finally Time for The Library Of Congress to Stop Promoting Mccune-Reischauer and Adopt the Revised Romanization Scheme?"</a>. <i>Journal of East Asian Libraries</i>. <b>2017</b> (165). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1087-5093">1087-5093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Libraries&rft.atitle=Korean+R%C5%8Fmaniz%E2%80%99ati%C5%8Fn%3A+Is+It+Finally+Time+for+The+Library+Of+Congress+to+Stop+Promoting+Mccune-Reischauer+and+Adopt+the+Revised+Romanization+Scheme%3F&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=165&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft.issn=1087-5093&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fjeal%2Fvol2017%2Fiss165%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolstein1999" class="citation journal cs1">Holstein, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raskb.com/full-texts-by-volume-2/">"The McCune-Reischauer Korean Romanization System"</a>. <i>Transactions</i>. <b>74</b>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Royal Asiatic Society</a>: 1–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions&rft.atitle=The+McCune-Reischauer+Korean+Romanization+System&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Holstein&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraskb.com%2Ffull-texts-by-volume-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1982" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Edward F. (August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09374257">"Romanization of Korean: Do Armchair Linguists Have the Answer?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea_Journal" title="Korea Journal">Korea Journal</a></i>. <b>22</b> (8): 16–23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-3900">0023-3900</a> – via <a href="/wiki/DBpia" class="mw-redirect" title="DBpia">DBpia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=Romanization+of+Korean%3A+Do+Armchair+Linguists+Have+the+Answer%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=16-23&rft.date=1982-08&rft.issn=0023-3900&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Edward+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbpia.co.kr%2FJournal%2FarticleDetail%3FnodeId%3DNODE09374257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Sang-Oak (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09373317">"The Present State of Korean Romanization System in Y2K : Case of Fugitive G: Why to K? :Case of Fugitive G: Why to K?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea_Journal" title="Korea Journal">Korea Journal</a></i>. <b>41</b> (1): 246–267. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-3900">0023-3900</a> – via <a href="/wiki/DBpia" class="mw-redirect" title="DBpia">DBpia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Present+State+of+Korean+Romanization+System+in+Y2K+%3A+Case+of+Fugitive+G%3A+Why+to+K%3F+%3ACase+of+Fugitive+G%3A+Why+to+K%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=246-267&rft.date=2001-03&rft.issn=0023-3900&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sang-Oak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbpia.co.kr%2FJournal%2FarticleDetail%3FnodeId%3DNODE09373317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCuneReischauer1939" class="citation journal cs1">McCune, George M.; Reischauer, Edwin O. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raskb.com/full-texts-by-volume-2/">"The Romanization of the Korean Language Based on Its Phonetic Structure"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch</i>. <b>29</b>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_Korea_Branch" title="Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch">Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch</a>: 1–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+Korea+Branch&rft.atitle=The+Romanization+of+the+Korean+Language+Based+on+Its+Phonetic+Structure&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-55&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=McCune&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft.au=Reischauer%2C+Edwin+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraskb.com%2Ffull-texts-by-volume-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouser1999" class="citation journal cs1">Fouser, Robert J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/90818/1/6.%20Nationalism%20and%20Globalism%20in%20Transliteration%20System%20%20Romanization%20Debates%20in%20Korea.pdf">"Nationalism and Globalism in Transliteration Systems: Romanization Debates in Korea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language Research 어학연구</i>. <b>35</b> (1/4). Seoul National University Language Education Institute 서울대학교 언어교육원.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Research+%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Globalism+in+Transliteration+Systems%3A+Romanization+Debates+in+Korea&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fouser&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs-space.snu.ac.kr%2Fbitstream%2F10371%2F90818%2F1%2F6.%2520Nationalism%2520and%2520Globalism%2520in%2520Transliteration%2520System%2520%2520Romanization%2520Debates%2520in%2520Korea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Comparison tables of the different systems:</b> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_ko.pdf">Comparison table of ISO TR/11941, North Korean national system (1992), Revised Romanization, McCune–Reischauer, Yale</a> (PDF file from UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names Working Group on Romanization Systems)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307230629/http://www.glossika.com/en/dict/Korpin.pdf">Comparison table of IPA, Yale, McCune–Reischauer, Lukoff, South Korea Ministry of Education, Joseon Gwahagwon, Revised Romanization</a> (PDF file from Glossika Inc.)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080327230820/http://www.koreapta.com/a6005.htm">Lukoff's system (simple table)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columnist.org/parkk/infoage/romaniz.htm">Gangmun Romanization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gimite.net/roman2hangul/">Online Roman to Korean transliteration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauvecloud.net/charsets/hangulgenerator.html">Another online Roman to Korean transliteration</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanization" title="Template:Romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanization" title="Template talk:Romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By publisher (for several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari 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