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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early adulthood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_adulthood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early adulthood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heir_apparent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heir_apparent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heir apparent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heir_apparent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Accession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Uncle_of_Europe"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Uncle_of_Europe""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>"Uncle of Europe"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Uncle_of_Europe"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Political opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Constitutional crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_foreign_military_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_foreign_military_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Honorary foreign military appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_foreign_military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_van_die_Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Edward VII van die Verenigde Koninkryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edward VII van die Verenigde Koninkryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92adweard_VII_Bretta_Cyning" title="Ēadweard VII Bretta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēadweard VII Bretta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="إدوارد السابع ملك المملكة المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدوارد السابع ملك المملكة المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII_d%27o_Reino_Uniu" title="Eduardo VII d'o Reino Uniu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eduardo VII d'o Reino Uniu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII_del_Reinu_Xun%C3%ADu" title="Eduardo VII del Reinu Xuníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eduardo VII del Reinu Xuníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_Eduard" title="VII Eduard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VII Eduard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="یئدینجی ادوارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئدینجی ادوارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="সপ্তম এডওয়ার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সপ্তম এডওয়ার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_7-s%C3%A8" title="Edward 7-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Edward 7-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VII" title="Эдуард VII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эдуард VII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%9E%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VII" title="Эдўард VII – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эдўард VII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII_kan_Reino_Unido" title="Eduardo VII kan Reino Unido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Eduardo VII kan Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VII" title="Едуард VII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард VII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VII,_kralj_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Edvard VII, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Edvard VII, kralj Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouarzh_VII" title="Edouarzh VII – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edouarzh VII" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VII_del_Regne_Unit" title="Eduard VII del Regne Unit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eduard VII del Regne Unit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VII." title="Eduard VII. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eduard VII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII,_brenin_y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Edward VII, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edward VII, brenin y Deyrnas Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_7._af_Storbritannien" title="Edvard 7. af Storbritannien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edvard 7. af Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VII." title="Eduard VII. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eduard VII." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%96%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εδουάρδος Ζ΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εδουάρδος Ζ΄ του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII_del_Reino_Unido" title="Eduardo VII del Reino Unido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eduardo VII del Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_la_7-a" title="Eduardo la 7-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eduardo la 7-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII.a_Erresuma_Batukoa" title="Eduardo VII.a Erresuma Batukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eduardo VII.a Erresuma Batukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ادوارد هفتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد هفتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VII_av_St%C3%B3rabretlandi" title="Edvard VII av Stórabretlandi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Edvard VII av Stórabretlandi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_VII" title="Édouard VII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Édouard VII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89adbhard_VII_na_R%C3%ADochta_Aontaithe" title="Éadbhard VII na Ríochta Aontaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éadbhard VII na Ríochta Aontaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eideard_VII" title="Eideard VII – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eideard VII" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII_do_Reino_Unido" title="Eduardo VII do Reino Unido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eduardo VII do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_7-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Edward 7-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Edward 7-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_7%EC%84%B8" title="에드워드 7세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드워드 7세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_VII" title="Էդուարդ VII – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդուարդ VII" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="एडवर्ड सप्तम् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एडवर्ड सप्तम्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VII." title="Eduard VII. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eduard VII." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_la_7ma_di_Unionita_Rejio" title="Edward la 7ma di Unionita Rejio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward la 7ma di Unionita Rejio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_dari_Britania_Raya" title="Edward VII dari Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward VII dari Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII_del_Regno_Unite" title="Eduardo VII del Regno Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Eduardo VII del Regno Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1tvar%C3%B0ur_7._Bretlandskonungur" title="Játvarður 7. Bretlandskonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Játvarður 7. Bretlandskonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_VII_del_Regno_Unito" title="Edoardo VII del Regno Unito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edoardo VII del Regno Unito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA" title="אדוארד השביעי, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד השביעי, מלך הממלכה המאוחדת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_VII" title="ედუარდ VII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედუარდ VII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="VII Эдуард – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="VII Эдуард" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardus_VII_(rex_Britanniarum)" title="Eduardus VII (rex Britanniarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eduardus VII (rex Britanniarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduards_VII" title="Eduards VII – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eduards VII" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardas_VII" title="Eduardas VII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eduardas VII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Edu%C3%A1rd_brit_kir%C3%A1ly" title="VII. Eduárd brit király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VII. Eduárd brit király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VII" title="Едвард VII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Едвард VII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="എഡ്വേർഡ് ഏഴാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡ്വേർഡ് ഏഴാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लंडचा सातवा एडवर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडचा सातवा एडवर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ادوارد السابع ملك المملكه المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد السابع ملك المملكه المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7)" title="ادوارد هفتم (بریتانیا شا) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ادوارد هفتم (بریتانیا شا)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_dari_United_Kingdom" title="Edward VII dari United Kingdom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edward VII dari United Kingdom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9D%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သတ္တမမြောက် အက်ဒဝပ်ဘုရင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သတ္တမမြောက် အက်ဒဝပ်ဘုရင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_van_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Edward VII van het Verenigd Koninkrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward VII van het Verenigd Koninkrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%897%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="エドワード7世 (イギリス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード7世 (イギリス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VII._(Ferianigt_K%C3%B6ningrik)" title="Eduard VII. (Ferianigt Köningrik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eduard VII. (Ferianigt Köningrik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VII_av_Storbritannia" title="Edvard VII av Storbritannia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edvard VII av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VII_av_Storbritannia" title="Edvard VII av Storbritannia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edvard VII av Storbritannia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douard_VII_du_Rouoyaume_Unni" title="Douard VII du Rouoyaume Unni – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Douard VII du Rouoyaume Unni" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoard_VII_deu_Reiaume_Unit" title="Edoard VII deu Reiaume Unit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edoard VII deu Reiaume Unit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%90%DA%89%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89" title="اوم اېډوارډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوم اېډوارډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_VII_do_Reino_Unido" title="Eduardo VII do Reino Unido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eduardo VII do Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VII" title="Eduard VII – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Eduard VII" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_al_VII-lea_al_Regatului_Unit" title="Eduard al VII-lea al Regatului Unit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eduard al VII-lea al Regatului Unit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VII" title="Эдуард VII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдуард VII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eteuati_VII" title="Eteuati VII – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Eteuati VII" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A5%AD" title="एडवर्ड ७ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एडवर्ड ७" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2" title="එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි හත්වන එඩ්වඩ් රජ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි හත්වන එඩ්වඩ් රජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward VII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_VII." title="Eduard VII. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eduard VII." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VII._Britanski" title="Edvard VII. Britanski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Edvard VII. Britanski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئێدواردی حەوتەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێدواردی حەوتەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VII" title="Едвард VII – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Едвард VII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_od_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva" title="Edward VII od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edward VII od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VII" title="Edvard VII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edvard VII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_VII_av_Storbritannien" title="Edvard VII av Storbritannien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edvard VII av Storbritannien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் ஏழாம் எட்வர்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் ஏழாம் எட்வர்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_7_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 7 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าเอ็ดเวิร์ดที่ 7 แห่งสหราชอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Edward" title="VII. Edward – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VII. Edward" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_VII" title="Едуард VII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едуард VII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%DB%81%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ایڈورڈ ہفتم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈورڈ ہفتم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Edward VII của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Edward VII của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_han_Reino_Unido" title="Edward VII han Reino Unido – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edward VII han Reino Unido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华七世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱德华七世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="愛德華七世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="愛德華七世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华七世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爱德华七世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20875#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Downey">W. & D. Downey</a>, 1900s</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a><br />and the <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">British Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1901 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">6 May 1910</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Edward_VII_and_Alexandra" title="Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1902</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Durbar#Durbar_of_1903" title="Delhi Durbar">Imperial Durbar</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1903</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1841-11-09</span>)</span>9 November 1841<br /><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 May 1910<span style="display:none">(1910-05-06)</span> (aged 68)<br />Buckingham Palace, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1910<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Royal Vault, <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>28 November 1925<br /><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">Albert Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel</div></li> <li>22 April 1927<br /><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;">South Aisle, St George's Chapel</div></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 March 1863">1863</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal" title="Louise, Princess Royal">Louise, Princess Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom">Princess Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud,_Queen_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Maud, Queen of Norway">Maud, Queen of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander John of Wales">Prince Alexander John of Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Albert Edward</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protestantism in the United Kingdom">Protestant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardVII_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward VII's signature"><img alt="Signature of Edward VII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/EdwardVII_Signature.svg/125px-EdwardVII_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/EdwardVII_Signature.svg/188px-EdwardVII_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/EdwardVII_Signature.svg/250px-EdwardVII_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="39" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward VII</b> (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>, from 22 January 1901 until <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Edward_VII" title="Death and state funeral of Edward VII">his death</a> in 1910. </p><p>The second child and eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, Edward, nicknamed "Bertie", was related to royalty throughout Europe. He was <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="British throne">British throne</a> for almost 60 years. During his mother's reign, he was largely excluded from political influence and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_Edward_and_Princess_Alexandra" title="Wedding of Prince Albert Edward and Princess Alexandra">married</a> Princess <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a> in 1863, and the couple had six children. As Prince of Wales, Edward travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in 1875 proved popular successes, but despite public approval, his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother. </p><p>Edward inherited the throne upon <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria">his mother's death</a> in 1901. He played a role in the modernisation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Fleet">British Home Fleet</a> and the reorganisation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> of 1899–1902. He re-instituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries, especially <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, for which he was popularly called "Peacemaker", but his relationship with his nephew, German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>, was poor. The <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a>, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> propulsion and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">rise of socialism</a>. Edward died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>, which restricted the power of the unelected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Edward was succeeded by his only surviving son, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VII_(1841_%E2%80%93_1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Edward_VII_%281841_%E2%80%93_1910%29.jpg/170px-Edward_VII_%281841_%E2%80%93_1910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Edward_VII_%281841_%E2%80%93_1910%29.jpg/255px-Edward_VII_%281841_%E2%80%93_1910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Edward_VII_%281841_%E2%80%93_1910%29.jpg/340px-Edward_VII_%281841_%E2%80%93_1910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a>, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward was born on 9 November 1841 in <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the eldest son and second child of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>. He was christened <i>Albert Edward</i> at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, on 25 January 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>. He was known as <i>Bertie</i> to the royal family throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the eldest son of the British sovereign, Edward was automatically <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> at birth. As a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Duke of Saxony</a>. He was created <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester</a> on 8 December 1841, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dublin" title="Earl of Dublin">Earl of Dublin</a> on 17 January 1850,<sup id="cite_ref-weir_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a> on 9 November 1858, and a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Thistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Thistle">Knight of the Thistle</a> on 24 May 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-weir_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weir-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863, he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> in favour of his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Queen and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a model <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a>. At age seven, Edward embarked on a rigorous educational programme devised by Albert, and supervised by several tutors. Unlike his elder sister <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a>, he did not excel in his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> described him as informed, intelligent and of sweet manner.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor Frederick Waymouth Gibbs was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_(1813%E2%80%931862)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bruce (1813–1862)">Robert Bruce</a> as his personal governor.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, Edward spent the summer of that year studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> under, among others, the chemist <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyon Playfair">Lyon Playfair</a>. In October, he <a href="/wiki/Matriculated" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriculated">matriculated</a> as an undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now released from the educational strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time and performed satisfactorily in examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861, he transferred to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was tutored in history by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of Modern History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingsley's efforts brought forth the best academic performances of Edward's life, and Edward actually looked forward to his lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_adulthood">Early adulthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H.R.H._Prince_of_Wales_and_Suite_at_Point_View,_Niagara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/H.R.H._Prince_of_Wales_and_Suite_at_Point_View%2C_Niagara.jpg/220px-H.R.H._Prince_of_Wales_and_Suite_at_Point_View%2C_Niagara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/H.R.H._Prince_of_Wales_and_Suite_at_Point_View%2C_Niagara.jpg/330px-H.R.H._Prince_of_Wales_and_Suite_at_Point_View%2C_Niagara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/H.R.H._Prince_of_Wales_and_Suite_at_Point_View%2C_Niagara.jpg/440px-H.R.H._Prince_of_Wales_and_Suite_at_Point_View%2C_Niagara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Edward and his entourage at <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1860, Edward undertook the first tour of North America by a Prince of Wales. His genial good humour and confident <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:bonhomie" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:bonhomie">bonhomie</a></i> made the tour a great success.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bridge,_Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Bridge, Montreal">Victoria Bridge, Montreal</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lawrence River">St Lawrence River</a>, and laid the cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill,_Ottawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Hill, Ottawa">Parliament Hill, Ottawa</a>. He watched <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blondin" title="Charles Blondin">Charles Blondin</a> traverse <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> by highwire, and stayed for three days with President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Buchanan accompanied the prince to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>, to pay his respects at the tomb of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. Vast crowds greeted Edward everywhere. He met <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a> Prayers for the royal family were said in <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Church, New York">Trinity Church, New York</a>, for the first time since 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-month tour throughout Canada and the United States considerably boosted Edward's confidence and self-esteem, and had many diplomatic benefits for Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward had hoped to pursue a career in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, but his mother vetoed an active military career.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been <a href="/wiki/Gazetted" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazetted">gazetted</a> colonel on 9 November 1858<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—to his disappointment, as he had wanted to earn his commission by examination.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1861, he was sent to Germany, supposedly to watch military manoeuvres, but actually in order to engineer a meeting between him and Princess <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a>. The Queen and Prince Albert had already decided that Edward and Alexandra should marry. They met at <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> on 24 September under the auspices of Edward's elder sister, Victoria, who had married the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Crown Prince of Prussia</a> in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Princess Victoria, acting upon instructions from her mother, had met Alexandra at <a href="/wiki/Neustrelitz" title="Neustrelitz">Strelitz</a> in June; Alexandra made a very favourable impression. She and Edward were friendly from the start, and marriage plans advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward gained a reputation as a playboy. Determined to get some army experience, he attended manoeuvres in Ireland, during which he spent three nights with an actress, <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Clifden" title="Nellie Clifden">Nellie Clifden</a>, who was hidden in the camp by his fellow officers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert, though ill, was appalled and visited Edward at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> to issue a reprimand. Albert died in December 1861, just two weeks after the visit. The Queen was inconsolable, wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous, indiscreet and irresponsible. She wrote to her eldest daughter, "I never can, or shall, look at him without a shudder."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_Edward_and_Princess_Alexandra" title="Wedding of Prince Albert Edward and Princess Alexandra">Wedding of Prince Albert Edward and Princess Alexandra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Powell_Frith_-_The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales,_10_March_1863.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/William_Powell_Frith_-_The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales%2C_10_March_1863.JPG/220px-William_Powell_Frith_-_The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales%2C_10_March_1863.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/William_Powell_Frith_-_The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales%2C_10_March_1863.JPG/330px-William_Powell_Frith_-_The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales%2C_10_March_1863.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/William_Powell_Frith_-_The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales%2C_10_March_1863.JPG/440px-William_Powell_Frith_-_The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales%2C_10_March_1863.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>The marriage of the Prince of Wales and Princess Alexandra of Denmark, Windsor, 10 March 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>Once widowed, the Queen effectively withdrew from public life. Shortly after Prince Albert's death, she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> wanted Edward to secure the friendship of Egypt's ruler, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_of_Egypt" title="Sa'id of Egypt">Said Pasha</a>, to prevent French control of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> if the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> collapsed. It was the first <a href="/wiki/Royal_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal tour">royal tour</a> on which an official photographer, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bedford_(photographer)" title="Francis Bedford (photographer)">Francis Bedford</a>, was in attendance. As soon as Edward returned to Britain, preparations were made for his engagement, which was sealed at <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a> in Belgium on 9 September 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward married Alexandra at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, on 10 March 1863. He was 21; she was 18. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeddingEA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/WeddingEA.jpg/220px-WeddingEA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/WeddingEA.jpg/330px-WeddingEA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/WeddingEA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>The couple established <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a> as their London residence and <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> in Norfolk as their country retreat. They entertained on a lavish scale. Their marriage met with disapproval in certain circles because most of the Queen's relations were German, and Denmark was at loggerheads with Germany over the territories of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>. When Alexandra's father, <a href="/wiki/King_Christian_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="King Christian IX">King Christian IX</a>, inherited the throne of Denmark in November 1863, the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> took the opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">invade and annex Schleswig-Holstein</a>. The Queen was in two minds as to whether it was a suitable match, given the political climate.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the marriage, she expressed anxiety about their socialite lifestyle and attempted to dictate to them on various matters, including the names of their children.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales.jpg/220px-London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales.jpg/330px-London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales.jpg/440px-London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4878" data-file-height="3185" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_on_the_Night_of_the_Marriage_of_the_Prince_and_Princess_of_Wales" title="London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales">London Bridge on the Night of the Marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a> (1864)</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward had <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistresses</a> throughout his married life. He socialised with actress <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Lady Randolph Churchill</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Greville,_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick">Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick</a>; actress <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>; noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Lady_Susan_Vane-Tempest" title="Lady Susan Vane-Tempest">Lady Susan Vane-Tempest</a>; singer <a href="/wiki/Hortense_Schneider" title="Hortense Schneider">Hortense Schneider</a>; prostitute Giulia Beneni (known as "La Barucci"); wealthy humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Keyser" title="Agnes Keyser">Agnes Keyser</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Alice_Keppel" title="Alice Keppel">Alice Keppel</a>. At least fifty-five liaisons are conjectured.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How far these relationships went is not always clear. Edward always strove to be discreet, but this did not prevent society gossip or press speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keppel's great-granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Parker_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla Parker Bowles">Camilla Parker Bowles</a> became the mistress and subsequent wife of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, Edward's great-great-grandson. It was rumoured that Camilla's grandmother Sonia Keppel was fathered by Edward, but she was "almost certainly" the daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_Keppel_(British_Army_officer,_born_1865)" title="George Keppel (British Army officer, born 1865)">George Keppel</a>, whom she resembled.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward never acknowledged any illegitimate children.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandra was aware of his affairs, and seems to have accepted them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Mordaunt,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Mordaunt, 10th Baronet">Sir Charles Mordaunt</a>, a <a href="/wiki/British_Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Member of Parliament">British Member of Parliament</a>, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce suit. Ultimately, he did not do so but Edward was called as a witness in the case in early 1870. It was shown that Edward had visited the Mordaunts' house while Sir Charles was away sitting in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. Although nothing further was proven and Edward denied he had committed <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, the suggestion of impropriety was damaging.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heir_apparent">Heir apparent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heir apparent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his mother's widowhood, Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as they are understood today—for example, opening the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Embankment" title="Thames Embankment">Thames Embankment</a> in 1871, the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Railway" title="Mersey Railway">Mersey Railway Tunnel</a> in 1886, and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> in 1894<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but his mother did not allow him an active role in the running of the country until 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent summaries of important government documents, but she refused to give him access to the originals.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward annoyed his mother, who favoured the Germans, by siding with Denmark on the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein Question">Schleswig-Holstein Question</a> in 1864 and in the same year annoyed her again by making a special effort to meet <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, the Italian general and revolutionary, who was a leader in the movement for <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> sent him papers secretly.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1886, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rosebery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rosebery">Lord Rosebery</a> sent him <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> despatches, and from 1892 some <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> papers were opened to him.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> was declared.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the winter of 1871, a brush with death led to an improvement in both Edward's popularity with the public and his relationship with his mother. While staying at Londesborough Lodge, near <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough, North Yorkshire</a>, Edward contracted <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, the disease that was believed to have killed his father. There was great national concern, and one of his fellow guests (<a href="/wiki/George_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="George Stanhope, 7th Earl of Chesterfield">Lord Chesterfield</a>) died. Edward's recovery was greeted with almost universal relief.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public celebrations included the composition of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Festival_Te_Deum" title="Festival Te Deum">Festival Te Deum</a>. Edward cultivated politicians from all parties, including republicans, as his friends, and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward,_Prince_of_Wales,_with_elephant,_Terai_cph.3b08927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edward beside an elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales%2C_with_elephant%2C_Terai_cph.3b08927.jpg/170px-Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales%2C_with_elephant%2C_Terai_cph.3b08927.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales%2C_with_elephant%2C_Terai_cph.3b08927.jpg/255px-Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales%2C_with_elephant%2C_Terai_cph.3b08927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales%2C_with_elephant%2C_Terai_cph.3b08927.jpg/340px-Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales%2C_with_elephant%2C_Terai_cph.3b08927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Edward (front left) in India, 1875–76</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 September 1875, Edward set off for India on an extensive eight-month tour; on the way, he visited Malta, <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> and Greece. His advisors remarked on his habit of treating all people the same, regardless of their social station or colour. In letters home, he complained of the treatment of the native Indians by the British officials: "Because a man has a black face and a different religion from our own, there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, issued new guidance and at least one <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">resident</a> was removed from office.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to England on 11 May 1876, after stopping off at Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the tour, Queen Victoria was given the title <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a> by Parliament, in part as a result of the tour's success.<sup id="cite_ref-bc104_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men's fashions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made wearing <a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">tweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">Homburg hats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk jackets</a> fashionable, and popularised the wearing of black ties with dinner jackets, instead of <a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a> and tails.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pioneered the pressing of trouser legs from side to side in preference to the now normal front and back creases,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was thought to have introduced the stand-up turn-down shirt collar, created for him by <a href="/wiki/Charvet_Place_Vend%C3%B4me#International_recognition" title="Charvet Place Vendôme">Charvet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stickler for proper dress, he is said to have admonished Lord Salisbury for wearing the trousers of an Elder Brother of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy councillor</a>'s coat. Deep in an international crisis, Salisbury informed Edward that it had been a dark morning, and that "my mind must have been occupied by some subject of less importance."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of men not buttoning the bottom button of waistcoats is said to be linked to Edward, who supposedly left his undone because of his large girth.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His waist measured 48 inches (122 cm) shortly before his coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced the practice of eating roast beef and potatoes with <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a> sauce and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a> on Sundays, a meal that remains a staple British favourite for <a href="/wiki/Sunday_lunch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday lunch">Sunday lunch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a lifelong heavy smoker, but not a heavy drinker, though he did drink champagne and, occasionally, port.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a>. He opened the college in 1883 with the words, "Class can no longer stand apart from class ... I claim for music that it produces that union of feeling which I much desire to promote."<sup id="cite_ref-bc104_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, he enjoyed gambling and country sports, and was an enthusiastic hunter. He ordered all the clocks at Sandringham to run half an hour ahead to provide more daylight time for shooting. This tradition of so-called <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_time" title="Sandringham time">Sandringham time</a> continued until 1936, when it was abolished by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also laid out a golf course at Windsor. By the 1870s Edward had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing. In 1896, his horse <a href="/wiki/Persimmon_(horse)" title="Persimmon (horse)">Persimmon</a> won both the <a href="/wiki/Derby_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Derby Stakes">Derby Stakes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St_Leger_Stakes" title="St Leger Stakes">St Leger Stakes</a>. In 1900, Persimmon's brother, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_(horse)" title="Diamond Jubilee (horse)">Diamond Jubilee</a>, won five races (Derby, St Leger, <a href="/wiki/2000_Guineas_Stakes" title="2000 Guineas Stakes">2000 Guineas Stakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Stakes" title="Newmarket Stakes">Newmarket Stakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Stakes" title="Eclipse Stakes">Eclipse Stakes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another of Edward's horses, Ambush II, won the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National" title="Grand National">Grand National</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_family_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Royal_family_group.jpg/170px-Royal_family_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Royal_family_group.jpg/255px-Royal_family_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Royal_family_group.jpg/340px-Royal_family_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3291" /></a><figcaption>Edward (right) with his mother (centre); his niece <a href="/wiki/Empress_Alexandra_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Alexandra of Russia">Empress Alexandra of Russia</a> (far left); her husband, <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a>; and their daughter <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Olga</a>, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891 Edward was embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_baccarat_scandal" title="Royal baccarat scandal">royal baccarat scandal</a>, when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year. He was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the participants unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict, when <a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Beresford" title="Lord Charles Beresford">Lord Charles Beresford</a> threatened to reveal details of Edward's private life to the press, as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford's affair with <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Greville,_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick">Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick</a>. The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged, and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, Edward's outbursts of temper were short-lived, and "after he had let himself go ... [he would] smooth matters by being especially nice".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1891, Edward's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Victor">Albert Victor</a>, was engaged to Princess Victoria <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a>. Just a few weeks later, in early 1892, Albert Victor died of pneumonia. Edward was grief-stricken. "To lose our eldest son", he wrote, "is one of those calamities one can never really get over". Edward told the Queen, "[I would] have given my life for him, as I put no value on mine".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert Victor was the second of Edward's children to die. In 1871, his youngest son, Alexander John, had died just 24 hours after being born. Edward had insisted on placing Alexander John in a coffin personally with "the tears rolling down his cheeks".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900, Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination when 15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Sipido" title="Jean-Baptiste Sipido">Jean-Baptiste Sipido</a> shot at him in protest over the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. The culprit was acquitted by a Belgian court because he was underage.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perceived laxity of the Belgian authorities, combined with British disgust at <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Belgian atrocities</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo</a>, worsened the already poor relations between the United Kingdom and the Continent. However, in the next ten years, Edward's affability and popularity, as well as his use of family connections, assisted Britain in building European alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edward in coronation robes holding a sceptre. A crown and orb are on the table to his right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg/220px-Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg/330px-Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg/440px-Edward_VII_in_coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2728" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by Sir <a href="/wiki/Luke_Fildes" title="Luke Fildes">Luke Fildes</a>, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria">his mother died</a> on 22 January 1901, Edward became King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India and, in an innovation, King of the British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chose to reign under the name of Edward VII, instead of Albert Edward—the name his mother had intended for him to use<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—declaring that he did not wish to "undervalue the name of Albert" and diminish the status of his father with whom the "name should stand alone".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numeral VII was occasionally omitted in Scotland, even by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">national church</a>, in deference to protests that the previous Edwards were English kings who had "been excluded from Scotland by battle".<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a> recalled, "I was only a child when he succeeded Victoria in 1901, but I can testify to his extraordinary popularity. He was in fact the most popular king England had known since the earlier 1660s."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VII_(Puck_magazine).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Edward_VII_%28Puck_magazine%29.jpg/170px-Edward_VII_%28Puck_magazine%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Edward_VII_%28Puck_magazine%29.jpg/255px-Edward_VII_%28Puck_magazine%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Edward_VII_%28Puck_magazine%29.jpg/340px-Edward_VII_%28Puck_magazine%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Caricature in <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> magazine, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward donated his parents' house, <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, to the state and continued to live at Sandringham.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could afford to be magnanimous; his private secretary, Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Knollys,_1st_Viscount_Knollys" title="Francis Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys">Francis Knollys</a>, claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's finances had been ably managed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Dighton_Probyn" title="Dighton Probyn">Dighton Probyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Household" title="Comptroller of the Household">Comptroller of the Household</a>, and had benefited from advice from Edward's financier friends, some of whom were Jewish, such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Cassel" title="Ernest Cassel">Ernest Cassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Hirsch" title="Maurice de Hirsch">Maurice de Hirsch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a time of widespread <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Edward_VII_and_Alexandra" title="Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra">Edward's coronation</a> had originally been scheduled for 26 June 1902. However, two days before, he was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee102_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee102-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease was generally not treated operatively. It carried a high mortality rate, but developments in <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisepsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisepsis">antisepsis</a> in the preceding 50 years made life-saving surgery possible.<sup id="cite_ref-app_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Treves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Frederick Treves">Sir Frederick Treves</a>, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lister">Lord Lister</a>, performed a then-radical operation of draining a pint of pus from the infected <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> through an incision in the king's abdomen; this outcome showed that the cause was not cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Edward was sitting up in bed, smoking a cigar.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks later, it was announced that he was out of danger. Treves was honoured with a baronetcy (which the King had arranged before the operation)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appendix surgery entered the medical mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-app_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was crowned at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 9 August 1902 by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee102_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee102-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward refurbished the royal palaces, reintroduced the traditional ceremonies, such as the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>, that his mother had foregone, and founded new <a href="/wiki/Order_(honour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order (honour)">honours</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>, to recognise contributions to the arts and sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, the Shah of Persia, <a href="/wiki/Mozzafar-al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozzafar-al-Din">Mozzafar-al-Din</a>, visited England expecting to receive the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>. The King refused to bestow the honour on the Shah because the order was meant to be in his personal gift and the Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a>, had promised it without his consent. He also objected to inducting a Muslim into a Christian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a>. His refusal threatened to damage British attempts to gain influence in Persia,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Edward resented his ministers' attempts to reduce his traditional powers.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he relented and Britain sent a special embassy to the Shah with a full Order of the Garter the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Uncle_of_Europe""><span id=".22Uncle_of_Europe.22"></span>"Uncle of Europe"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Uncle of Europe""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdwardVII_at_Balmoral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EdwardVII_at_Balmoral.jpg/220px-EdwardVII_at_Balmoral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EdwardVII_at_Balmoral.jpg/330px-EdwardVII_at_Balmoral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/EdwardVII_at_Balmoral.jpg/440px-EdwardVII_at_Balmoral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Relaxing at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>, photograph by Queen Alexandra</figcaption></figure> <p>As king, Edward's main interests lay in the fields of foreign affairs and naval and military matters. Fluent in French and German, he reinvented royal diplomacy by numerous state visits across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took annual holidays in <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marienbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Marienbad">Marienbad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his most important foreign trips was an official visit to France in May 1903 as the guest of President <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Loubet" title="Émile Loubet">Émile Loubet</a>. Following a visit to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in Rome, this trip helped create the atmosphere for the Anglo-French <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a>, an agreement delineating British and French colonies in North Africa, and ruling out any future war between the two countries. The Entente was negotiated in 1904 between the French foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Delcass%C3%A9" title="Théophile Delcassé">Théophile Delcassé</a>, and the British foreign secretary, Lord Lansdowne. It marked the end of centuries of Anglo-French rivalry and Britain's <a href="/wiki/Splendid_isolation" title="Splendid isolation">splendid isolation</a> from Continental affairs, and attempted to counterbalance the growing dominance of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> and its ally, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward was related to nearly every other European monarch, and came to be known as the "uncle of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-royal_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> of Russia were his nephews; <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Eugenia_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain">Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Princess_Margaret_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden">Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Princess_Marie_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Princess Marie of Romania">Crown Princess Marie of Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Princess_Sophia_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Princess Sophia of Greece">Crown Princess Sophia of Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Alexandra_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Alexandra of Russia">Empress Alexandra of Russia</a> were his nieces; King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII" title="Haakon VII">Haakon VII</a> of Norway was both his nephew and his son-in-law; kings <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VIII of Denmark">Frederick VIII of Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I of Greece</a> were his brothers-in-law; kings <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I of Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II of Portugal</a> were his second cousins. Edward doted on his grandchildren, and indulged them, to the consternation of their governesses.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was one relation whom Edward did not like: Wilhelm II. His difficult relationship with his nephew exacerbated the tensions between Germany and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1908, during Edward's annual stay at Biarritz, he accepted the resignation of British Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>. In a break with precedent, Edward asked Campbell-Bannerman's successor, <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, to travel to Biarritz to <a href="/wiki/Kiss_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss hands">kiss hands</a>. Asquith complied, but the press criticised the action of the King in appointing a prime minister on foreign soil instead of returning to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1908, Edward became the first reigning British monarch to visit the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, despite refusing to visit in 1906, when Anglo-Russian relations were strained in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank_incident" title="Dogger Bank incident">Dogger Bank incident</a>, and the Tsar's dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">Duma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous month, he visited the Scandinavian countries, becoming the first British monarch to visit Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_opinions">Political opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VII_Vanity_Fair_19_June_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/King_Edward_VII_Vanity_Fair_19_June_1902.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VII_Vanity_Fair_19_June_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/King_Edward_VII_Vanity_Fair_19_June_1902.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Portrait in naval uniform by <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> magazine, 1902</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_UK_1902_1p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Stamp_UK_1902_1p.jpg/170px-Stamp_UK_1902_1p.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Stamp_UK_1902_1p.jpg/255px-Stamp_UK_1902_1p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Stamp_UK_1902_1p.jpg/340px-Stamp_UK_1902_1p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Edward VII on British 1-penny stamp of 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>While Prince of Wales, Edward had to be dissuaded from breaking with constitutional precedent by openly voting for <a href="/wiki/W._E._Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. Gladstone">W. E. Gladstone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Representation of the People Bill (1884)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On other matters, he was more conservative; for example, he did not favour giving <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">votes to women</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he did suggest that the social reformer <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill">Octavia Hill</a> serve on the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Working_Class_Housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission for Working Class Housing">Commission for Working Class Housing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also opposed to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a>, instead preferring a form of <a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">dual monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Prince of Wales, Edward had come to enjoy warm and mutually respectful relations with Gladstone, whom his mother detested.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the statesman's son, <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Gladstone">Herbert Gladstone</a>, angered the King by planning to permit Roman Catholic priests in vestments to carry the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Host</a> through the streets of London, and by appointing two ladies, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Frances_Balfour" title="Lady Frances Balfour">Lady Frances Balfour</a> and <a href="/wiki/May_Tennant" title="May Tennant">May Tennant</a> (wife of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Tennant" title="Harold Tennant">H. J. Tennant</a>), to serve on a Royal Commission on reforming divorce law—Edward thought divorce could not be discussed with "delicacy or even decency" before ladies. Edward's biographer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Magnus-Allcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Magnus-Allcroft">Philip Magnus-Allcroft</a> suggests that Gladstone may have become a <a href="/wiki/Whipping_boy" title="Whipping boy">whipping boy</a> for the King's general irritation with the Liberal government. Gladstone was sacked in the reshuffle the following year and the King agreed, with some reluctance, to appoint him <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_South_Africa" title="Governor-General of South Africa">Governor-General of South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward involved himself heavily in discussions over army reform, the need for which had become apparent with the failings of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the redesign of army command, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Force" title="Territorial Force">Territorial Force</a>, and the decision to provide an <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">Expeditionary Force</a> supporting France in the event of war with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform of the Royal Navy was also suggested, partly due to the ever-increasing Naval Estimates, and because of the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> as a new strategic threat.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately a dispute arose between Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Beresford" title="Lord Charles Beresford">Lord Charles Beresford</a>, who favoured increased spending and a broad deployment, and the <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a> Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">John Fisher</a>, who favoured efficiency savings, scrapping obsolete vessels, and a strategic realignment of the Royal Navy relying on torpedo craft for home defence backed by the new <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King lent support to Fisher, in part because he disliked Beresford, and eventually Beresford was dismissed. Beresford continued his campaign outside of the navy and Fisher ultimately announced his resignation in late 1909, although the bulk of his policies were retained.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King was intimately involved in the appointment of Fisher's successor as the Fisher-Beresford feud had split the service, and the only truly qualified figure known to be outside of both camps was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wilson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Wilson (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Arthur Wilson</a>, who had retired in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson was reluctant to return to active duty, but Edward persuaded him to do so, and Wilson became First Sea Lord on 25 January 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward was rarely interested in politics, although his views on some issues were notably progressive for the time. During his reign, he said use of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a></i> was "disgraceful", despite it then being in common parlance.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, Wilhelm II and Edward met during an Anglo-German summit in <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>. Wilhelm, with the Russo-Japanese War in mind, started to go on about the "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>", which he called "the greatest peril menacing ... <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">European civilisation</a>. If the Russians went on giving ground, the yellow race would, in twenty years time, be in Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Posen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-macdonogh_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonogh-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilhelm went on to attack his British guests for supporting Japan against Russia, suggesting that the British were committing "race treason". In response, Edward stated that he "could not see it. The Japanese were an intelligent, brave and chivalrous nation, quite as civilised as the Europeans, from whom they only differed by the pigmentation of their skin".<sup id="cite_ref-macdonogh_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macdonogh-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Edward lived a life of luxury often far removed from that of the majority of his subjects, they expected it, and his personal charm with all levels of society and his strong condemnation of prejudice went some way to assuage republican and racial tensions building during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_crisis">Constitutional crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitutional crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_Derwent_Wood_-_Edouard_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Francis_Derwent_Wood_-_Edouard_VII.jpg/170px-Francis_Derwent_Wood_-_Edouard_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Francis_Derwent_Wood_-_Edouard_VII.jpg/255px-Francis_Derwent_Wood_-_Edouard_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Francis_Derwent_Wood_-_Edouard_VII.jpg/340px-Francis_Derwent_Wood_-_Edouard_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>Bust by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Derwent_Wood" title="Francis Derwent Wood">Francis Derwent Wood</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VII_Halfpenny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Edward_VII_Halfpenny.jpg/170px-Edward_VII_Halfpenny.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Edward_VII_Halfpenny.jpg/255px-Edward_VII_Halfpenny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Edward_VII_Halfpenny.jpg/340px-Edward_VII_Halfpenny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Profile of Edward VII on a <a href="/wiki/Halfpenny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)">halfpenny</a>, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>In the last year of his life, Edward became embroiled in a constitutional crisis when the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> majority in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> refused to pass the "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Budget" title="People's Budget">People's Budget</a>" proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> government of Prime Minister Asquith. The crisis eventually led—after Edward's death—to the removal of the Lords' right to veto legislation. The King was displeased at Liberal attacks on the peers, which included a polemical speech by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> at <a href="/wiki/Limehouse" title="Limehouse">Limehouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> publicly demanded a general election, for which Asquith apologised to the King's adviser <a href="/wiki/Francis_Knollys,_1st_Viscount_Knollys" title="Francis Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys">Lord Knollys</a> and rebuked Churchill at a Cabinet meeting. Edward was so dispirited at the tone of class warfare—although Asquith told him that party rancour had been just as bad over the <a href="/wiki/First_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="First Home Rule Bill">First Home Rule Bill</a> in 1886—that he introduced his son to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Haldane">Richard Haldane</a> as "the last King of England".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the King's horse <a href="/wiki/Minoru_(horse)" title="Minoru (horse)">Minoru</a> won the Derby on 26 July 1909, he returned to the racetrack the following day and laughed when a man shouted: "Now, King. You've won the Derby. Go back home and dissolve this bloody Parliament!"<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In vain, the King urged Conservative leaders <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> and Lord Lansdowne to pass the budget, which <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Brett,_2nd_Viscount_Esher" title="Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher">Lord Esher</a> had advised him was not unusual, as Queen Victoria had helped to broker agreements between the two Houses over <a href="/wiki/Irish_disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish disestablishment">Irish disestablishment</a> in 1869 and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reform Act">Third Reform Act</a> in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Asquith's advice, however, he did not offer them an election (at which, to judge from recent by-elections, they were likely to gain seats) as a reward for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1909_Edward_VII_autochrome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1909_Edward_VII_autochrome.jpg/220px-1909_Edward_VII_autochrome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1909_Edward_VII_autochrome.jpg/330px-1909_Edward_VII_autochrome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1909_Edward_VII_autochrome.jpg/440px-1909_Edward_VII_autochrome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild_(born_1882)" title="Lionel de Rothschild (born 1882)">Lionel de Rothschild</a>, September 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>The Finance Bill passed the Commons on 5 November 1909, but was rejected by the Lords on 30 November; they instead passed a resolution of Lord Lansdowne's stating that they were entitled to oppose the bill as it lacked an electoral mandate. The King was annoyed that his efforts to urge passage of the budget had become public knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had forbidden Knollys, who was an active Liberal peer, from voting for the budget, although Knollys had suggested that this would be a suitable gesture to indicate royal desire to see the budget pass.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1909, a proposal to create peers (to give the Liberals a majority in the Lords) or give the prime minister the right to do so was considered "outrageous" by Knollys, who thought the King should abdicate rather than agree to it.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talk of removing the Lords' veto played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910 election</a>. Early in the election campaign, Lloyd George talked of "guarantees" and Asquith of "safeguards" that would be necessary before forming another Liberal government, but such talk ceased after the King informed Asquith that he would not be willing to contemplate creating peers until after a second general election.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balfour refused to say whether or not he would be willing to form a Conservative government, but advised the King not to promise to create peers until he had seen the terms of any proposed constitutional change.<sup id="cite_ref-Heffer,_pp._286–288_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffer,_pp._286–288-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign, the leading Conservative <a href="/wiki/Walter_Long,_1st_Viscount_Long" title="Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long">Walter Long</a> asked Knollys for permission to state that the King did not favour Irish Home Rule, but Knollys refused on the grounds that it was not appropriate for the monarch's views to be known in public.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnus,_p._547_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnus,_p._547-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>, with the Liberal government dependent on the support of the third-largest party, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>. The King suggested a compromise whereby only 50 peers from each side would be allowed to vote, which would also obviate the large Conservative majority in the Lords, but <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Lord Crewe</a>, Liberal leader in the Lords, advised that this would reduce the Lords' independence, as only peers who were loyal party supporters would be picked.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnus,_p._547_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnus,_p._547-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure to remove the Lords' veto now came from the Irish nationalist MPs, who wanted to remove the Lords' ability to block the introduction of Home Rule. They threatened to vote against the budget unless they had their way (an attempt by Lloyd George to win their support by amending whiskey duties was abandoned as the Cabinet felt this would recast the budget too much). Asquith now revealed that there were no "guarantees" for the creation of peers. The Cabinet considered resigning and leaving it up to Balfour to try to form a Conservative government.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King's <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a> on 21 February made reference to introducing measures restricting the Lords' power of veto to one of delay, but Asquith inserted a phrase "in the opinion of my advisers" so the King could be seen to be distancing himself from the planned legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commons passed resolutions on 14 April that would form the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>: to remove the power of the Lords to veto money bills, to replace their veto of other bills with a power to delay, and to reduce the term of Parliament from seven years to five (the King would have preferred four<sup id="cite_ref-Heffer,_pp._286–288_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heffer,_pp._286–288-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). But in that debate Asquith hinted—to ensure the support of the nationalist MPs—that he would ask the King to break the deadlock "in that Parliament" (i.e. contrary to Edward's earlier stipulation that there be a second election). The budget was passed by both Commons and Lords in April.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April, the Palace was having secret talks with Balfour and <a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury, who both advised that the Liberals did not have sufficient mandate to demand the creation of peers. The King thought the whole proposal "simply disgusting" and that the government was "in the hands of <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">Redmond</a> & Co". Lord Crewe announced publicly that the government's wish to create peers should be treated as formal "<a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">ministerial advice</a>" (which, by convention, the monarch must accept), although Lord Esher argued that the monarch was entitled <i>in extremis</i> to dismiss the government rather than take their "advice".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esher's view has been called "obsolete and unhelpful".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Edward_VII" title="Death and state funeral of Edward VII">Death and state funeral of Edward VII</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VII_after_death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/King_Edward_VII_after_death.jpg/220px-King_Edward_VII_after_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/King_Edward_VII_after_death.jpg/330px-King_Edward_VII_after_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/King_Edward_VII_after_death.jpg/440px-King_Edward_VII_after_death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Deathbed photograph</a>, May 1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/4125s2.ogv/220px--4125s2.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="231" data-mwtitle="4125s2.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:4125s2.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/4125s2.ogv/4125s2.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/4125s2.ogv/4125s2.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/4125s2.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f9/4125s2.ogv/4125s2.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Edward_VII" title="Death and state funeral of Edward VII">Funeral procession of Edward VII</a>, London, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward habitually smoked twenty cigarettes and twelve cigars a day. In 1907, a <a href="/wiki/Rodent_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodent ulcer">rodent ulcer</a>, a type of cancer affecting the skin next to his nose, was cured with <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his life he increasingly suffered from <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered a momentary loss of consciousness during a state visit to Berlin in February 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1910, he was staying at <a href="/wiki/Biarritz" title="Biarritz">Biarritz</a> when he collapsed. He remained there to convalesce, while in London Asquith tried to get the Finance Bill passed. The King's continued ill health was unreported, and he attracted criticism for staying in France while political tensions were so high.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 April he returned to Buckingham Palace, still suffering from severe bronchitis. Alexandra returned from visiting her brother, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I of Greece</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> a week later on 5 May. </p><p>On 6 May, Edward suffered several heart attacks, but refused to go to bed, saying, "No, I shall not give in; I shall go on; I shall work to the end."<sup id="cite_ref-p151_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p151-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between moments of faintness, his son the Prince of Wales (shortly to be King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>) told him that his horse, Witch of the Air, had won at <a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park_Racecourse" title="Kempton Park Racecourse">Kempton Park</a> that afternoon. The King replied, "Yes, I have heard of it. I am very glad": his <a href="/wiki/List_of_last_words_(20th_century)#1910–1919" title="List of last words (20th century)">final words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 11:30 p.m. he lost consciousness for the last time and was put to bed. He died 15 minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-p151_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p151-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexandra refused to allow Edward's body to be moved for eight days afterwards, though she allowed small groups of visitors to enter his room.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 May, the late king was dressed in his uniform and placed in a massive oak coffin, which was moved on 14 May to the throne room, where it was sealed and lay in state, with a guardsman standing at each corner of the bier. Despite the time that had elapsed since his death, Alexandra noted his body remained "wonderfully preserved".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 17 May, the coffin was placed on a gun carriage and drawn by black horses to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, with the new king, his family and Edward's favourite dog, <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(dog)" title="Caesar (dog)">Caesar</a>, walking behind. Following a brief service, the royal family left, and the hall was opened to the public; over 400,000 people filed past the coffin over the next two days.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Barbara Tuchman</a> noted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_August" title="The Guns of August">The Guns of August</a></i>, his funeral, held on 20 May 1910, marked "the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last." A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward was buried at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Chapel">St George's Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Edward_VII" title="Cultural depictions of Edward VII">Cultural depictions of Edward VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms in Canada</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:229px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_VII_0918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/King_Edward_VII_0918.jpg/155px-King_Edward_VII_0918.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/King_Edward_VII_0918.jpg/233px-King_Edward_VII_0918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/King_Edward_VII_0918.jpg/310px-King_Edward_VII_0918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue in <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Gardens,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria Gardens, Melbourne">Queen Victoria Gardens, Melbourne</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:229px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Edward_Edinburgh.jpg/153px-Edward_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Edward_Edinburgh.jpg/230px-Edward_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Edward_Edinburgh.jpg/306px-Edward_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Statue outside <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a>, Edinburgh</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:229px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VII_Front_Full,_Bangalore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Edward_VII_Front_Full%2C_Bangalore.JPG/172px-Edward_VII_Front_Full%2C_Bangalore.JPG" decoding="async" width="172" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Edward_VII_Front_Full%2C_Bangalore.JPG/258px-Edward_VII_Front_Full%2C_Bangalore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Edward_VII_Front_Full%2C_Bangalore.JPG/344px-Edward_VII_Front_Full%2C_Bangalore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_VII,_Bangalore" title="Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore">Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore</a>, India</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Statues of Edward can be found throughout the former empire.</div></div></div></div> <p>Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> on 20 April 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing.<sup id="cite_ref-clarence_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarence-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward was Prince of Wales between 8 December 1841 and 22 January 1901 (59 years, 45 days); Charles held the title between 26 July 1958 and 8 September 2022 (64 years, 44 days).<sup id="cite_ref-clarence_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarence-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As king, Edward VII proved a greater success than anyone had expected,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was already past the average life expectancy and had little time left to fulfil the role. In his short reign, he ensured that his second son and heir, <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, was better prepared to take the throne. Contemporaries described their relationship as more like affectionate brothers than father and son,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on Edward's death George wrote in his diary that he had lost his "best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward has been recognised as the first truly constitutional British sovereign and the last sovereign to wield effective political power.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though lauded as "Peacemaker",<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he had been afraid that German Emperor Wilhelm II, who was one of his nephews, would tip Europe into war.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years after Edward's death, the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> broke out. The naval reforms he had supported and his part in securing the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> between Britain, France, and Russia, as well as his relationships with his extended family, fed the paranoia of the German Emperor, who blamed Edward for the war.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publication of the official biography of Edward was delayed until 1927 by its author, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Sidney Lee</a>, who feared German propagandists would select material to portray Edward as an anti-German warmonger.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee was also hampered by the extensive destruction of Edward's personal papers; Edward had left orders that all his letters should be burned on his death.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent biographers have been able to construct a more rounded picture of Edward by using material and sources that were unavailable to Lee.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/R._C._K._Ensor" class="mw-redirect" title="R. C. K. Ensor">R. C. K. Ensor</a>, writing in 1936, praised the King's political personality: </p> <blockquote><p> ...he had in many respects great natural ability. He knew how to be both dignified and charming; he had an excellent memory; and his tact in handling people was quite exceptional. He had a store of varied, though unsystematized, knowledge gathered at first-hand through talking to all sorts of eminent men. His tastes were not particularly elevated, but they were thoroughly English; and he showed much (though not unfailing) comprehension for the common instincts of the people over whom he reigned. This was not the less remarkable because, though a good linguist in French and German, he never learned to speak English without a German accent.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ensor rejects the widespread notion that the King exerted an important influence on British foreign policy, believing he gained that reputation by making frequent trips abroad, with many highly publicized visits to foreign courts. Ensor thought surviving documents showed "how comparatively crude his views on foreign policy were, how little he read, and of what naïve indiscretions he was capable."<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward received criticism for his apparent pursuit of self-indulgent pleasure, but he received great praise for his affable manners and diplomatic tact. As his grandson <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> wrote, "his lighter side ... obscured the fact that he had both insight and influence."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "He had a tremendous zest for pleasure but he also had a real sense of duty", wrote J. B. Priestley.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Esher wrote that Edward VII was "kind and debonair and not undignified—but too human".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_King_Edward_VII_with_the_Robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portrait_of_King_Edward_VII_with_the_Robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India.png/220px-Portrait_of_King_Edward_VII_with_the_Robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portrait_of_King_Edward_VII_with_the_Robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India.png/330px-Portrait_of_King_Edward_VII_with_the_Robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Portrait_of_King_Edward_VII_with_the_Robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India.png/440px-Portrait_of_King_Edward_VII_with_the_Robes_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Edward VII wearing the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a>. He became an extra knight of the order in 1861, while Prince of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-p306_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p306-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portrait by Alfred James Downey.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>British honours<sup id="cite_ref-cp_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><b>KG</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Royal Knight Companion of the Garter</a>, <i>9 November 1858</i><sup id="cite_ref-p60_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p60-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>GCSI</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Extra Knight Companion of the Star of India</a>, <i>25 June 1861</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-p306_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p306-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extra Knight Grand Commander, <i>24 May 1866</i><sup id="cite_ref-p308_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p308-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>FRS</b>: Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, <i>12 February 1863</i></li> <li><b>PC</b>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a>, <i>8 December 1863</i></li> <li><b>GCB</b>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Bath</a> (military), <i>10 February 1865</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-p194_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p194-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Masters of the Order of the Bath">Great Master</a>, <i>22 June 1897</i><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>KT</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Extra Knight of the Thistle</a>, <i>24 May 1867</i><sup id="cite_ref-p86_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p86-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>KP</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Extra Knight of St. Patrick</a>, <i>18 March 1868</i><sup id="cite_ref-p102_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p102-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>PC(I)</b>: Member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a>, <i>21 April 1868</i></li> <li><b>GCStJ</b>: <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Order of St. John">Knight of Justice of St. John</a>, <i>1876</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)#List_of_Grand_Priors" title="Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)">Grand Prior</a>, <i>1888</i><sup id="cite_ref-Tozer78_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tozer78-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>GCMG</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Extra Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George</a>, <i>31 May 1877</i><sup id="cite_ref-p337_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p337-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>GCIE</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Extra Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire</a>, <i>21 June 1887</i><sup id="cite_ref-p401_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p401-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>GCVO</b>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order">Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order</a>, <i>6 May 1896</i><sup id="cite_ref-p417_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p417-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a>, <i>1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a>, <i>26 June 1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder and Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order" title="Imperial Service Order">Imperial Service Order</a>, <i>8 August 1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a>, <i>1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign honours</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_62nd_Infantry_Regiment_Arapiles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_62nd_Infantry_Regiment_Arapiles.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_62nd_Infantry_Regiment_Arapiles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_62nd_Infantry_Regiment_Arapiles.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_62nd_Infantry_Regiment_Arapiles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_62nd_Infantry_Regiment_Arapiles.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_62nd_Infantry_Regiment_Arapiles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Armorial achievement of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a> 62nd Regiment of Infantry "<a href="/wiki/Arapiles,_Salamanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Arapiles, Salamanca">Arapiles</a>".<br /> King Edward's <a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">cypher</a> and the name of the <a href="/wiki/16th_The_Queen%27s_Lancers" title="16th The Queen's Lancers">British Army unit</a> that played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Battle of Salamanca</a> were added at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> Centenary (1908).<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1844</i><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Naotaka_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, with Collar, <i>1844</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>1844</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russia)">Knight of the White Eagle</a>, <i>1844</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class</a>, <i>1844</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)">Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class</a>, <i>1844</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Vladimir">Knight of St. Vladimir, 3rd Class</a>, <i>1881</i></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion</a>, <i>1849</i><sup id="cite_ref-Naotaka_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>7 May 1852</i><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, with Collar, <i>6 May 1876</i><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Agraciamentos_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agraciamentos-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword</a>, <i>25 November 1858</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Two_Orders" title="Sash of the Two Orders">Sash of the Two Orders</a>, <i>7 June 1865</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Three Orders</a>, <i>8 February 1901</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>22 December 1858</i>; with Collar, <i>1869</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Grand Cross of the Red Eagle</a>, <i>2 March 1874</i></li> <li>Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, <i>11 March 1878</i></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Prussia)" title="Order of the Crown (Prussia)">Royal Crown Order</a>, 3rd Class with Red Cross on White Field on Commemorative Band, <i>4 April 1881</i></li> <li>Knight of Honour of the <a href="/wiki/Johanniter_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanniter Order">Johanniter Order</a>, <i>19 May 1884</i></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (civil), <i>11 January 1859</i><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>20 February 1859</i><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, <i>December 1859</i><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, <i>17 April 1860</i><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-HandbuchBaden_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbuchBaden-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, <i>1861</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a>, <i>1861</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a>, 1st Class, <i>25 May 1862</i><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_House_of_Osman" title="Order of the House of Osman">Order of the House of Osman</a>, <i>June 1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Grand Cross of the Redeemer</a>, <i>29 May 1862</i><sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse and by Rhine">Hesse and by Rhine</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Ludwig Order</a>, <i>8 October 1862</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Philip_the_Magnanimous" title="Order of Philip the Magnanimous">Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous</a>, with Swords, <i>18 February 1878</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse)">Knight of the Golden Lion</a>, <i>18 June 1882</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>15 March 1863</i><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Denmark:<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>16 November 1863</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_Order_of_the_Dannebrog" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog">Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog</a>, <i>14 October 1864</i></li> <li>Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, <i>1892</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Commander_of_the_Dannebrog" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Commander of the Dannebrog">Grand Commander of the Dannebrog</a>, <i>9 September 1901</i></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, with Collar, <i>27 September 1864</i><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_XIII" title="Order of Charles XIII">Order of Charles XIII</a>, <i>21 December 1868</i><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Commander Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vasa" title="Order of Vasa">Order of Vasa</a>, with Collar, <i>26 April 1908</i><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Hannover1865_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannover1865-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Royal Guelphic Order</a>, <i>1864</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, <i>1865</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Wendish_Crown" title="House Order of the Wendish Crown">Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown</a>, with Crown in Ore, <i>13 August 1865</i><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">Nassau</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau">Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau</a>, <i>August 1865</i><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a>, <i>13 June 1867</i><sup id="cite_ref-burkes_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkes-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Grand Cross of the Southern Cross</a>, <i>11 July 1871</i><sup id="cite_ref-burkes_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkes-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seal_of_Solomon" title="Order of the Seal of Solomon">Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon</a>, <i>1874</i><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Ethiopia" title="Order of the Star of Ethiopia">Grand Cross of the Star of Ethiopia</a>, <i>9 October 1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St._Olav" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav">Grand Cross of St. Olav</a>, with Collar, <i>3 October 1874</i><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig</a>, with Golden Crown, <i>24 February 1878</i><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, <i>1880</i><sup id="cite_ref-Naotaka_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Grand Cross of the White Elephant</a>, <i>1887</i><sup id="cite_ref-burkes_192-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkes-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Order of Malta">Military Order of Malta</a>: Knight, <i>14 June 1881</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-burkes_192-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkes-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<sup id="cite_ref-p37_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p37-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Royal Order of Kalākaua">Order of Kalākaua</a>, with Collar, <i>July 1881</i><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Cross of the Star of Romania</a>, <i>1882</i><sup id="cite_ref-Naotaka_170-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Carol_I" title="Order of Carol I">Order of Carol I</a>, <i>1906</i><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, <i>1883</i><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, <i>20 September 1886</i>; Collar, <i>13 April 1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>19 March 1901</i><sup id="cite_ref-burkes_192-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burkes-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monaco: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Grand Cross of St. Charles</a>, <i>25 June 1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>San Marino: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_San_Marino" title="Order of San Marino">Order of San Marino</a>, <i>August 1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I" title="Order of Prince Danilo I">Order of Prince Danilo I</a>, <i>1902</i><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neshan-e_Aqdas" title="Neshan-e Aqdas">Order of the Aqdas</a>, 1st Class, <i>1904</i><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_foreign_military_appointments">Honorary foreign military appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honorary foreign military appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>1870</i>: Honorary Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Guard_Hussar_Regiment_(Denmark)" title="Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)">Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)</a><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1883</i>: Field Marshal <i>(<a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a>)</i> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-TT28061902_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT28061902-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>5 February 1901</i>: Honorary Colonel of the 27th (King Edward's) Regiment of Dragoons of Kiev<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>26 June 1902</i>: Admiral of the Fleet <i>(<a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fadmiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Großadmiral">Großadmiral</a>)</i> <i>à la suite</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a><sup id="cite_ref-TT28061902_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT28061902-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary <a href="/wiki/Captain_general_of_the_Army" title="Captain general of the Army">Captain General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-SPAhonours_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPAhonours-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a><sup id="cite_ref-SPAhonours_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPAhonours-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel-in-Chief of the German regiment 5th (Pomeranian) Hussars "Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt"<sup id="cite_ref-TT28061902_207-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT28061902-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel-in-Chief 1st Guards Dragoons "Queen of Great Britain and Ireland"<sup id="cite_ref-TT28061902_207-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT28061902-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment "<a href="/wiki/Zamora,_Spain" title="Zamora, Spain">Zamora</a>" No. 8 (Spain)<sup id="cite_ref-SPAhonours_209-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPAhonours-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1905</i>: Honorary Admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish Navy</a><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>1908</i>: Honorary General of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary Admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Navy">Greek Navy</a><sup id="cite_ref-p37_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p37-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Honorary General of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegian Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-p37_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p37-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_Personal_Royal_Standard_of_Edward_VII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Proposed_Personal_Royal_Standard_of_Edward_VII.svg/220px-Proposed_Personal_Royal_Standard_of_Edward_VII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Proposed_Personal_Royal_Standard_of_Edward_VII.svg/330px-Proposed_Personal_Royal_Standard_of_Edward_VII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Proposed_Personal_Royal_Standard_of_Edward_VII.svg/440px-Proposed_Personal_Royal_Standard_of_Edward_VII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Shortly after Edward's accession, he proposed an alternative version of the Royal Standard for use by the Sovereign, defaced in the centre with a purple oval containing the cypher and crown of the reigning monarch. However, he was persuaded that such a proposal was impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Prothero_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Prothero-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Edward's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales">coat of arms as the Prince of Wales</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms">royal arms</a> <a href="/wiki/Difference_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Difference (heraldry)">differenced</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> of three points <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony" title="Coat of arms of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>, representing his paternal arms. When he acceded as King, he gained the royal arms undifferenced.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales_(1841-1901).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281841-1901%29.svg/196px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281841-1901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281841-1901%29.svg/294px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281841-1901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281841-1901%29.svg/392px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_%281841-1901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms as Prince of Wales, 1841–1901</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1901-1952,_variant_1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%2C_variant_1%29.svg/190px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%2C_variant_1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%2C_variant_1%29.svg/285px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%2C_variant_1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%2C_variant_1%29.svg/380px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281901-1952%2C_variant_1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal coat of arms outside Scotland</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_(1837-1952).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/186px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="186" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/279px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg/372px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_in_Scotland_%281837-1952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1580" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Royal coat of arms in Scotland</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cypher_of_Edward_VII.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cypher_of_Edward_VII.svg/104px-Cypher_of_Edward_VII.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cypher_of_Edward_VII.svg/156px-Cypher_of_Edward_VII.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cypher_of_Edward_VII.svg/208px-Cypher_of_Edward_VII.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Christian_IX_of_Denmark#Children_of_Alexandra_and_Edward_VII" title="Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark">Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark § Children of Alexandra and Edward VII</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Marriage/notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></td> <td>8 January 1864</td> <td>14 January 1892 (aged 28)</td> <td>engaged 1891, to Princess Victoria <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td> <td>3 June 1865</td> <td>20 January 1936 (aged 70)</td> <td>1893, Princess Victoria <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a>; had issue including <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal" title="Louise, Princess Royal">Louise, Princess Royal</a></td> <td>20 February 1867</td> <td>4 January 1931 (aged 63)</td> <td>1889, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff,_1st_Duke_of_Fife" title="Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife">Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom">Princess Victoria</a></td> <td>6 July 1868</td> <td>3 December 1935 (aged 67)</td> <td>never married and without issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Princess Maud</a></td> <td>26 November 1869</td> <td>20 November 1938 (aged 68)</td> <td>1896, <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Prince Carl of Denmark (King of Norway as Haakon VII from 1905)</a>; had issue including <a href="/wiki/Olav_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olav V of Norway">Prince Alexander (later Olav V)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prince Alexander John of Wales</td> <td>6 April 1871</td> <td>7 April 1871</td> <td>born and died at <a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Edward VII<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-louda_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louda-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> (= 14)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Augusta_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf">Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf</a> (= 15)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Louise_Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Edward VII of the United Kingdom</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> the United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom">Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> (= 8)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Augusta_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf">Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf</a> (= 9)</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_chair" title="Love chair">Love chair</a> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">siège d'amour</i></span>), sex chair invented for Edward</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Edward_VII_and_Alexandra" title="Household of Edward VII and Alexandra">Household of Edward VII and Alexandra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Seventh" title="Edward the Seventh">Edward the Seventh</a></i>, a 1975 television miniseries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His godparents were <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">the King of Prussia</a>, his paternal step-grandmother <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Marie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchess Marie of Württemberg">the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (for whom <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">the Duchess of Kent</a>, his maternal grandmother, stood proxy), his great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">the Duke of Cambridge</a>, his step-great-grandmother <a href="/wiki/Princess_Karoline_Amalie_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Karoline Amalie of Hesse-Kassel">the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg</a> (for whom <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel">the Duchess of Cambridge</a>, his great-aunt, stood proxy), his great-aunt <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom">Princess Sophia</a> (for whom <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Cambridge" title="Princess Augusta of Cambridge">Princess Augusta of Cambridge</a>, his first cousin once-removed, stood proxy) and his great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gazetted on 10 September 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letters written by Edward to Lady Randolph may have "signified no more than a flirtation" but were "[w]ritten in a strain of undue familiarity".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No English or British sovereign has ever reigned under a double name.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette20065" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20065/page/224">"No. 20065"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 January 1842. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+20065&rft.pages=224&rft.date=1842-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F20065%2Fpage%2F224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weir-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Weir (historian)">Weir, Alison</a> (1996), <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised Edition</i>, London: Random House, p. 319, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5"><bdi>978-0-7126-7448-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.place=London&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokayne1910" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Cokayne" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cokayne">Cokayne, G. E.</a> (1910), Gibbs, Vicary (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo03coka#page/450/mode/2up"><i>The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom</i></a>, vol. 4, London: St Catherine's Press, pp. 451–452</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+peerage+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+Ireland%2C+Great+Britain+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=451-452&rft.pub=St+Catherine%27s+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Cokayne&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcompletepeerageo03coka%23page%2F450%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette21018" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21018/page/2783">"No. 21018"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 11 September 1849. p. 2783.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+21018&rft.pages=2783&rft.date=1849-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F21018%2Fpage%2F2783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Kiste,_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Kiste, John">Van der Kiste, John</a> (September 2004; online edition May 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/346">"Alfred, Prince, duke of Edinburgh (1844–1900)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F346">10.1093/ref:odnb/346</a>, retrieved 24 June 2009 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 17–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">Matthew, H. C. G.</a> (September 2004; online edition May 2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32975">"Edward VII (1841–1910)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302022125/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32975">Archived</a> 2 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32975">10.1093/ref:odnb/32975</a>, retrieved 24 June 2009 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADWLS861AE" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=WLS861AE&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Wales, H.R.H. Albert Edward, Prince of (WLS861AE)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wales%2C+H.R.H.+Albert+Edward%2C+Prince+of+%28WLS861AE%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DWLS861AE%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 35; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hough">Hough</a>, pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bc-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bc_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bc_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, pp. 20–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hough">Hough</a>, pp. 39–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette22198" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22198/page/4745">"No. 22198"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 9 November 1858. p. 4745.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+22198&rft.pages=4745&rft.date=1858-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F22198%2Fpage%2F4745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, pp. 36–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hough">Hough</a>, pp. 64–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 59–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, pp. 40–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 44; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 35; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 85, 87, 93, 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamp2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Camp" title="Anthony J. Camp">Camp, Anthony</a> (2007), <i>Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction, 1714–1936</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Mistresses+and+Bastards%3A+Fact+and+Fiction%2C+1714%E2%80%931936&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Camp&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811135358/http://anthonyjcamp.com/page9.htm">"Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Nos. 25–29"</a>, <i>anthonyjcamp.com</i>, 11 August 2011, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthonyjcamp.com/page9.htm">the original</a> on 11 August 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=anthonyjcamp.com&rft.atitle=Royal+Mistresses+and+Bastards%3A+Nos.+25%E2%80%9329&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthonyjcamp.com%2Fpage9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 74–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouhami1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Souhami" title="Diana Souhami">Souhami, Diana</a> (1996), <i>Mrs Keppel and Her Daughter</i>, London: HarperCollins, p. 49</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs+Keppel+and+Her+Daughter&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Souhami&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Ashley_(writer)" title="Mike Ashley (writer)">Ashley, Mike</a> (1998), <i>The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens</i>, London: Robinson, pp. 694–695, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-096-9"><bdi>978-1-84119-096-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Book+of+British+Kings+and+Queens&rft.place=London&rft.pages=694-695&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-84119-096-9&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Priestley">Priestley</a>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-royal-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royal_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerry2016" class="citation cs2">Berry, Ciara (11 January 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/edward-vii-r1901-1910">"Edward VII"</a>, <i>The Royal Family</i>, Official website of the British Monarchy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015924/https://www.royal.uk/edward-vii-r1901-1910">archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Edward+VII&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Ciara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fedward-vii-r1901-1910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, pp. 59–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 66; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 137, 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 67; <a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 48–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward to <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Granville</a>, 30 November 1875, quoted in <a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, pp. 101–102 and <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/386134.html">"Itinerary of the Imperial Tour 1875–1876"</a>, <i>Royal Museums Greenwich</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408073540/http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/386134.html">archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft.atitle=Itinerary+of+the+Imperial+Tour+1875%E2%80%931876&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.rmg.co.uk%2Fcollections%2Fobjects%2F386134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bc104-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bc104_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bc104_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergner_Hurlock1976" class="citation cs2">Bergner Hurlock, Elizabeth (1976), <i>The psychology of dress: an analysis of fashion and its motive</i>, Ayer Publishing, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-08644-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-08644-1"><bdi>978-0-405-08644-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+psychology+of+dress%3A+an+analysis+of+fashion+and+its+motive&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-405-08644-1&rft.aulast=Bergner+Hurlock&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansel2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Mansel" title="Philip Mansel">Mansel, Philip</a> (2005), <i>Dressed to Rule</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 138, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10697-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10697-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dressed+to+Rule&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10697-8&rft.aulast=Mansel&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18981103.2.164">"Try our "98' Curzons!" A few fashion hints for men"</a>, <i>Otago Witness</i>, 3 November 1898, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915081331/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18981103.2.164">archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2010</span>, <q>It was actually the Prince of Wales who introduced this shape. He got them originally about eight years ago from a manufacturer called <a href="/wiki/Charvet_Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Charvet Place Vendôme">Charvet</a>, in Paris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Otago+Witness&rft.atitle=Try+our+%2298%27+Curzons%21%22+A+few+fashion+hints+for+men&rft.date=1898-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DOW18981103.2.164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2006), <i>Salisbury: Victorian Titan</i>, London: Sterling Publishing Co., p. 35</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salisbury%3A+Victorian+Titan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 200; <a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duke-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duke_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duke_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Windsor">Windsor</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, pp. 23–25; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 280–290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 86; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 265–268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Sysonby" title="Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby">Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby</a>, quoted in <a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 95–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Mrs Elise Stonor to Queen Victoria, 11 April 1871, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattiscombe1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Battiscombe" title="Georgina Battiscombe">Battiscombe, Georgina</a> (1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/queenalexandra0000batt"><i>Queen Alexandra</i></a>, London: Constable, p. 112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-456560-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-456560-9"><bdi>978-0-09-456560-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Alexandra&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-09-456560-9&rft.aulast=Battiscombe&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fqueenalexandra0000batt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span> and <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 339–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, p. 7; <a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27270" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27270/supplement/547">"No. 27270"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 23 January 1901. p. 547.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27270&rft.pages=547&rft.date=1901-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27270%2Fsupplement%2F547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Priestley">Priestley</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Windsor">Windsor</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 38, 84, 96; <a href="#Priestley">Priestley</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllfrey1991" class="citation cs2">Allfrey, Anthony (1991), <i>King Edward VII and His Jewish Court</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-81125-1"><bdi>978-0-297-81125-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Edward+VII+and+His+Jewish+Court&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-297-81125-1&rft.aulast=Allfrey&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, pp. 63–64; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee102-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee102_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee102_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, pp. 102–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirilasSkandalakis,_J._E.2003" class="citation cs2">Mirilas, P.; Skandalakis, J. E. (2003), "Not just an appendix: Sir Frederick Treves", <i>Archives of Disease in Childhood</i>, <b>88</b> (6): 549–552, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.88.6.549">10.1136/adc.88.6.549</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1763108">1763108</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12765932">12765932</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood&rft.atitle=Not+just+an+appendix%3A+Sir+Frederick+Treves&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=549-552&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1763108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12765932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.88.6.549&rft.aulast=Mirilas&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Skandalakis%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Windsor">Windsor</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, pp. 122–139; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 351–352, 361, 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, p. 157; <a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 125–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlencross2015" class="citation cs2">Glencross, Matthew (2015), <i>The State Visits of Edward VII: Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54898-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-54898-6"><bdi>978-1-137-54898-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Visits+of+Edward+VII%3A+Reinventing+Royal+Diplomacy+for+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-54898-6&rft.aulast=Glencross&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson1954" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Nicolson, Harold</a> (October 1954), "The Origins and Development of the Anglo-French Entente", <i>International Affairs</i>, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 407–416, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2608720">10.2307/2608720</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2608720">2608720</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+Anglo-French+Entente&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=407-416&rft.date=1954-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2608720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2608720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Windsor">Windsor</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, pp. 460–464; <a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 60–61, 172–175; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 382–384, 433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, pp. 581–582; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 417–418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 167, 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, pp. 583–584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, pp. 215–216; <a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, p. 468; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, p. 541</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, pp. 91–93; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 130–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Kennedy, Paul M.</a> (2004), <i>The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery</i>, London: Penguin Books, pp. 215–216</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+British+Naval+Mastery&rft.place=London&rft.pages=215-216&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2002" class="citation cs2">Lambert, Nicholas A. (2002), <i>Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution</i>, Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-492-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-492-3"><bdi>978-1-57003-492-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+John+Fisher%27s+Naval+Revolution&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-492-3&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Grove" title="Eric Grove">Grove, Eric J.</a> (2005), <i>The Royal Navy since 1815</i>, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 88–100, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72126-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-72126-1"><bdi>978-0-333-72126-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+since+1815&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=88-100&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-333-72126-1&rft.aulast=Grove&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 134–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford1923" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Eden_Bradford" title="Edward Eden Bradford">Bradford, Admiral Sir Edward E.</a> (1923), <i>Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson</i>, London: John Murray, pp. 223–225</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Admiral+of+the+Fleet+Sir+Arthur+Knyvet+Wilson&rft.place=London&rft.pages=223-225&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Admiral+Sir+Edward+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1983" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rose" title="Kenneth Rose">Rose, Kenneth</a> (1983), <i>King George V</i>, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 65, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297782452" title="Special:BookSources/9780297782452"><bdi>9780297782452</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+George+V&rft.place=London&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780297782452&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macdonogh-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macdonogh_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macdonogh_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonogh2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_MacDonogh" class="mw-redirect" title="George MacDonogh">MacDonogh, Giles</a> (2003), <i>The Last Kaiser</i>, New York: St Martin's Press, p. 277, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312305575" title="Special:BookSources/0312305575"><bdi>0312305575</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Kaiser&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0312305575&rft.aulast=MacDonogh&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, pp. 276–277; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, pp. 282–283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, p. 526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, p. 534; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 440–441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, pp. 281–282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, p. 536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, pp. 283–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heffer,_pp._286–288-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heffer,_pp._286–288_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heffer,_pp._286–288_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, pp. 286–288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnus,_p._547-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magnus,_p._547_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magnus,_p._547_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, p. 547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, pp. 290–293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heffer">Heffer</a>, pp. 294–296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Magnus">Magnus</a>, pp. 555–556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, p. 676; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p151-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p151_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p151_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 560–561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 563–565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 568</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13133587"><i>Prince Charles becomes longest-serving heir apparent</i></a>, BBC News, 20 April 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925202124/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13133587">archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Charles+becomes+longest-serving+heir+apparent&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-13133587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarence-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clarence_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clarence_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales"><i>Previous Princes of Wales</i></a>, Clarence House, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014191303/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales">archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Previous+Princes+of+Wales&rft.pub=Clarence+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeofwales.gov.uk%2Fthe-prince-of-wales%2Ftitles-and-heraldry%2Fprevious-princes-of-wales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2017" class="citation cs2">Bryan, Nicola (9 September 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-41179772"><i>Prince Charles is longest-serving Prince of Wales</i></a>, BBC News, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909153555/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-41179772">archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Charles+is+longest-serving+Prince+of+Wales&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-41179772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2001" class="citation cs2">Richardson, Matt (2001), <i>The Royal Book of Lists</i>, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 56, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-238-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88882-238-3"><bdi>978-0-88882-238-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Book+of+Lists&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88882-238-3&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2022" class="citation news cs1">Lloyd, Will (9 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unherd.com/thepost/goodnight-sweet-prince/">"King Charles is no longer Hamlet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UnHerd&rft.atitle=King+Charles+is+no+longer+Hamlet&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funherd.com%2Fthepost%2Fgoodnight-sweet-prince%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 349, 473, 476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King George V's diary, 6 May 1910. Royal Archives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 576</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bentley-Cranch">Bentley-Cranch</a>, p. 157; <a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, p. 738</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lee">Lee</a>, pp. 358, 650, 664; <a href="#Middlemas">Middlemas</a>, pp. 176, 179; <a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 474</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, p. 487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 482–483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ridley">Ridley</a>, pp. 494–495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ensor">Ensor</a>, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ensor">Ensor</a>, pp. 567–569</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Windsor">Windsor</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Priestley">Priestley</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hattersley">Hattersley</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p306-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p306_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p306_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw">Shaw</a>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p60-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p60_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw">Shaw</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p308-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p308_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw">Shaw</a>, p. 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p194-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p194_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw">Shaw</a>, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galloway" title="Peter Galloway">Galloway, Peter</a> (2006), <i>The Order of the Bath</i>, Chichester: Phillimore & Co. 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Tauris & Co., p. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-848-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-848-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-848-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152915/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWVscq9SdgYC">archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+Merit%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+Matchless+Honour&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-848-9&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWVscq9SdgYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27463" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27463/page/5171">"No. 27463"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 8 August 1902. p. 5171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+27463&rft.pages=5171&rft.date=1902-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27463%2Fpage%2F5171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Court Circular" (12 August 1902) <i>The Times</i> Issue 36844, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Gerona/rczm_arapiles62/Historial/index.html">History of the 62nd Mountain Hunters Regiment "Arapiles"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305182329/http://www.ejercito.mde.es/unidades/Gerona/rczm_arapiles62/Historial/index.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Spanish Army website (in Spanish), retrieved 28 April 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66</i></a>. Heinrich. 1866. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801073634/https://books.google.com/books?id=SBFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+den+Freistaat+Sachsen%3A+1865%2F66&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Heinrich&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBFTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naotaka-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_170-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_170-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimizuka2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kimizuka, Naotaka (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ"><i>女王陛下のブルーリボン: ガーター勲章とイギリス外交</i></a> [<i>Her Majesty The Queen's Blue Ribbon: The Order of the Garter and British Diplomacy</i>] (in Japanese). Tokyo: NTT Publishing. pp. 300–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7571-4073-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7571-4073-8"><bdi>978-4-7571-4073-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152611/https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%3A+%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=300-302&rft.pub=NTT+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-4-7571-4073-8&rft.aulast=Kimizuka&rft.aufirst=Naotaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT13tPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es">"Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro"</a>, <i>Guía Oficial de España</i> (in Spanish), Madrid, 1887, p. 146, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222032234/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es">archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caballeros+de+la+insigne+orden+del+tois%C3%B3n+de+oro&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=146&rft.date=1887&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0000941464%26search%3D%26lang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es">"Real y distinguida orden de Carlos III"</a>, <i>Guía Oficial de España</i> (in Spanish), Madrid, 1887, p. 148, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222032234/http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es">archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Real+y+distinguida+orden+de+Carlos+III&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+Oficial+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=148&rft.date=1887&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0000941464%26search%3D%26lang%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agraciamentos-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agraciamentos_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragança2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10576008">"Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota"</a> [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. <i>Pro Phalaris</i> (in Portuguese). <b>9–10</b>: 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152639/https://www.academia.edu/10576008">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Agraciamentos+Portugueses+Aos+Pr%C3%ADncipes+da+Casa+Saxe-Coburgo-Gota&rft.volume=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10576008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste"</a>, <i>Preussische Ordens-Liste</i> (in German), <b>1</b>, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=13&skin=2021">5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=31&skin=2021">23</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=640&skin=2021">632</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=1007&skin=2021">935</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=1120&skin=2021">1048</a>, 1886, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818034008/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preussische+Ordens-Liste&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6niglich+Preussische+Ordensliste&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=5%2C+23%2C+632%2C+935%2C+1048&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015049878831%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D5%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1860_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1860_R%20208#page/25">"Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold"</a>, <i>Almanach Royal Officiel</i> (in French), 1860, p. 50, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152950/https://archives.bruxelles.be/almanach/watch/AR/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1860_R%20208/ALMANACH%20ROYAL%20OFFICIEL_1860_R%20208#page/25">archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span> – via Archives de Bruxelles</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liste+des+Membres+de+l%27Ordre+de+L%C3%A9opold&rft.btitle=Almanach+Royal+Officiel&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.bruxelles.be%2Falmanach%2Fwatch%2FAR%2FALMANACH%2520ROYAL%2520OFFICIEL_1860_R%2520208%2FALMANACH%2520ROYAL%2520OFFICIEL_1860_R%2520208%23page%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCibrario1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Luigi,_Count_Cibrario" title="Luigi, Count Cibrario">Cibrario, Luigi</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&q=Ordine%20supremo%20della%20Santissima%20Annunziata&pg=PA116"><i>Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri</i></a> (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 116. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152950/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&q=Ordine+supremo+della+Santissima+Annunziata&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notizia+storica+del+nobilissimo+ordine+supremo+della+santissima+Annunziata.+Sunto+degli+statuti%2C+catalogo+dei+cavalieri&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Eredi+Botta&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Cibrario&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2aP6enNFoYC%26q%3DOrdine%2520supremo%2520della%2520Santissima%2520Annunziata%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg</i> (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243702/Parladrusa_Staatshandbuch_SA_166810592_1869_0032.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00472815">p. 18</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108212300/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243702/Parladrusa_Staatshandbuch_SA_166810592_1869_0032.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00472815">Archived</a> 8 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</i> (1864), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00285409/Staatshandbuch_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_1864_0023.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jpvolume_00095965">p. 13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125152926/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00285409/Staatshandbuch_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_1864_0023.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jpvolume_00095965">Archived</a> 25 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HandbuchBaden-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HandbuchBaden_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden</i> (1862), "Großherzogliche Orden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872216">pp. 33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024090042/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872216">Archived</a> 24 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872228">45</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024090048/https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1872228">Archived</a> 24 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/35/collection/441053/star-of-the-order-of-osmanieh-turkey">"Star of the Order of Osmanieh"</a>. Royal Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195830/https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/35/collection/441053/star-of-the-order-of-osmanieh-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+of+the+Order+of+Osmanieh&rft.pub=Royal+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%23%2F35%2Fcollection%2F441053%2Fstar-of-the-order-of-osmanieh-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Court Circular" (26 June 1902) <i>The Times</i> Issue 36804, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/34/collection/441576/star-of-the-order-of-the-redeemer-greece-1st-type-edward-viis-star">"Star of the Order of the Redeemer"</a>. Royal Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402195830/https://www.rct.uk/collection/search#/34/collection/441576/star-of-the-order-of-the-redeemer-greece-1st-type-edward-viis-star">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+of+the+Order+of+the+Redeemer&rft.pub=Royal+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rct.uk%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%23%2F34%2Fcollection%2F441576%2Fstar-of-the-order-of-the-redeemer-greece-1st-type-edward-viis-star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106515601&view=1up&seq=3&skin=2021"><i>Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste</i></a> (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1909, pp. 3, 6, 28 – via HathiTrust</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fherzoglich+Hessische+Ordensliste&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=3%2C+6%2C+28&rft.pub=Staatsverlag&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112106515601%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D3%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._&_B._Wattel2009" class="citation book cs1">M. & B. Wattel (2009). <i>Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers</i>. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.au=M.+%26+B.+Wattel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBille-HansenHolck1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1910) [1st pub.:1801]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/921888.pdf#page=39"><i>Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1910</i></a> [<i>State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1910</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3, 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022000440/https://dis-danmark.dk/bibliotek/921888.pdf#page=39">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_Danmark" class="extiw" title="da:DIS Danmark">da:DIS Danmark</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statshaandbog+for+Kongeriget+Danmark+for+Aaret+1910&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.series=Kongelig+Dansk+Hof-+og+Statskalender&rft.pages=3%2C+6&rft.pub=J.H.+Schultz+A.-S.+Universitetsbogtrykkeri&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdis-danmark.dk%2Fbibliotek%2F921888.pdf%23page%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/sonkal/1865/0464.html"><i>Sveriges och Norges Statskalender</i></a> (in Swedish), 1865, p. 428, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207224745/http://runeberg.org/sonkal/1865/0464.html">archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span> – via runeberg.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+och+Norges+Statskalender&rft.pages=428&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fsonkal%2F1865%2F0464.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton_Anjou1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anton Anjou (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/riddareafkonung00anjogoog#page/n10/mode/1up">"Utländske Riddare"</a>. <i>Riddare af Konung Carl XIII:s orden: 1811–1900: biografiska anteckningar</i> (in Swedish). Eksjö, Eksjö tryckeri-aktiebolag. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/stream/riddareafkonung00anjogoog#page/n184/mode/2up">177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Utl%C3%A4ndske+Riddare&rft.btitle=Riddare+af+Konung+Carl+XIII%3As+orden%3A+1811%E2%80%931900%3A+biografiska+anteckningar&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Eksj%C3%B6%2C+Eksj%C3%B6+tryckeri-aktiebolag&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Anton+Anjou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fstream%2Friddareafkonung00anjogoog%23page%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kungl. Hovstaterna: Kungl. Maj:ts Ordens arkiv, Matriklar (D 1), vol. 7 (1900–1909), p. 298, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/E0000842_00127#?c=&m=&s=&cv=126&xywh=124%2C1249%2C3120%2C1710">digital avbildning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610050024/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/bildvisning/E0000842_00127#?c=&m=&s=&cv=126&xywh=124%2C1249%2C3120%2C1710">Archived</a> 10 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannover1865-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannover1865_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaat_Hannover1865" class="citation book cs1">Staat Hannover (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAFTAAAAcAAJ"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865</i></a>. Berenberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAFTAAAAcAAJ/page/n56">38</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bAFTAAAAcAAJ/page/n99/mode/2up">81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+das+K%C3%B6nigreich+Hannover%3A+1865&rft.pages=38%2C+81&rft.pub=Berenberg&rft.date=1865&rft.au=Staat+Hannover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_bAFTAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hof-und-staats-handbuch-des-grossherzogthums-mecklenburg-strelitz-fur-1878/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Mecklenburg-Strelitz: 1878</i></a> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%84%80%E7%A4%BC&rft.pages=144%2C+149&rft.pub=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E8%8A%B3%E5%89%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeijiseitoku.org%2Fpdf%2Ff54-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/9d3f9bde1680d8106a869be9e831a7d1.pdf">"Partie officielle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal de Monaco</i> (2297): 1. 15 July 1902. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319030916/https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/9d3f9bde1680d8106a869be9e831a7d1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Monaco&rft.atitle=Partie+officielle&rft.issue=2297&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1902-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournaldemonaco.gouv.mc%2Fvar%2Fjdm%2Fstorage%2Foriginal%2Fapplication%2F9d3f9bde1680d8106a869be9e831a7d1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Court News" (6 September 1902) <i>The Times</i> Issue 36866, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/news/051207.htm">"The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I"</a>, <i>orderofdanilo.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009012208/http://www.orderofdanilo.org/en/history/index.htm">Archived</a> 9 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulder1990" class="citation book cs1">Mulder, C. 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Copenhagen: Orders and Medals Society of Denmark. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-88513-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/87-88513-08-4"><bdi>87-88513-08-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Orders+1808%E2%80%931925&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Orders+and+Medals+Society+of+Denmark&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=87-88513-08-4&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forsvaret.dk/ghr/om%20ghr/kendetegn/gallauniform/Pages/default.aspx"><i>Galla Uniform</i></a> (in Danish), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604115023/http://forsvaret.dk/ghr/om%20ghr/kendetegn/gallauniform/Pages/default.aspx">archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galla+Uniform&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforsvaret.dk%2Fghr%2Fom%2520ghr%2Fkendetegn%2Fgallauniform%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT28061902-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT28061902_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT28061902_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT28061902_207-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT28061902_207-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The German Emperor and the King" (28 June 1902) <i>The Times</i> Issue 36806, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Coronation" (3 June 1902) <i>The Times</i> Issue 36784, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPAhonours-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPAhonours_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPAhonours_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPAhonours_209-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1910/05/07/012.html">Muerte del Rey Eduardo VII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531112436/http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1910/05/07/012.html">Archived</a> 31 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (7 May 1910) <i> <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a></i> (1st ed.), p. 12, retrieved 28 April 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/rikskal/1908/0313.html"><i>Svensk rikskalender</i></a> (in Swedish), 1908, p. 229, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709035225/http://runeberg.org/rikskal/1908/0313.html">archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span> – via runeberg.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+rikskalender&rft.pages=229&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Frikskal%2F1908%2F0313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/rikskal/1909/0239.html"><i>Svensk rikskalender</i></a> (in Swedish), 1909, p. 155, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224090639/http://runeberg.org/rikskal/1909/0239.html">archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2019</span> – via runeberg.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+rikskalender&rft.pages=155&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Frikskal%2F1909%2F0239.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Prothero-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_Prothero_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Prothero2007" class="citation web cs1">David Prothero (12 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb_roed7.html#prop">"British Royal Flags, Reign of Edward VII: Proposal for a Personal Royal Standard of King Edward VII"</a>. 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(1977). <i>Burke's Royal Families of the World, 1st edition</i>. London: Burke's Peerage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huberty, M., Giraud, A., Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976–1994). <i>L'Allemagne Dynastique, Vols I–VII</i>. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-louda-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-louda_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Louda" title="Jiří Louda">Louda, Jiří</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maclagan" title="Michael Maclagan">Maclagan, Michael</a> (1999), <i>Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe</i>, London: Little, Brown, p. 34, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-469-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-469-0"><bdi>978-1-85605-469-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85605-469-0&rft.aulast=Louda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bentley-Cranch" class="citation cs2">Bentley-Cranch, Dana (1992), <i>Edward VII: Image of an Era 1841–1910</i>, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290508-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290508-0"><bdi>978-0-11-290508-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VII%3A+Image+of+an+Era+1841%E2%80%931910&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-11-290508-0&rft.aulast=Bentley-Cranch&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ensor" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/R._C._K._Ensor" class="mw-redirect" title="R. C. K. Ensor">Ensor, R. C. K.</a> (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155599"><i>England, 1870–1914</i></a>, Oxford: Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Ensor&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.155599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hattersley" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hattersley" title="Roy Hattersley">Hattersley, Roy</a> (2004), <i>The Edwardians</i>, London: Little, Brown, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-72537-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-72537-8"><bdi>978-0-316-72537-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edwardians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-316-72537-8&rft.aulast=Hattersley&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Heffer" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Heffer" title="Simon Heffer">Heffer, Simon</a> (1998), <i>Power and Place: The Political Consequences of King Edward VII</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84220-0"><bdi>978-0-297-84220-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Place%3A+The+Political+Consequences+of+King+Edward+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84220-0&rft.aulast=Heffer&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hough" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Hough, Richard</a> (1992), <i>Edward & Alexandra: Their Private and Public Lives</i>, London: Hodder & Stoughton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-55825-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-55825-6"><bdi>978-0-340-55825-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+%26+Alexandra%3A+Their+Private+and+Public+Lives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-340-55825-6&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lee" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (1927), <i>King Edward VII: A Biography</i>, vol. II, London: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Edward+VII%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Magnus" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Magnus-Allcroft,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Magnus-Allcroft, 2nd Baronet">Magnus, Philip</a> (1964), <i>King Edward The Seventh</i>, London: John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Edward+The+Seventh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Magnus&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Middlemas" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Middlemas" title="Keith Middlemas">Middlemas, Keith</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> (ed.), <i>The Life and Times of Edward VII</i>, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-83189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-83189-1"><bdi>978-0-297-83189-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Edward+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-297-83189-1&rft.aulast=Middlemas&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Priestley" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">Priestley, J. B.</a> (1970), <i>The Edwardians</i>, London: Heinemann, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-60332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-60332-9"><bdi>978-0-434-60332-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edwardians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-434-60332-9&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ridley" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Ridley" title="Jane Ridley">Ridley, Jane</a> (2012), <i>Bertie: A Life of Edward VII</i>, London: Chatto & Windus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7614-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7614-3"><bdi>978-0-7011-7614-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bertie%3A+A+Life+of+Edward+VII&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-7614-3&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shaw" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Shaw" title="William Arthur Shaw">Shaw, William Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Dames_Burtchaell" title="George Dames Burtchaell">Burtchaell, George Dames</a> (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924092537418/"><i>The knights of England; a complete record from the earliest time to the present day of the knights of all the orders of chivalry in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and of knights bachelors</i></a>, London: Central chancery of the orders of knighthood, Sherratt and Hughes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+knights+of+England%3B+a+complete+record+from+the+earliest+time+to+the+present+day+of+the+knights+of+all+the+orders+of+chivalry+in+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Ireland%2C+and+of+knights+bachelors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Central+chancery+of+the+orders+of+knighthood%2C+Sherratt+and+Hughes&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=William+Arthur&rft.au=Burtchaell%2C+George+Dames&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924092537418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Windsor" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Windsor, HRH The Duke of</a> (1951), <i>A King's Story</i>, London: Cassell and Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+King%27s+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Co&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Windsor&rft.aufirst=HRH+The+Duke+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Andrews, Allen (1975), <i>The Follies of King Edward VII</i>, Lexington, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904312-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904312-15-7"><bdi>978-0-904312-15-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Follies+of+King+Edward+VII&rft.pub=Lexington&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-904312-15-7&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Beer, Peter (2016), <i>Playboy Princes: The Apprentice Years of Edward VII and VIII</i>, Peter Owen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playboy+Princes%3A+The+Apprentice+Years+of+Edward+VII+and+VIII&rft.pub=Peter+Owen&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Buckner, Phillip (2003), "Casting daylight upon magic: Deconstructing the royal tour of 1901 to Canada", <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>, <b>31</b> (2): 158–189, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530310001705656">10.1080/03086530310001705656</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162347515">162347515</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Casting+daylight+upon+magic%3A+Deconstructing+the+royal+tour+of+1901+to+Canada&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-189&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086530310001705656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162347515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Butler, David (1975), <i>Edward VII, Prince of Hearts</i>, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76897-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76897-5"><bdi>978-0-297-76897-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VII%2C+Prince+of+Hearts&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services+Ltd&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-297-76897-5&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kinahan_Cornwallis_(writer)" title="Kinahan Cornwallis (writer)">Cornwallis, Kinahan</a> (2009) [1860], <i>Royalty in the New World: Or, the Prince of Wales in America</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00298-1"><bdi>978-1-108-00298-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royalty+in+the+New+World%3A+Or%2C+the+Prince+of+Wales+in+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-108-00298-1&rft.aulast=Cornwallis&rft.aufirst=Kinahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Cowles, Virginia (1956), <i>Edward VII and his Circle</i>, H. Hamilton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VII+and+his+Circle&rft.pub=H.+Hamilton&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Cowles&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Farrer, James Anson (1912), <i>England Under Edward VII</i>, Allen & Unwin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+Under+Edward+VII&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Farrer&rft.aufirst=James+Anson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Glencross, Matthew (2016), <i>The State Visits of Edward VII: Reinventing Royal Diplomacy for the Twentieth Century</i>, Palgrave Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Visits+of+Edward+VII%3A+Reinventing+Royal+Diplomacy+for+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Glencross&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (2007), <i>Edward VII: The Last Victorian King</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8377-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-8377-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VII%3A+The+Last+Victorian+King&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8377-0&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Neilson, Francis (1957), "Edward VII and the Entente Cordiale, I.", <i>American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>, <b>16</b> (4): 353–368, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1957.tb00197.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.1957.tb00197.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3484884">3484884</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Edward+VII+and+the+Entente+Cordiale%2C+I.&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=353-368&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1957.tb00197.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3484884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Neilson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Plumptre, George (1997), <i>Edward VII</i>, Trafalgar Square Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85793-846-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85793-846-3"><bdi>978-1-85793-846-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VII&rft.pub=Trafalgar+Square+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85793-846-3&rft.aulast=Plumptre&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Sysonby" title="Frederick Ponsonby, 1st Baron Sysonby">Ponsonby, Frederick</a> (1951), <i>Recollections of Three Reigns</i>, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+Three+Reigns&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eyre+%26+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Ponsonby&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Ridley, Jane (2013), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Sport of Kings': Shooting and The Court of Edward VII", <i>The Court Historian</i>, <b>18</b> (2): 189–205, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fcou.2013.18.2.004">10.1179/cou.2013.18.2.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159750104">159750104</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Court+Historian&rft.atitle=%27The+Sport+of+Kings%27%3A+Shooting+and+The+Court+of+Edward+VII&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-205&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fcou.2013.18.2.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159750104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Ridley, Jane (2016), "Bertie Prince of Wales: Prince Hal and the Widow of Windsor", <i>Royal Heirs and the Uses of Soft Power in Nineteenth-Century Europe</i>, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 123–138</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bertie+Prince+of+Wales%3A+Prince+Hal+and+the+Widow+of+Windsor&rft.btitle=Royal+Heirs+and+the+Uses+of+Soft+Power+in+Nineteenth-Century+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=123-138&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Roby, Kinley E. (1975), <i>The King, the Press and the People: A Study of Edward VII</i>, Barrie and Jenkins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-214-20098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-214-20098-4"><bdi>978-0-214-20098-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%2C+the+Press+and+the+People%3A+A+Study+of+Edward+VII&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-214-20098-4&rft.aulast=Roby&rft.aufirst=Kinley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Ryan, A. P. (1953), "The Diplomacy of Edward VII", <i>History Today</i>, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 352–360</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Diplomacy+of+Edward+VII&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=352-360&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">St Aubyn, Giles (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardviiprincek00stau"><i>Edward VII, Prince and King</i></a>, Atheneum, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-10937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-10937-9"><bdi>978-0-689-10937-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+VII%2C+Prince+and+King&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-689-10937-9&rft.aulast=St+Aubyn&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardviiprincek00stau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_August" title="The Guns of August"><i>The Guns of August</i></a>, New York: Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guns+of+August&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Walker, Richard (1988), <i>The Savile Row Story: An Illustrated History</i>, London: Prion, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85375-000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85375-000-7"><bdi>978-1-85375-000-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savile+Row+Story%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Prion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-85375-000-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Watson, Alfred Edward Thomas (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKDSAAAAMAAJ"><i>King Edward VII. as a sportsman</i></a>, Longmans, Green and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Edward+VII.+as+a+sportsman&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Edward+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKDSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardcaresserpl00wein"><i>Edward the Caresser: The Playboy Prince Who Became Edward VII</i></a>, Free Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85318-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85318-5"><bdi>978-0-684-85318-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Caresser%3A+The+Playboy+Prince+Who+Became+Edward+VII&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85318-5&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardcaresserpl00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+VII" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Edward VII</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="c:Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/q20875" class="extiw" title="d:q20875">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/edward-vii">Edward VII</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/king-edward-vii-king-of-the-united-kingdom-1841-1910#/type/subject">Edward VII</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/edward_vii_king.shtml">Edward VII</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36073">Works by Edward VII</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22VII%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20VII%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22VII%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20VII%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22VII%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20VII%22%20OR%20description%3A%22VII%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20VII%22%29%20OR%20%28%221841-1910%22%20AND%20VII%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edward VII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> <ul><li>Macaulay, James (editor) (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speechesaddresse00edwaiala"><i>Speeches and addresses of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales: 1863–1888</i></a> London: Murray</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01430">Portraits of King Edward VII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20875#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Edward VII </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 9 November 1841</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 6 May 1910</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a> </b><br />22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George (IV)</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Duke of Rothesay</a> </b><br />1841–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George (V)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lygon,_4th_Earl_Beauchamp" title="Henry Lygon, 4th Earl Beauchamp">The Earl Beauchamp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/10th_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own_Royal)_Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars">10th (Prince of Wales's Own Royal) Hussars</a> </b><br />1863–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Ralph_Drury_Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Ralph Drury Kerr (page does not exist)">Lord Ralph Drury Kerr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Masonic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">Grand Master of the United<br />Grand Lodge of England</a> </b><br />1874–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">The Prince Consort</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Masters of the Order of the Bath">Great Master of the Bath</a> </b><br />1897–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edward_VII" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edward_VII" title="Template:Edward VII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edward_VII" title="Template talk:Edward VII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edward_VII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edward VII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edward_VII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward VII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion#Dominions" title="Dominion">British Dominions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a> (1901–1910)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise,_Princess_Royal" title="Louise, Princess Royal">Louise, Princess Royal</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom">Princess Victoria</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Wales" title="Maud of Wales">Maud, Queen of Norway</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, German Empress</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice,_Grand_Duchess_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine">Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Albert_Edward_and_Princess_Alexandra" title="Wedding of Prince Albert Edward and Princess Alexandra">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_baccarat_scandal" title="Royal baccarat scandal">Royal baccarat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Edward_VII_and_Alexandra" title="Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra">Coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1902_Coronation_Honours" title="1902 Coronation Honours">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Coronation_Medal" title="King Edward VII Coronation Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Police_Coronation_Medal" title="King Edward VII Police Coronation Medal">Police Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_cases" title="Coronation cases">Coronation cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_Edward_VII" title="List of official overseas trips made by Edward VII">State and official visits made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_received_by_Edward_VII" title="List of state visits received by Edward VII">State visits received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Edward_VII" title="Death and state funeral of Edward VII">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Edward_VII" title="List of prime ministers of Edward VII">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Edward_VII_and_Alexandra" title="Household of Edward VII and Alexandra">Household</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Land" title="King Edward VII Land">King Edward VII Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII-class_battleship" title="King Edward VII-class battleship">King Edward VII-class battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_King_Edward_VII" title="HMS King Edward VII">HMS <i>King Edward VII</i></a></li> <li>Hospitals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Hospital" title="King Edward VII's Hospital">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Memorial_Hospital" title="King Edward VII Memorial Hospital">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Orthopaedic_Hospital,_Sheffield" title="King Edward VII Orthopaedic Hospital, Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Academy" title="King Edward VII Academy">King Edward VII Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_and_Queen_Mary_School" title="King Edward VII and Queen Mary School">King Edward VII and Queen Mary School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School,_Lytham" title="King Edward VII School, Lytham">King Edward VII School, Lytham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School,_Sheffield" title="King Edward VII School, Sheffield">King Edward VII School, Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School,_Melton_Mowbray" title="King Edward VII School, Melton Mowbray">King Edward VII School, Melton Mowbray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School,_Johannesburg" title="King Edward VII School, Johannesburg">King Edward VII School, Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_School,_Taiping" title="King Edward VII School, Taiping">King Edward VII School, Taiping</a></li></ul></li> <li>Higher Education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Medical_University" title="King Edward Medical University">King Edward Medical University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_VII_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo VII Park">Eduardo VII Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_(tobacco)" title="Prince Albert (tobacco)">Prince Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Stakes" title="King Edward VII Stakes">King Edward VII Stakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Edward_VII" title="Cultural depictions of Edward VII">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Edward_VII" title="The Coronation of Edward VII"><i>The Coronation of Edward VII</i> (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_of_Honour_(Upstairs,_Downstairs)" title="Guest of Honour (Upstairs, Downstairs)">"Guest of Honour" (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Eagles" title="Fall of Eagles"><i>Fall of Eagles</i> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie:_Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill"><i>Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill</i> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Seventh" title="Edward the Seventh"><i>Edward the Seventh</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Duke_Street" title="The Duchess of Duke Street"><i>The Duchess of Duke Street</i> (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_(TV_series)" title="Lillie (TV series)"><i>Lillie</i> (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Brown" title="Mrs Brown"><i>Mrs Brown</i> (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Prince" title="The Lost Prince"><i>The Lost Prince</i> (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Abdul" title="Victoria & Abdul"><i>Victoria & Abdul</i> (2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Statues and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII_Memorial" title="King Edward VII Memorial">King Edward VII Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_Monument_(Montreal)" title="Edward VII Monument (Montreal)">Edward VII Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_VII,_Bangalore" title="Statue of Edward VII, Bangalore">Bangalore statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_VII,_Bootle" title="Statue of Edward VII, Bootle">Bootle statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Statue,_Brighton" title="Peace Statue, Brighton">Peace Statue, Brighton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christening_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="The Christening of the Prince of Wales">The Christening of the Prince of Wales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="The Marriage of the Prince of Wales">The Marriage of the Prince of Wales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Edwardians" title="The Edwardians"><i>The Edwardians</i> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/And_Having_Writ..." title="And Having Writ..."><i>And Having Writ...</i> (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashman_and_the_Tiger" title="Flashman and the Tiger"><i>Flashman and the Tiger</i> (1999)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_2d_Tyrian_plum" title="Edward VII 2d Tyrian plum">Edward VII 2d Tyrian plum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mistresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Keyser" title="Agnes Keyser">Agnes Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Keppel" title="Alice Keppel">Alice Keppel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Greville,_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick">Daisy Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortense_Schneider" title="Hortense Schneider">Hortense Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Susan_Vane-Tempest" title="Lady Susan Vane-Tempest">Lady Susan Vane-Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Clifden" title="Nellie Clifden">Nellie Clifden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cornwallis-West" title="Patsy Cornwallis-West">Patsy Cornwallis-West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Edward_VII" title="Royal Family Order of Edward VII">Royal Family Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order_appointed_by_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order appointed by Edward VII">Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order_appointed_by_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order appointed by Edward VII">Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sassoon" title="Arthur Sassoon">Arthur Sassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_de_Meyer" title="Olga de Meyer">Olga de Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Lady Randolph Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">Homburg hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(dog)" title="Caesar (dog)">Caesar (dog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII%27s_Town_Coach" title="King Edward VII's Town Coach">King Edward VII's Town Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Ginger" title="King's Ginger">King's Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House_set" title="Marlborough House set">Marlborough House set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_chair" title="Love chair">Love chair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">← Victoria</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V →</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_monarchy" title="Template talk:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of British Columbia">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Alberta">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alberta" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alberta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of lieutenant governors of Saskatchewan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Manitoba">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Manitoba" title="List of lieutenant governors of Manitoba">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Ontario">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Quebec">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of New Brunswick">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">Territorial Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces">The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright#Canada" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal commissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial and symbolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapels_Royal#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapels Royal">Chapels Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(18th%E2%80%9320th_centuries)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (18th–20th centuries)">1786–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(21st_century)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the Canadian sovereign">Title and style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">Thrones of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coronation_Contingent" title="Canadian Coronation Contingent">Canadian Coronation Contingent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secretary_to_the_King" title="Canadian Secretary to the King">Canadian Secretary to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princes" title="Template:British princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princes" title="Template talk:British princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">British princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles <i>prince</i> and <i>princess</i> for members of the British royal family.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince George William of Great Britain">Prince George William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Frederick of Great Britain">Prince Frederick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">King William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">King Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Prince Octavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">King George V of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Ernest Augustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander John of Wales">Prince Alexander John of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Christian of Hanover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernest_Augustus_of_Hanover_(born_1914)" title="Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)">Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Hanover" title="Prince George William of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William of Gloucester">Prince William of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent" title="Prince Michael of Kent">Prince Michael of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">Prince Consort</a>. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.<br /><i>Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template talk:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forefather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Duke Francis I</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Ernest I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ferdinand</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">King Leopold I of the Belgians</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Ernest II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha-Koh%C3%A1ry" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry">Koháry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Leopold</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_Crown_Prince_of_Belgium" title="Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium">Crown Prince Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">King Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders">Prince Philippe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Alfred I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">King Pedro V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">King Luís I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante João, Duke of Beja">Infante João</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal" title="Infante Fernando of Portugal">Infante Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Augusto,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Augusto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philipp_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ludwig August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Prince Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Prince Baudouin of Belgium">Prince Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">King Albert I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Hereditary Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Charles Edward I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">King Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Porto" title="Afonso, Duke of Porto">Infante Afonso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_Clement_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Leopold Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Pedro_Augusto_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Pedro Augusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Joseph Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Gaston_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ludwig Gaston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Tsar Boris III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiril,_Prince_of_Preslav" title="Kiril, Prince of Preslav">Prince Kiril</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Prince Charles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Alastair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Josias,_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Friedrich Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Friedrich Josias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Prince Luís Filipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">King Manuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rainer_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Rainer of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philipp_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1901%E2%80%931985)" title="Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–1985)">Prince Philipp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Tsar Simeon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">King Baudouin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">King Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexandre_of_Belgium" title="Prince Alexandre of Belgium">Prince Alexandre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas,_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Andreas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Johannes_Heinrich_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Johannes Heinrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardam,_Prince_of_Tarnovo" title="Kardam, Prince of Tarnovo">Prince Kardam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyril,_Prince_of_Preslav" title="Kyril, Prince of Preslav">Prince Kyril</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">King Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Laurent_of_Belgium" title="Prince Laurent of Belgium">Prince Laurent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hubertus,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Hubertus, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Hubertus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Johannes_Heinrich_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha#_Life" title="Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Johannes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Boris Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Prince Boris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Gabriel of Belgium">Prince Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emmanuel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Emmanuel of Belgium">Prince Emmanuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Wales" title="Template:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Princes of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward of Caernarfon</a> <i>(1301–1307)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a> <i>(1343–1376)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard of Bordeaux</a> <i>(1376–1377)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry of Monmouth</a> <i>(1399–1413)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster</a> <i>(1454–1471)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward</a> <i>(1471–1483)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward of Middleham</a> <i>(1483–1484)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a> <i>(1489–1502)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry</a> <i>(1504–1509)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward</a> <i>(1537–1547)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> <i>(1610–1612)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> <i>(1616–1625)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> <i>(1641–1649)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> <i>(1688)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> <i>(1714–1727)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> <i>(1728–1751)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George</a> <i>(1751–1760)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> <i>(1762–1820)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Edward</a> <i>(1841–1901)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> <i>(1901–1910)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> <i>(1910–1936)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> <i>(1958–2022)</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> <i>(2022–present)</i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/75px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/113px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/150px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Cornwall" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Cornwall" title="Template:Dukes of Cornwall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Cornwall" title="Template talk:Dukes of Cornwall"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Cornwall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Cornwall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Cornwall" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Dukes of Cornwall</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward</a> <i>(1337–1376)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard</a> <i>(1376–1377)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry</a> <i>(1399–1413)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry</a> <i>(1421–1422)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward</a> <i>(1453–1471)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard</a> <i>(1460; disputed)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward</a> <i>(1470–1483)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward</a> <i>(1483–1484)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a> <i>(1486–1502)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry</a> <i>(1502–1509)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry</a> <i>(1511)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward</a> <i>(1537–1547)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> <i>(1603–1612)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> <i>(1612–1625)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> <i>(1630–1649)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> <i>(1688–1701/2)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> <i>(1714–1727)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> <i>(1727–1751)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> <i>(1762–1820)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Edward</a> <i>(1841–1901)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> <i>(1901–1910)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> <i>(1910–1936)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> <i>(1952–2022)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> <i>(2022–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cornwall" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Rothesay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Template talk:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Rothesay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Rothesay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Dukes of Rothesay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">David</a> <i>(1398–1402)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1402–1406)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay">Alexander</a> <i>(1430)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1430–1437)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1452–1460)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James</a> <i>(1473–1488)</i></li> <li>James <i>(1507–1508)</i></li> <li>Arthur <i>(1509–1510)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James</a> <i>(1512–1513)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Rothesay_(born_1540)" title="James, Duke of Rothesay (born 1540)">James</a> <i>(1540–1541)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a> <i>(1566–1567)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> <i>(1594–1612)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> <i>(1612–1625)</i></li> <li>Charles James <i>(1629)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> <i>(1630–1649)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> <i>(1688–1689)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> <i>(1714–1727)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> <i>(1727–1751)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> <i>(1762–1820)</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Edward</a> <i>(1841–1901)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> <i>(1901–1910)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> <i>(1910–1936)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> <i>(1952–2022)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> <i>(2022–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/75px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/113px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg/150px-Inescutcheon_of_the_Duke_of_Rothesay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="475" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Template:Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Template talk:Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Great Masters of the Order of the Bath</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu</a> (1725–1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a> (1767–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a> (1827–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a> (1837–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert, Prince Consort</a> (1843–1861)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (1901–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a> (1942–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (1974–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/80px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/120px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/160px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template:United Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template talk:United Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand Masters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">The Duke of Sussex</a> (1813–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dundas,_2nd_Earl_of_Zetland" title="Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland">The Earl of Zetland</a> (1844–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a> (1870–1874)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Prince of Wales</a> (1874–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">The Duke of Connaught</a> (1901–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">The 1st Duke of Kent</a> (1939–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood">The Earl of Harewood</a> (1942–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cavendish,_10th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1947–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lumley,_11th_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a> (1951–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">The 2nd Duke of Kent</a> (1967–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Antient Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Masons%27_Hall,_London" title="Mark Masons' Hall, London">Mark Masons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Masonic_Benevolent_Institution" title="Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution">Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Grand_Lodges_(UGLE)" title="Provincial Grand Lodges (UGLE)">Provincial Grand Lodges (UGLE)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_of_the_Three_Degrees_in_Craft_Masonry" title="Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry">Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulation_Lodge_of_Improvement" title="Emulation Lodge of Improvement">Emulation Lodge of Improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge" title="Quatuor Coronati Lodge">Quatuor Coronati Lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appendant bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trinitarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana_in_Anglia" title="Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia">Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Ancient and Accepted Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Eri" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Eri">Royal Order of Eri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Order of Knights Templar and Knights of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Order of the Red Cross of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Holy_Wisdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Holy Wisdom (page does not exist)">Order of Holy Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Holy_Royal_Arch_Knight_Templar_Priests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests (page does not exist)">Order of Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of St Thomas of Acon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectified_Scottish_Rite" title="Rectified Scottish Rite">Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">non-Trinitarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Order of the Holy Royal Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Secret Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Athelstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Athelstan (page does not exist)">Order of Athelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Masonic_Degrees" title="Allied Masonic Degrees">Order of the Allied Masonic Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Order of Royal and Select Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraternity_of_Royal_Ark_Mariners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraternity of Royal Ark Mariners (page does not exist)">Fraternity of Royal Ark Mariners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Scarlet Cord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20875#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20875#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000382696461">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265340794">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33612/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrCgR6J4fdyqdpMmT8DMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118528955">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79039821">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12309317p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12309317p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001123056">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Edward VII <re di Gran Bretagna>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV024024">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35057316">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20030212003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX954611">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070464766">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90595219">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85305">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfg7rk0cq7b78">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653184305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/50640">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260628505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058529877006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15749253?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500023438">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/25504">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/31eddd50-6509-452f-95fd-6ec39d389983">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/814184">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118528955.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118528955">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031976077">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582270">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6010rbr">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67d5xp5">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/33717">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&oldid=1256863727">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_VII&oldid=1256863727</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edward_VII" title="Category:Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edwardian_era" title="Category:Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1841_births" title="Category:1841 births">1841 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910_deaths" title="Category:1910 deaths">1910 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_people" title="Category:19th-century British people">19th-century British people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_monarchs" title="Category:20th-century British monarchs">20th-century British monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh">Alumni of the University of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford">Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge">Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_field_marshals" title="Category:British field marshals">British field marshals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:10th_Royal_Hussars_officers" title="Category:10th Royal Hussars officers">10th Royal Hussars officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_bronchitis" title="Category:Deaths from bronchitis">Deaths from bronchitis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Cornwall" title="Category:Dukes of Cornwall">Dukes of Cornwall</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Rothesay" title="Category:Dukes of Rothesay">Dukes of Rothesay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earls_of_Dublin" title="Category:Earls of Dublin">Earls of Dublin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_India" title="Category:Emperors of India">Emperors of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_masters_of_the_United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Category:Grand masters of the United Grand Lodge of England">Grand masters of the United Grand Lodge of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(United_Kingdom)" title="Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland">Members of the Privy Council of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_Australia" title="Category:Monarchs of Australia">Monarchs of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_of_the_United_Kingdom" 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title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order">Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Category:Great Masters of the Order of the Bath">Great Masters of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_St_Patrick" title="Category:Knights of St Patrick">Knights of St Patrick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Garter" title="Category:Knights of the Garter">Knights of the Garter</a></li><li><a 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title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class">Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Order_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kalākaua">Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Kalākaua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword">Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)">Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Aviz" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz">Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz</a></li><li><a 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