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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucellus,_megaspore_and_perisperm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nucellus, megaspore and perisperm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucellus,_megaspore_and_perisperm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megagametophyte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megagametophyte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Megagametophyte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megagametophyte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zygote,_embryo_and_endosperm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zygote,_embryo_and_endosperm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Zygote, embryo and endosperm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zygote,_embryo_and_endosperm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_gametophytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_gametophytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Types of gametophytes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_gametophytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ovule</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بويضة نباتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بويضة نباتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulo_(botanica)" title="Ovulo (botanica) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ovulo (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="ডিম্বক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিম্বক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Семязавязь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Семязавязь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovula" title="Ovula – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ovula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordi_seminal" title="Primordi seminal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primordi seminal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83-%D1%82%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Вăрă-тĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрă-тĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rode%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_vak" title="Zárodečný vak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zárodečný vak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samenanlage" title="Samenanlage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samenanlage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seemnealge" title="Seemnealge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seemnealge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93vulo_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Óvulo (botánica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óvulo (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovolo_(plantoscienco)" title="Ovolo (plantoscienco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ovolo (plantoscienco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85%DA%A9_(%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C)" title="تخمک (گیاهی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تخمک (گیاهی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule_(botanique)" title="Ovule (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ovule (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubh%C3%BAlach" title="Ubhúlach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ubhúlach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93vulo_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Óvulo (botánica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óvulo (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%91%EC%94%A8" title="밑씨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밑씨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Սերմնասկզբնակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերմնասկզբնակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="बीजाण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बीजाण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulo" title="Ovulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ovulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal_biji" title="Bakal biji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakal biji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A6hirsla" title="Fræhirsla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fræhirsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulo_(botanica)" title="Ovulo (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ovulo (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%AA_(%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="ביצית (צמחים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביצית (צמחים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovil" title="Ovil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ovil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulum" title="Ovulum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ovulum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93klaizmetnis" title="Sēklaizmetnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēklaizmetnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92vulo_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Òvulo (botànica) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Òvulo (botànica)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="അണ്ഡം (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അണ്ഡം (സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯃꯥꯢꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯥꯢꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯢꯀ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯥꯢꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaadknop" title="Zaadknop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zaadknop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E7%8F%A0" title="胚珠 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胚珠" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ovule" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B8emne" title="Frøemne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frøemne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zal%C4%85%C5%BCek" title="Zalążek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zalążek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93vulo_(bot%C3%A2nica)" title="Óvulo (botânica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óvulo (botânica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Семязачаток – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семязачаток" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ovule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaj%C3%AD%C4%8Dko_(botanika)" title="Vajíčko (botanika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vajíčko (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Семени заметак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Семени заметак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemeni_zametak" title="Sjemeni zametak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjemeni zametak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemenaihe" title="Siemenaihe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siemenaihe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சூல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="బీజకోశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీజకోశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For animal ovules, see <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">Ovum</a>. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Ovule_(song)" title="Ovule (song)">Ovule (song)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Micropyle (botany)" and "Ovular" redirect here. For the structure in animals, see <a href="/wiki/Micropyle_(zoology)" title="Micropyle (zoology)">Micropyle (zoology)</a>. For the shape, see <a href="/wiki/Oval" title="Oval">oval</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovules_in_flower.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ovules_in_flower.png/220px-Ovules_in_flower.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Ovules_in_flower.png 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Location of ovules inside a <i><a href="/wiki/Helleborus_foetidus" title="Helleborus foetidus">Helleborus foetidus</a></i> flower</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" title="Seed plant">seed plants</a>, the <b>ovule</b> is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the <i><a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a></i>, forming its outer layer, the <i>nucellus</i> (or remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">megasporangium</a>), and the female <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> (formed from a haploid <a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">megaspore</a>) in its center. The female gametophyte — specifically termed a <i>megagametophyte</i> — is also called the <i>embryo sac</i> in <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a>. The megagametophyte produces an <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">egg cell</a> for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>. The ovule is a small structure present in the ovary. It is attached to the placenta by a stalk called a funicle. The funicle provides nourishment to the ovule. On the basis of the relative position of micropyle, body of the ovule, chalaza and funicle, there are six types of ovules. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_within_the_plant">Location within the plant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location within the plant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, the ovule is located inside the portion of the <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a> of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> wall. Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary through a stalk-like structure known as a <i>funiculus</i> (plural, funiculi). Different patterns of ovule attachment, or <a href="/wiki/Placentation#In_plants" title="Placentation">placentation</a>, can be found among plant species, these include:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Apical placentation: The placenta is at the apex (top) of the ovary. Simple or compound ovary.</li> <li>Axile placentation: The ovary is divided into radial segments, with placentas in separate <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locules</a>. Ventral sutures of carpels meet at the centre of the ovary. Placentae are along fused margins of carpels. Two or more carpels. (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">Hibiscus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a></i>)</li> <li>Basal placentation: The placenta is at the base (bottom) of the ovary on a protrusion of the thalamus (<a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a>). Simple or compound carpel, unilocular ovary. (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Sonchus" title="Sonchus">Sonchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">Helianthus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></i>)</li> <li>Free-central placentation: Derived from axile as partitions are absorbed, leaving ovules at the central axis. Compound unilocular ovary. (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Stellaria" title="Stellaria">Stellaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dianthus" title="Dianthus">Dianthus</a></i>)</li> <li>Marginal placentation: Simplest type. There is only one elongated placenta on one side of the ovary, as ovules are attached at the fusion line of the carpel's margins . This is conspicuous in legumes. Simple carpel, unilocular ovary. (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Pisum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisum">Pisum</a></i>)</li> <li>Parietal placentation: Placentae on inner ovary wall within a non-sectioned ovary, corresponding to fused carpel margins. Two or more carpels, unilocular ovary. (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i>)</li> <li>Superficial placentation: Similar to axile, but placentae are on inner surfaces of multilocular ovary (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea" title="Nymphaea">Nymphaea</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> such as conifers, ovules are borne on the surface of an ovuliferous (ovule-bearing) scale, usually within an ovulate <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cone</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Strobilus" title="Strobilus">megastrobilus</a>). In the early extinct <a href="/wiki/Pteridosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridosperms">seed ferns</a>, ovules were borne on the surface of leaves. In the most recent of these taxa, a cupule (a modified branch or group of branches) surrounded the ovule (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Caytonia" title="Caytonia">Caytonia</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">Glossopteris</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts_and_development">Parts and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parts and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovule_morphology_anatropous.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Ovule_morphology_anatropous.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>Ovule structure (anatropous) 1: nucellus 2: <a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">chalaza</a> 3: funiculus 4: raphe</figcaption></figure> <p>Ovule orientation may be <i>anatropous</i>, such that when inverted the micropyle faces the placenta (this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants), <i>amphitropous</i>, <i>campylotropous</i>, or <i>orthotropous</i> (<i><b>anatropous</b></i> are common and micropyle is in downward position and chalazal end in on the upper position hence, in <i><b>amphitropous</b></i> the anatropous arrangement is tilted 90 degrees and in <i><b>orthotropous</b></i> it is completely inverted) . The ovule appears to be a megasporangium with integuments surrounding it. Ovules are initially composed of <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> maternal tissue, which includes a megasporocyte (a cell that will undergo meiosis to produce megaspores). Megaspores remain inside the ovule and divide by mitosis to produce the <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> female gametophyte or megagametophyte, which also remains inside the ovule. The remnants of the megasporangium tissue (the nucellus) surround the megagametophyte. Megagametophytes produce archegonia (lost in some groups such as flowering plants), which produce egg cells. After fertilization, the ovule contains a diploid <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> and then, after cell division begins, an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> of the next <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> generation. In flowering plants, a second sperm nucleus fuses with other nuclei in the megagametophyte forming a typically polyploid (often triploid) <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> tissue, which serves as nourishment for the young sporophyte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integuments,_micropyle,_chalaza_and_hilum"><span id="Integuments.2C_micropyle.2C_chalaza_and_hilum"></span>Integuments, micropyle, chalaza and hilum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Integuments, micropyle, chalaza and hilum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Integument"></span><span class="anchor" id="Micropyle"></span><span class="anchor" id="Chalaza"></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovule-Gymno-Angio-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ovule-Gymno-Angio-en.svg/300px-Ovule-Gymno-Angio-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ovule-Gymno-Angio-en.svg/450px-Ovule-Gymno-Angio-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ovule-Gymno-Angio-en.svg/600px-Ovule-Gymno-Angio-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Plant ovules: Gymnosperm ovule on left, angiosperm ovule (inside ovary) on right</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modellreihe_von_Grundformen_der_Samenanlagen_-Brendel_Nr._164-166-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Modellreihe_von_Grundformen_der_Samenanlagen_-Brendel_Nr._164-166-.jpg/220px-Modellreihe_von_Grundformen_der_Samenanlagen_-Brendel_Nr._164-166-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Modellreihe_von_Grundformen_der_Samenanlagen_-Brendel_Nr._164-166-.jpg/330px-Modellreihe_von_Grundformen_der_Samenanlagen_-Brendel_Nr._164-166-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Modellreihe_von_Grundformen_der_Samenanlagen_-Brendel_Nr._164-166-.jpg/440px-Modellreihe_von_Grundformen_der_Samenanlagen_-Brendel_Nr._164-166-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>Models of different ovules, <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Museum_Greifswald" title="Botanical Museum Greifswald">Botanical Museum Greifswald</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a> is a protective layer of cells surrounding the ovule. Gymnosperms typically have one integument (unitegmic) while angiosperms typically have two integuments (bitegmic). The evolutionary origin of the inner integument (which is integral to the formation of ovules from megasporangia) has been proposed to be by enclosure of a megasporangium by sterile branches (telomes).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Elkinsia</i>, a preovulate taxon, has a lobed structure fused to the lower third of the megasporangium, with the lobes extending upwards in a ring around the megasporangium. This might, through fusion between lobes and between the structure and the megasporangium, have produced an integument.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart-1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the second or outer integument has been an area of active contention for some time. The cupules of some extinct taxa have been suggested as the origin of the outer integument. A few angiosperms produce vascular tissue in the outer integument, the orientation of which suggests that the outer surface is morphologically abaxial. This suggests that cupules of the kind produced by the <a href="/wiki/Caytoniales" title="Caytoniales">Caytoniales</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">Glossopteridales</a> may have evolved into the outer integument of angiosperms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The integuments develop into the seed coat when the ovule matures after fertilization. </p><p>The integuments do not enclose the nucellus completely but retain an opening at the apex referred to as the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Micropyle" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Micropyle">micropyle</a></i>. The micropyle opening allows the pollen (a male <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a>) to enter the ovule for fertilization. In gymnosperms (e.g., conifers), the pollen is drawn into the ovule on a drop of fluid that exudes out of the micropyle, the so-called pollination drop mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart-1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the micropyle closes. In angiosperms, only a pollen tube enters the micropyle. During <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a> emerges through the micropyle. </p><p>Located opposite from the micropyle is the <a href="/wiki/Chalaza" title="Chalaza">chalaza</a> where the nucellus is joined to the integuments. Nutrients from the plant travel through the <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a> of the vascular system to the funiculus and outer integument and from there <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplastically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symplast" title="Symplast">symplastically</a> through the chalaza to the nucellus inside the ovule. In chalazogamous plants, the pollen tubes enter the ovule through the chalaza instead of the micropyle opening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucellus,_megaspore_and_perisperm"><span id="Nucellus.2C_megaspore_and_perisperm"></span>Nucellus, megaspore and perisperm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nucellus, megaspore and perisperm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>nucellus</i> (plural: nucelli) is part of the inner structure of the ovule, forming a layer of diploid (<a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytic</a>) cells immediately inside the integuments. It is structurally and functionally equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">megasporangium</a>. In immature ovules, the nucellus contains a megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), which undergoes <a href="/wiki/Sporogenesis" title="Sporogenesis">sporogenesis</a> via <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Megaspore_mother_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaspore mother cell">megasporocyte</a> of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> depends on the expression of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> that facilitate <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seeliger-2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeliger-2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In gymnosperms, three of the four <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> spores produced in meiosis typically degenerate, leaving one surviving megaspore inside the nucellus. Among angiosperms, however, a wide range of variation exists in what happens next. The number (and position) of surviving megaspores, the total number of cell divisions, whether nuclear fusions occur, and the final number, position and ploidy of the cells or nuclei all vary. A common pattern of embryo sac development (the <i>Polygonum</i> type maturation pattern) includes a single functional megaspore followed by three rounds of mitosis. In some cases, however, two megaspores survive (for example, in <i>Allium</i> and <i>Endymion</i>). In some cases all four megaspores survive, for example in the <i>Fritillaria</i> type of development (illustrated by <i>Lilium</i> in the figure) there is no separation of the megaspores following meiosis, then the nuclei fuse to form a triploid nucleus and a haploid nucleus. The subsequent arrangement of cells is similar to the <i>Polygonum</i> pattern, but the ploidy of the nuclei is different.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After fertilization, the nucellus may develop into the <i>perisperm</i> that feeds the embryo. In some plants, the diploid tissue of the nucellus can give rise to the embryo within the seed through a mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a> called <a href="/wiki/Nucellar_embryony" title="Nucellar embryony">nucellar embryony</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Megagametophyte">Megagametophyte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Megagametophyte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embryosack_Polygonum_Lilium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Embryosack_Polygonum_Lilium.png/500px-Embryosack_Polygonum_Lilium.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Embryosack_Polygonum_Lilium.png 1.5x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Megagametophyte formation of the genera <i>Polygonum</i> and <i>Lilium</i>. Triploid nuclei are shown as ellipses with three white dots. The first three columns show the meiosis of the megaspore, followed by 1-2 mitoses.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embryosac-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Embryosac-en.svg/300px-Embryosac-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Embryosac-en.svg/450px-Embryosac-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Embryosac-en.svg/600px-Embryosac-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Ovule with megagametophyte: egg cell (yellow), synergids (orange), central cell with two polar nuclei (bright green), and antipodals (dark green)</figcaption></figure> <p>The haploid megaspore inside the nucellus gives rise to the female <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a>, called the <i>megagametophyte</i>. </p><p>In gymnosperms, the megagametophyte consists of around 2000 nuclei and forms <a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonia</a>, which produce egg cells for fertilization. </p><p>In flowering plants, the megagametophyte (also referred to as the <i>embryo sac</i>) is much smaller and typically consists of only seven cells and eight nuclei. This type of megagametophyte develops from the megaspore through three rounds of <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitotic</a> divisions. The cell closest to the micropyle opening of the integuments differentiates into the egg cell, with two <i>synergid cells</i> by its side that are involved in the production of signals that guide the pollen tube. Three <i>antipodal cells</i> form on the opposite (chalazal) end of the ovule and later degenerate. The large <i>central cell</i> of the embryo sac contains two <i>polar nuclei</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zygote,_embryo_and_endosperm"><span id="Zygote.2C_embryo_and_endosperm"></span>Zygote, embryo and endosperm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zygote, embryo and endosperm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pollen tube releases two <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> nuclei into the ovule. In gymnosperms, <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> occurs within the archegonia produced by the female gametophyte. While it is possible that several egg cells are present and fertilized, typically only one <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> will develop into a mature <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> as the resources within the seed are limited. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In flowering plants, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell to produce a zygote, the other fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to give rise to the polyploid (typically triploid) <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>. This double fertilization is unique to flowering plants, although in some other groups the second sperm cell does fuse with another cell in the megagametophyte to produce a second embryo. The plant stores nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a> in the endosperm as a food source for the developing embryo and seedling, serving a similar function to the <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a> of animal eggs. The endosperm is also called the <a href="/wiki/Albumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumen">albumen</a> of the seed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the zygote then develops into a megasporophyte, which in turn produces one or more megasporangia. The ovule, with the developing megasporophyte, may be described as either tenuinucellate or crassinucellate. The former has either no cells or a single cell layer between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells, while the latter has multiple cell layers between.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsou1994_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsou1994-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embryos may be described by a number of terms including <i>Linear</i> (embryos have axile placentation and are longer than broad), or <i>rudimentary</i> (embryos are basal in which the embryo is tiny in relation to the endosperm).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_gametophytes">Types of gametophytes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of gametophytes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either <i>monosporic</i>, <i>bisporic</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Tetraspore" title="Tetraspore">tetrasporic</a></i>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>(RF) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placentation" title="Placentation">Placentation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVoDxupADJMC">Kotpal, Tyagi, Bendre, & Pande. Concepts of Biology XI</a>. Rastogi Publications, 2nd ed. New Delhi 2007. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8171338968" title="Special:BookSources/8171338968">8171338968</a>. Fig. 38 Types of placentation, page 2-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herr, J.M. Jr., 1995. The origin of the ovule. Am. J. Bot. 82(4):547-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart-1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart-1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartRothwell1993" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, W.N.; Rothwell, G.W. (1993). <i>Paleobotany and the evolution of plants</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521382947" title="Special:BookSources/0521382947"><bdi>0521382947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paleobotany+and+the+evolution+of+plants&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0521382947&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=W.N.&rft.au=Rothwell%2C+G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frohlich and Chase, 2007. After a dozen years of progress, the origin of angiosperms is still a great mystery. Nature 450:1184-1189 (20 December 2007) | <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06393">10.1038/nature06393</a>;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seeliger-2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seeliger-2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeligerDukowic-SchulzeWurz-WildersinnPacher2012" class="citation journal cs1">Seeliger K, Dukowic-Schulze S, Wurz-Wildersinn R, Pacher M, Puchta H (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.03947.x">"BRCA2 is a mediator of RAD51- and DMC1-facilitated homologous recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana"</a>. <i>New Phytol</i>. <b>193</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">364–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.03947.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03947.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22077663">22077663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytol.&rft.atitle=BRCA2+is+a+mediator+of+RAD51-+and+DMC1-facilitated+homologous+recombination+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.03947.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22077663&rft.aulast=Seeliger&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Dukowic-Schulze%2C+S&rft.au=Wurz-Wildersinn%2C+R&rft.au=Pacher%2C+M&rft.au=Puchta%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-8137.2011.03947.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford,_E.M.Foster,_A.S.1989" class="citation cs2">Gifford, E.M.; Foster, A.S. (1989), <i>Morphology and evolution of vascular plants</i>, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphology+and+evolution+of+vascular+plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Gifford%2C+E.M.&rft.au=Foster%2C+A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsou1994-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsou1994_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsou1994">Tsou 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seedbiology.de/evolution2.asp">The Seed Biology Place:Structural seed types based on comparative internal morphology</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005): <i>Biology of Plants</i>, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-1007-2">0-7167-1007-2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522014220/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/9/1465.full">Peter K. Endress.Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution. Ann Bot (2011) 107 (9): 1465-1489. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr120</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsou1994" class="citation web cs1">Tsou, C.-H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-details/?irn=3245">"Ovules tenuinucellate"</a>. <i>Glossary for Vascular Plants</i>. The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+for+Vascular+Plants&rft.atitle=Ovules+tenuinucellate&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Tsou&rft.aufirst=C.-H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsweetgum.nybg.org%2Fscience%2Fglossary%2Fglossary-details%2F%3Firn%3D3245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvule" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovule&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologia.edu.ar/botanica/tema4/4_12ovulo.htm">Morfología de Plantas Vasculares <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ovule_diagrams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ovule diagrams">Ovule diagrams</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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