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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of Roots (major rooting system)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_Roots_(major_rooting_system)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of Roots (major rooting system) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Roots_(major_rooting_system)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taproot_System:" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taproot_System:"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Taproot System:</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taproot_System:-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibrous_Root_System:" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibrous_Root_System:"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fibrous Root System:</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibrous_Root_System:-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Root_system_architecture_(RSA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Root_system_architecture_(RSA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Root system architecture (RSA)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Root_system_architecture_(RSA)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Root system architecture (RSA) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Root_system_architecture_(RSA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms_and_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_and_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Terms and components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_and_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Growth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Growth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shade_avoidance_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shade_avoidance_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shade avoidance response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shade_avoidance_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specialized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Specialized</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Depths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Depths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Depths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Depths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Environmental interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Plant interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Soil interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrient_absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Nutrient absorption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrient_absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Root</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortel" title="Wortel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wortel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%B1" title="جذر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جذر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiz" title="Radiz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radiz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A2d%C3%A2%C8%9Bin%C3%A2" title="Arâdâținâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arâdâținâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiga%C3%B1u_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Raigañu (botánica) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Raigañu (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otapi" title="Otapi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otapi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapo" title="Tapo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tapo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphi" title="Saphi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Saphi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6k_(orqan)" title="Kök (orqan) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kök (orqan)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="کوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="মূল (উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মূল (উদ্ভিদবিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Корань расліны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Корань расліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Корань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Корань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamot" title="Gamot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gamot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Корен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuazn" title="Wuazn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wuazn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korijen_(biljka)" title="Korijen (biljka) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Korijen (biljka)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrel_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Arrel (botànica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arrel (botànica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тымар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тымар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%99en" title="Kořen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kořen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(plantedel)" title="Rod (plantedel) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rod (plantedel)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurzel_(Pflanze)" title="Wurzel (Pflanze) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wurzel (Pflanze)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rje%C5%84" title="Kórjeń – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kórjeń" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juur" title="Juur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Juur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B1_(%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Ρίζα (βοτανική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίζα (βοτανική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%ADz_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Raíz (botánica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raíz (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiko_(planto)" title="Radiko (planto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiko (planto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustrai" title="Sustrai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sustrai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%87" title="ریشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine_(botanique)" title="Racine (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Racine (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woartel_(plant)" title="Woartel (plant) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Woartel (plant)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9amh_(planda)" title="Fréamh (planda) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fréamh (planda)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraue" title="Fraue – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fraue" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freumh" title="Freumh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Freumh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%ADz" title="Raíz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raíz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%BF%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="뿌리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뿌리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushen" title="Tushen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tushen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF_(%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Արմատ (բուսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արմատ (բուսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)" title="जड़ (वनस्पति) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जड़ (वनस्पति)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korje%C5%84" title="Korjeń – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Korjeń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korijen_(biljke)" title="Korijen (biljke) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korijen (biljke)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiko_(botaniko)" title="Radiko (botaniko) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radiko (botaniko)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" title="Akar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaaq" title="Amaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Amaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Уидаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уидаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3t_(planta)" title="Rót (planta) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rót (planta)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radice_(botanica)" title="Radice (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radice (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9" title="שורש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שורש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyod" title="Oyod – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oyod" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಬೇರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೇರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ფესვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფესვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B)" title="Тамыр (өсімдік органы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тамыр (өсімдік органы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizizi" title="Mizizi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mizizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasin" title="Rasin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rasin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reh" title="Reh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Тамыр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тамыр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_(botanica)" title="Radix (botanica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radix (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakne" title="Sakne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sakne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aknis" title="Šaknis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šaknis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(biologie)" title="Root (biologie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Root (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsis%C3%A1_mwa_nzet%C3%A9" title="Monsisá mwa nzeté – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monsisá mwa nzeté" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6k%C3%A9r" title="Gyökér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyökér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Корен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faka" title="Faka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Faka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D" title="വേര് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വേര്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" title="Akar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-g%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng" title="Gṳ̆ng-gṳ̆ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gṳ̆ng-gṳ̆ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Ургамлын үндэс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ургамлын үндэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အမြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlanelhuatl" title="Tlanelhuatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlanelhuatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortel_(plant)" title="Wortel (plant) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wortel (plant)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="जरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE)" title="हा (मा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हा (मा)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="根" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rareca" title="Rareca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Rareca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot" title="Rot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ter" title="Røter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Røter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rach%C3%A8ne" title="Rachène – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rachène" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai%C3%A7_(botanica)" title="Raiç (botanica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Raiç (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B6" title="Вож – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вож" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caaroo" title="Caaroo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Caaroo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildiz_(o%CA%BBsimlik)" title="Ildiz (oʻsimlik) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ildiz (oʻsimlik)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9" title="ਜੜ੍ਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੜ੍ਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapangan" title="Tapangan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tapangan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%91%DA%BE" title="جڑھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جڑھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6rtel_(Plant)" title="Wörtel (Plant) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wörtel (Plant)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korze%C5%84" title="Korzeń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korzeń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiz" title="Raiz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raiz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83d%C4%83cin%C4%83" title="Rădăcină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rădăcină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphi" title="Saphi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saphi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Корень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lamit" title="lamit – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lamit" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rr%C3%ABnja" title="Rrënja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrënja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root" title="Root – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Root" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore%C5%88_(botanika)" title="Koreň (botanika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koreň (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korenina" title="Korenina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Korenina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabka" title="Wabka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wabka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Корен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korijen" title="Korijen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Korijen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akar" title="Akar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Akar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juuri" title="Juuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot" title="Rot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugat_(halaman)" title="Ugat (halaman) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ugat (halaman)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வேர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93ur" title="Aẓur – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aẓur" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="వేరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వేరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81" title="ราก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Реша – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Реша" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎤᎾᏍᏕᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎾᏍᏕᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6k" title="Kök – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kök" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1nan" title="A̱nan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱nan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Корінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%91" title="جڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B2" title="يىلتىز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يىلتىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag" title="Rag – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rag" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiza_(bot%C3%A0nega)" title="Raiza (botànega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Raiza (botànega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%85" title="Rễ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rễ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raecene" title="Raecene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Raecene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gam%C3%B3t" title="Gamót – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gamót" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C" title="ווארצל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווארצל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9" title="根 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0akn%C4%97s" title="Šaknės – 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the part of a plant. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Root_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Root (disambiguation)">Root (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rooted" redirects here. For the 1969 play and TV movie adaptation, see <a href="/wiki/Rooted_(film)" title="Rooted (film)">Rooted (film)</a>. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Ciara_discography" title="Ciara discography">Ciara discography</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primary_and_secondary_cotton_roots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Primary_and_secondary_cotton_roots.jpg/250px-Primary_and_secondary_cotton_roots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Primary_and_secondary_cotton_roots.jpg/330px-Primary_and_secondary_cotton_roots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Primary_and_secondary_cotton_roots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Primary and secondary roots in a <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> plant</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, the <b>roots</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Plant_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant organ">organs of a plant</a> that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are most often below the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, but roots can also be <a href="/wiki/Aerial_root" title="Aerial root">aerial</a> or aerating, that is, growing up above the ground or especially above water.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roots can be very fine like a thread or massive like those of the <a href="/wiki/Sitka_Spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka Spruce">Sitka Spruce</a> which, in an individual named "The Octopus Tree" at Trees of Mystery in northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, has exposed roots over four feet (1.2 meters) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major functions of roots are <a href="/wiki/Absorption_of_water" title="Absorption of water">absorption of water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant nutrition</a> and anchoring of the plant body to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_Roots_(major_rooting_system)"><span id="Types_of_Roots_.28major_rooting_system.29"></span>Types of Roots (major rooting system)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of Roots (major rooting system)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants exhibit two main root system types: <mark>taproot and fibrous</mark>, with variations like adventitious, aerial, and buttress roots, each serving specific functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taproot_System:"><a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">Taproot</a> System:</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taproot System:"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Characterized by a single, main root growing vertically downward, with smaller lateral roots branching off. <b>Examples</b>. Dandelions, carrots, and many dicot plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibrous_Root_System:"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT7Y6xqnLYYgvtP8uPwphBKjhh7ijnNjzBJfg&s">Fibrous Root</a> System:</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fibrous Root System:"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consists of a network of thin, branching roots that spread out from the base of the stem, lacking a main root. <b>Examples</b>: Grasses, wheat, rice, and corn. </p><p>Besides taproots and fibrous roots, we can find Adventitious roots, Arial roots, Prop roots, Stilt roots, climbing roots, Buttress roots, Tuberous roots and Floating roots </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_11626_Barley_root.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11626_Barley_root.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11626_Barley_root.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11626_Barley_root.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11626_Barley_root.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CSIRO_ScienceImage_11626_Barley_root.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_11626_Barley_root.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1421" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>The cross-section of a <a href="/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" class="mw-redirect" title="Hordeum vulgare">barley</a> root</figcaption></figure> <p>Root morphology is divided into four zones: the <a href="/wiki/Root_cap" title="Root cap">root cap</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apical meristem</a>, the elongation zone, and the hair.<sup id="cite_ref-Okon1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okon1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Root_cap" title="Root cap">root cap</a> of new roots helps the root penetrate the soil. These root caps are sloughed off as the root goes deeper creating a slimy surface that provides lubrication. The apical meristem behind the root cap produces new root cells that elongate. Then, root hairs form that absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-arizona_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arizona-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first root in seed producing plants is the <a href="/wiki/Radicle" title="Radicle">radicle</a>, which expands from the plant embryo after seed germination. </p><p>When dissected, the arrangement of the cells in a root is <a href="/wiki/Root_hair" title="Root hair">root hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiblem" title="Epiblem">epiblem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endodermis" title="Endodermis">endodermis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pericycle" title="Pericycle">pericycle</a> and, lastly, the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a> in the centre of a root to transport the water absorbed by the root to other places of the plant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="need diagram (March 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranunculus_Root_Cross_Section.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ranunculus_Root_Cross_Section.png/220px-Ranunculus_Root_Cross_Section.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ranunculus_Root_Cross_Section.png/330px-Ranunculus_Root_Cross_Section.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ranunculus_Root_Cross_Section.png/440px-Ranunculus_Root_Cross_Section.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><i>Ranunculus</i> root cross section</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most striking characteristic of roots that distinguishes them from other plant organs such as stem-branches and leaves is that roots have an <i>endogenous</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin, <i>i.e.</i>, they originate and develop from an inner layer of the mother axis, such as <a href="/wiki/Pericycle" title="Pericycle">pericycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, stem-branches and leaves are <i>exogenous</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, they start to develop from the cortex, an outer layer. </p><p>In response to the concentration of nutrients, roots also synthesise <a href="/wiki/Cytokinin" title="Cytokinin">cytokinin</a>, which acts as a signal as to how fast the shoots can grow. Roots often function in storage of food and nutrients. The roots of most vascular plant species enter into symbiosis with certain <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizae</a>, and a large range of other organisms including <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> also closely associate with roots.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiental_entre_Herrsching_y_Andechs,_Alemania_2012-05-01,_DD_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kiental_entre_Herrsching_y_Andechs%2C_Alemania_2012-05-01%2C_DD_12.JPG/250px-Kiental_entre_Herrsching_y_Andechs%2C_Alemania_2012-05-01%2C_DD_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kiental_entre_Herrsching_y_Andechs%2C_Alemania_2012-05-01%2C_DD_12.JPG/330px-Kiental_entre_Herrsching_y_Andechs%2C_Alemania_2012-05-01%2C_DD_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kiental_entre_Herrsching_y_Andechs%2C_Alemania_2012-05-01%2C_DD_12.JPG/500px-Kiental_entre_Herrsching_y_Andechs%2C_Alemania_2012-05-01%2C_DD_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5071" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Large, mature tree roots above the soil</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Root_system_architecture_(RSA)"><span id="Root_system_architecture_.28RSA.29"></span>Root system architecture (RSA)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Root system architecture (RSA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_Roots_at_Riverside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tree_Roots_at_Riverside.jpg/250px-Tree_Roots_at_Riverside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tree_Roots_at_Riverside.jpg/330px-Tree_Roots_at_Riverside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tree_Roots_at_Riverside.jpg/500px-Tree_Roots_at_Riverside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Tree roots at <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_the_Neuse_State_Park" title="Cliffs of the Neuse State Park">Cliffs of the Neuse State Park</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its simplest form, the term root system architecture (RSA) refers to the spatial configuration of a plant's root system. This system can be extremely complex and is dependent upon multiple factors such as the species of the plant itself, the composition of the soil and the availability of nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Root architecture plays the important role of providing a secure supply of nutrients and water as well as anchorage and support. </p><p>The configuration of root systems serves to structurally support the plant, compete with other plants and for uptake of nutrients from the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roots grow to specific conditions, which, if changed, can impede a plant's growth. For example, a root system that has developed in dry soil may not be as efficient in flooded soil, yet plants are able to adapt to other changes in the environment, such as seasonal changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_and_components">Terms and components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Terms and components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main terms used to classify the architecture of a root system are:<sup id="cite_ref-Fitter_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Branch magnitude</td> <td>Number of links (exterior or interior) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Topology</td> <td>Pattern of branching (<a href="/wiki/Herringbone_pattern" title="Herringbone pattern">Herringbone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichotomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichotomous">Dichotomous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial symmetry">Radial</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Link length</td> <td>Distance between branches </td></tr> <tr> <td>Root angle</td> <td>Radial angle of a lateral root's base around the parent root's circumference, the angle of a lateral root from its parent root, and the angle an entire system spreads. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Link radius</td> <td>Diameter of root </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All components of the root architecture are regulated through a complex interaction between genetic responses and responses due to environmental stimuli. These developmental stimuli are categorised as intrinsic, the genetic and nutritional influences, or extrinsic, the environmental influences and are interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction_pathways" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal transduction pathways">signal transduction pathways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malamy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malamy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extrinsic factors affecting root architecture include gravity, light exposure, water and oxygen, as well as the availability or lack of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, aluminium and sodium chloride. The main hormones (intrinsic stimuli) and respective pathways responsible for root architecture development include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">Auxin</a></td> <td>Lateral root formation, maintenance of apical dominance and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/plphys/article/170/2/603/6114063">adventitious</a> root formation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cytokinins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokinins">Cytokinins</a></td> <td>Cytokinins regulate root apical meristem size and promote lateral root elongation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></td> <td>Promotes crown root formation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibberellins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibberellins">Gibberellins</a></td> <td>Together with ethylene, they promote crown primordia growth and elongation. Together with auxin, they promote root elongation. Gibberellins also inhibit lateral root primordia initiation. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Root_of_a_Tree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Root_of_a_Tree.JPG/250px-Root_of_a_Tree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Root_of_a_Tree.JPG/330px-Root_of_a_Tree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Root_of_a_Tree.JPG/500px-Root_of_a_Tree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="1658" /></a><figcaption>Roots of trees</figcaption></figure> <p>Early root growth is one of the functions of the <b>apical meristem</b> located near the tip of the root. The meristem cells more or less continuously divide, producing more meristem, <a href="/wiki/Root_cap" title="Root cap">root cap</a> cells (these are sacrificed to protect the meristem), and undifferentiated root cells. The latter become the primary tissues of the root, first undergoing elongation, a process that pushes the root tip forward in the growing medium. Gradually these cells differentiate and mature into specialized cells of the root tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_Hertz_McMillan_2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_Hertz_McMillan_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growth from apical meristems is known as <b>primary growth</b>, which encompasses all elongation. <b>Secondary growth</b> encompasses all growth in diameter, a major component of <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plant</a> tissues and many nonwoody plants. For example, storage roots of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> have secondary growth but are not woody. Secondary growth occurs at the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral meristem">lateral meristems</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">cork cambium</a>. The former forms <a href="/wiki/Secondary_xylem" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary xylem">secondary xylem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_phloem" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary phloem">secondary phloem</a>, while the latter forms the <a href="/wiki/Periderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Periderm">periderm</a>. </p><p>In plants with secondary growth, the vascular cambium, originating between the xylem and the phloem, forms a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a> of tissue along the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> and root.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The vascular cambium forms new cells on both the inside and outside of the cambium cylinder, with those on the inside forming secondary xylem cells, and those on the outside forming secondary phloem cells. As secondary xylem accumulates, the "girth" (lateral dimensions) of the stem and root increases. As a result, tissues beyond the secondary phloem including the epidermis and cortex, in many cases tend to be pushed outward and are eventually "sloughed off" (shed).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At this point, the cork cambium begins to form the periderm, consisting of protective <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> cells. The walls of cork cells contains <a href="/wiki/Suberin" title="Suberin">suberin</a> thickenings, which is an extra cellular complex biopolymer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suberin thickenings functions by providing a physical barrier, protection against pathogens and by preventing water loss from the surrounding tissues. In addition, it also aids the process of wound healing in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also postulated that suberin could be a component of the apoplastic barrier (present at the outer cell layers of roots) which prevents toxic compounds from entering the root and reduces radial oxygen loss (ROL) from the <a href="/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">aerenchyma</a> during waterlogging.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In roots, the cork cambium originates in the <a href="/wiki/Pericycle" title="Pericycle">pericycle</a>, a component of the vascular cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vascular cambium produces new layers of secondary xylem annually.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The xylem vessels are dead at maturity (in some) but are responsible for most water transport through the vascular tissue in stems and roots. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_branches_and_roots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tree_branches_and_roots.jpg/250px-Tree_branches_and_roots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tree_branches_and_roots.jpg/330px-Tree_branches_and_roots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tree_branches_and_roots.jpg/500px-Tree_branches_and_roots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Tree roots at Port Jackson</figcaption></figure> <p>Tree roots usually grow to three times the diameter of the branch spread, only half of which lie underneath the trunk and canopy. The roots from one side of a tree usually supply nutrients to the foliage on the same side. Some families however, such as <a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> family), show no correlation between root location and where the root supplies nutrients on the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a correlation of roots using the process of <a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">plant perception</a> to sense their physical environment to grow,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the sensing of light,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and physical barriers. Plants also sense gravity and respond through auxin pathways,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">gravitropism</a>. Over time, roots can crack foundations, snap water lines, and lift sidewalks. Research has shown that roots have ability to recognize 'self' and 'non-self' roots in same soil environment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The correct environment of <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">air</a>, mineral <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> directs plant roots to grow in any direction to meet the plant's needs. Roots will shy or shrink away from dry<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other poor soil conditions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">Gravitropism</a> directs roots to grow downward at <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>, the growth mechanism of plants that also causes the shoot to grow upward.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different types of roots such as primary, seminal, lateral and crown are maintained at different gravitropic setpoint angles i.e. the direction in which they grow. Recent research show that root angle in cereal crops such as barley and wheat is regulated by a novel gene called Enhanced Gravitropism 1 (EGT1).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research indicates that plant roots growing in search of productive nutrition can sense and avoid soil compaction through diffusion of the gas <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg/250px-ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg/330px-ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg/500px-ArabidopsisLatRoot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent imaging of an emerging lateral root</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shade_avoidance_response">Shade avoidance response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Shade avoidance response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to avoid shade, plants utilize a shade avoidance response. When a plant is under dense vegetation, the presence of other vegetation nearby will cause the plant to avoid lateral growth and experience an increase in upward shoot, as well as downward root growth. In order to escape shade, plants adjust their root architecture, most notably by decreasing the length and amount of lateral roots emerging from the primary root. Experimentation of mutant variants of <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> found that plants sense the Red to Far Red light ratio that enters the plant through photoreceptors known as <a href="/wiki/Phytochrome" title="Phytochrome">phytochromes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby plant leaves will absorb red light and reflect far-red light, which will cause the ratio red to far red light to lower. The phytochrome PhyA that senses this Red to Far Red light ratio is localized in both the root system as well as the shoot system of plants, but through knockout mutant experimentation, it was found that root localized PhyA does not sense the light ratio, whether directly or axially, that leads to changes in the lateral root architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research instead found that shoot localized PhyA is the phytochrome responsible for causing these architectural changes of the lateral root. Research has also found that phytochrome completes these architectural changes through the manipulation of auxin distribution in the root of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a low enough Red to Far Red ratio is sensed by PhyA, the phyA in the shoot will be mostly in its active form.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this form, PhyA stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> HY5 causing it to no longer be degraded as it is when phyA is in its inactive form. This stabilized transcription factor is then able to be transported to the roots of the plant through the <a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>, where it proceeds to induce its own transcription as a way to amplify its signal. In the roots of the plant HY5 functions to inhibit an auxin response factor known as ARF19, a response factor responsible for the translation of PIN3 and LAX3, two well known auxin transporting <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, through manipulation of ARF19, the level and activity of <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a> transporters PIN3 and LAX3 is inhibited.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once inhibited, auxin levels will be low in areas where lateral root emergence normally occurs, resulting in a failure for the plant to have the emergence of the lateral root primordium through the root <a href="/wiki/Pericycle" title="Pericycle">pericycle</a>. With this complex manipulation of Auxin transport in the roots, lateral root emergence will be inhibited in the roots and the root will instead elongate downwards, promoting vertical plant growth in an attempt to avoid shade.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research of Arabidopsis has led to the discovery of how this auxin mediated root response works. In an attempt to discover the role that <a href="/wiki/Phytochrome" title="Phytochrome">phytochrome</a> plays in lateral root development, Salisbury et al. (2007) worked with <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> grown on agar plates. Salisbury et al. used wild type plants along with varying protein knockout and gene knockout Arabidopsis mutants to observe the results these mutations had on the root architecture, protein presence, and gene expression. To do this, Salisbury et al. used GFP fluorescence along with other forms of both macro and microscopic imagery to observe any changes various mutations caused. From these research, Salisbury et al. were able to theorize that shoot located phytochromes alter auxin levels in roots, controlling lateral root development and overall root architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the experiments of van Gelderen et al. (2018), they wanted to see if and how it is that the shoot of <i>A. thaliana</i> alters and affects root development and root architecture. To do this, they took <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants, grew them in <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar gel</a>, and exposed the roots and shoots to separate sources of light. From here, they altered the different wavelengths of light the shoot and root of the plants were receiving and recorded the lateral root density, amount of lateral roots, and the general architecture of the lateral roots. To identify the function of specific photoreceptors, proteins, genes, and hormones, they utilized various <i>Arabidopsis</i> knockout mutants and observed the resulting changes in lateral roots architecture. Through their observations and various experiments, van Gelderen et al. were able to develop a mechanism for how root detection of Red to Far-red light ratios alter lateral root development.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Root" title="Special:EditPage/Root">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A true root system consists of a <b>primary root</b> and <b>secondary roots</b> (or <a href="/wiki/Lateral_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral roots">lateral roots</a>). </p> <ul><li>the diffuse root system: the primary root is not dominant; the whole root system is fibrous and branches in all directions. Most common in <a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">monocots</a>. The main function of the fibrous root is to anchor the plant.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized">Specialized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Specialized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prop_roots_of_Maize_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prop_roots_of_Maize_plant.jpg/250px-Prop_roots_of_Maize_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prop_roots_of_Maize_plant.jpg/330px-Prop_roots_of_Maize_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prop_roots_of_Maize_plant.jpg/500px-Prop_roots_of_Maize_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Stilt roots of maize plant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Millet_Adventitious_root.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Microscope image of a ross section of a pearl millet root, a circular fluorescent blue root containing a bright blue inner region (stele) with several smaller lateral roots emerging" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pearl_Millet_Adventitious_root.jpg/220px-Pearl_Millet_Adventitious_root.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pearl_Millet_Adventitious_root.jpg/330px-Pearl_Millet_Adventitious_root.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pearl_Millet_Adventitious_root.jpg/440px-Pearl_Millet_Adventitious_root.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of an adventitous crown root of pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum)</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adventitious_roots_on_Odontonema_aka_Firespike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Adventitious_roots_on_Odontonema_aka_Firespike.jpg/250px-Adventitious_roots_on_Odontonema_aka_Firespike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Adventitious_roots_on_Odontonema_aka_Firespike.jpg/330px-Adventitious_roots_on_Odontonema_aka_Firespike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Adventitious_roots_on_Odontonema_aka_Firespike.jpg/500px-Adventitious_roots_on_Odontonema_aka_Firespike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Roots forming above ground on a cutting of an <i>Odontonema</i> ("Firespike")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mangroves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/250px-Mangroves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/330px-Mangroves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Mangroves.jpg/500px-Mangroves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Aerating roots of a <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Root_tip.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Root_tip.JPG/250px-Root_tip.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Root_tip.JPG/330px-Root_tip.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Root_tip.JPG/500px-Root_tip.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The growing tip of a fine root</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_root.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aerial_root.jpg/250px-Aerial_root.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aerial_root.jpg/330px-Aerial_root.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Aerial_root.jpg/500px-Aerial_root.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Aerial root</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socratea_exorriza2002_03_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Socratea_exorriza2002_03_12.JPG/250px-Socratea_exorriza2002_03_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Socratea_exorriza2002_03_12.JPG/330px-Socratea_exorriza2002_03_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Socratea_exorriza2002_03_12.JPG/500px-Socratea_exorriza2002_03_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The stilt roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Socratea_exorrhiza" title="Socratea exorrhiza">Socratea exorrhiza</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_roots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Visible_roots.jpg/250px-Visible_roots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Visible_roots.jpg/330px-Visible_roots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Visible_roots.jpg/500px-Visible_roots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Visible roots</figcaption></figure> <p>The roots, or parts of roots, of many plant species have become specialized to serve adaptive purposes besides the two primary functions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="there's no intro section (March 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, described in the introduction. </p> <ul><li><b>Adventitious roots</b> arise out-of-sequence from the more usual root formation of branches of a primary root, and instead originate from the stem, branches, leaves, or old woody roots. They commonly occur in <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a> and pteridophytes, but also in many <a href="/wiki/Dicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicots</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a> (<i>Trifolium</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy">ivy</a> (<i>Hedera</i>), <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a> (<i>Fragaria</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a> (<i>Salix</i>). Most aerial roots and stilt roots are adventitious. In some conifers adventitious roots can form the largest part of the root system. Adventitious root formation is enhanced in many plant species during (partial) submergence, to increase gas exchange and storage of gases like oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinct types of adventitious roots can be classified and are dependent on morphology, growth dynamics and function.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Aerating roots</b> (or <b>knee root</b> or <b>knee</b> or <b>pneumatophores</b>): roots rising above the ground, especially above water such as in some <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> genera (<i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia" title="Avicennia">Avicennia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonneratia" title="Sonneratia">Sonneratia</a></i>). In some plants like <i>Avicennia</i> the erect roots have a large number of breathing pores for exchange of gases.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aerial_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial roots">Aerial roots</a></b>: roots entirely above the ground, such as in ivy (<i>Hedera</i>) or in <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>. Many aerial roots are used to receive water and nutrient intake directly from the air – from fogs, dew or humidity in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-deficit_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deficit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rely on leaf systems to gather rain or humidity and even store it in scales or pockets. Other aerial roots, such as <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> aerial roots, are used for aeration and not for water absorption. Other aerial roots are used mainly for structure, functioning as prop roots, as in <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> or anchor roots or as the trunk in <a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangler fig</a>. In some Epiphytes – plants living above the surface on other plants, aerial roots serve for reaching to water sources or reaching the surface, and then functioning as regular surface roots.<sup id="cite_ref-deficit_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deficit-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canopy_root" title="Canopy root">Canopy roots</a>/arboreal roots</b>: roots that form when tree branches support mats of epiphytes and detritus, which hold water and nutrients in the canopy. They grow out into these mats, likely to utilize the available nutrients and moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Coarse roots</b>: roots that have undergone secondary thickening and have a woody structure. These roots have some ability to absorb water and nutrients, but their main function is transport and to provide a structure to connect the smaller diameter, fine roots to the rest of the plant.</li> <li><b>Contractile roots</b>: roots that pull bulbs or corms of <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">hyacinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproots</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>, deeper in the soil through expanding radially and contracting longitudinally. They have a wrinkled surface.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Coralloid roots</b>: similar to root nodules, these provide nitrogen to the plant. They are often larger than nodules, branched, and located at or near the soil surface, and harbor nitrogen-fixing <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. They are only found in <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_root_system" title="Dimorphic root system">Dimorphic root systems</a></b>: roots with two distinctive forms for two separate functions</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fine_root" title="Fine root">Fine roots</a></b>: typically primary roots <2 mm diameter that have the function of water and nutrient uptake. They are often heavily branched and support mycorrhizas. These roots may be short lived, but are replaced by the plant in an ongoing process of root 'turnover'.</li> <li><b>Haustorial roots</b>: roots of parasitic plants that can absorb water and nutrients from another plant, such as in <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a> (<i>Viscum album</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Dodder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodder">dodder</a>.</li> <li><b>Propagative roots</b>: roots that form adventitious buds that develop into aboveground shoots, termed <a href="/wiki/Basal_shoot" title="Basal shoot">suckers</a>, which form new plants, as in <a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">common milkweed (<i>Asclepias syriaca</i>)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirsium_arvense" title="Cirsium arvense">Canada thistle (<i>Cirsium arvense</i>)</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Photosynthetic roots</b>: roots that are green and photosynthesize, providing sugar to the plant. They are similar to <a href="/wiki/Phylloclade" title="Phylloclade">phylloclades</a>. Several orchids have these, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrophylax" title="Dendrophylax">Dendrophylax</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taeniophyllum" title="Taeniophyllum">Taeniophyllum</a></i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Proteoid_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteoid root">Proteoid roots</a></b> or cluster roots: dense clusters of rootlets of limited growth that develop under low <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> or low <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> conditions in <a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a> and some plants from the following families <a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_nodule" title="Root nodule"><b>Root nodules</b></a>: roots that harbor nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria. These are often very short and rounded. Root nodules are found in virtually all <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>.</li> <li><b>Stilt roots</b>: adventitious support roots, common among <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>. They grow down from lateral branches, branching in the soil.</li> <li><b>Storage roots</b>: roots modified for storage of food or water, such as <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beets</a>. They include some <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproots</a> and tuberous roots.</li> <li><b>Structural roots</b>: large roots that have undergone considerable secondary thickening and provide mechanical support to woody plants and trees.</li> <li><b>Surface roots</b>: roots that proliferate close below the soil surface, exploiting water and easily available nutrients. Where conditions are close to optimum in the surface layers of soil, the growth of surface roots is encouraged and they commonly become the dominant roots.</li> <li><b>Tuberous roots</b>: fleshy and enlarged lateral roots for food or water storage, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>. A type of storage root distinct from taproot.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depths">Depths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Depths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg/250px-Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg/330px-Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg/500px-Exposed_mango_tree_roots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> tree</figcaption></figure> <p>The distribution of vascular plant roots within soil depends on plant form, the spatial and temporal availability of water and nutrients, and the physical properties of the soil. The deepest roots are generally found in deserts and temperate coniferous forests; the shallowest in tundra, boreal forest and temperate grasslands. The deepest observed living root, at least 60 metres (200 ft) below the ground surface, was observed during the excavation of an open-pit mine in Arizona, US. Some roots can grow as deep as the tree is high. The majority of roots on most plants are however found relatively close to the surface where nutrient availability and aeration are more favourable for growth. Rooting depth may be physically restricted by rock or compacted soil close below the surface, or by anaerobic soil conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_roots2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tree_roots2.jpg/250px-Tree_roots2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tree_roots2.jpg/330px-Tree_roots2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tree_roots2.jpg/500px-Tree_roots2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> tree with <a href="/wiki/Buttress_root" title="Buttress root">buttress roots</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Species </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Maximum rooting depth (m) </th> <th>References<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Boscia_albitrunca" title="Boscia albitrunca">Boscia albitrunca</a></i> </td> <td>Kalahari desert </td> <td>68 </td> <td>Jennings (1974) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_monosperma" title="Juniperus monosperma">Juniperus monosperma</a></i> </td> <td>Colorado Plateau </td> <td>61 </td> <td>Cannon (1960) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></i> sp. </td> <td>Australian forest </td> <td>61 </td> <td>Jennings (1971) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_erioloba" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia erioloba">Acacia erioloba</a></i> </td> <td>Kalahari desert </td> <td>60 </td> <td>Jennings (1974) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis juliflora">Prosopis juliflora</a></i> </td> <td>Arizona desert </td> <td>53.3 </td> <td>Phillips (1963) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_plants#Evolution_of_roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of plants">Evolution of plants § Evolution of roots</a></div> <p>The fossil record of roots—or rather, infilled voids where roots rotted after death—spans back to the late <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, about 430 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack1986_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack1986-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their identification is difficult, because casts and molds of roots are so similar in appearance to animal burrows. They can be discriminated using a range of features.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillier2008_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillier2008-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolutionary development of roots likely happened from the modification of shallow <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a> (modified horizontal stems) which anchored primitive vascular plants combined with the development of filamentous outgrowths (called <a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">rhizoids</a>) which anchored the plants and conducted water to the plant from the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_interactions">Environmental interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycas_revoluta_coralloid_roots.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cycas_revoluta_coralloid_roots.JPG/250px-Cycas_revoluta_coralloid_roots.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cycas_revoluta_coralloid_roots.JPG/330px-Cycas_revoluta_coralloid_roots.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cycas_revoluta_coralloid_roots.JPG/500px-Cycas_revoluta_coralloid_roots.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2899" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption>Coralloid roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Cycas_revoluta" title="Cycas revoluta">Cycas revoluta</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Light has been shown to have some impact on roots, but it's not been studied as much as the effect of light on other plant systems. Early research in the 1930s found that light decreased the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Indole-3-acetic_acid" title="Indole-3-acetic acid">Indole-3-acetic acid</a> on adventitious root initiation. Studies of the pea in the 1950s shows that lateral root formation was inhibited by light, and in the early 1960s researchers found that light could induce positive <a href="/wiki/Gravitropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitropic">gravitropic</a> responses in some situations. The effects of light on root elongation has been studied for <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledonous">monocotyledonous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledonous">dicotyledonous</a> plants, with the majority of studies finding that light inhibited root elongation, whether pulsed or continuous. Studies of <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis" title="Arabidopsis">Arabidopsis</a></i> in the 1990s showed negative <a href="/wiki/Phototropism" title="Phototropism">phototropism</a> and inhibition of the elongation of root hairs in light sensed by <a href="/wiki/PhyB" class="mw-redirect" title="PhyB">phyB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpp1997_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpp1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain plants, namely <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>, form <a href="/wiki/Root_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Root nodules">root nodules</a> in order to associate and form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria called <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">rhizobia</a>. Owing to the high energy required to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, the bacteria take carbon compounds from the plant to fuel the process. In return, the plant takes nitrogen compounds produced from ammonia by the bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soil temperature is a factor that effects <a href="/w/index.php?title=Root_initiation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Root initiation (page does not exist)">root initiation</a> and length. Root length is usually impacted more dramatically by temperature than overall mass, where cooler temperatures tend to cause more lateral growth because downward extension is limited by cooler temperatures at subsoil levels. Needs vary by plant species, but in temperate regions cool temperatures may limit root systems. Cool temperature species like <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> fare better in lower temperatures than summer <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a> like <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. Researchers have found that plants like cotton develop wider and shorter <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproots</a> in cooler temperatures. The first root originating from the seed usually has a wider diameter than root branches, so smaller root diameters are expected if temperatures increase root initiation. Root diameter also decreases when the root elongates.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_interactions">Plant interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Plant interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants can interact with one another in their environment through their root systems. Studies have demonstrated that plant-plant interaction occurs among root systems via the soil as a medium. Researchers have tested whether plants growing in ambient conditions would change their behavior if a nearby plant was exposed to drought conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since nearby plants showed no changes in <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomatal</a> aperture researchers believe the drought signal spread through the roots and soil, not through the air as a volatile chemical signal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_interactions">Soil interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Soil interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soil microbiota can suppress both disease and beneficial root symbionts (mycorrhizal fungi are easier to establish in sterile soil). Inoculation with soil bacteria can increase internode extension, yield and quicken flowering. The migration of bacteria along the root varies with natural soil conditions. For example, research has found that the root systems of wheat seeds inoculated with <i><a href="/wiki/Azotobacter" title="Azotobacter">Azotobacter</a></i> showed higher populations in soils favorable to <i>Azotobacter</i> growth. Some studies have been unsuccessful in increasing the levels of certain microbes (such as <i><a href="/wiki/P._fluorescens" class="mw-redirect" title="P. fluorescens">P. fluorescens</a></i>) in natural soil without prior sterilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowen_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grass root systems are beneficial at reducing <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> by holding the soil together. <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a> grasses that grow wild in rangelands contribute organic matter to the soil when their old roots decay after attacks by beneficial <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, bacteria, insects and worms release nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-arizona_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arizona-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists have observed significant diversity of the microbial cover of roots at around 10 percent of three week old root segments covered. On younger roots there was even low coverage, but even on 3-month-old roots the coverage was only around 37%. Before the 1970s, scientists believed that the majority of the root surface was covered by microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-arizona_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arizona-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrient_absorption">Nutrient absorption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nutrient absorption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers studying <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> seedlings found that calcium absorption was greatest in the <a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apical</a> root segment, and potassium at the base of the root. Along other root segments absorption was similar. Absorbed potassium is transported to the root tip, and to a lesser extent other parts of the root, then also to the shoot and grain. Calcium transport from the apical segment is slower, mostly transported upward and accumulated in stem and shoot.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers found that partial deficiencies of K or P did not change the <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> composition of <a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyl_choline" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphatidyl choline">phosphatidyl choline</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_napus_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica napus L.">Brassica napus L.</a></i> plants. Calcium deficiency did, on the other hand, lead to a marked decline of <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a> compounds that would be expected to have negative impacts for integrity of the plant <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membrane</a>, that could effect some properties like its permeability, and is needed for the <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> uptake activity of the root membranes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg/250px-Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg/330px-Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg/500px-Roots_and_Soil_Erosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Roots can also protect the environment by holding the soil to reduce soil erosion.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Primary_Crops_Harvested_Area_By_Commodity_Group.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/World_Primary_Crops_Harvested_Area_By_Commodity_Group.svg/250px-World_Primary_Crops_Harvested_Area_By_Commodity_Group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/World_Primary_Crops_Harvested_Area_By_Commodity_Group.svg/330px-World_Primary_Crops_Harvested_Area_By_Commodity_Group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/World_Primary_Crops_Harvested_Area_By_Commodity_Group.svg/500px-World_Primary_Crops_Harvested_Area_By_Commodity_Group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Roots and tubers are some of the most widely harvested crops in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Root_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Root crop">root crops</a> refers to any edible underground plant structure, but many root crops are actually stems, such as <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> tubers. Edible roots include <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">rutabaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>. Spices obtained from roots include <a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelica" title="Angelica">angelica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smilax_regelii" class="mw-redirect" title="Smilax regelii">sarsaparilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">licorice</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a> is an important source of sugar. <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yam</a> roots are a source of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> compounds used in <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">birth control pills</a>. The fish <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotenone" title="Rotenone">rotenone</a> is obtained from roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Lonchocarpus" title="Lonchocarpus">Lonchocarpus</a></i> spp. Important medicines from roots are <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aconitum" title="Aconitum">aconite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecac" title="Syrup of ipecac">ipecac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentian">gentian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">reserpine</a>. Several legumes that have nitrogen-fixing root nodules are used as green manure crops, which provide nitrogen fertilizer for other crops when plowed under. Specialized <a href="/wiki/Bald_cypress" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald cypress">bald cypress</a> roots, termed knees, are sold as souvenirs, lamp bases and carved into folk art. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> used the flexible roots of <a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">white spruce</a> for basketry. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> roots can heave and destroy <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> sidewalks and crush or clog buried pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aerial roots of <a href="/wiki/Strangler_fig" title="Strangler fig">strangler fig</a> have damaged ancient <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Mayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the temple of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. </p><p>Trees stabilize soil on a slope prone to <a href="/wiki/Landslides" class="mw-redirect" title="Landslides">landslides</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Root_hair" title="Root hair">root hairs</a> work as an anchor on the soil. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vegetative_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetative propagation">Vegetative propagation</a> of plants via cuttings depends on adventitious root formation. Hundreds of millions of plants are propagated via <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plants)">cuttings</a> annually including <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">poinsettia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnation">carnation</a>, ornamental <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Houseplants" class="mw-redirect" title="Houseplants">houseplants</a>. </p><p>Roots can also protect the environment by holding the soil to reduce soil erosion. This is especially important in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OnionBulbRoots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OnionBulbRoots.jpg/250px-OnionBulbRoots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OnionBulbRoots.jpg/330px-OnionBulbRoots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/OnionBulbRoots.jpg/500px-OnionBulbRoots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2306" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Roots on onion bulbs</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_of_water" title="Absorption of water">Absorption of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_knee" title="Cypress knee">Cypress knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_rhizogenesis" title="Drought rhizogenesis">Drought rhizogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_root_system" title="Fibrous root system">Fibrous root system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">Mycorrhiza</a> – root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_network" title="Mycorrhizal network">Mycorrhizal network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a> – region of soil around the root influenced by root secretions and microorganisms present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Root cutting">Root cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">Rooting powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">Stolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanada_effect" title="Tanada effect">Tanada effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">Taproot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stevens2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarley_Macdonald_&_Donovan_Stevens2019" class="citation book cs1">Harley Macdonald & Donovan Stevens (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-fEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141"><i>Biotechnology and Plant Biology</i></a>. EDTECH. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83947-180-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83947-180-3"><bdi>978-1-83947-180-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+and+Plant+Biology&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=EDTECH&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.isbn=978-1-83947-180-3&rft.au=Harley+Macdonald+%26+Donovan+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-fEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNguyenHoangChoiPark2023" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, Linh Thuy My; Hoang, Hanh Thi; Choi, Eunho; Park, Pil Sun (2023-07-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2023.108324">"Distribution of mangroves with different aerial root morphologies at accretion and erosion sites in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam"</a>. <i>Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science</i>. <b>287</b>: 108324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ECSS..28708324N">2023ECSS..28708324N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2023.108324">10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108324</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estuarine%2C+Coastal+and+Shelf+Science&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+mangroves+with+different+aerial+root+morphologies+at+accretion+and+erosion+sites+in+Ca+Mau+Province%2C+Vietnam&rft.volume=287&rft.pages=108324&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2023.108324&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ECSS..28708324N&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Linh+Thuy+My&rft.au=Hoang%2C+Hanh+Thi&rft.au=Choi%2C+Eunho&rft.au=Park%2C+Pil+Sun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ecss.2023.108324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFanonymous" class="citation web cs1">anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neverboredcentralvalley.com/trees-of-mystery/">"Never Bored Central Valley - Trees of Mystery - A Landmark Attraction in the Heart of the California Redwoods"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(January 2025)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalikMordochBen-NatanVanunu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Falik O, Mordoch Y, Ben-Natan D, Vanunu M, Goldstein O, Novoplansky A (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394639">"Plant responsiveness to root-root communication of stress cues"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>110</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">271–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcs045">10.1093/aob/mcs045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394639">3394639</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22408186">22408186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Plant+responsiveness+to+root-root+communication+of+stress+cues&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3394639%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22408186&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcs045&rft.aulast=Falik&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Mordoch%2C+Y&rft.au=Ben-Natan%2C+D&rft.au=Vanunu%2C+M&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+O&rft.au=Novoplansky%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3394639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowen-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowen_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowenRovira1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen GD, Rovira AD (1976). 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(1991). "Properties of Root Membrane Lipids as Related to Mineral Nutrition". <i>Plant Roots and their Environment</i>. Developments in Agricultural and Managed Forest Ecology. Vol. 24. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-89104-4.50008-6">10.1016/B978-0-444-89104-4.50008-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-89104-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-89104-4"><bdi>978-0-444-89104-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Properties+of+Root+Membrane+Lipids+as+Related+to+Mineral+Nutrition&rft.btitle=Plant+Roots+and+their+Environment&rft.series=Developments+in+Agricultural+and+Managed+Forest+Ecology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-89104-4.50008-6&rft.isbn=978-0-444-89104-4&rft.aulast=Diepenbrock&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZahniser2008" class="citation news cs1">Zahniser, David (2008-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-feb-21-me-sidewalk21-story.html">"City to pass the bucks on sidewalks?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=City+to+pass+the+bucks+on+sidewalks%3F&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Zahniser&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-feb-21-me-sidewalk21-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaldocchiXu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Baldocchi DD, Xu L (October 2007). "What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands–The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere?". <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>. <b>30</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2113–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AdWR...30.2113B">2007AdWR...30.2113B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.advwatres.2006.06.013">10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.06.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Water+Resources&rft.atitle=What+limits+evaporation+from+Mediterranean+oak+woodlands%E2%80%93The+supply+of+moisture+in+the+soil%2C+physiological+control+by+plants+or+the+demand+by+the+atmosphere%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2113-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.advwatres.2006.06.013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AdWR...30.2113B&rft.aulast=Baldocchi&rft.aufirst=DD&rft.au=Xu%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrundrett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brundrett, M. C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2002.00397.x">"Coevolution of roots and mycorrhizas of land plants"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>154</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>304. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002NewPh.154..275B">2002NewPh.154..275B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2002.00397.x">10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00397.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33873429">33873429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Coevolution+of+roots+and+mycorrhizas+of+land+plants&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33873429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2002.00397.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002NewPh.154..275B&rft.aulast=Brundrett&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1469-8137.2002.00397.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2004" class="citation web cs1">Clark L (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103160847/http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bot404/docs/404root104.pdf">"Primary Root Structure and Development – lecture notes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bot404/docs/404root104.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary+Root+Structure+and+Development+%E2%80%93+lecture+notes&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eeob.iastate.edu%2Fclasses%2Fbot404%2Fdocs%2F404root104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoutts1987" class="citation journal cs1">Coutts MP (1987). "Developmental processes in tree root systems". <i>Canadian Journal of Forest Research</i>. <b>17</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">761–</span>767. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987CaJFR..17..761C">1987CaJFR..17..761C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fx87-122">10.1139/x87-122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Forest+Research&rft.atitle=Developmental+processes+in+tree+root+systems&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E761-%3C%2Fspan%3E767&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fx87-122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987CaJFR..17..761C&rft.aulast=Coutts&rft.aufirst=MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRavenEdwards2001" class="citation journal cs1">Raven JA, Edwards D (2001). "Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance". <i>Journal of Experimental Botany</i>. <b>52</b> (Suppl 1): <span class="nowrap">381–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2F52.suppl_1.381">10.1093/jxb/52.suppl_1.381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11326045">11326045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=Roots%3A+evolutionary+origins+and+biogeochemical+significance.&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2F52.suppl_1.381&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11326045&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Edwards%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchenkJackson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schenk HJ, Jackson RB (2002). "The global biogeography of roots". <i>Ecological Monographs</i>. <b>72</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3100092">10.2307/3100092</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3100092">3100092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+global+biogeography+of+roots&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3100092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3100092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft.au=Jackson%2C+RB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuttonTinus1983" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton RF, Tinus RW (1983). "Root and root system terminology". <i>Forest Science Monograph</i>. <b>24</b>: 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Science+Monograph&rft.atitle=Root+and+root+system+terminology&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=137&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=Tinus%2C+RW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1963" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips WS (1963). "Depth of roots in soil". <i>Ecology</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Ecol...44..424P">1963Ecol...44..424P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1932198">10.2307/1932198</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1932198">1932198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Depth+of+roots+in+soil&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=424&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1932198%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1932198&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963Ecol...44..424P&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=WS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellDawsonRichards1998" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell MM, Dawson TE, Richards JH (1998). "Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants". <i>Oecologia</i>. <b>113</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Oecol.113..151C">1998Oecol.113..151C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004420050363">10.1007/s004420050363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28308192">28308192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=Hydraulic+lift%3A+consequences+of+water+efflux+from+the+roots+of+plants.&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28308192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004420050363&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Oecol.113..151C&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=MM&rft.au=Dawson%2C+TE&rft.au=Richards%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Root&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> 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