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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Catholic_and_reformed"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Catholic_and_reformed""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"Catholic and reformed"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Catholic_and_reformed"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guiding_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guiding_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Guiding principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guiding_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinctives_of_Anglican_belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctives_of_Anglican_belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Distinctives of Anglican belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctives_of_Anglican_belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Divines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churchmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churchmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Churchmanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churchmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacramental_doctrine_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacramental_doctrine_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sacramental doctrine and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacramental_doctrine_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eucharistic_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eucharistic_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Eucharistic theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eucharistic_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_of_Common_Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Common_Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Book of Common Prayer</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Common_Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eucharistic_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eucharistic_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Eucharistic discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eucharistic_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divine_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divine_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Divine office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divine_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Quires_and_Places_where_they_sing"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Quires_and_Places_where_they_sing""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>"Quires and Places where they sing"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Quires_and_Places_where_they_sing"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Communion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Principles_of_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Principles of governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archbishop_of_Canterbury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishop_of_Canterbury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Archbishop of Canterbury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archbishop_of_Canterbury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordained_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordained_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Ordained ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordained_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Episcopate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Episcopate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priesthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priesthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Priesthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priesthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaconate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaconate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Diaconate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaconate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Laity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Religious orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Worldwide distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Ecumenism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Theological diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Internal conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Continuum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social activism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Working_conditions_and_Christian_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_conditions_and_Christian_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Working conditions and Christian socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_conditions_and_Christian_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacifism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacifism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Pacifism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacifism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Opposition to apartheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_and_euthanasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_and_euthanasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Abortion and euthanasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_and_euthanasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ordinariates_within_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinariates_within_the_Roman_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ordinariates within the Roman Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinariates_within_the_Roman_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglicanism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanismus" title="Anglikanismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anglikanismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أنجليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنجليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismo" title="Anglicanismo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Anglicanismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismu" title="Anglicanismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anglicanismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="অ্যাংলিকানবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাংলিকানবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-kong-ho%C4%93" title="Sèng-kong-hoē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-kong-hoē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Англіканства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англіканства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Англіканства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Англіканства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Англиканство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англиканство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanismus" title="Anglikanismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Anglikanismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanisme" title="Anglicanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglicanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglik%C3%A1nstv%C3%AD" title="Anglikánství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglikánství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicaniaeth" title="Anglicaniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anglicaniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanismus" title="Anglikanismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglikanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αγγλικανική Εκκλησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλικανική Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismo" title="Anglicanismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anglicanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanismo" title="Anglikanismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anglikanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanismo" title="Anglikanismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anglikanismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلیکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanisme" title="Anglicanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglicanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglac%C3%A1nachas" title="Anglacánachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anglacánachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Anglicaanaght" title="Yn Anglicaanaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Anglicaanaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easbaigeachas" title="Easbaigeachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Easbaigeachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comu%C3%B1%C3%B3n_anglicana" title="Comuñón anglicana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comuñón anglicana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%B5%ED%9A%8C" title="성공회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성공회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Անգլիկան եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիկան եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="एंग्लिकनवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एंग्लिकनवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanstvo" title="Anglikanstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anglikanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanismo" title="Anglikanismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anglikanismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanisme" title="Anglikanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anglikanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismo" title="Anglicanismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anglicanismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanesimo" title="Anglicanesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anglicanesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנגליקניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגליקניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%8Bgl%C9%A9kan_%C6%90s%C9%94_s%C9%9Bt%CA%8A_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B" title="Aŋglɩkan Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Aŋglɩkan Ɛsɔ sɛtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანგლიკანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანგლიკანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waanglikana" title="Waanglikana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waanglikana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ນິກາຍອັງກະລິກັງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນິກາຍອັງກະລິກັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismus" title="Anglicanismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anglicanismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglik%C4%81nisms" title="Anglikānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anglikānisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikon%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia" title="Anglikonų bažnyčia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglikonų bažnyčia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanisme" title="Anglicanisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anglicanisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanesim" title="Anglicanesim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Anglicanesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Англиканство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англиканство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanisma" title="Anglikanisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anglikanisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანგლიკანიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანგლიკანიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه الانجليكانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الانجليكانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanisme" title="Anglikanisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anglikanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanisme" title="Anglicanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anglicanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%9A" title="聖公会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖公会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanisme" title="Anglicanisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglicanisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanlik" title="Anglikanlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anglikanlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anglicanism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanizm" title="Anglikanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anglikanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanismo" title="Anglicanismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anglicanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Англиканство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англиканство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anglicanism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanizmi" title="Anglikanizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anglikanizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anglicanism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanizmus" title="Anglikanizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anglikanizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanizem" title="Anglikanizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anglikanizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Англиканство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Англиканство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanstvo" title="Anglikanstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anglikanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikaaninen_kirkko" title="Anglikaaninen kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anglikaaninen kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikan" title="Anglikan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anglikan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanismo" title="Anglikanismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anglikanismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆங்கிலிக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆங்கிலிக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="แองกลิคัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แองกลิคัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikanizm" title="Anglikanizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anglikanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Англіканство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англіканство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="انگلیکانیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگلیکانیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleganismo" title="Angleganismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major branch of Protestantism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anglican Church" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anglican Church (disambiguation)">Anglican Church (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Episcopalian" redirects here. For the ecclesiastical governance structure, see <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a>. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;padding-bottom:0.15em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglicanism" title="Category:Anglicanism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/160px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical 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black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/85px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/128px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/170px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell">Stone-Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational 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title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible 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#efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anglicanism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a> which developed from the practices, <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, and identity of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> following the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cofe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cofe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChristianTrends1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristianTrends1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adherents of Anglicanism are called <i>Anglicans</i>; they are also called <i>Episcopalians</i> in some countries. The majority of Anglicans are members of national or regional <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province#Anglican_Communion" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical provinces</a> of the international <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-acomm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acomm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which forms the third-largest Christian <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> in the world, after the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorsley2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorsley2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> communion. These provinces are in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Canterbury">See of Canterbury</a> and thus with the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>, whom the communion refers to as its <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares#Anglican_Communion" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, 'first among equals'). The archbishop calls the decennial <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a>, chairs the meeting of <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a>, and is the president of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some churches that are not part of the Anglican Communion or recognised by it also call themselves Anglican, including those that are within the <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPercy2005217_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPercy2005217-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglicans base their Christian faith on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, traditions of the apostolic church, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> ("historic episcopate"), and the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, as well as historically, the <i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-nine Articles of Religion">Thirty-nine Articles of Religion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cofe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cofe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglicanism forms a branch of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, having definitively declared its independence from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan Religious Settlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199658–59_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199658–59-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century correspond closely to those of historical <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>, and others as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996617_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996617-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first half of the 17th century, the Church of England and the associated <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> were presented by some Anglican divines as comprising a distinct Christian tradition, with theologies, structures, and forms of worship representing a different kind of middle way, or <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i>, originally between Lutheranism and Calvinism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996179_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996179-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later between Protestantism and Catholicism – a perspective that came to be highly influential in later theories of Anglican identity and expressed in the description of Anglicanism as "catholic and reformed".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree of distinction between Protestant and Catholic tendencies within Anglicanism is routinely a matter of debate both within specific Anglican churches and the Anglican Communion. The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> is unique to Anglicanism, the collection of services in one prayer book used for centuries. The book is acknowledged as a principal tie that binds the Anglican Communion as a liturgical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, Anglican congregations in the United States and <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> (which would later form the basis for the modern country of Canada) were each reconstituted into autonomous churches with their own bishops and self-governing structures; these were known as the American <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Church of England in the Dominion of Canada</a>. Through the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the activity of <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missions</a>, this model was adopted as the model for many newly formed churches, especially in Africa, <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, and the Asia-Pacific. In the 19th century, the term <i>Anglicanism</i> was coined to describe the common religious tradition of these churches and also that of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>, which, though originating earlier within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>, had come to be recognised as sharing this common identity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochester_cathedral_stained_glass_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rochester_cathedral_stained_glass_2.jpg/220px-Rochester_cathedral_stained_glass_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rochester_cathedral_stained_glass_2.jpg/330px-Rochester_cathedral_stained_glass_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rochester_cathedral_stained_glass_2.jpg/440px-Rochester_cathedral_stained_glass_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Jesus supporting an English flag and staff in the crook of his right arm depicted in a stained glass window in <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Kent" title="Rochester, Kent">Rochester, Kent</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>Anglican</i> originates in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Anglicana ecclesia libera sit</i></span>, a phrase from <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> dated 15 June 1215, meaning 'the English Church shall be free'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adherents of Anglicanism are called <i>Anglicans</i>. As an adjective, <i>Anglican</i> is used to describe the people, institutions, churches, liturgical traditions, and theological concepts developed by the Church of England.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a noun, an Anglican is a church member in the Anglican Communion. The word is also used by followers of separated groups that have left the communion or have been founded separately from it. The word originally referred only to the teachings and rites of Christians throughout the world in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> but has come to sometimes be extended to any church following those traditions rather than actual membership in the Anglican Communion.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term <i>Anglican</i> is found referring to the Church of England as far back as the 16th century, its use did not become general until the latter half of the 19th century. In British parliamentary legislation referring to the English <a href="/wiki/Established_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established Church">Established Church</a>, there is no need for a description; it is simply the Church of England, though the word <i>Protestant</i> is used in many legal acts specifying the succession to the Crown and qualifications for office. When the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Union with Ireland Act</a> created the United Church of England and Ireland, it is specified that it shall be one "Protestant Episcopal Church", thereby distinguishing its form of church government from the Presbyterian polity that prevails in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Episcopal</i> ("of or pertaining to bishops") is preferred in the title of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> (the province of the Anglican Communion covering the United States) and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>, though the full name of the former is <i>The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America</i>. Elsewhere, however, the term <i>Anglican Church</i> came to be preferred as it distinguished these churches from others that maintain an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal polity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its structures, theology, and forms of worship, Anglicanism emerged as a distinct Christian tradition representing a middle ground between <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> varieties of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Anglican_and_Episcopal_History_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anglican_and_Episcopal_History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, Anglicanism has often been characterized as representing a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> ('middle way') between Protestantism as a whole, and Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996179_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996179-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The faith of Anglicans is founded in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Scriptures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic</a> Church, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">historical episcopate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">first four ecumenical councils</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kasper2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasper2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, especially those active during the five initial centuries of Christianity, according to the <i>quinquasaecularist</i> principle proposed by the English bishop <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a> and the Lutheran dissident <a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a>. </p><p>Anglicans understand the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a> as "containing all things necessary for salvation" and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye199646–47_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye199646–47-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reason and tradition are seen as valuable means to interpret scripture (a position first formulated in detail by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>), but there is no full mutual agreement among Anglicans about <i>exactly how</i> scripture, reason, and tradition interact (or ought to interact) with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1996113–115_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1996113–115-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglicans understand the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> as the baptismal symbol and the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a> as the sufficient <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">statement of the Christian faith</a>. </p><p>Anglicans believe the catholic and apostolic faith is revealed in <a href="/wiki/Holy_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Scripture">Holy Scripture</a> and the ecumenical creeds (Apostles', Nicene and Athanasian) and interpret these in light of the Christian tradition of the historic church, scholarship, reason, and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglicans celebrate the traditional sacraments, with special emphasis being given to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, also called Holy Communion, the Lord's Supper, or the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>. The Eucharist is central to worship for most Anglicans as a communal offering of prayer and praise in which the life, death, and resurrection of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> are proclaimed through prayer, reading of the Bible, singing, giving God thanks over the bread and wine for the innumerable benefits obtained through the passion of Christ; the breaking of the bread, the blessing of the cup, and the partaking of the body and blood of Christ as instituted at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>. The consecrated bread and wine, which are considered by Anglican formularies to be the true body and blood of Christ in a spiritual manner and as outward symbols of an inner grace given by Christ which to the repentant convey forgiveness and cleansing from sin. While many Anglicans celebrate the Eucharist in similar ways to the predominant <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Catholic">Latin Catholic</a> tradition, a considerable degree of liturgical freedom is permitted, and worship styles range from simple to elaborate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unique to Anglicanism is the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (BCP), the collection of services which worshippers in most Anglican churches have used for centuries. It was called <i>common prayer</i> originally because it was intended for use in all Church of England churches, which had previously followed differing local liturgies. The term was kept when the church became international because all Anglicans used to share in its use around the world. </p><p>In 1549, the first <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> was compiled by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>. While it has since undergone many revisions and Anglican churches in different countries have developed other service books, the Prayer Book is still acknowledged as one of the ties that bind Anglicans together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">History of the Anglican Communion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Alban_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_Alban_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Alban_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Saint_Alban_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Alban_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Saint_Alban_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a> is venerated as the first-recorded British Christian martyr</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustinus_von_Canterbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Augustinus_von_Canterbury.jpg/220px-Augustinus_von_Canterbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Augustinus_von_Canterbury.jpg/330px-Augustinus_von_Canterbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Augustinus_von_Canterbury.jpg/440px-Augustinus_von_Canterbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to legend, the founding of Christianity in Britain is commonly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> and is commemorated at <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBays201225Godfrey19629Kelly1999_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBays201225Godfrey19629Kelly1999-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> wrote of the presence of Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> stating "those parts of Britain into which the Roman arms had never penetrated were become subject to Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBays201225Kelly1999Timpson184712_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBays201225Kelly1999Timpson184712-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a>, who was executed in AD 209, is the first <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyr</a> in the British Isles. For this reason he is <a href="/wiki/Venerated" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerated">venerated</a> as the British <a href="/wiki/Protomartyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Protomartyr">protomartyr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmentroutSlocum2000Bays201225CrossLivingstone2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmentroutSlocum2000Bays201225CrossLivingstone2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer_(Celticist)" title="Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist)">Heinrich Zimmer</a> writes that "Just as Britain was a part of the Roman Empire, so the British Church formed (during the fourth century) a branch of the Catholic Church of the West; and during the whole of that century, from the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Arles" title="Synod of Arles">Council of Arles</a> (316) onward, took part in all proceedings concerning the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1902107–109_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1902107–109-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman troops withdrew from Britain</a>, the "absence of Roman military and governmental influence and overall decline of Roman imperial political power enabled Britain and the surrounding isles to develop distinctively from the rest of the West. A new culture emerged around the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic peoples</a> with <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a> at its core. What resulted was a form of Christianity distinct from Rome in many traditions and practices."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogue2010160_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogue2010160-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHexhamRostMorehead200448De_Waal199852_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHexhamRostMorehead200448De_Waal199852-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_(historian)" title="Charles Thomas (historian)">Charles Thomas</a>, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celticist</a> Heinrich Zimmer, writes that the distinction between sub-Roman and post-Roman Insular Christianity, also known as Celtic Christianity, began to become apparent around AD 475,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1981348Zimmer1902107–109_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1981348Zimmer1902107–109-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic churches</a> allowing married clergy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfrey1962440–441_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfrey1962440–441-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observing <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and Easter according to their own calendar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and having a different <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>; moreover, like the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches, the Celtic churches operated independently of the Pope's authority,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns1996172Grafton191169Hunter_Blair2003129_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns1996172Grafton191169Hunter_Blair2003129-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of their isolated development in the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair2003129Taylor191659_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair2003129Taylor191659-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_mission" title="Gregorian mission">Gregorian mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a> to the British Isles in AD 596, with the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelising</a> the pagans there (who were largely <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxons</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright200825_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200825-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to reconcile the Celtic churches in the British Isles to the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Rome">See of Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007Wallace20099Wilken2012274–275_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007Wallace20099Wilken2012274–275-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kent,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent, England">Kent</a>, Augustine persuaded the Anglo-Saxon king "<a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht</a> and his people to accept Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter200394_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter200394-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustine, on two occasions, "met in conference with members of the Celtic episcopacy, but no understanding was reached between them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair1966226_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair1966226-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, the "Christian Church of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria convened the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Whitby" title="Synod of Whitby">Synod of Whitby</a> in 663/664 to decide whether to follow Celtic or Roman usages". This meeting, with <a href="/wiki/Oswiu" title="Oswiu">King Oswiu</a> as the final decision maker, "led to the acceptance of Roman usage elsewhere in England and brought the English Church into close contact with the Continent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2011112_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2011112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of assuming Roman usages, the Celtic Church surrendered its independence, and, from this point on, the Church in England "was no longer purely Celtic, but became Anglo-Roman-Celtic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardinge1995xii_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardinge1995xii-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theologian Christopher L. Webber writes that "Although "the Roman form of Christianity became the dominant influence in Britain as in all of western Europe, Anglican Christianity has continued to have a distinctive quality because of its Celtic heritage."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber1999_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber1999-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church in England remained united with Rome until the English Parliament, though the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a> (1534) declared <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a> to fulfill the "English desire to be independent from continental Europe religiously and politically." As the change was mostly political, done in order to allow for the annulment of Henry VIII's marriage,<sup id="cite_ref-scruton1996p470_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scruton1996p470-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the English Church under Henry VIII continued to maintain Catholic doctrines and liturgical celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">sacraments</a> despite its separation from Rome. With little exception, Henry VIII allowed no changes during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VI">King Edward VI</a> (1547–1553), however, the church in England first began to undergo what is known as the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, in the course of which it acquired a number of characteristics that would subsequently become recognised as constituting its distinctive "Anglican" identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201088_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201088-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">History of the Anglican Communion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darnley_stage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/220px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/330px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/440px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> revived the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> in 1559 and established a uniform faith and practice; she took the title "Supreme Governor"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg/220px-Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg/330px-Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg/440px-Frederick_Denison_Maurice._Portrait_c1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="3340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">Frederick Denison Maurice</a>, a prominent 19th-century Anglican theologian</figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Settlement">Elizabethan Settlement</a> of 1559, the Protestant identity of the English and Irish churches was affirmed by means of parliamentary legislation which mandated allegiance and loyalty to the English Crown in all their members. The Elizabethan church began to develop distinct religious traditions, assimilating some of the theology of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a> with the services in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (which drew extensively on the <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">Sarum Rite</a> native to England), under the leadership and organisation of a continuing episcopate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198389_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198389-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years, these traditions themselves came to command adherence and loyalty. The Elizabethan Settlement stopped the radical Protestant tendencies under Edward VI by combining the more radical elements of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552 prayer book</a> with the conservative "Catholic" <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549 prayer book</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1559)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1559)">1559 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i></a>. From then on, Protestantism was in a "state of arrested development", regardless of the attempts to detach the Church of England from its "idiosyncratic anchorage in the medieval past" by various groups which tried to push it towards a more Reformed theology and governance in the years 1560–1660.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1990171–172_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1990171–172-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although two important constitutive elements of what later would emerge as Anglicanism were present in 1559 – scripture, the <a href="/wiki/Historic_episcopate" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic episcopate">historic episcopate</a>, the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, the teachings of the First Four Ecumenical Councils as the yardstick of catholicity, the teaching of the Church Fathers and Catholic bishops, and informed reason – neither the laypeople nor the clergy perceived themselves as Anglicans at the beginning of Elizabeth I's reign, as there was no such identity. Neither does the term <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> appear until the 1627 to describe a church which refused to identify itself definitely as Catholic or Protestant, or as both, "and had decided in the end that this is virtue rather than a handicap".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical studies on the period 1560–1660 written before the late 1960s tended to project the predominant conformist spirituality and doctrine of the 1660s on the ecclesiastical situation one hundred years before, and there was also a tendency to take polemically binary partitions of reality claimed by contestants studied (such as the dichotomies Protestant-"Popish" or "<a href="/wiki/Laudianism" title="Laudianism">Laudian</a>"-"Puritan") at face value. Since the late 1960s, these interpretations have been criticised. Studies on the subject written during the last forty-five years have, however, not reached any consensus on how to interpret this period in English church history. The extent to which one or several positions concerning doctrine and spirituality existed alongside the more well-known and articulate Puritan movement and the Durham House Party, and the exact extent of continental Calvinism among the English elite and among the ordinary churchgoers from the 1560s to the 1620s are subjects of current and ongoing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1662, under <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a>, a revised <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> was produced, which was acceptable to high churchmen as well as some <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> and is still considered authoritative to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200511,_129_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200511,_129-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In so far as Anglicans derived their identity from both parliamentary legislation and ecclesiastical tradition, a crisis of identity could result wherever secular and religious loyalties came into conflict – and such a crisis indeed occurred in 1776 with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, most of whose signatories were, at least nominally, Anglican.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198442_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198442-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these American patriots, even the forms of Anglican services were in doubt, since the Prayer Book rites of <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Prayer (Anglican)">Evensong</a>, and Holy Communion all included specific prayers for the British royal family. Consequently, the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War of Independence</a> eventually resulted in the creation of two new Anglican churches, the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church in the United States</a> in those states that had achieved independence; and in the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">the Church of England in Canada</a> became independent from the Church of England in those North American colonies which had remained under British control and to which many Loyalist churchmen had migrated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reluctantly, legislation was passed in the British Parliament (the Consecration of Bishops Abroad Act 1786) to allow bishops to be consecrated for an American church outside of allegiance to the British Crown (since no dioceses had ever been established in the former American colonies).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both in the United States and in Canada, the new Anglican churches developed novel models of self-government, collective decision-making, and self-supported financing; that would be consistent with separation of religious and secular identities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984322_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984322-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following century, two further factors acted to accelerate the development of a distinct Anglican identity. From 1828 and 1829, <a href="/wiki/Dissenters" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissenters">Dissenters</a> and Catholics could be elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984113,_124_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984113,_124-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consequently ceased to be a body drawn purely from the established churches of Scotland, England, and Ireland; but which nevertheless, over the following ten years, engaged in extensive reforming legislation affecting the interests of the English and Irish churches; which, by the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union of 1800</a>, had been reconstituted as the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_England_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Church of England and Ireland">United Church of England and Ireland</a> (a union which was dissolved in 1871). The propriety of this legislation was bitterly contested by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> (Tractarians),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984178_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984178-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who in response developed a vision of Anglicanism as religious tradition deriving ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a> of the patristic church. Those within the Church of England opposed to the Tractarians, and to their revived ritual practices, introduced a stream of bills in parliament aimed to control innovations in worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1987324_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1987324-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This only made the dilemma more acute, with consequent continual litigation in the secular and ecclesiastical courts. </p><p>Over the same period, Anglican churches engaged vigorously in <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christian)">Christian missions</a>, resulting in the creation, by the end of the century, of over ninety colonial bishoprics,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984318_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984318-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gradually coalesced into new self-governing churches on the Canadian and American models. However, the case of <a href="/wiki/John_Colenso" title="John Colenso">John Colenso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Natal">Bishop of Natal</a>, reinstated in 1865 by the English <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> over the heads of the Church in South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984324_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984324-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrated acutely that the extension of episcopacy had to be accompanied by a recognised Anglican ecclesiology of ecclesiastical authority, distinct from secular power. </p><p>Consequently, at the instigation of the bishops of Canada and South Africa, the first <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> was called in 1867;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984325_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984325-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be followed by further conferences in 1878 and 1888, and thereafter at ten-year intervals. The various papers and declarations of successive Lambeth Conferences have served to frame the continued Anglican debate on identity, especially as relating to the possibility of ecumenical discussion with other churches. This ecumenical aspiration became much more of a possibility, as other denominational groups rapidly followed the example of the Anglican Communion in founding their own transnational alliances: the <a href="/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Alliance of Reformed Churches">Alliance of Reformed Churches</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">Ecumenical Methodist Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Alliance_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Alliance of Reformed Churches">International Congregational Council</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories">Theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Tractarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractarian">Tractarian</a> movement</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Bouverie_Pusey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey.jpg/168px-Edward_Bouverie_Pusey.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey.jpg/252px-Edward_Bouverie_Pusey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:197px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Henry-Newman.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John-Henry-Newman.gif/146px-John-Henry-Newman.gif" decoding="async" width="146" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John-Henry-Newman.gif/219px-John-Henry-Newman.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John-Henry-Newman.gif/292px-John-Henry-Newman.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="811" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Anglicanism was seen as a middle way, or <i>via media</i>, between two branches of Protestantism, Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Anglican_and_Episcopal_History_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anglican_and_Episcopal_History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their rejection of absolute parliamentary authority, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Tractarians</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, looked back to the writings of 17th-century Anglican divines, finding in these texts the idea of the English church as a <i>via media</i> between the Protestant and Catholic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was associated – especially in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a> – with the theory of Anglicanism as one of three "<a href="/wiki/Branch_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch Theory">branches</a>" (alongside the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Churches) historically arising out of the common tradition of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical councils">ecumenical councils</a>. Newman himself subsequently rejected his theory of the <i>via media</i>, as essentially historicist and static and hence unable to accommodate any dynamic development within the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the aspiration to ground Anglican identity in the writings of the 17th-century divines and in faithfulness to the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> reflects a continuing theme of Anglican ecclesiology, most recently in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Robert_McAdoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Robert McAdoo">Henry Robert McAdoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAdoo1991_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAdoo1991-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tractarian formulation of the theory of the <i>via media</i> between Protestantism and Catholicism was essentially a party platform, and not acceptable to Anglicans outside the confines of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>. However, this theory of the via media was reworked in the ecclesiological writings of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">Frederick Denison Maurice</a>, in a more dynamic form that became widely influential. Both Maurice and Newman saw the Church of England of their day as sorely deficient in faith; but whereas Newman had looked back to a distant past when the light of faith might have appeared to burn brighter, Maurice looked forward to the possibility of a brighter revelation of faith in the future. Maurice saw the Protestant and Catholic strands within the Church of England as contrary but complementary, both maintaining elements of the true church, but incomplete without the other; such that a true catholic and evangelical church might come into being by a union of opposites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197816_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197816-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to Maurice's perspective was his belief that the collective elements of family, nation, and church represented a divine order of structures through which God unfolds his continuing work of creation. Hence, for Maurice, the Protestant tradition had maintained the elements of national distinction which were amongst the marks of the true universal church, but which had been lost within contemporary Catholicism in the internationalism of centralised papal authority. Within the coming universal church that Maurice foresaw, national churches would each maintain the six signs of catholicity: baptism, Eucharist, the creeds, Scripture, an episcopal ministry, and a fixed liturgy (which could take a variety of forms in accordance with divinely ordained distinctions in national characteristics).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vision of a becoming universal church as a congregation of autonomous national churches proved highly congenial in Anglican circles; and Maurice's six signs were adapted to form the <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a> of 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse-Hawkins1988_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse-Hawkins1988-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter decades of the 20th century, Maurice's theory, and the various strands of Anglican thought that derived from it, have been criticised by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sykes" title="Stephen Sykes">Stephen Sykes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197819_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197819-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who argues that the terms <i>Protestant</i> and <i>Catholic</i> as used in these approaches are synthetic constructs denoting ecclesiastic identities unacceptable to those to whom the labels are applied. Hence, the Catholic Church does not regard itself as a party or strand within the universal church – but rather identifies itself as the universal church. Moreover, Sykes criticises the proposition, implicit in theories of <i>via media</i>, that there is no distinctive body of Anglican doctrines, other than those of the universal church; accusing this of being an excuse not to undertake systematic doctrine at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197853_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197853-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrariwise, Sykes notes a high degree of commonality in Anglican liturgical forms and in the doctrinal understandings expressed within those liturgies. He proposes that Anglican identity might rather be found within a shared consistent pattern of prescriptive liturgies, established and maintained through <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Canon law of the Anglican Communion">canon law</a>, and embodying both a historic deposit of formal statements of doctrine, and also framing the regular reading and proclamation of scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197844_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197844-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sykes nevertheless agrees with those heirs of Maurice who emphasise the incompleteness of Anglicanism as a positive feature, and quotes with qualified approval the words of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For while the Anglican church is vindicated by its place in history, with a strikingly balanced witness to Gospel and Church and sound learning, its greater vindication lies in its pointing through its own history to something of which it is a fragment. Its credentials are its incompleteness, with the tension and the travail of its soul. It is clumsy and untidy, it baffles neatness and logic. For it is not sent to commend itself as 'the best type of Christianity,' but by its very brokenness to point to the universal Church wherein all have died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1936220_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1936220-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican doctrine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Catholic_and_reformed""><span id=".22Catholic_and_reformed.22"></span>"Catholic and reformed"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Catholic and reformed""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distinction between Reformed and Catholic, and the coherence of the two, is a matter of debate within the Anglican Communion. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> of the mid-19th century revived and extended doctrinal, liturgical, and pastoral practices similar to those of Roman Catholicism. This extends beyond the ceremony of <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> services to even more theologically significant territory, such as sacramental theology (see <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Anglican sacraments</a>). While <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> practices, particularly liturgical ones, have become more common within the tradition over the last century, there are also places where practices and beliefs resonate more closely with the evangelical movements of the 1730s (see <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Anglicanism">Sydney Anglicanism</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guiding_principles">Guiding principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Guiding principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hooker-Statue.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hooker-Statue.jpeg/220px-Hooker-Statue.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Hooker-Statue.jpeg/330px-Hooker-Statue.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Hooker-Statue.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hooker (theologian)">Richard Hooker</a> (1554–1600), one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity</figcaption></figure> <p>For high-church Anglicans, doctrine is neither established by a <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a>, nor derived from the theology of an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eponym" class="extiw" title="wikt:eponym">eponymous</a> founder (such as <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>), nor summed up in a confession of faith beyond the ecumenical <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>. For them, the earliest Anglican theological documents are its prayer books, which they see as the products of profound theological reflection, compromise, and synthesis. They emphasise the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> as a key expression of Anglican doctrine. The principle of looking to the prayer books as a guide to the parameters of belief and practice is called by the Latin name <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">lex orandi, lex credendi</a></i> ("the law of prayer is the law of belief"). </p><p>Within the prayer books are the fundamentals of Anglican doctrine: the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a> creeds, the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a> (now rarely used), the scriptures (via the lectionary), the sacraments, daily prayer, the <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, and apostolic succession in the context of the historic threefold ministry. For some low-church and evangelical Anglicans, the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformed</a> Thirty-Nine Articles form the basis of doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distinctives_of_Anglican_belief">Distinctives of Anglican belief</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distinctives of Anglican belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> played a significant role in Anglican doctrine and practice. Following the passing of the 1604 canons, all Anglican clergy had to formally subscribe to the articles. Today, however, the articles are no longer binding,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are seen as a historical document which has played a significant role in the shaping of Anglican identity. The degree to which each of the articles has remained influential varies. </p><p>On the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>, for example, there is a wide range of beliefs within the Anglican Communion, with some <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholics</a> arguing for a faith with good works and the sacraments. At the same time, however, some <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> Anglicans ascribe to the Reformed emphasis on <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i> ("faith alone") in their doctrine of justification (see <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Anglicanism">Sydney Anglicanism</a>). Still other Anglicans adopt a nuanced view of justification, taking elements from the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal theology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">latitudinarian</a> thought. </p><p>Arguably, the most influential of the original articles has been Article VI on the "sufficiency of scripture", which says that "Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation: so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man, that it should be believed as an article of the Faith, or be thought requisite or necessary to salvation." This article has informed Anglican biblical <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> since earliest times. </p><p>Anglicans look for authority in their "standard divines" (see below). Historically, the most influential of these – apart from Cranmer – has been the 16th-century cleric and theologian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hooker (theologian)">Richard Hooker</a>, who after 1660 was increasingly portrayed as the founding father of Anglicanism. Hooker's description of Anglican authority as being derived primarily from scripture, informed by reason (the intellect and the experience of God) and tradition (the practices and beliefs of the historical church), has influenced Anglican self-identity and doctrinal reflection perhaps more powerfully than any other formula. The analogy of the "three-legged stool" of <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scripture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">tradition</a> is often incorrectly attributed to Hooker. Rather, Hooker's description is a hierarchy of authority, with scripture as foundational and reason and tradition as vitally important, but secondary, authorities. </p><p>Finally, the extension of Anglicanism into non-English cultures, the growing diversity of prayer books, and the increasing interest in ecumenical dialogue have led to further reflection on the parameters of Anglican identity. Many Anglicans look to the <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a> of 1888 as the <i>sine qua non</i> of communal identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydnor198080_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESydnor198080-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In brief, the quadrilateral's four points are the scriptures as containing all things necessary to salvation; the creeds (specifically, the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds) as the sufficient statement of Christian faith; the dominical sacraments of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>; and the historic <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian_church_governance#Anglican_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian church governance">episcopate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESydnor198080_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESydnor198080-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divines">Divines<span class="anchor" id="Anglican_divines"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Divines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Amyraut" title="Paul Amyraut">Paul Amyraut</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert" title="George Herbert">George Herbert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/330px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/440px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, author of the first two editions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Within the Anglican tradition, "divines" are clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> whose theological writings have been considered standards for faith, doctrine, worship, and spirituality, and whose influence has permeated the Anglican Communion in varying degrees through the years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooty1998175–176,_197_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooty1998175–176,_197-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there is no authoritative list of these Anglican divines, there are some whose names would likely be found on most lists – those who are commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Anglican)">lesser feasts</a> of the Anglican churches and those whose works are frequently <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthologised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooty1998163,_174_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooty1998163,_174-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The corpus produced by Anglican divines is diverse. What they have in common is a commitment to the faith as conveyed by scripture and the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, thus regarding prayer and theology in a manner akin to that of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooty1998163_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooty1998163-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the whole, Anglican divines view the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> of Anglicanism not as a compromise, but as "a positive position, witnessing to the universality of God and God's kingdom working through the fallible, earthly <i>ecclesia Anglicana</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooty1998164_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooty1998164-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These theologians regard scripture as interpreted through tradition and reason as authoritative in matters concerning salvation. Reason and tradition, indeed, are extant in and presupposed by scripture, thus implying co-operation between God and humanity, God and nature, and between the sacred and secular. Faith is thus regarded as <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnational</a> and authority as dispersed. </p><p>Amongst the early Anglican divines of the 16th and 17th centuries, the names of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jewel" title="John Jewel">John Jewel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Taylor" title="Jeremy Taylor">Jeremy Taylor</a> predominate. The influential character of Hooker's <i><a href="/wiki/Of_the_Laws_of_Ecclesiastical_Polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity">Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity</a></i> cannot be overestimated. Published in 1593 and subsequently, Hooker's eight-volume work is primarily a treatise on church-state relations, but it deals comprehensively with issues of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical interpretation">biblical interpretation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>, ethics, and <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a>. Throughout the work, Hooker makes clear that theology involves prayer and is concerned with ultimate issues and that theology is relevant to the social mission of the church. </p><p>The 17th century saw the rise of two important movements in Anglicanism: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonism</a>, with its mystical understanding of reason as the "candle of the Lord", and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical revival">evangelical revival</a>, with its emphasis on the personal experience of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. The Cambridge Platonist movement evolved into a school called <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudinarianism">Latitudinarianism</a>, which emphasised reason as the barometer of discernment and took a stance of indifference towards doctrinal and ecclesiological differences. </p><p>The evangelical revival, influenced by such figures as <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simeon" title="Charles Simeon">Charles Simeon</a>, re-emphasised the importance of <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification through faith</a> and the consequent importance of personal conversion. Some in this movement, such as Wesley and <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>, took the message to the United States, influencing the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> and creating an Anglo-American movement called <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> that would eventually break away, structurally, from the Anglican churches after the American Revolution. </p><p>By the 19th century, there was a renewed interest in pre-Reformation English religious thought and practice. Theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Keble" title="John Keble">John Keble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> had widespread influence in the realm of polemics, homiletics and theological and devotional works, not least because they largely repudiated the old high-church tradition and replaced it with a dynamic appeal to antiquity which looked beyond the Reformers and Anglican formularies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENockles19947–8,_113,_125,_127_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENockles19947–8,_113,_125,_127-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their work is largely credited with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, which sought to reassert Catholic identity and practice in Anglicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to this movement, clergy such as the Bishop of Liverpool, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Ryle" title="J. C. Ryle">J. C. Ryle</a>, sought to uphold the distinctly Reformed identity of the Church of England. He was not a servant of the status quo, but argued for a lively religion which emphasised grace, holy and charitable living, and the plain use of the 1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> (interpreted in a partisan evangelical way)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without additional rituals. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">Frederick Denison Maurice</a>, through such works as <i>The Kingdom of Christ</i>, played a pivotal role in inaugurating another movement, <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a>. In this, Maurice transformed Hooker's emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnational</a> nature of Anglican spirituality to an imperative for social justice. </p><p>In the 19th century, Anglican biblical scholarship began to assume a distinct character, represented by the so-called "Cambridge triumvirate" of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">Joseph Lightfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenton_John_Anthony_Hort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenton John Anthony Hort">F. J. A. Hort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Foss_Westcott" title="Brooke Foss Westcott">Brooke Foss Westcott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their orientation is best summed up by Westcott's observation that "Life which Christ is and which Christ communicates, the life which fills our whole beings as we realise its capacities, is active fellowship with God."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooty1998183_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooty1998183-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier part of the 20th century is marked by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gore" title="Charles Gore">Charles Gore</a>, with his emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Natural_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural revelation">natural revelation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(bishop)" title="William Temple (bishop)">William Temple</a>'s focus on Christianity and society, while, from outside England, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Leighton_(bishop)" title="Robert Leighton (bishop)">Robert Leighton</a>, Archbishop of Glasgow, and several clergy from the United States have been suggested, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Porcher_DuBose" title="William Porcher DuBose">William Porcher DuBose</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Hobart" title="John Henry Hobart">John Henry Hobart</a> (1775–1830, Bishop of New York 1816–30), <a href="/wiki/William_Meade" title="William Meade">William Meade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brent" title="Charles Brent">Charles Brent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooty1998164,_171–172_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooty1998164,_171–172-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churchmanship">Churchmanship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Churchmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tridentine_mass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Tridentine_mass.jpg/220px-Tridentine_mass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Tridentine_mass.jpg/330px-Tridentine_mass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c6/Tridentine_mass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>An eastward-facing <a href="/wiki/Solemn_High_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Solemn High Mass">Solemn High Mass</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> liturgical phenomenon which reemerged in Anglicanism following the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Catholic Revival</a> of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Churchmanship" title="Churchmanship">Churchmanship</a></i> can be defined as the manifestation of theology in the realms of liturgy, piety and, to some extent, spirituality. Anglican diversity in this respect has tended to reflect the diversity in the tradition's Reformed and Catholic identity. Different individuals, groups, parishes, dioceses and provinces may identify more closely with one or the other, or some mixture of the two. </p><p>The range of Anglican belief and practice became particularly divisive during the 19th century, when some clergy were disciplined and even imprisoned on charges of introducing illegal ritual while, at the same time, others were criticised for engaging in public worship services with ministers of Reformed churches. Resistance to the growing acceptance and restoration of traditional Catholic ceremonial by the mainstream of Anglicanism ultimately led to the formation of small breakaway churches such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a> in England (1844) and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a> in North America (1873).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> (and some broad-church) Anglicans celebrate public liturgy in ways that understand worship to be something very special and of utmost importance. <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">Vestments</a> are worn by the clergy, sung settings are often used, and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> may be used. Nowadays, in most Anglican churches, the Eucharist is celebrated in a manner similar to the usage of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, though, in many churches, more traditional, "pre–Vatican II" models of worship are common (e.g., an "eastward orientation" at the altar). Whilst many Anglo-Catholics derive much of their liturgical practice from that of the pre-Reformation English church, others more closely follow traditional Roman Catholic practices. </p><p>The Eucharist may sometimes be celebrated in the form known as <a href="/wiki/Solemn_Mass" title="Solemn Mass">High Mass</a>, with a priest, deacon and <a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">subdeacon</a> (usually actually a layman) dressed in traditional vestments, with incense and <a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">sanctus bells</a> and prayers adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> or other sources by the celebrant. Such churches may also have forms of <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration" title="Eucharistic adoration">eucharistic adoration</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a>. In terms of personal piety, some Anglicans may recite the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Rosary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Rosary">Rosary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a>, be involved in a devotional society dedicated to "Our Lady" (the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>) and seek the intercession of the saints. </p><p>In recent decades, the prayer books of several provinces have, out of deference to a greater agreement with Eastern <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> (and a perceived greater respect accorded Anglicanism by Eastern Orthodoxy than by Roman Catholicism), instituted a number of historically Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> elements in their liturgies, including introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Trisagion" title="Trisagion">Trisagion</a> and deletion of the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">filioque</a> clause from the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. </p><p>For their part, those <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> (and some broad-church) Anglicans who emphasise the more Protestant aspects of the Church stress the Reformation theme of <a href="/wiki/Salvation#Christian_views_of_salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> by grace through faith. They emphasise the two dominical sacraments of Baptism and Eucharist, viewing the other five as "lesser rites". Some evangelical Anglicans may even tend to take the inerrancy of scripture literally, adopting the view of Article VI that it contains all things necessary to salvation in an explicit sense. Worship in churches influenced by these principles tends to be significantly less elaborate, with greater emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of the Word">Liturgy of the Word</a> (the reading of the scriptures, the sermon, and the intercessory prayers). </p><p>The Order for Holy Communion may be celebrated bi-weekly or monthly (in preference to the <a href="/wiki/Daily_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily office">daily offices</a>), by priests attired in <a href="/wiki/Choir_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Choir habit">choir habit</a>, or more regular clothes, rather than Eucharistic vestments. Ceremony may be in keeping with their view of the provisions of the 17th-century Puritans – being a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Ornaments_Rubric" title="Ornaments Rubric">Ornaments Rubric</a> – no candles, no incense, no bells, and a minimum of manual actions by the presiding celebrant (such as touching the elements at the <a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a>). </p><p>In the early 21st century, there has been a growth of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">charismatic</a> worship among Anglicans. Both Anglo-Catholics and evangelicals have been affected by this movement such that it is not uncommon to find typically charismatic postures, music, and other themes evident during the services of otherwise Anglo-Catholic or evangelical parishes. </p><p>The spectrum of Anglican beliefs and practice is too large to be fit into these labels. Many Anglicans locate themselves somewhere in the spectrum of the broad-church tradition and consider themselves an amalgam of evangelical and Catholic. Such Anglicans stress that Anglicanism is the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> (middle way) between the two major strains of Western Christianity and that Anglicanism is like a "bridge" between the two strains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacramental_doctrine_and_practice">Sacramental doctrine and practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sacramental doctrine and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Anglican sacraments</a></div> <p>In accord with its prevailing self-identity as a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i> or "middle path" of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, Anglican sacramental theology expresses elements in keeping with its status as being both a church in the <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a> tradition as well as a <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformed</a> church. With respect to sacramental theology, the Catholic heritage is perhaps most strongly asserted in the importance Anglicanism places on the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> as a means of <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>, as expressed in the church's <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>. </p><p>Of the seven sacraments, all Anglicans recognise <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> as being directly instituted by Christ. The other five – <a href="/wiki/Confession_(sacrament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession (sacrament)">Confession/Absolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_view_of_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian view of marriage">Matrimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(sacrament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation (sacrament)">Confirmation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> (also called Ordination), and <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a> (also called Unction) – are regarded variously as full sacraments by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholics</a> and many <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">broad-church</a> Anglicans, but merely as "sacramental rites" by other broad-church and <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low-church</a> Anglicans, especially <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Reform_(Anglican)" title="Reform (Anglican)">Reform UK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Sydney" title="Anglican Diocese of Sydney">Diocese of Sydney</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eucharistic_theology">Eucharistic theology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eucharistic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican eucharistic theology">Anglican eucharistic theology</a></div> <p>Anglican eucharistic theology is divergent in practice, reflecting the essential comprehensiveness of the tradition. A few <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low-church</a> Anglicans take a strictly memorialist (<a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwinglian</a>) view of the sacrament. In other words, they see Holy Communion as a memorial to Christ's suffering, and participation in the Eucharist as both a re-enactment of the Last Supper and a foreshadowing of the heavenly banquet – the fulfilment of the eucharistic promise. </p><p>Other low-church Anglicans believe in the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">real presence of Christ in the Eucharist</a> but deny that the presence of Christ is carnal or is necessarily localised in the bread and wine. Despite explicit criticism in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a>, many high-church or Anglo-Catholic Anglicans hold, more or less, the Catholic view of the real presence as expressed in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, seeing the Eucharist as a liturgical representation of Christ's atoning sacrifice with the elements actually transformed into Christ's body and blood. </p><p>The majority of Anglicans, however, have in common a belief in the real presence, defined in one way or another. To that extent, they are in the company of the continental reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and Calvin rather than <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Zwingli">Ulrich Zwingli</a>. The Catechism of the American BCP of 1976 repeats the standard Anglican view ("The outward and visible sign in the Eucharist is the bread and wine"..."The inward and spiritual grace in the Holy Communion is the Body and Blood of Christ given to his people, and received by faith") without further definition. It should be remembered that Anglicanism has no official doctrine on this matter, believing it is wiser to leave the Presence a mystery. The faithful can believe privately whatever explanation they favour, be it transubstantiation, consubstantiation, receptionism, or virtualism (the two<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which two of the four? (January 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> most congenial to Anglicans for centuries until the Oxford Movement), each of which espouses belief in the real presence in one way or another, or memorialism, which has never been an option with Anglicans. </p><p>A famous Anglican aphorism regarding Christ's presence in the sacrament, commonly misattributed to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, is first found in print in a poem by <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200754–55_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200754–55-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>He was the word that spake it,<br /> He took the bread and brake it:<br /> And what that word did make it,<br /> I do believe and take it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200755,_66_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200755,_66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>An Anglican position on the eucharistic sacrifice ("Sacrifice of the Mass") was expressed in the response <i><a href="/wiki/Saepius_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Saepius officio">Saepius officio</a></i> of the archbishops of Canterbury and York to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>'s papal encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae">Apostolicae curae</a></i>: viz. that the Prayer Book contained a strong sacrificial theology. Later revisions of the Prayer Book influenced by the Scottish Canon of 1764 first adopted by the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1789 made this assertion quite evident: "we do make and celebrate before thy Divine Majesty with these thy holy gifts, which we now <i>offer</i> unto thee, the memorial thy Son has commanded us to make", which is repeated in the 1929 English BCP and included in such words or others such as "present" or "show forth" in subsequent revisions. </p><p>Anglican and Roman Catholic representatives declared that they had "substantial agreement on the doctrine of the Eucharist" in the <i>Windsor Statement on Eucharistic Doctrine</i> by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Consultation (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Elucidation of the ARCIC Windsor Statement (1979). The final response (1991) to these documents by the Vatican made it plain that it did not consider the degree of agreement reached to be satisfactory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the daily Anglican morning office: <a href="/wiki/Morning_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Prayer (Anglican)">Morning Prayer (Anglican)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Prayer (Anglican)">Evening Prayer (Anglican)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Humble_Access" title="Prayer of Humble Access">Prayer of Humble Access</a></div> <p>In Anglicanism there is a distinction between liturgy, which is the formal public and communal worship of the church, and personal prayer and devotion, which may be public or private. Liturgy is regulated by the prayer books and consists of the Eucharist (some call it Holy Communion or Mass), the other six sacraments, and the daily offices such as Morning Prayer and Evening Prayer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Common_Prayer"><i>Book of Common Prayer</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Book of Common Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_common_prayer_1596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Book_of_common_prayer_1596.jpg/220px-Book_of_common_prayer_1596.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Book_of_common_prayer_1596.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>The 1596 <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (BCP) is the foundational prayer book of Anglicanism. The original book of 1549 (revised in 1552) was one of the instruments of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, replacing the various "uses" or rites in Latin that had been used in different parts of the country with a single compact volume in the language of the people, so that "now from henceforth all the Realm shall have but one use". Suppressed under Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, it was revised in 1559, and then again in 1662, after the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. This version was made mandatory in England and Wales by the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity</a> and was in standard use until the mid-20th century. </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial</a> expansion from the 17th century onwards, Anglican churches were planted around the globe. These churches at first used and then revised the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> until they, like their parent church, produced prayer books which took into account the developments in liturgical study and practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, which come under the general heading of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Movement" title="Liturgical Movement">Liturgical Movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship">Worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church" title="Church of England parish church">Church of England parish church</a></div> <p>Anglican worship services are open to all visitors. Anglican worship originates principally in the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, who aimed to create a set order of service like that of the pre-Reformation church but less complex in its seasonal variety and said in English rather than <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. This use of a set order of service is not unlike the Catholic tradition. Traditionally, the pattern was that laid out in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>. Although many Anglican churches now use a wide range of modern service books written in the local language, the structures of the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> are largely retained. Churches which call themselves Anglican will have identified themselves so because they use some form or variant of the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> in the shaping of their worship. </p><p>Anglican worship, however, is as diverse as Anglican theology. A contemporary "<a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a>" service may differ little from the worship of many mainstream non-Anglican Protestant churches. The service is constructed around a sermon focused on Biblical exposition and opened with one or more Bible readings and closed by a series of prayers (both set and extemporised) and hymns or songs. A "<a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a>" or Anglo-Catholic service, by contrast, is usually a more formal <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> celebrated by clergy in distinctive <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a> and may be almost indistinguishable from a Roman Catholic service, often resembling the "pre–Vatican II" <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine rite</a>. </p><p>Between these extremes are a variety of styles of worship, often involving a robed choir and the use of the organ to accompany the singing and to provide music before and after the service. Anglican churches tend to have <a href="/wiki/Pew" title="Pew">pews</a> or chairs, and it is usual for the congregation to kneel for some prayers but to stand for hymns and other parts of the service such as the Gloria, Collect, Gospel reading, Creed and either the Preface or all of the Eucharistic Prayer. Anglicans may genuflect or cross themselves in the same way as Roman Catholics. </p><p>Other more traditional Anglicans tend to follow the 1662 <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> and retain the use of the King James Bible. This is typical in many Anglican cathedrals and particularly in <a href="/wiki/Royal_peculiar" title="Royal peculiar">royal peculiars</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Chapel" title="Savoy Chapel">Savoy Chapel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Chapel" title="Queen's Chapel">Queen's Chapel</a>. These Anglican church services include classical music instead of songs, hymns from the <a href="/wiki/New_English_Hymnal" class="mw-redirect" title="New English Hymnal">New English Hymnal</a> (usually excluding modern hymns such as "Lord of the Dance"), and are generally non-evangelical and formal in practice. </p><p>Until the mid-20th century the main Sunday service was typically <a href="/wiki/Morning_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Prayer (Anglican)">Morning Prayer</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> has once again become the standard form of Sunday worship in most Anglican churches; this again is similar to Roman Catholic practice. Other common Sunday services include an early morning Eucharist without music, an abbreviated Eucharist following a service of morning prayer, and a service of <a href="/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Prayer (Anglican)">Evening Prayer</a>, often called "Evensong" when sung, usually celebrated between 3:00 and 6:00 pm. The late-evening service of <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a> was revived in parish use in the early 20th century. Many Anglican churches will also have daily morning and evening prayer, and some have midweek or even daily celebration of the Eucharist. </p><p>An Anglican service (whether or not a Eucharist) will include readings from the Bible that are generally taken from a standardised <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionary</a>, which provides for much of the Bible (and some passages from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>) to be read out loud in the church over a cycle of one, two, or three years (depending on which eucharistic and office lectionaries are used, respectively). The <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homily</a>) is typically about ten to twenty minutes in length, often comparably short to sermons in evangelical churches. Even in the most informal Anglican services, it is common for set prayers such as the weekly <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a> to be read. There are also set forms for <a href="/wiki/Intercessory_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercessory prayer">intercessory prayer</a>, though this is now more often extemporaneous. In high and Anglo-Catholic churches there are generally prayers for the dead. </p><p>Although Anglican public worship is usually ordered according to the canonically approved services, in practice many Anglican churches use forms of service outside these norms. Liberal churches may use freely structured or experimental forms of worship, including patterns borrowed from ecumenical traditions such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9_Community" title="Taizé Community">Taizé Community</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Iona_Community" title="Iona Community">Iona Community</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> parishes might use the modern Roman Catholic liturgy of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> or more traditional forms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> (which is translated into English in the <a href="/wiki/English_Missal" title="English Missal">English Missal</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Missal" title="Anglican Missal">Anglican Missal</a>, or, less commonly, the <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">Sarum Rite</a>. Catholic devotions such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a> are also common among Anglo-Catholics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eucharistic_discipline">Eucharistic discipline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Eucharistic discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> persons are eligible to receive communion,<sup id="cite_ref-communion_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-communion-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in many churches communion is restricted to those who have not only been baptised but also <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmed</a>. In many Anglican provinces, however, all baptised Christians are now often invited to receive communion and some dioceses have regularised a system for admitting baptised young people to communion before they are confirmed. </p><p>The discipline of fasting before communion is practised by some Anglicans. Most Anglican priests require the presence of at least one other person for the celebration of the Eucharist (referring back to Christ's statement in Matthew 18:20, "When two or more are gathered in my name, I will be in the midst of them."), though some Anglo-Catholic priests (like Roman Catholic priests) may say private Masses. As in the Roman Catholic Church, it is a canonical requirement to use fermented wine for communion. </p><p>Unlike in Roman Catholicism, the consecrated bread and wine are normally offered to the congregation at a eucharistic service ("communion in both kinds"). This practice is becoming more frequent in the Roman Catholic Church as well, especially through the <a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a>. In some churches, the sacrament is reserved in a tabernacle or <a href="/wiki/Aumbry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aumbry">aumbry</a> with a lighted candle or lamp nearby. In Anglican churches, only a priest or a bishop may be the celebrant at the Eucharist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divine_office">Divine office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Divine office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/220px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/330px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/440px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evensong</a> at <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>All Anglican prayer books contain offices for <a href="/wiki/Morning_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Prayer (Anglican)">Morning Prayer</a> (Matins) and <a href="/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Prayer (Anglican)">Evening Prayer</a> (Evensong). In the original <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, these were derived from combinations of the ancient monastic offices of <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lauds" title="Lauds">Lauds</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a>, respectively. The prayer offices have an important place in Anglican history. </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Catholic revival</a> of the 19th century, which eventually restored the Eucharist as the principal Sunday liturgy, and especially during the 18th century, a morning service combining Matins, the <a href="/wiki/Litany" title="Litany">Litany</a>, and ante-Communion comprised the usual expression of common worship, while Matins and Evensong were sung daily in cathedrals and some collegiate chapels. This nurtured a tradition of distinctive <a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican chant</a> applied to the <a href="/wiki/Canticle" title="Canticle">canticles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">psalms</a> used at the offices (although <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">plainsong</a> is often used as well). </p><p>In some official and many unofficial Anglican service books, these offices are supplemented by other offices such as the <a href="/wiki/Little_Hours" title="Little Hours">Little Hours</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prime_(liturgy)" title="Prime (liturgy)">Prime</a> and prayer during the day such as (<a href="/wiki/Terce" title="Terce">Terce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sext" title="Sext">Sext</a>, <a href="/wiki/None_(liturgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="None (liturgy)">None</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a>). Some Anglican monastic communities have a <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Office">Daily Office</a> based on that of the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> but with additional antiphons and canticles, etc., for specific days of the week, specific psalms, etc. See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Order of the Holy Cross">Order of the Holy Cross</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Order of St Helena, editors, <i>A Monastic Breviary</i> (Wilton, Conn.: Morehouse-Barlow, 1976). The All Saints Sisters of the Poor,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with convents in Catonsville, Maryland, and elsewhere, use an elaborated version of the Anglican Daily Office. The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Francis">Society of St. Francis</a> publishes <i>Celebrating Common Prayer</i>, which has become especially popular for use among Anglicans. </p><p>In England, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and some other Anglican provinces, the modern prayer books contain four offices: </p> <ul><li>Morning Prayer, corresponding to Matins, Lauds and Prime;</li> <li>Prayer During the Day, roughly corresponding to the combination of Terce, Sext, and None (Noonday Prayer in the USA);</li> <li>Evening Prayer, corresponding to Vespers (and Compline);</li> <li>Compline.</li></ul> <p>In addition, most prayer books include a section of prayers and devotions for family use. In the US, these offices are further supplemented by an "Order of Worship for the Evening", a prelude to or an abbreviated form of Evensong, partly derived from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> prayers. In the United Kingdom, the publication of <i>Daily Prayer</i>, the third volume of <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a></i>, was published in 2005. It retains the services for Morning and Evening Prayer and Compline and includes a section entitled "Prayer during the Day". <i>A New Zealand Prayer Book</i> of 1989 provides different outlines for Matins and Evensong on each day of the week, as well as "Midday Prayer", "Night Prayer" and "Family Prayer". </p><p>Some Anglicans who pray the office on daily basis use the present <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours" title="Liturgy of the Hours">Divine Office</a> of the Roman Catholic Church. In many cities, especially in England, Anglican and Roman Catholic priests and lay people often meet several times a week to pray the office in common. A small but enthusiastic minority use the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Breviary" title="Anglican Breviary">Anglican Breviary</a>, or other translations and adaptations of the pre–Vatican II Roman Rite and <a href="/wiki/Sarum_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarum Rite">Sarum Rite</a>, along with supplemental material from cognate western sources, to provide such things as a common of Octaves, a common of Holy Women, and other additional material. Others may privately use idiosyncratic forms borrowed from a wide range of Christian traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Quires_and_Places_where_they_sing""><span id=".22Quires_and_Places_where_they_sing.22"></span><span class="anchor" id="Quires_and_Places_where_they_sing"></span> "Quires and Places where they sing"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: "Quires and Places where they sing""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></div> <p>In the late medieval period, many English cathedrals and monasteries had established small choirs of trained <a href="/wiki/Lay_clerk" title="Lay clerk">lay clerks</a> and boy <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choristers</a> to perform <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> settings of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Lady_chapel" title="Lady chapel">Lady chapels</a>. Although these "Lady Masses" were discontinued at the Reformation, the associated musical tradition was maintained in the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Settlement">Elizabethan Settlement</a> through the establishment of choral foundations for daily singing of the Divine Office by expanded choirs of men and boys. This resulted from an explicit addition by Elizabeth herself to the injunctions accompanying the 1559 <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (that had itself made no mention of choral worship) by which existing choral foundations and choir schools were instructed to be continued, and their endowments secured. Consequently, some thirty-four cathedrals, collegiate churches, and royal chapels maintained paid establishments of lay singing men and choristers in the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMould200794_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMould200794-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All save four of these have – with interruptions during the <a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">Commonwealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> – continued daily choral prayer and praise to this day. In the Offices of <a href="/wiki/Matins" title="Matins">Matins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Prayer (Anglican)">Evensong</a> in the 1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, these choral establishments are specified as "Quires and Places where they sing". </p><p>For nearly three centuries, this round of daily professional choral worship represented a tradition entirely distinct from that embodied in the intoning of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parish_Clerk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parish Clerk (page does not exist)">Parish Clerks</a>, and the singing of "<a href="/wiki/West_gallery_music" title="West gallery music">west gallery choirs</a>" which commonly accompanied weekly worship in English parish churches. In 1841, the rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Parish_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds Parish Church">Leeds Parish Church</a> established a surpliced <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> to accompany parish services, drawing explicitly on the musical traditions of the ancient choral foundations. Over the next century, the Leeds example proved immensely popular and influential for choirs in cathedrals, parish churches, and schools throughout the Anglican communion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMould2007177_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMould2007177-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More or less extensively adapted, this choral tradition also became the direct inspiration for robed choirs leading congregational worship in a wide range of Christian denominations. </p><p>In 1719, the cathedral choirs of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester</a> combined to establish the annual <a href="/wiki/Three_Choirs_Festival" title="Three Choirs Festival">Three Choirs Festival</a>, the precursor for the multitude of summer music festivals since. By the 20th century, the choral tradition had become for many the most accessible face of worldwide Anglicanism – especially as promoted through the regular broadcasting of choral evensong by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>; and also in the annual televising of the festival of <a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a> from <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. Composers closely concerned with this tradition include <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>. A number of important 20th-century works by non-Anglican composers were originally commissioned for the Anglican choral tradition – for example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Psalms" title="Chichester Psalms">Chichester Psalms</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communion">Communion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Communion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compassrose_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/200px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/300px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/400px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglicanism" title="Category:Anglicanism">a series</a> on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Organisation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><small><i>Vacant</i></small></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_Primates%27_Meetings" title="Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings">Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Primates_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Primates in the Anglican Communion">primates</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Lambeth_Conference" title="Fifteenth Lambeth Conference">2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Communion_dioceses" title="List of Anglican Communion dioceses">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_and_ecumenism" title="Anglican Communion and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">Ordination of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Report" title="Windsor Report">Windsor Report</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Liturgy and worship</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Morning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchmanship" title="Churchmanship">Churchmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ddddff 2px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglican_Communion" title="Template:Anglican Communion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglican_Communion" title="Template talk:Anglican Communion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican_Communion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglican Communion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles_of_governance">Principles of governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Principles of governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to popular misconception, the British monarch is not the constitutional "head" of the Church of England but is, in law, the church's "<a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor">supreme governor</a>", nor does the monarch have any role in provinces outside England. The role of the crown in the Church of England is practically limited to the appointment of bishops, including the archbishop of Canterbury, and even this role is limited, as the church presents the government with a short list of candidates from which to choose. This process is accomplished through collaboration with and consent of ecclesial representatives <i>(see <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Commissioners" title="Ecclesiastical Commissioners">Ecclesiastical Commissioners</a>)</i>. Although the monarch has no constitutional role in Anglican churches in other parts of the world, the prayer books of several countries where the monarch is head of state contain prayers for him or her as sovereign. </p><p>A characteristic of Anglicanism is that it has no international juridical authority. All forty-two provinces of the Anglican Communion are autonomous, each with their own <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> and governing structure. These provinces may take the form of national churches (such as in Canada, Uganda or Japan) or a collection of nations (such as the West Indies, Central Africa or South Asia), or geographical regions (such as Vanuatu and Solomon Islands) etc. Within these provinces there may exist subdivisions, called <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical provinces</a>, under the jurisdiction of a metropolitan archbishop. </p><p>All provinces of the Anglican Communion consist of <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>, each under the jurisdiction of a bishop. In the Anglican tradition, bishops must be consecrated according to the strictures of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>, which Anglicans consider one of the marks of <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a>. Apart from bishops, there are two other orders of ordained ministry: <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> and priest. </p><p>No requirement is made for <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>, though many Anglo-Catholic priests have traditionally been bachelors. Because of innovations that occurred at various points after the latter half of the 20th century, women may be ordained as deacons in almost all provinces, as priests in most and as bishops in many. <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Anglican religious orders</a> and communities, suppressed in England during the Reformation, have re-emerged, especially since the mid-19th century, and now have an international presence and influence. </p><p>Government in the Anglican Communion is <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synodical</a>, consisting of three houses of <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> (usually elected parish representatives), clergy and bishops. National, provincial and diocesan synods maintain different scopes of authority, depending on their <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canons and constitutions</a>. Anglicanism is not <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">congregational</a> in its polity: it is the diocese, not the parish church, which is the smallest unit of authority in the church. <i>(See <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a>)</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishop_of_Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Archbishop of Canterbury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archbishcantarms.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4b/Archbishcantarms.PNG" decoding="async" width="180" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of Canterbury</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a> has a precedence of honour over the other primates of the Anglican Communion, and for a province to be considered a part of the communion means specifically to be in full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Canterbury</a> – though this principle is currently subject to considerable debate, especially among those in the so-called Global South, including American Anglicans.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archbishop is, therefore, recognised as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i></span> ("first amongst equals"), even though he does not exercise any direct authority in any <a href="/wiki/Province_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province (Anglican)">province</a> outside England, of which he is chief primate.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>, the archbishop of Canterbury from 2002 to 2012, was the first archbishop appointed from outside the Church of England since the Reformation: he was formerly the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales" title="Archbishop of Wales">archbishop of Wales</a>. </p><p>As "spiritual head" of the communion, the archbishop of Canterbury maintains a certain <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> and has the right to determine which churches will be in communion with his <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a>. He hosts and chairs the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conferences</a> of Anglican Communion bishops and decides who will be invited to them. He also hosts and chairs the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_Primates%27_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting">Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting</a> and is responsible for the invitations to it. He acts as president of the secretariat of the Anglican Communion Office and its deliberative body, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferences">Conferences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anglican Communion has no international juridical organisation. All international bodies are consultative and collaborative, and their resolutions are not legally binding on the autonomous provinces of the communion. There are three international bodies of note. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> is the oldest international consultation. It was first convened by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Charles_Longley" title="Charles Longley">Charles Longley</a> in 1867 as a vehicle for bishops of the communion to "discuss matters of practical interest, and pronounce what we deem expedient in resolutions which may serve as safe guides to future action". Since then, it has been held roughly every ten years. Invitation is by the archbishop of Canterbury.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a> was created by a 1968 Lambeth Conference resolution and meets <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biennial" class="extiw" title="wikt:biennial">biennially</a>. The council consists of representative bishops, clergy and laity chosen by the forty-two provinces. The body has a permanent secretariat, the Anglican Communion Office, of which the archbishop of Canterbury is president.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_Primates%27_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting">Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting</a> is the most recent manifestation of international consultation and deliberation, having been first convened by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a> in 1978 as a forum for "leisurely thought, prayer and deep consultation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENunley2005133_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENunley2005133-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordained_ministry">Ordained ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ordained ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the Anglican priesthood: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chasublepurple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chasublepurple.jpg/220px-Chasublepurple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chasublepurple.jpg/330px-Chasublepurple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chasublepurple.jpg/440px-Chasublepurple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>An Anglican priest in Eucharistic <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestment</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like the Roman Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> churches, the Anglican Communion maintains the threefold ministry of <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> (usually called "priests"), and bishops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Episcopate">Episcopate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Episcopate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></div> <p>Bishops, who possess the fullness of Christian priesthood, are the successors of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primates</a>, archbishops, and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitans</a> are all bishops and members of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">historical episcopate</a> who derive their authority through <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> – an unbroken line of bishops that can be traced back to the 12 apostles of Jesus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priesthood">Priesthood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Priesthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishops are assisted by <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal priest">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>. Most ordained ministers in the Anglican Communion are priests, who usually work in parishes within a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>. Priests are in charge of the spiritual life of parishes and are usually called the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a> (or, more correctly, an "assistant curate") is a priest or deacon who assists the parish priest. Non-parochial priests may earn their living by any vocation, although employment by educational institutions or charitable organisations is most common. Priests also serve as chaplains of hospitals, schools, prisons, and in the armed forces. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacon</a> is a priest or deacon responsible for administration of an <a href="/wiki/Archdeaconry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdeaconry">archdeaconry</a>, which is often the name given to the principal subdivisions of a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>. An archdeacon represents the diocesan bishop in his or her archdeaconry. In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the position of archdeacon can only be held by someone in priestly orders who has been ordained for at least six years. In some other parts of the Anglican Communion, the position can also be held by deacons. In parts of the Anglican Communion where women cannot be ordained as priests or bishops but can be ordained as deacons, the position of archdeacon is effectively the most senior office to which an ordained woman can be appointed. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">dean</a> is a priest who is the principal cleric of a cathedral or other collegiate church and the head of the chapter of canons. If the cathedral or collegiate church has its own parish, the dean is usually also rector of the parish. However, in the Church of Ireland, the roles are often separated, and most cathedrals in the Church of England do not have associated parishes. In the Church in Wales, however, most cathedrals are parish churches and their deans are now also vicars of their parishes. </p><p>The Anglican Communion recognises <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> ordinations as valid. Outside the Anglican Communion, Anglican ordinations (at least of male priests) are recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>, Porvoo Communion Lutherans, and various <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic">Independent Catholic</a> churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diaconate">Diaconate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Diaconate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stoledeacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stoledeacon.jpg/220px-Stoledeacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stoledeacon.jpg/330px-Stoledeacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stoledeacon.jpg/440px-Stoledeacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The vestments of a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" title="Stole (vestment)">stole</a> over the left shoulder</figcaption></figure> <p>In Anglican churches, deacons often work directly in ministry to the marginalised inside and outside the church: the poor, the sick, the hungry, the imprisoned. Unlike Orthodox and most Roman Catholic deacons who may be married only before ordination, deacons are permitted to marry freely both before and after ordination, as are priests. Most deacons are preparing for priesthood and usually only remain as deacons for about a year before being ordained priests. However, there are some deacons who remain so. </p><p>Many provinces of the Anglican Communion ordain both men and women as deacons. Many of those provinces that ordain women to the priesthood previously allowed them to be ordained only to the diaconate. The effect of this was the creation of a large and overwhelmingly female diaconate for a time, as most men proceeded to be ordained priest after a short time as a deacon. </p><p>Deacons, in some dioceses, can be granted licences to <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">solemnise matrimony</a>, usually under the instruction of their parish priest and bishop. They sometimes officiate at <a href="/wiki/Benediction_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament">Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament</a> in churches which have this service. Deacons are not permitted to preside at the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> (but can lead worship with the distribution of already consecrated communion where this is permitted),<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Absolution_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolution (religious)">absolve sins</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">pronounce a blessing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoss1943393_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoss1943393-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the prohibition against deacons pronouncing blessings that leads some to believe that deacons cannot solemnise matrimony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laity">Laity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Laity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All baptised members of the church are called Christian <a href="/wiki/Faithful_(baptized_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faithful (baptized Catholic)">faithful</a>, truly equal in dignity and in the work to build the church. Some non-ordained people also have a formal public ministry, often on a full-time and long-term basis – such as <a href="/wiki/Lay_reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay reader">lay readers</a> (also known as readers), <a href="/wiki/Churchwarden" title="Churchwarden">churchwardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verger" title="Verger">vergers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sextons</a>. Other lay positions include acolytes (male or female, often children), lay <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic minister">eucharistic ministers</a> (also known as chalice bearers), and lay eucharistic visitors (who deliver consecrated bread and wine to "shut-ins" or members of the parish who are unable to leave home or hospital to attend the Eucharist). Lay people also serve on the parish altar guild (preparing the altar and caring for its candles, linens, flowers, etc.), in the choir and as cantors, as ushers and greeters, and on the church council (called the "vestry" in some countries), which is the governing body of a parish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_orders">Religious orders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religious orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Anglican religious order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_devotions" title="Anglican devotions">Anglican devotions</a></div> <p>A small yet influential aspect of Anglicanism is its <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">religious orders</a> and communities. Shortly after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Revival">Catholic Revival</a> in the Church of England, there was a renewal of interest in re-establishing religious and monastic orders and communities. One of Henry VIII's earliest acts was their <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">dissolution</a> and seizure of their assets. In 1841, Marian Rebecca Hughes became the first woman to take the vows of religion in communion with the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canterbury" title="Province of Canterbury">Province of Canterbury</a> since the Reformation. </p><p>In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Lydia_Sellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Priscilla Lydia Sellon">Priscilla Lydia Sellon</a> became the superior of the Society of the Most Holy Trinity at <a href="/wiki/Devonport,_Plymouth" title="Devonport, Plymouth">Devonport, Plymouth</a>, the first organised religious order. Sellon is called "the restorer, after three centuries, of the religious life in the Church of England".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next one hundred years, religious orders for both men and women proliferated throughout the world, becoming a numerically small but disproportionately influential feature of global Anglicanism. </p><p>Anglican religious life at one time boasted hundreds of orders and communities, and thousands of <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious</a>. An important aspect of Anglican religious life is that most communities of both men and women lived their lives consecrated to God under the <a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">vows</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poverty,_chastity,_and_obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty, chastity, and obedience">poverty, chastity, and obedience</a>, or, in <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> communities, Stability, Conversion of Life, and Obedience, by practising a mixed life of reciting the full eight services of the <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Breviary</a> in choir, along with a daily <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, plus service to the poor. The mixed life, combining aspects of the contemplative orders and the active orders, remains to this day a hallmark of Anglican religious life. Another distinctive feature of Anglican religious life is the existence of some mixed-gender communities. </p><p>Since the 1960s, there has been a sharp decline in the number of professed religious in most parts of the Anglican Communion, especially in North America, Europe, and Australia. Many once large and international communities have been reduced to a single <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> with memberships of elderly men or women. In the last few decades of the 20th century, novices have for most communities been few and far between. Some orders and communities have already become extinct. There are, however, still thousands of Anglican religious working today in approximately 200 communities around the world, and religious life in many parts of the Communion – especially in developing nations – flourishes. </p><p>The most significant growth has been in the <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> countries of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Brotherhood" title="Melanesian Brotherhood">Melanesian Brotherhood</a>, founded at <a href="/wiki/Tabalia" title="Tabalia">Tabalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_(Pacific_Ocean_island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal (Pacific Ocean island)">Guadalcanal</a>, in 1925 by Ini Kopuria, is now the largest Anglican Community in the world, with over 450 <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">brothers</a> in the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and the United Kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Church">Sisters of the Church</a>, started by Mother <a href="/wiki/Emily_Ayckbowm" title="Emily Ayckbowm">Emily Ayckbowm</a> in England in 1870, has more <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">sisters</a> in the Solomons than all their other communities. The <a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Sisters_of_Melanesia" title="Community of the Sisters of Melanesia">Community of the Sisters of Melanesia</a>, started in 1980 by Sister Nesta Tiboe, is a growing community of women in the Solomon Islands. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of Saint Francis</a>, founded as a union of various <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> orders in the 1920s, has experienced great growth in the Solomon Islands. Other communities of religious have been started by Anglicans in Papua New Guinea and in Vanuatu. Most Melanesian Anglican religious are in their early to mid-20s. Vows may be temporary, and it is generally assumed that brothers, at least, will leave and marry in due course, making the average age 40 to 50 years younger than their brothers and sisters in other countries. Growth of religious orders, especially for women, is marked in certain parts of Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide_distribution">Worldwide distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Worldwide distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglican_C.,_Porvoo_C.,_Utrecht_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Anglican_C.%2C_Porvoo_C.%2C_Utrecht_Union.svg/550px-Anglican_C.%2C_Porvoo_C.%2C_Utrecht_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Anglican_C.%2C_Porvoo_C.%2C_Utrecht_Union.svg/825px-Anglican_C.%2C_Porvoo_C.%2C_Utrecht_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Anglican_C.%2C_Porvoo_C.%2C_Utrecht_Union.svg/1100px-Anglican_C.%2C_Porvoo_C.%2C_Utrecht_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>A world map showing the provinces of the <b>Anglican Communion</b> (blue). Shown are the Churches in full communion with the Anglican Church: The Nordic Lutheran churches of the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a> (green), and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Churches</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Union">Utrecht Union</a> (red).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamestown_Virginia_ruin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jamestown_Virginia_ruin.JPG/220px-Jamestown_Virginia_ruin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jamestown_Virginia_ruin.JPG/330px-Jamestown_Virginia_ruin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jamestown_Virginia_ruin.JPG/440px-Jamestown_Virginia_ruin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>An 1854 image of the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Church" title="Jamestown Church">Jamestown Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, the first Anglican church in North America</figcaption></figure> <p>Anglicanism represents the third largest Christian communion in the world, after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorsley2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorsley2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Anglicans in the world is over 85 million as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11 provinces in Africa saw growth in the last two decades. They now include 36.7 million members, more Anglicans than there are in England. England remains the largest single Anglican province, with 26 million members. In most industrialised countries, church attendance has decreased since the 19th century. Anglicanism's presence in the rest of the world is due to large-scale emigration, the establishment of expatriate communities, or the work of missionaries. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> has been a church of <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> since the 17th century, when the Church first left English shores with colonists who founded what would become the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa, and established Anglican churches. For example, an Anglican chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wolfall" title="Robert Wolfall">Robert Wolfall</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> expedition, celebrated the Eucharist in 1578 in <a href="/wiki/Frobisher_Bay" title="Frobisher Bay">Frobisher Bay</a>. </p><p>The first Anglican church in the Americas was built at <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown, Virginia</a>, in 1607. By the 18th century, missionaries worked to establish Anglican churches in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The great Church of England missionary societies were founded; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge" title="Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge">Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge</a> (SPCK) in 1698, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel_in_Foreign_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts">Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts</a> (SPG) in 1701, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> (CMS) in 1799. </p><p>In the 19th century, social-oriented evangelism with societies were founded and developed, including the <a href="/wiki/Church_Pastoral_Aid_Society" title="Church Pastoral Aid Society">Church Pastoral Aid Society</a> (CPAS) in 1836, <a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Seafarers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission to Seafarers">Mission to Seafarers</a> in 1856, <a href="/wiki/Girls%27_Friendly_Society" title="Girls' Friendly Society">Girls' Friendly Society</a> (GFS) in 1875, <a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a> in 1876, and <a href="/wiki/Church_Army" title="Church Army">Church Army</a> in 1882, all carrying out a personal form of evangelism. </p><p>In the 20th century, the Church of England developed new forms of evangelism, including the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_course" title="Alpha course">Alpha course</a> in 1990, which was developed and propagated from <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Brompton_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Brompton Church">Holy Trinity Brompton Church</a> in London. </p><p>In the 21st century, there has been renewed effort to reach children and youth. <a href="/wiki/Fresh_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresh expressions">Fresh expressions</a> is a Church of England missionary initiative to youth begun in 2005, and has ministries at a <a href="/wiki/Skate_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Skate park">skate park</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the efforts of St George's Church, <a href="/wiki/Benfleet_Urban_District" title="Benfleet Urban District">Benfleet</a>, Essex, the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chelmsford" title="Diocese of Chelmsford">Diocese of Chelmsford</a>, or youth groups with evocative names, like the C.L.A.W (Christ Little Angels – Whatever!) youth group at <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a>. For those who prefer not to actually visit a <a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">brick and mortar</a> church, there are Internet ministries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Oxford" title="Diocese of Oxford">Diocese of Oxford</a>'s online Anglican i-Church, which was founded on the web in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the ongoing dialogue between Anglicanism and the wider Church: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_communion_and_ecumenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican communion and ecumenism">Anglican communion and ecumenism</a></div> <p>Anglican interest in <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> dialogue can be traced back to the time of the Reformation and dialogues with both Orthodox and Lutheran churches in the 16th century. In the 19th century, with the rise of the Oxford Movement, there arose greater concern for reunion of the churches of "Catholic confession". This desire to work towards full <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> with other denominations led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a>, approved by the third <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> of 1888. The four points (the sufficiency of scripture, the historic creeds, the two dominical sacraments, and the historic episcopate) were proposed as a basis for discussion, although they have frequently been taken as a non-negotiable bottom-line for any form of reunion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_diversity">Theological diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Theological diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Altar,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/220px-High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/330px-High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/440px-High_Altar%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The high <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> at the Anglo-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rosemont,_Pennsylvania" title="Rosemont, Pennsylvania">Rosemont, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anglicanism in general has always sought a balance between the emphases of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, while tolerating a range of expressions of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicalism</a> and ceremony. Clergy and laity from all Anglican <a href="/wiki/Churchmanship" title="Churchmanship">churchmanship</a> traditions have been active in the formation of the Continuing movement. </p><p>While there are <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">broad-church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low-church</a> Continuing Anglicans, many Continuing churches are <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> with highly ceremonial liturgical practices. Others belong to a more evangelical or <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low-church</a> tradition and tend to support the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> and simpler worship services. <a href="/wiki/Morning_Prayer_(Anglican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning Prayer (Anglican)">Morning Prayer</a>, for instance, is often used instead of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Eucharist">Holy Eucharist</a> for Sunday worship services, although this is not necessarily true of all low-church parishes. </p><p>Most Continuing churches in the United States reject the 1979 revision of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> by the Episcopal Church and use the 1928 version for their services instead. In addition, Anglo-Catholic bodies may use the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Missal" title="Anglican Missal">Anglican Missal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Service_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Service Book">Anglican Service Book</a> or <a href="/wiki/English_Missal" title="English Missal">English Missal</a> when celebrating Mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_conflict">Internal conflict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Internal conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A changing focus on social issues after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> led to Lambeth Conference resolutions countenancing <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">remarriage</a> of divorced persons. Eventually, most provinces approved the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>. In more recent years, some jurisdictions have permitted the ordination of people in same-sex relationships and authorised rites for the blessing of same-sex unions (see <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality and Anglicanism">Homosexuality and Anglicanism</a>). "The more liberal provinces that are open to changing Church doctrine on marriage in order to allow for same-sex unions include Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South India, South Africa, the US and Wales",<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the more conservative provinces are primarily located in the Global South. </p><p>The lack of social consensus among and within provinces of diverse cultural traditions has resulted in considerable conflict and even schism concerning some or all of these developments, as was the case in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a>. More conservative elements within and outside of Anglicanism (primarily African churches and factions within North American Anglicanism) have opposed these changes,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some liberal and moderate Anglicans see this opposition as representing a new <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a> within Anglicanism and "believe a split is inevitable and preferable to continued infighting and paralysis."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Anglicans opposed to various liberalising changes, in particular the ordination of women, have become Roman Catholics or Orthodox. Others have, at various times, joined the <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a> or departed for non-Anglican evangelical churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continuum">Continuum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Continuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing Anglicanism">Continuing Anglicanism</a>" refers to a number of church bodies which have formed outside of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> in the belief that traditional forms of Anglican faith, worship, and order have been unacceptably revised or abandoned within some Anglican Communion churches in recent decades. They therefore claim that they are "continuing" traditional Anglicanism. </p><p>The modern Continuing Anglican movement principally dates to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_St._Louis" title="Congress of St. Louis">Congress of St. Louis</a>, held in the United States in 1977, where participants rejected changes that had been made in the Episcopal Church's <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> and also the Episcopal Church's approval of the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> to the priesthood. More recent changes in the North American churches of the Anglican Communion, such as the introduction of same-sex marriage rites and the ordination of gay and lesbian people to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">episcopate</a>, have created further separations. </p><p>Continuing churches have generally been formed by people who have left the Anglican Communion. The original Anglican churches are charged by the Continuing Anglicans with being greatly compromised by secular cultural standards and liberal theology. Many Continuing Anglicans believe that the faith of some churches in communion with the archbishop of Canterbury has become <a href="/wiki/Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">unorthodox</a> and therefore have not sought to also be in communion with him. </p><p>The original continuing parishes in the United States were found mainly in metropolitan areas. Since the late 1990s, a number have appeared in smaller communities, often as a result of a division in the town's existing Episcopal churches. The 2007–08 <i>Directory of Traditional Anglican and Episcopal Parishes</i>, published by the Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen, contained information on over 900 parishes affiliated with either the Continuing Anglican churches or the Anglican realignment movement, a more recent wave of Anglicans withdrawing from the Anglican Communion's North American provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_activism">Social activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Social activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christchurch_Cathedral_-_Dublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christchurch_Cathedral_-_Dublin.jpg/220px-Christchurch_Cathedral_-_Dublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christchurch_Cathedral_-_Dublin.jpg/330px-Christchurch_Cathedral_-_Dublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Christchurch_Cathedral_-_Dublin.jpg/440px-Christchurch_Cathedral_-_Dublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church Cathedral</a> in Dublin, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>A concern for social justice can be traced to very early Anglican beliefs, relating to an intertwined theology of God, nature, and humanity. The Anglican theologian Richard Hooker wrote in his book <i>The Works of that Learned and Judicious Divine</i> that "God hath created nothing simply for itself, but each thing in all things, and of every thing each part in other have such interest, that in the whole world nothing is found whereunto any thing created can say, 'I need thee not.'"<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such statements demonstrate a theological Anglican interest in social activism, which has historically appeared in movements such as evangelical Anglican William Wilberforce's campaign against slavery in the 18th century, or 19th century issues concerning industrialisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_conditions_and_Christian_socialism">Working conditions and Christian socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Working conditions and Christian socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lord Shaftesbury, a devout evangelical, campaigned to improve the conditions in factories, in mines, for chimney sweeps, and for the education of the very poor. For years, he was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Ragged_school" title="Ragged school">Ragged School</a> Board.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">Frederick Denison Maurice</a> was a leading figure advocating reform, founding so-called "producer's co-operatives" and the <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a>. His work was instrumental in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialist</a> movement, although he himself was not in any real sense a socialist but "a Tory paternalist with the unusual desire to theories his acceptance of the traditional obligation to help the poor",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1976171–172_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1976171–172-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influenced Anglo-Catholics such as Charles Gore, who wrote that "the principle of the incarnation is denied unless the Christian spirit can be allowed to concern itself with everything that interests and touches human life." Anglican focus on labour issues culminated in the work of <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Temple (archbishop)">William Temple</a> in the 1930s and 1940s."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacifism">Pacifism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pacifism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A question of whether or not Christianity is a <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> religion has remained a matter of debate for Anglicans. The leading Anglican spokesman for pacifist ideas, from 1914 to 1945, was <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Barnes" title="Ernest Barnes">Ernest Barnes</a>, bishop of Birmingham from 1924 to 1953. He opposed both world wars.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Pacifist_Fellowship" title="Anglican Pacifist Fellowship">Anglican Pacifist Fellowship</a> emerged as a distinct reform organisation, seeking to make pacifism a clearly defined part of Anglican theology. The group rapidly gained popularity amongst Anglican intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Underhill" title="Evelyn Underhill">Evelyn Underhill</a>, and the former British political leader <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Sheppard_(priest)" title="Dick Sheppard (priest)">Dick Sheppard</a>, who during the 1930s was one of Britain's most famous Anglican priests due to his landmark sermon broadcasts for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC Radio</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Pledge_Union" title="Peace Pledge Union">Peace Pledge Union</a>, a secular pacifist organisation for the non-religious that gained considerable support throughout the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst never actively endorsed by Anglican churches, many Anglicans unofficially have adopted the Augustinian "<a href="/wiki/Just_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War">Just War</a>" doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglican Pacifist Fellowship remains highly active throughout the Anglican world. It rejects this doctrine of "just war" and seeks to reform the Church by reintroducing the pacifism inherent in the beliefs of many of the earliest Christians and present in their interpretation of Christ's <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>. The principles of the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship are often formulated as a statement of belief that "Jesus' teaching is incompatible with the waging of war ... that a Christian church should never support or justify war ... [and] that our Christian witness should include opposing the waging or justifying of war."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confusing the matter was that the 37th Article of Religion in the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> states that "it is lawful for Christian men, at the commandment of the Magistrate, to wear weapons, and serve in the wars." Therefore, the Lambeth Council in the modern era has sought to provide a clearer position by repudiating modern war and developed a statement that has been affirmed at each subsequent meeting of the council. </p><p>This statement was strongly reasserted when "the 67th General Convention of the Episcopal Church reaffirms the statement made by the Anglican Bishops assembled at Lambeth in 1978 and adopted by the 66th General Convention of the Episcopal Church in 1979, calling "Christian people everywhere ... to engage themselves in non-violent action for justice and peace and to support others so engaged, recognising that such action will be controversial and may be personally very costly... this General Convention, in obedience to this call, urges all members of this Church to support by prayer and by such other means as they deem appropriate, those who engaged in such non-violent action, and particularly those who suffer for conscience' sake as a result; and be it further Resolved, that this General Convention calls upon all members of this Church seriously to consider the implications for their own lives of this call to resist war and work for peace for their own lives." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_apartheid">Opposition to apartheid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Opposition to apartheid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desmond_Tutu_making_speech_in_Los_Angeles,_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Desmond_Tutu_making_speech_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1986.jpg/220px-Desmond_Tutu_making_speech_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Desmond_Tutu_making_speech_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1986.jpg/330px-Desmond_Tutu_making_speech_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Desmond_Tutu_making_speech_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1986.jpg/440px-Desmond_Tutu_making_speech_in_Los_Angeles%2C_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3885" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>Bishop Desmond Tutu making a speech in Los Angeles, 1986.</figcaption></figure> <p>The focus on other social issues became increasingly diffuse after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The growing independence and strength of Anglican churches in the Global South brought new emphasis to issues of global poverty, the inequitable distribution of resources, and the lingering effects of colonialism. In this regard, figures such as <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Scott" title="Ted Scott">Ted Scott</a> were instrumental in mobilising Anglicans worldwide against the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> policies of South Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion_and_euthanasia">Abortion and euthanasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Abortion and euthanasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M4L_Elvert_Barnes_IMG_2207_(16360279245).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/M4L_Elvert_Barnes_IMG_2207_%2816360279245%29.jpg/220px-M4L_Elvert_Barnes_IMG_2207_%2816360279245%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/M4L_Elvert_Barnes_IMG_2207_%2816360279245%29.jpg/330px-M4L_Elvert_Barnes_IMG_2207_%2816360279245%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/M4L_Elvert_Barnes_IMG_2207_%2816360279245%29.jpg/440px-M4L_Elvert_Barnes_IMG_2207_%2816360279245%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>An Anglican clergyman marches with <a href="/wiki/Anglicans_for_Life" title="Anglicans for Life">Anglicans for Life</a> at the 2015 March for Life in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>While individual Anglicans and member churches within the Communion differ in practice over the circumstances in which abortion should or should not be permitted, <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> resolutions have consistently held to a conservative view on the issue. The 1930 Conference, the first to be held since the initial legalisation of abortion in Europe (in <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a> in 1920), stated:<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Conference further records its abhorrence of the sinful practice of abortion." </p><p>The 1958 Conference's <i>Family in Contemporary Society</i> report affirmed the following position on abortion<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was commended by the 1968 Conference:<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the strongest terms Christians reject the practice of induced abortion or infanticide, which involves the killing of a life already conceived (as well as a violation of the personality of the mother), save at the dictate of strict and undeniable medical necessity ... the sacredness of life is, in Christian eyes, an absolute which should not be violated.</p></blockquote> <p>The subsequent Lambeth Conference, in 1978, made no change to this position and commended the need for "programmes at diocesan level, involving both men and women ... to emphasise the sacredness of all human life, the moral issues inherent in clinical abortion, and the possible implications of genetic engineering."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of debates around and proposals for the legalisation of <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>, the 1998 Conference affirmed that "life is God-given and has intrinsic sanctity, significance and worth".<sup id="cite_ref-1998life_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1998life-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ordinariates_within_the_Roman_Catholic_Church">Ordinariates within the Roman Catholic Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Ordinariates within the Roman Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 4 November 2009, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anglicanorum_Coetibus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicanorum Coetibus">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a></i>, to allow groups of former Anglicans to enter into <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as members of <a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">personal ordinariates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2011_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2011-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 October 2009 announcement of the imminent constitution mentioned: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Today's announcement of the Apostolic Constitution is a response by Pope Benedict XVI to a number of requests over the past few years to the Holy See from groups of Anglicans who wish to enter into full visible communion with the Roman Catholic Church, and are willing to declare that they share a common Catholic faith and accept the Petrine ministry as willed by Christ for his Church.</p></blockquote> <p>Pope Benedict XVI approved, within the apostolic constitution, a canonical structure that provides for personal ordinariates which will allow former Anglicans to enter full communion with the Roman Catholic Church while preserving elements of distinctive Anglican spiritual patrimony. </p><p>For each personal ordinariate, the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary (officer)">ordinary</a> may be a former Anglican bishop or priest. It was expected that provision would be made to allow the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">retention of aspects of Anglican liturgy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to John Godfrey, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most famous and beautiful legend of all related to the conversion of Britain is of course that of Joseph of Arimathea, who is said to have arrived in Britain with twelve companions in the year 63 at the bidding of the apostle Philip. According to this legend, Joseph brought with him the Holy Grail and built, at Glastonbury, the first British church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfrey19629_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfrey19629-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Carey_(Celticist)" title="John Carey (Celticist)">John Carey</a> writes that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'Celtic Christianity' is a phrase used, with varying degrees of specificity, to designate a complex of features held to have been common to the Celtic-speaking countries in the early Middle Ages. Doubts concerning the term's usefulness have repeatedly been expressed, however, and the majority of scholars consider it to be problematic ... While there is considerable evidence for divergent Irish and (to an even greater degree) British practice in matters of liturgy, baptism, and ecclesiastical administration, the usages in question seem only to have characterized specific regions, and not necessarily to have been uniformly present there. Only the Britons were accused of practising a heterodox baptism; traces of an archaic liturgy in Wales find no counterpart in the eclectic, but largely Gallican, worship attested from Ireland; and the superiority of abbots to bishops appears to have been limited to some parts of Gaelic sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2006431,_433_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2006431,_433-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> In <i>The Celtic Resource Book</i>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Wallace_(bishop)" title="Martin Wallace (bishop)">Martin Wallace</a> writes that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it is important to remember that there was never any such thing as 'The Celtic Church'. It was never an organized system in the way that we understand churches today. Rather, each Celtic church was highly independent and if there was a relationship between any of them the relationship tended to be one of spiritual support through missionary endeavour, rather than through any particular church structure. It is also important to remember that the Celtic church life as it emerged in fifth-century Ireland would be quite different to that which emerged in nineteenth century Hebridean communities. Even on the mainland the patterns of church life would vary considerably from one place to another, and from one age to another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace20099_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace20099-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a study stressing the hegemony of continental Calvinism before the 1620s, see <a href="#CITEREFTyacke1987">Tyacke 1987</a>. For a study perceiving an emerging self-conscious "Prayer Book Episcopalism" distinct from, but a predecessor to, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a> Anglicanism, see <a href="#CITEREFMaltby1998">Maltby 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 19th-century evangelical interpretation of the Prayerbook, now less frequent, included celebration of Holy Communion while the priest was standing at the northern <i>short side</i> of the communion table. This misinterpretation was caused by the fact that the 1662 <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> retained two contradictory rubrics. From 1552 a rubric was retained that the priest should stand at the northern <i>long side</i> of a communion table standing east-west in the choir (the communicants sitting in the choir stalls by the northern and southern walls). From 1559 was retained the rubric that 'the chancels shall remain as they have done in times past', originally intended to protect the mediaeval interior of church buildings from Calvinist vandalism, and – mainly neglected during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I – it was not consented to generally before the reign of Charles II. During the reign of Elizabeth I, only the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel royal">chapels royal</a> retained the mediaeval position of the communion table, standing permanently north-south at the east wall of the choir. The parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London, began to apply the Chapels Royal arrangement of the communion table in 1599 or 1605, and from there it began to spread. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>'s attempt to make it mandatory in the 1630s backfired, with well known consequences. By the reign of Charles II, however, it was applied generally, and the original intention of the <i>northward position rubric</i> became unintelligible, and easily misunderstood.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cofe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cofe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cofe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830191043/http://www.churchofengland.org/our-faith/being-an-anglican.aspx">"What it means to be an Anglican"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/faith/anglican/">the original</a> on 30 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+it+means+to+be+an+Anglican&rft.pub=Church+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofe.anglican.org%2Ffaith%2Fanglican%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristianTrends1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChristianTrends1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IMRsJ1gnIYkC&q=the+anglican+world+in+figures&pg=PA274"><i>World Christian Trends Ad30-ad2200 (hb)</i></a>. William Carey Library. 2001. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-608-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-608-5"><bdi>978-0-87808-608-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221122726/https://books.google.com/books?id=IMRsJ1gnIYkC&q=the+anglican+world+in+figures&pg=PA274#v=snippet&q=the%20anglican%20world%20in%20figures&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Total of all Anglicans on broader definition 109,546,970</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Christian+Trends+Ad30-ad2200+%28hb%29&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-608-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMRsJ1gnIYkC%26q%3Dthe%2Banglican%2Bworld%2Bin%2Bfigures%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102061211/http://igrejaanglicana.com.br/anglicanismo/">"Anglicanismo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Brazil" title="Anglican Church in Brazil">Igreja Anglicana Reformada do Brasil</a></i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.igrejaanglicanareformada.com.br/anglicanismo/">the original</a> on 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Igreja+Anglicana+Reformada+do+Brasil&rft.atitle=Anglicanismo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.igrejaanglicanareformada.com.br%2Fanglicanismo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acomm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acomm_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319004737/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/">"The Anglican Communion official website – homepage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/">the original</a> on 19 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Communion+official+website+%E2%80%93+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorsley2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorsley2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorsley2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorsley2015">Worsley 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/resources/acis/docs/unity.cfm">Anglican Communion official website.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629194420/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/resources/acis/docs/unity.cfm">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church by F. L. Cross (Editor), E. A. Livingstone (editor) Oxford University Press, US; 3rd edition, p. 65 (13 March 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPercy2005217-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPercy2005217_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPercy2005">Percy 2005</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samuel2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel2020_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samuel2020_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2020" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Chimela Meehoma (28 April 2020). <i>Treasures of the Anglican Witness: A Collection of Essays</i>. Partridge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5437-5784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5437-5784-2"><bdi>978-1-5437-5784-2</bdi></a>. <q>In addition to his emphasis on Bible reading and the introduction to the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i>, other media through which Cranmer sought to catechize the English people were the introduction of the First Book of Homilies and the 39 Articles of Religion. Together with the <i>Book of Common Prayer</i> and the Forty-Two Articles (which were later reduced to thirty-nine), the Book of Homilies stands as one of the essential texts of the Edwardian Reformation, and they all helped to define the shape of Anglicanism then, and in the subsequent centuries. More so, the Articles of Religion, whose primary shape and content were given by Archbishop Cranmer and Bishop Ridley in 1553 (and whose final official form was ratified by Convocation, the Queen, and Parliament in 1571), provided a more precise interpretation of Christian doctrine to the English people. According to John H. Rodgers, they "constitute the formal statements of the accepted, common teaching put forth by the Church of England as a result of the Reformation."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+Anglican+Witness%3A+A+Collection+of+Essays&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.isbn=978-1-5437-5784-2&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Chimela+Meehoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199658–59-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199658–59_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1996">Green 1996</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996617-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996617_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996179-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996179_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1996179_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1996">MacCulloch 1996</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412151713/https://www.churchofengland.org/more/media-centre/church-england-glance/history-church-england">"History of the Church of England"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/more/media-centre/church-england-glance/history-church-england">the original</a> on 12 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Church+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fmore%2Fmedia-centre%2Fchurch-england-glance%2Fhistory-church-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pS9DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA508-IA29">"Reports from Committees of the House of Commons: Repr. by Order of the House"</a>. House of Commons. 16 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221122743/https://books.google.com/books?id=pS9DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA508-IA29#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+from+Committees+of+the+House+of+Commons%3A+Repr.+by+Order+of+the+House&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpS9DAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA508-IA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Ireland_Act_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Union with Ireland Act 1800">Union with Ireland Act 1800</a>, s. 1, art. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anglican_and_Episcopal_History-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anglican_and_Episcopal_History_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anglican_and_Episcopal_History_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. Historical Society of the Episcopal Church. 2003. p. 15. <q>Others had made similar observations, Patrick McGrath commenting that the Church of England was not a middle way between Roman Catholic and Protestant, but "between different forms of Protestantism", and William Monter describing the Church of England as "a unique style of Protestantism, a via media between the Reformed and Lutheran traditions". MacCulloch has described Cranmer as seeking a middle way between Zurich and Wittenberg but elsewhere remarks that the Church of England was "nearer Zurich and Geneva than Wittenberg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Historical+Society+of+the+Episcopal+Church&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasper2009-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kasper2009_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasper2009" class="citation book cs1">Kasper, Walter (15 October 2009). <i>Harvesting the Fruits: Basic Aspects of Christian Faith in Ecumenical Dialogue</i>. A&C Black. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2130-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2130-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-2130-1</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Anglicans historically have only recognized the binding authority of the first four ecumenical councils. While they affirm some of the content of successive councils, they believe that only those decisions which can be demonstrated from Scripture are binding on the faithful (IARCCUM <i>GTUM</i>, 69).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvesting+the+Fruits%3A+Basic+Aspects+of+Christian+Faith+in+Ecumenical+Dialogue&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2130-1&rft.aulast=Kasper&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaye199646–47-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaye199646–47_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaye1996">Kaye 1996</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1996113–115-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1996113–115_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1996">Baker 1996</a>, pp. 113–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice" class="citation web cs1">Office, Anglican Communion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/identity/doctrine.aspx">"Anglican Communion: Doctrine"</a>. <i>Anglican Communion Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121104118/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/identity/doctrine.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Communion+Website&rft.atitle=Anglican+Communion%3A+Doctrine&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=Anglican+Communion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fidentity%2Fdoctrine.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfrey19629-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfrey19629_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodfrey1962">Godfrey 1962</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBays201225Godfrey19629Kelly1999-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBays201225Godfrey19629Kelly1999_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBays2012">Bays 2012</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFGodfrey1962">Godfrey 1962</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFKelly1999">Kelly 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBays201225Kelly1999Timpson184712-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBays201225Kelly1999Timpson184712_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBays2012">Bays 2012</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFKelly1999">Kelly 1999</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTimpson1847">Timpson 1847</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmentroutSlocum2000Bays201225CrossLivingstone2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmentroutSlocum2000Bays201225CrossLivingstone2005_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmentroutSlocum2000">Armentrout & Slocum 2000</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBays2012">Bays 2012</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1902107–109-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1902107–109_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1902">Zimmer 1902</a>, pp. 107–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarey2006431,_433-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarey2006431,_433_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarey2006">Carey 2006</a>, pp. 431, 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace20099-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace20099_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogue2010160-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogue2010160_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHogue2010">Hogue 2010</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHexhamRostMorehead200448De_Waal199852-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHexhamRostMorehead200448De_Waal199852_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHexhamRostMorehead2004">Hexham, Rost & Morehead 2004</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFDe_Waal1998">De Waal 1998</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1981348Zimmer1902107–109-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1981348Zimmer1902107–109_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1981">Thomas 1981</a>, p. 348; <a href="#CITEREFZimmer1902">Zimmer 1902</a>, pp. 107–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGodfrey1962440–441-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGodfrey1962440–441_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGodfrey1962">Godfrey 1962</a>, pp. 440–441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoenig2000">Boenig 2000</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Churchman</i>. Oxford University Press. 1881. p. 427. <q>The Roman Church, and those of the Continent, calculated the occurrence of the Easter festival by a new and more accurate method. The Irish and British Churches calculated by an old and defective rule, which they considered had been transmitted to them from St. John. The difference was sometimes so much as a whole month between the Celtic and the Catholic Easter. When the two Churches came into contact, as they did in the North of England, this discrepancy gave rise to scandal and controversy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churchman&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairns1996172Grafton191169Hunter_Blair2003129-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairns1996172Grafton191169Hunter_Blair2003129_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCairns1996">Cairns 1996</a>, p. 172; <a href="#CITEREFGrafton1911">Grafton 1911</a>, p. 69; <a href="#CITEREFHunter_Blair2003">Hunter Blair 2003</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair2003129Taylor191659-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair2003129Taylor191659_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter_Blair2003">Hunter Blair 2003</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1916">Taylor 1916</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200825-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright200825_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2008">Wright 2008</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007Wallace20099Wilken2012274–275-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoenig20007Wallace20099Wilken2012274–275_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoenig2000">Boenig 2000</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFWilken2012">Wilken 2012</a>, pp. 274–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter200394-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter200394_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2003">Carpenter 2003</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair1966226-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter_Blair1966226_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunter_Blair1966">Hunter Blair 1966</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2011112-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2011112_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2011">Campbell 2011</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardinge1995xii-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardinge1995xii_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardinge1995">Hardinge 1995</a>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebber1999-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebber1999_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebber1999">Webber 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglican.org/church/ChurchHistory.html">"Church History"</a>. <i>The Anglican Domain</i>. Society of Archbishop Justus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725010717/http://anglican.org/church/ChurchHistory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Anglican+Domain&rft.atitle=Church+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglican.org%2Fchurch%2FChurchHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/anglican-churches">"Anglican Churches"</a>. World Council of Churches. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424211706/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/anglican-churches">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anglican+Churches&rft.pub=World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fchurch-families%2Fanglican-churches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scruton1996p470-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scruton1996p470_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScruton1996">Scruton (1996</a>, p. 470): "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the 'Reformation Parliament' of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not until later make any substantial change in doctrine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2010-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2010_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2010">Russell 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell201088-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell201088_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2010">Russell 2010</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198389-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198389_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1983">Edwards 1983</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1990171–172-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacCulloch1990171–172_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacCulloch1990">MacCulloch 1990</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diarmid MacCullough, <i>The Later Reformation in England</i>, 1990, pp. 142, 171–172 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-69331-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-69331-0">0-333-69331-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200511,_129-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200511,_129_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2005">Black 2005</a>, pp. 11, 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198442-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198442_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards198443_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984322-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984322_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984113,_124-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984113,_124_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, pp. 113, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984178-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984178_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1987324-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1987324_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1987">Chadwick 1987</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984318-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984318_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984324-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984324_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984325-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1984325_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards1984">Edwards 1984</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAdoo1991-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAdoo1991_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcAdoo1991">McAdoo 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197816-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197816_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSykes1978">Sykes 1978</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse-Hawkins1988-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodhouse-Hawkins1988_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodhouse-Hawkins1988">Woodhouse-Hawkins 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197819-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197819_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSykes1978">Sykes 1978</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197853-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197853_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSykes1978">Sykes 1978</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESykes197844-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykes197844_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSykes1978">Sykes 1978</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1936220-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1936220_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1936">Ramsey 1936</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thirty-nine-Articles">"Thirty-nine Articles"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726050538/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Thirty-nine-Articles">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rechurch.org&rft.atitle=About+the+Reformed+Episcopal+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frechurch.org%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200754–55-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200754–55_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2007">May 2007</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay200755,_66-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay200755,_66_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2007">May 2007</a>, pp. 55, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/angl-comm-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_1971_eucharistic-doctrine_en.html">"Eucharistic Doctrine, 1971"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416083433/http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/angl-comm-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_1971_eucharistic-doctrine_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Eucharistic+Doctrine%2C+1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fangl-comm-docs%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_1971_eucharistic-doctrine_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-communion-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-communion_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/acts/acts_resolution-complete.pl?resolution=2006-D084">"Resolution 2006-D084: Uphold Baptism as a Requirement of Receiving Holy Communion"</a>. <i>The Acts of Convention</i>. ECUSA. 21 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706211624/http://www.episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/acts/acts_resolution-complete.pl?resolution=2006-D084">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Acts+of+Convention&rft.atitle=Resolution+2006-D084%3A+Uphold+Baptism+as+a+Requirement+of+Receiving+Holy+Communion&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalarchives.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Facts%2Facts_resolution-complete.pl%3Fresolution%3D2006-D084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holycrossmonastery.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>Holy Cross Monastery</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224151105/http://www.holycrossmonastery.com/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+Cross+Monastery&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholycrossmonastery.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.geocities.com/xnomad4/index.html">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMould200794-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMould200794_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMould2007">Mould 2007</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMould2007177-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMould2007177_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMould2007">Mould 2007</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchim" class="citation book cs1">Achim, Maseko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gC93bLKtMqMC&q=The+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+has+a+precedence+of+honour+over+the+other+primates+of+the+Anglican+Communion&pg=PA199"><i>Church Schism & Corruption</i></a>. Lulu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-2186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-2186-9"><bdi>978-1-4092-2186-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221122726/https://books.google.com/books?id=gC93bLKtMqMC&q=The+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+has+a+precedence+of+honour+over+the+other+primates+of+the+Anglican+Communion&pg=PA199#v=snippet&q=The%20Archbishop%20of%20Canterbury%20has%20a%20precedence%20of%20honour%20over%20the%20other%20primates%20of%20the%20Anglican%20Communion&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Communion&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+Canterbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fstructures%2Finstruments-of-communion%2Farchbishop-of-canterbury.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTominey2020" class="citation news cs1">Tominey, Camilla (12 May 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/12/archbishop-canterbury-has-secretly-volunteering-lockdown-as/">"Archbishop of Canterbury has been secretly volunteering in lockdown – as chaplain at St Thomas's Hospital"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/05/12/archbishop-canterbury-has-secretly-volunteering-lockdown-as/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Anglican+church+risks+global+schism+over+homosexuality&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjan%2F12%2Fanglican-church-england-global-schism-homosexuality-gay-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1888" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Richard (1888). <i>The Works of that Learned and Judicious Divine</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+22%2C+Responsible+Parenthood&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Anglican+Consultative+Council&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fmedia%2F127743%2F1968.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/127746/1978.pdf">"Resolution 10, Human Relationships and Sexuality"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Anglican Communion Office. 2005. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229211948/https://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/127746/1978.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+10%2C+Human+Relationships+and+Sexuality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Anglican+Communion+Office&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fmedia%2F127746%2F1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1998life-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1998life_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/76650/1998.pdf">"Resolution 1.14, Euthanasia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Anglican Communion Office. 2005. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+1.14%2C+Euthanasia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Anglican+Communion+Office&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Fmedia%2F76650%2F1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2011-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2011_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2011">Miller 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtHooper2009" class="citation news cs1">Butt, Riazat; <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(journalist)" title="John Hooper (journalist)">Hooper, John</a> (20 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/20/roman-catholic-church-receives-anglicans">"Roman Catholic Church to Receive Anglicans"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022090920/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/20/roman-catholic-church-receives-anglicans">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Roman+Catholic+Church+to+Receive+Anglicans&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Riazat&rft.au=Hooper%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Foct%2F20%2Froman-catholic-church-receives-anglicans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmentroutSlocum2000" class="citation book cs1">Armentrout, Don S.; Slocum, Robert Boak, eds. (2000). "Alban, St. (d. c. 304)". <i>An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church</i>. New York: Church Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-701-8"><bdi>978-0-89869-701-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alban%2C+St.+%28d.+c.+304%29&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-701-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1996" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Jonathan (1996). "Churchmanship". In Bunting, Ian (ed.). <i>Celebrating the Anglican Way</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-64268-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-64268-9"><bdi>978-0-340-64268-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Churchmanship&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Anglican+Way&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-340-64268-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBays2012" class="citation book cs1">Bays, Patricia (2012). <i>This Anglican Church of Ours</i>. Kelowna, British Columbia: WoodLake. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77064-439-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77064-439-7"><bdi>978-1-77064-439-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Anglican+Church+of+Ours&rft.place=Kelowna%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pub=WoodLake&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-77064-439-7&rft.aulast=Bays&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2005" class="citation book cs1">Black, Vicki K. (2005). <i>Welcome to the Book of Common Prayer</i>. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Morehouse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2130-8"><bdi>978-0-8192-2130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-2130-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Vicki+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoenig2000" class="citation book cs1">Boenig, Robert (2000). <i>Anglo-Saxon Spirituality</i>. New York: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0515-1"><bdi>978-0-8091-0515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Spirituality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0515-1&rft.aulast=Boenig&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooty1998" class="citation book cs1">Booty, John (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studyofanglicani0000unse_z2j5/page/176/mode/2up">"Standard Divines"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sykes" title="Stephen Sykes">Sykes, Stephen</a>; Booty, John; Knight, Jonathan (eds.). <i>The Study of Anglicanism</i>. London: SPCK (published 2004). pp. 176–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3151-2"><bdi>978-0-8006-3151-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Standard+Divines&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Anglicanism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=176-187&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3151-2&rft.aulast=Booty&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudyofanglicani0000unse_z2j5%2Fpage%2F176%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke1931" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, Z. N. (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEnglishChurchThePapacyFromTheConquestToTheReignOfJohn-Z.N.Brooke"><i>The English Church and the Papacy: From the Conquest to the Reign of John</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Church+and+the+Papacy%3A+From+the+Conquest+to+the+Reign+of+John&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Z.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheEnglishChurchThePapacyFromTheConquestToTheReignOfJohn-Z.N.Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCairns1996" class="citation book cs1">Cairns, Earle E. (1996). <i>Christianity Through the Centuries: A History of the Christian Church</i> (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan (published 2009). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-82930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-82930-0"><bdi>978-0-310-82930-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+Through+the+Centuries%3A+A+History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-310-82930-0&rft.aulast=Cairns&rft.aufirst=Earle+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Heather M., ed. (2011). <i>The Ascent of the West: From Prehistory Through the Renaissance</i>. A History of Western Civilization. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-373-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-373-1"><bdi>978-1-61530-373-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+the+West%3A+From+Prehistory+Through+the+Renaissance&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=A+History+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-373-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Carey_(Celticist)" title="John Carey (Celticist)">Carey, John</a> (2006). "Christianity, Celtic". In <a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (ed.). <i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 431–435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity%2C+Celtic&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=431-435&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2003" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Jane (2003). "Bertha, or Æthelbertha (<i>fl.</i> 567–601)". In Hartley, Cathy (ed.). <i>A Historical Dictionary of British Women</i>. London: Europa Publications (published 2005). pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-40390-7"><bdi>978-0-203-40390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bertha%2C+or+%C3%86thelbertha+%28fl.+567%E2%80%93601%29&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Dictionary+of+British+Women&rft.place=London&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Europa+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-40390-7&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chadwick" title="Owen Chadwick">Chadwick, Owen</a> (1987). <i>The Victorian Church. Part Two: 1860–1901</i> (2nd ed.). Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock (published 2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-262-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-262-1"><bdi>978-1-60899-262-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Church.+Part+Two%3A+1860%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-262-1&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "Alban, St". <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (rev. 3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alban%2C+St&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=rev.+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal1998" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Esther (1998). "Celtic Spirituality: A Contribution to the Worldwide Anglican Communion". In Wingate, Andrew; Ward, Kevin; Pemberton, Carrie; <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Sitshebo" title="Wilson Sitshebo">Sitshebo, Wilson</a> (eds.). <i>Anglicanism: A Global Communion</i>. New York: Church Publishing. pp. 52–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-304-1"><bdi>978-0-89869-304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Celtic+Spirituality%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+Worldwide+Anglican+Communion&rft.btitle=Anglicanism%3A+A+Global+Communion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52-57&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-304-1&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Edwards_(priest)" title="David Edwards (priest)">Edwards, David L.</a> (1983). <i>Christian England. Volume 2: From the Reformation to the 18th Century</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+England.+Volume+2%3A+From+the+Reformation+to+the+18th+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1984" class="citation book cs1">—— (1984). <i>Christian England. Volume 3: From the 18th Century to the First World War</i>. London: Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+England.+Volume+3%3A+From+the+18th+Century+to+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey1962" class="citation book cs1">Godfrey, John (1962). <i>The Church in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge Press (published 2009). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05089-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-05089-0"><bdi>978-0-521-05089-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-521-05089-0&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafton1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Chapman_Grafton" title="Charles Chapman Grafton">Grafton, C. C.</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lineagefromapo00graf"><i>The Lineage from Apostolic Times of the American Catholic Church, Commonly Called the Episcopal Church</i></a>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Young Churchman<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lineage+from+Apostolic+Times+of+the+American+Catholic+Church%2C+Commonly+Called+the+Episcopal+Church&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Young+Churchman&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flineagefromapo00graf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Green" title="Jonathon Green">Green, Jonathon</a> (1996). <i>Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3466-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3466-0"><bdi>978-0-8050-3466-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chasing+the+Sun%3A+Dictionary+Makers+and+the+Dictionaries+They+Made&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-3466-0&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardinge1995" class="citation book cs1">Hardinge, Leslie (1995). <i>The Celtic Church in Britain</i>. TEACH Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57258-034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57258-034-3"><bdi>978-1-57258-034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Church+in+Britain&rft.pub=TEACH+Services&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-57258-034-3&rft.aulast=Hardinge&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaneySachs2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Heaney" title="Robert S. Heaney">Heaney, Robert S.</a>; Sachs, William L. (2019). <i>The Promise of Anglicanism</i>. London: SCM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-05844-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-05844-1"><bdi>978-0-334-05844-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+Anglicanism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-334-05844-1&rft.aulast=Heaney&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Sachs%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHexhamRostMorehead2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Hexham" title="Irving Hexham">Hexham, Irving</a>; Rost, Stephen; Morehead, John W. II, eds. (2004). <i>Encountering New Religious Movements: A Holistic Evangelical Approach</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2893-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2893-7"><bdi>978-0-8254-2893-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+New+Religious+Movements%3A+A+Holistic+Evangelical+Approach&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-2893-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogue2010" class="citation book cs1">Hogue, Richard (2010). <i>A Theological History of Christian Glossolalia</i>. Mustang, Oklahoma: Tate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61566-674-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61566-674-4"><bdi>978-1-61566-674-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theological+History+of+Christian+Glossolalia&rft.place=Mustang%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=Tate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61566-674-4&rft.aulast=Hogue&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2017)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter_Blair1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Hunter Blair, Peter</a> (1966). <i>Roman Britain and Early England, 55 B.C. – A.D. 871</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00361-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00361-1"><bdi>978-0-393-00361-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain+and+Early+England%2C+55+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+871&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00361-1&rft.aulast=Hunter+Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter_Blair2003" class="citation book cs1">—— (2003). <i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53777-3"><bdi>978-0-521-53777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53777-3&rft.aulast=Hunter+Blair&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1996" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Bruce (1996). "Anglican Belief". In Bunting, Ian (ed.). <i>Celebrating the Anglican Way</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-64268-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-64268-9"><bdi>978-0-340-64268-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglican+Belief&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Anglican+Way&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-340-64268-9&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1999" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joseph F. (1999). "Great Britain". In <a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Early Christianity</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge (published 2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61157-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61157-5"><bdi>978-1-136-61157-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Britain&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-136-61157-5&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitson_Clark1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kitson_Clark" title="George Kitson Clark">Kitson Clark, G.</a> (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/churchmenconditi0000kits"><i>Churchmen and the Condition of England, 1832–1885: A Study in the Development of Social Ideas and Practice from the Old Regime to the Modern State</i></a></span>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416132403" title="Special:BookSources/9780416132403"><bdi>9780416132403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchmen+and+the+Condition+of+England%2C+1832%E2%80%931885%3A+A+Study+in+the+Development+of+Social+Ideas+and+Practice+from+the+Old+Regime+to+the+Modern+State&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780416132403&rft.aulast=Kitson+Clark&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchurchmenconditi0000kits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a> (1990). <i>The Later Reformation in England, 1547–1603</i>. Basingstoke, England: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Reformation+in+England%2C+1547%E2%80%931603&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1996" class="citation book cs1">—— (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc"><i>Thomas Cranmer: A Life</i></a></span>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07448-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07448-2"><bdi>978-0-300-07448-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Cranmer%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07448-2&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomascranmerlif0000macc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaltby1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Maltby" title="Judith Maltby">Maltby, Judith</a> (1998). <i>Prayer Book and People in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England</i>. Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45313-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prayer+Book+and+People+in+Elizabethan+and+Early+Stuart+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Early+Modern+British+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45313-4&rft.aulast=Maltby&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_W._May" title="Steven W. May">May, Steven W.</a> (2007). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tongue-tied our Queen?': Queen Elizabeth's Voice in the Seventeenth Century". In Hageman, Elizabeth H.; Conway, Katherine (eds.). <i>Resurrecting Elizabeth I in Seventeenth-Century England</i>. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4115-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4115-6"><bdi>978-0-8386-4115-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Tongue-tied+our+Queen%3F%27%3A+Queen+Elizabeth%27s+Voice+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.btitle=Resurrecting+Elizabeth+I+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.place=Madison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-4115-6&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAdoo1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_McAdoo" title="Henry McAdoo">McAdoo, Henry Robert</a> (1991). <i>Anglican Heritage: Theology and Spirituality</i>. Norwich, England: Canterbury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Heritage%3A+Theology+and+Spirituality&rft.place=Norwich%2C+England&rft.pub=Canterbury+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=McAdoo&rft.aufirst=Henry+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1502874">"<i>Anglicanorum Coetibus</i> and the Church of Our Lady of the Atonement"</a>. <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. <b>80</b> (3): 296–305. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-8039">0896-8039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42612608">42612608</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812213507/https://www.academia.edu/1502874">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=Anglicanorum+Coetibus+and+the+Church+of+Our+Lady+of+the+Atonement&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=296-305&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42612608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0896-8039&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1502874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2003" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Jeremy N. (2003). 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822939-1"><bdi>978-0-19-822939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Calvinists%3A+The+Rise+of+English+Arminianism%2C+c.+1590%E2%80%931640&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822939-1&rft.aulast=Tyacke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wallace_(bishop)" title="Martin Wallace (bishop)">Wallace, Martin</a> (2009). <i>The Celtic Resource Book</i> (2nd ed.). London: Church House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7151-4186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7151-4186-1"><bdi>978-0-7151-4186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Resource+Book&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Church+House+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7151-4186-1&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebber1999" class="citation book cs1">Webber, Christopher L. (1999). <i>The Episcopal Church: An Introduction to Its History, Faith, and Worship</i>. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Church Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2520-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2520-7"><bdi>978-0-8192-2520-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Episcopal+Church%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+History%2C+Faith%2C+and+Worship&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-2520-7&rft.aulast=Webber&rft.aufirst=Christopher+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2012). <i>The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Wright" title="J. Robert Wright">Wright, J. Robert</a> (2008). <i>A Companion to Bede: A Reader's Commentary on </i>The Ecclesiastical History of the English People<i><span></span></i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6309-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6309-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-6309-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Bede%3A+A+Reader%27s+Commentary+on+The+Ecclesiastical+History+of+the+English+People&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6309-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhouse-Hawkins1988" class="citation book cs1">Woodhouse-Hawkins, M. (1988). "Maurice, Huntington, and the Quadrilateral: An Exploration in Historical Theology". In Wright, J. Robert (ed.). <i>Quadrilateral at One Hundred</i>. London: Mowbray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maurice%2C+Huntington%2C+and+the+Quadrilateral%3A+An+Exploration+in+Historical+Theology&rft.btitle=Quadrilateral+at+One+Hundred&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Mowbray&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Woodhouse-Hawkins&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorsley2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Worsley, Howard (2015). "Anglican Church Christian Education". In Kurian, George Thomas; Lamport, Mark A. (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Christian Education</i>. Vol. 1. London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8493-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8493-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-8493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anglican+Church+Christian+Education&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Education&rft.place=London&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8493-9&rft.aulast=Worsley&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer_(Celticist)" title="Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist)">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1902). <i>The Celtic Church in Britain and Ireland</i>. Translated by Meyer, A. Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Church+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Ballantyne%2C+Hanson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Anson" title="Peter Anson">Anson, Peter F.</a> (1955). <i>The Call to the Cloister: Religious Communities and Kindred Bodies in the Anglican Communion</i>. London: SPCK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Call+to+the+Cloister%3A+Religious+Communities+and+Kindred+Bodies+in+the+Anglican+Communion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchbishops'_Commission_on_Christian_Doctrine1938" class="citation book cs1">Archbishops' Commission on Christian Doctrine (1938). <i>Doctrine in the Church of England</i>. London: SPCK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrine+in+the+Church+of+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Archbishops%27+Commission+on+Christian+Doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmentrout1990" class="citation book cs1">Armentrout, Donald S., ed. (1990). <i>This Sacred History: Anglican Reflections</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cowley Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-003-5"><bdi>978-1-56101-003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Sacred+History%3A+Anglican+Reflections&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Cowley+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-56101-003-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBess2006" class="citation book cs1">Bess, Douglas (2006) [2002]. <i>Divided We Stand: A History of the Continuing Anglican Movement</i>. Berkeley, California: Apocryphile Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933993-10-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933993-10-2"><bdi>978-1-933993-10-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+We+Stand%3A+A+History+of+the+Continuing+Anglican+Movement&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933993-10-2&rft.aulast=Bess&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Buchanan, Colin. <i>Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism</i> (2nd ed. 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Anglicanism-Dictionaries-Philosophies/dp/1442250151">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401183815/https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Dictionary-Anglicanism-Dictionaries-Philosophies/dp/1442250151">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitch2009" class="citation book cs1">Fitch, John (2009). <i>Anglican Eirenicon: The Anglican Concept of Churchmanship in the Quest for Christian Unity</i>. Cambridge, England: The Lutterworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-9212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-9212-8"><bdi>978-0-7188-9212-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Eirenicon%3A+The+Anglican+Concept+of+Churchmanship+in+the+Quest+for+Christian+Unity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=The+Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-9212-8&rft.aulast=Fitch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith_Thomas1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Griffith_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Griffith Thomas">Griffith Thomas, William Henry</a> (1930). <i>The Principles of Theology: An Introduction to the Thirty-Nine Articles</i>. London: Longmans, Green & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Theology%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Thirty-Nine+Articles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Griffith+Thomas&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHein1991" class="citation book cs1">Hein, David, ed. (1991). <i>Readings in Anglican Spirituality</i>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88028-125-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88028-125-6"><bdi>978-0-88028-125-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Anglican+Spirituality&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Forward+Movement&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88028-125-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHein2009" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2009). "Thoughtful Holiness: The Rudiments of Anglican Identity". <i>Sewanee Theological Review</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 266–275. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-9576">1059-9576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sewanee+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Thoughtful+Holiness%3A+The+Rudiments+of+Anglican+Identity&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-275&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1059-9576&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinHenery2010" class="citation book cs1">Hein, David; Henery, Charles R., eds. (2010). <i>Spiritual Counsel in the Anglican Tradition</i>. Cambridge, England: James Clarke and Co. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt16wdm91">10.2307/j.ctt16wdm91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90349-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90349-0"><bdi>978-0-227-90349-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16wdm91">j.ctt16wdm91</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Counsel+in+the+Anglican+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=James+Clarke+and+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt16wdm91%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt16wdm91&rft.isbn=978-0-227-90349-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinShattuck2004" class="citation book cs1">Hein, David; Shattuck, Gardiner H. Jr. (2004). <i>The Episcopalians</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22958-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22958-9"><bdi>978-0-313-22958-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Episcopalians&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-22958-9&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Shattuck%2C+Gardiner+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasper1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Jasper" title="Ronald Jasper">Jasper, R. C. D.</a> (1989). <i>The Development of the Anglican Liturgy, 1662–1980</i>. London: SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-04441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-04441-2"><bdi>978-0-281-04441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Anglican+Liturgy%2C+1662%E2%80%931980&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-281-04441-2&rft.aulast=Jasper&rft.aufirst=R.+C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreCross1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Elmer_More" title="Paul Elmer More">More, Paul Elmer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Leslie Cross">Cross, Frank Leslie</a>, eds. (1935). <i>Anglicanism: The Thought and Practice of the Church of England, Illustrated from the Religious Literature of the Seventeenth Century</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Morehouse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.319510014971092">2027/umn.319510014971092</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglicanism%3A+The+Thought+and+Practice+of+the+Church+of+England%2C+Illustrated+from+the+Religious+Literature+of+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fumn.319510014971092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeill1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a> (1977). <i>Anglicanism</i> (4th ed.). London: Mowbrays. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-264-66352-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-264-66352-4"><bdi>978-0-264-66352-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglicanism&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Mowbrays&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-264-66352-4&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Nichols, Aidan</a> (1993). <i>The Panther and the Hind: A Theological History of Anglicanism</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-29232-2"><bdi>978-0-567-29232-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panther+and+the+Hind%3A+A+Theological+History+of+Anglicanism&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-567-29232-2&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norman_(historian)" title="Edward Norman (historian)">Norman, Edward</a> (2004). <i>Anglican Difficulties: A New Syllabus of Errors</i>. London: Morehouse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-8100-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-8100-5"><bdi>978-0-8192-8100-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Difficulties%3A+A+New+Syllabus+of+Errors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Morehouse+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-8100-5&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Ramsey, Michael</a> (1991). Coleman, Dale (ed.). <i>The Anglican Spirit</i>. London: SPCK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-04523-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-04523-5"><bdi>978-0-281-04523-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Spirit&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-281-04523-5&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs1993" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, William L. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000sach"><i>The Transformation of Anglicanism: From State Church to Global Communion</i></a></span>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39143-6"><bdi>978-0-521-39143-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Anglicanism%3A+From+State+Church+to+Global+Communion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39143-6&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationof0000sach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavard1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Tavard" class="mw-redirect" title="George Tavard">Tavard, George</a> (1963). <i>The Quest for Catholicity: A Study in Anglicanism</i>. London: Burns & Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Catholicity%3A+A+Study+in+Anglicanism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Tavard&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams, Rowan</a> (2003). <i>Anglican Identities</i>. London: Darton, Longman & Todd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56101-254-1"><bdi>978-1-56101-254-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Identities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+%26+Todd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-56101-254-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1982" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, William J., ed. (1982). <i>Anglican Spirituality</i>. Wilton, Connecticut: Morehouse-Barlow Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-1297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-1297-9"><bdi>978-0-8192-1297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Spirituality&rft.place=Wilton%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Morehouse-Barlow+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-1297-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicanism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compassrose_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/100px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/150px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, 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Northumbria">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygeberht" title="Hygeberht">Hygeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Church" title="Modern Church">Modern Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Anglicanism" title="Eucharist in Anglicanism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_United_States)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1962)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1962)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Morning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_converted_to_Anglicanism" title="List of people who have converted to Anglicanism">Converts to Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Armorial of the Church of England">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5159154260829524480001">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4142460-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005047">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119524892">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119524892">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="anglikánství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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