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id="toc-"Disease_of_the_learned"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Disease_of_the_learned""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>"Disease of the learned"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Disease_of_the_learned"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1730s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1730s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1730s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1730s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1740s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1740s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1740s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1740s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1750s–1760s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1750s–1760s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1750s–1760s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1750s–1760s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autobiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Autobiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impressions_and_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impressions_and_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Impressions and ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impressions_and_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_and_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_and_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Simple and complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_and_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_of_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_of_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Principles of association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_of_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induction_and_causation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction_and_causation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Induction and causation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction_and_causation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Self'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Self'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>'Self'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Self'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_reason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_reason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Practical reason</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_reason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_will,_determinism,_and_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will,_determinism,_and_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Free will, determinism, and responsibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will,_determinism,_and_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_argument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_argument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.2</span> <span>Design argument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_argument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problem_of_miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problem_of_miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.3</span> <span>Problem of miracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problem_of_miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_historian_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_historian_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>As a historian of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_historian_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Political theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_economic_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_economic_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Contributions to economic thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_economic_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Hume</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B4%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%81%E1%88%9D" title="ዴቪድ ሁም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዴቪድ ሁም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ديفيد هيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد هيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devid_Yum" title="Devid Yum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Devid Yum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AE" title="ডেভিড হিউম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড হিউম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BC" title="Дэвід Юм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэвід Юм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%93%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Дэйвід Г’юм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэйвід Г’юм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Дейвид Хюм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дейвид Хюм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ديڤيد هيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ديڤيد هيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC" title="Ντέιβιντ Χιουμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντέιβιντ Χιουμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="دیوید هیوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید هیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%ED%9D%84" title="데이비드 흄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 흄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Դեյվիդ Հյում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեյվիդ Հյում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE" title="डेविड ह्यूम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेविड ह्यूम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="דייוויד יום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייוויד יום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಹ್ಯೂಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಹ್ಯೂಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დეივიდ იუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეივიდ იუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BC" title="Дэвид Юм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дэвид Юм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BC" title="Дэвид Юм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дэвид Юм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Humius" title="David Humius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="David Humius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivids_Hj%C5%ABms" title="Deivids Hjūms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deivids Hjūms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Дејвид Хјум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дејвид Хјум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%82" title="ഡേവിഡ് ഹ്യൂം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡേവിഡ് ഹ്യൂം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დევიდ ჰიუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დევიდ ჰიუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ديفيد هيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد هيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="دیوید هیوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دیوید هیوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Дэвид Хьюм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэвид Хьюм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="デイヴィッド・ヒューム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デイヴィッド・ヒューム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyvid_Yum" title="Deyvid Yum – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Deyvid Yum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%AE" title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਹਿਊਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੇਵਿਡ ਹਿਊਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڈیوڈ ہیوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈیوڈ ہیوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%89_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ډيويډ هيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډيويډ هيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Юм, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юм, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%AF_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85" title="دەیڤد ھیووم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەیڤد ھیووم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Дејвид Хјум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Хјум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="டேவிடு யூம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டேவிடு யூம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D0%BC" title="Дэвид Юм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дэвид Юм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1" title="เดวิด ฮูม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดวิด ฮูม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%93%27%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Дейвід Г'юм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дейвід Г'юм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大卫·休谟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="דייוויד היום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייוויד היום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="David Hume" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E4%BC%91%E8%AC%A8" title="大衛休謨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大衛休謨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大卫·休谟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist (1711–1776)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named David Hume, see <a href="/wiki/David_Hume_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="David Hume (disambiguation)">David Hume (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Hume</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume,_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/220px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/330px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/440px-Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5776" data-file-height="7080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(artist)" title="Allan Ramsay (artist)">Allan Ramsay</a>, 1754</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">David Home</div><br /><span class="nowrap">7 May <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">NS</a> [26 April <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">OS</a>] 1711</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Lawnmarket</a>, Edinburgh, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1776<span style="display:none">(1776-08-25)</span> (aged 65)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town, Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/18th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="18th-century philosophy">18th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humeanism" title="Humeanism">Humeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Scepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-SEP-FTJ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-FTJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect realism">Indirect realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth" title="Correspondence theory of truth">Correspondence theory of truth</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_sentimentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral sentimentalism">Moral sentimentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humean_definition_of_causality" title="Humean definition of causality">Problem of causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_conjunction" title="Constant conjunction">Constant conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">Bundle theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_ideas" title="Association of ideas">Association of ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">Is–ought problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact%E2%80%93value_distinction" title="Fact–value distinction">Fact–value distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea#David_Hume" title="Idea">Impression–idea distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Identity">Personal Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume%27s_fork" title="Hume's fork">Hume's fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">Deductive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Science of man">Science of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">Moral sentiments</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Hume</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/juː/: 'u' in 'cute'">juː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born <b>David Home</b>; <span class="nowrap">7 May 1711</span> – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">philosophical scepticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">metaphysical naturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i> (1739–40), Hume strove to create a naturalistic science of man that examined the psychological basis of human nature. Hume followed <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> in rejecting the existence of <a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">innate ideas</a>, concluding that all human knowledge derives solely from experience. This places him with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, John Locke, and <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a> as an empiricist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999?_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999?-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume argued that <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a> and belief in <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a> cannot be justified rationally; instead, they result from custom and mental habit. We never actually perceive that one event causes another but only experience the "<a href="/wiki/Constant_conjunction" title="Constant conjunction">constant conjunction</a>" of events. This <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">problem of induction</a> means that to draw any causal inferences from past experience, it is necessary to presuppose that the future will resemble the past; this metaphysical presupposition cannot itself be grounded in prior experience.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An opponent of philosophical <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalists</a>, Hume held that passions rather than reason govern human behaviour, famously proclaiming that "<a href="/wiki/Fact%E2%80%93value_distinction" title="Fact–value distinction">Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999?_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999?-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739415_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739415-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume was also a <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory">sentimentalist</a> who held that ethics are based on emotion or sentiment rather than abstract moral principle. He maintained an early commitment to naturalistic explanations of moral phenomena and is usually accepted by historians of European philosophy to have first clearly expounded the <a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">is–ought problem</a>, or the idea that a statement of fact alone can never give rise to a <a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">normative</a> conclusion of what <i>ought</i> to be done.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume denied that humans have an actual conception of the self, positing that we experience only a <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">bundle of sensations</a>, and that the self is nothing more than this bundle of perceptions connected by an association of ideas. Hume's <a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">compatibilist</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> takes <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">causal determinism</a> as fully compatible with human freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a>, including his rejection of miracles, and of the <a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">argument from design</a> for God's existence, were especially controversial for their time. Hume left a legacy that affected <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, and many other fields and thinkers. <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> credited Hume as the inspiration that had awakened him from his "dogmatic slumbers." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hume was born on 26 April 1711, as David Home, in a <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenement</a> on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Lawnmarket</a>. He was the second of two sons born to Catherine Home (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">née</a> <a href="/wiki/Clan_Keith" title="Clan Keith">Falconer</a>), daughter of Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Falconer" title="David Falconer">David Falconer</a> of Newton, Midlothian and his wife Mary Falconer (née Norvell),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Joseph <a href="/wiki/Clan_Home" title="Clan Home">Home</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chirnside" title="Chirnside">Chirnside</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Berwickshire" title="Berwickshire">County of Berwick</a>, an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Chirnside#Ninewells_House" title="Chirnside">Ninewells</a>. Joseph died just after David's second birthday. Catherine, who never remarried, raised the two brothers and their sister on her own.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume changed his family name's spelling in 1734, as the surname 'Home' (pronounced as 'Hume') was not well-known in England. Hume never married and lived partly at his Chirnside family home in Berwickshire, which had belonged to the family since the 16th century. His finances as a young man were very "slender", as his family was not rich; as a younger son he had little <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patrimony" class="extiw" title="wikt:patrimony">patrimony</a> to live on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume17783_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume17783-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> at an unusually early age—either 12 or possibly as young as 10—at a time when 14 was the typical age. Initially, Hume considered a career in <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">law</a>, because of his family. However, in his words, he came to have:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume17783_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume17783-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>...an insurmountable aversion to everything but the pursuits of Philosophy and general Learning; and while [my family] fanceyed I was poring over <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Voet" title="Johannes Voet">Voet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Vinnius" title="Arnold Vinnius">Vinnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> were the Authors which I was secretly devouring.</p></blockquote> <p>He had little respect for the professors of his time, telling a friend in 1735 that "there is nothing to be learnt from a Professor, which is not to be met with in Books".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner195830–33_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner195830–33-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not graduate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ygCgAAQBAJdqHumedidnotgraduatepgPA35_p._35]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ygCgAAQBAJdqHumedidnotgraduatepgPA35_p._35]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Disease_of_the_learned""><span id=".22Disease_of_the_learned.22"></span>"Disease of the learned"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: "Disease of the learned""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At around age 18, Hume made a philosophical discovery that opened up to him "a new Scene of Thought", inspiring him "to throw up every other Pleasure or Business to apply entirely to it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1993346_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1993346-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he did not recount what this scene exactly was, commentators have offered a variety of speculations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19958–9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19958–9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One prominent interpretation among contemporary Humean scholarship is that this new "scene of thought" was Hume's realisation that <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a>'s theory of <i>moral sense</i> could be applied to the understanding of morality as well. </p><p>From this inspiration, Hume set out to spend a minimum of 10 years reading and writing. He soon came to the verge of a mental breakdown, first starting with a coldness—which he attributed to a "Laziness of Temper"—that lasted about nine months. <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">Scurvy</a> spots later broke out on his fingers, persuading Hume's physician to diagnose him with the "Disease of the Learned".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hume wrote that he "went under a Course of Bitters and Anti-Hysteric Pills", taken along with a pint of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">claret</a> every day. He also decided to have a more active life to better continue his learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1950193_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1950193-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His health improved somewhat, but in 1731, he was afflicted with a ravenous appetite and <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">palpitations</a>. After eating well for a time, he went from being "tall, lean and raw-bon'd" to being "sturdy, robust [and] healthful-like."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeofdavidhume0000mosspage204_204]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeofdavidhume0000mosspage204_204]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Hume would become well known for being obese and having a fondness for good port and cheese, often using them as philosophical metaphors for his conjectures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[[iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|204]]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[[iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|204]]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite having noble ancestry, Hume had no source of income and no learned profession by age 25. As was common at his time, he became a <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant</a>'s assistant, despite having to leave his native Scotland. He travelled via <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> to <a href="/wiki/La_Fl%C3%A8che" title="La Flèche">La Flèche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>, France. There he had frequent discourse with the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_La_Fl%C3%A8che" class="mw-redirect" title="College of La Flèche">College of La Flèche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume was derailed in his attempts to start a university career by protests over his alleged "<a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also lamenting that his literary debut, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>, "fell dead-born from the press."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he found literary success in his lifetime as an essayist, and a career as a librarian at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. These successes provided him much needed income at the time. His tenure there, and the access to research materials it provided, resulted in Hume's writing the massive six-volume <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_(Hume_book)" title="The History of England (Hume book)">The History of England</a></i>, which became a bestseller and the standard history of England in its day. For over 60 years, Hume was the dominant interpreter of English history.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> He described his "love for literary fame" as his "ruling passion"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and judged his two late works, the so-called "first" and "second" enquiries, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Morals" title="An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals">An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals</a></i>, as his greatest literary and philosophical achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would ask of his contemporaries to judge him on the merits of the later texts alone, rather than on the more radical formulations of his early, youthful work, dismissing his philosophical debut as <a href="/wiki/Juvenilia" title="Juvenilia">juvenilia</a>: "A work which the Author had projected before he left College."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Hume's protestations, a consensus exists today that his most important arguments and philosophically distinctive doctrines are found in the original form they take in the <i>Treatise</i>. Though he was only 23 years old when starting this work, it is now regarded as one of the most important in the history of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1730s">1730s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1730s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hume worked for four years on his first major work, <i>A Treatise of Human Nature</i>, subtitled "Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects", completing it in 1738 at age 28. Although many scholars today consider the <i>Treatise</i> to be Hume's most important work and one of the most important books in Western philosophy, critics in Great Britain at the time described it as "abstract and unintelligible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1950195_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1950195-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Hume had spent most of his savings during those four years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1950193_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1950193-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he resolved "to make a very rigid frugality supply [his] deficiency of fortune, to maintain unimpaired [his] independency, and to regard every object as contemptible except the improvements of [his] talents in literature".<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 352">: 352 </span></sup> </p><p>Despite the disappointment, Hume later wrote: "Being naturally of a cheerful and <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">sanguine</a> temper, I soon recovered from the blow and prosecuted with great ardour my studies in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 352">: 352 </span></sup> There, in an attempt to make his larger work better known and more intelligible, he published the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_(Abstract)" title="A Treatise of Human Nature (Abstract)">An Abstract of a Book lately Published</a></i> as a summary of the main doctrines of the <i>Treatise</i>, without revealing its authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1740_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1740-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work contained the same ideas, but with a shorter and clearer explanation. Although there has been some academic speculation as to the pamphlet's true author,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorton1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvv5ERpFQBCoCdqhumeabstractauthorpgPA31_p._31]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorton1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvv5ERpFQBCoCdqhumeabstractauthorpgPA31_p._31]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is generally regarded as Hume's creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedman1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1faeMedY8k8CdqAnAbstractofaBooklatelyPublished3BEntitledpgPA175_p._175,_footnote_19]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedman1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1faeMedY8k8CdqAnAbstractofaBooklatelyPublished3BEntitledpgPA175_p._175,_footnote_19]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1740s">1740s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1740s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the publication of <i>Essays Moral and Political</i> in 1741—included in the later edition as <i><a href="/wiki/Essays,_Moral,_Political,_and_Literary" title="Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary">Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary</a></i>—Hume applied for the Chair of Pneumatics and Moral Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. However, the position was given to <a href="/wiki/William_Cleghorn" title="William Cleghorn">William Cleghorn</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Edinburgh ministers petitioned the town council not to appoint Hume because he was seen as an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Hume_1754.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Hume_1754.jpeg/220px-David_Hume_1754.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Hume_1754.jpeg/330px-David_Hume_1754.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Hume_1754.jpeg/440px-David_Hume_1754.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of Hume from the first volume of his <i>The History of England</i>, 1754</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1745, during the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite risings</a>, Hume tutored the <a href="/wiki/George_Vanden-Bempde,_3rd_Marquess_of_Annandale" title="George Vanden-Bempde, 3rd Marquess of Annandale">Marquess of Annandale</a>, an engagement that ended in disarray after about a year. The Marquess could not follow with Hume's lectures, his father saw little need for philosophy, and on a personal level, the Marquess found Hume's dietary tendencies to be bizarre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1950[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7HXJAqqNl4QCdqannandalelunatichumepgPA378_p._172]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1950[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7HXJAqqNl4QCdqannandalelunatichumepgPA378_p._172]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume then started his great historical work, <i>The History of England</i>, which took fifteen years and ran to over a million words. During this time, he was also involved with the Canongate Theatre through his friend <a href="/wiki/John_Home" title="John Home">John Home</a>, a preacher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFieser2005[httpswwwgooglecouksearchtbmbkshlenqcanongatetheatregws_rdsslhlentbmbksqcanongatetheatrehumefieser_p._xxii]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFieser2005[httpswwwgooglecouksearchtbmbkshlenqcanongatetheatregws_rdsslhlentbmbksqcanongatetheatrehumefieser_p._xxii]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this context, he associated with <a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Lord Monboddo</a> and other thinkers of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> in Edinburgh. From 1746, Hume served for three years as secretary to General <a href="/wiki/James_St_Clair" title="James St Clair">James St Clair</a>, who was envoy to the courts of <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. At that time Hume wrote <i>Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding</i>, later published as <i>An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</i>. Often called the <i>First Enquiry</i>, it proved little more successful than the <i>Treatise</i>, perhaps because of the publication of his short autobiography <i>My Own Life</i>, which "made friends difficult for the first Enquiry".<sup id="cite_ref-buckle_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckle-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of this period Hume had attained his well-known corpulent stature; "the good table of the General and the prolonged inactive life had done their work", leaving him "a man of tremendous bulk".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[[iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|204]]_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[[iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|204]]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1749 he went to live with his brother in the countryside, although he continued to associate with the aforementioned Scottish Enlightenment figures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1750s–1760s"><span id="1750s.E2.80.931760s"></span>1750s–1760s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1750s–1760s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hume's religious views were often suspect and, in the 1750s, it was necessary for his friends to avert a trial against him on the charge of <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a>, specifically in an ecclesiastical court. However, he "would not have come and could not be forced to attend if he said he was not a member of the Established Church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerson2009244_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerson2009244-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume failed to gain the <a href="/wiki/Professor_of_Moral_Philosophy_(Glasgow)" title="Professor of Moral Philosophy (Glasgow)">chair of philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> due to his religious views. By this time, he had published the <i>Philosophical Essays</i>, which were decidedly anti-religious. This represented a turning point in his career and the various opportunities made available to him. Even <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, his personal friend who had vacated the Glasgow philosophy chair, was against his appointment out of concern that public opinion would be against it.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1761, all his works were banned on the <i><b><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume returned to Edinburgh in 1751. In the following year, the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates" title="Faculty of Advocates">Faculty of Advocates</a> hired him to be their Librarian, a job in which he would receive little to no pay, but which nonetheless gave him "the command of a large library".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> This resource enabled him to continue historical research for <i>The History of England</i>. Hume's volume of <i>Political Discourses</i>, written in 1749 and published by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Donaldson_(bookseller)" title="Alexander Donaldson (bookseller)">Kincaid & Donaldson</a> in 1752,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the only work he considered successful on first publication.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1753, Hume moved from his house on Riddles Court on the <a href="/wiki/Lawnmarket" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawnmarket">Lawnmarket</a> to a house on the <a href="/wiki/Canongate" class="mw-redirect" title="Canongate">Canongate</a> at the other end of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a>. Here he lived in a tenement known as Jack's Land, immediately west of the still surviving Shoemakers Land.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, with the publication of his six-volume <i>The History of England</i> between 1754 and 1762, Hume achieved the fame that he coveted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmerson200998_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmerson200998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volumes traced events from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Invasion of Julius Caesar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution of 1688</a> and was a bestseller in its day. Hume was also a longtime friend of bookseller <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Millar" title="Andrew Millar">Andrew Millar</a>, who sold Hume's <i>History</i> (after acquiring the rights from Scottish bookseller Gavin Hamilton<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), although the relationship was sometimes complicated. Letters between them illuminate both men's interest in the success of the <i>History</i>. In 1762 Hume moved from Jack's Land on the <a href="/wiki/Canongate" class="mw-redirect" title="Canongate">Canongate</a> to James Court on the <a href="/wiki/Lawnmarket" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawnmarket">Lawnmarket</a>. He sold the house to <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a> in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1763 to 1765, Hume was invited to attend <a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour-Conway,_1st_Marquess_of_Hertford" title="Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford">Lord Hertford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he became secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Paris" title="Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris">British embassy in France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume was well received among Parisian society, and while there he met with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Pinto" title="Isaac de Pinto">Isaac de Pinto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1765, Hume served as a <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a> in Paris, writing "despatches to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">British Secretary of State</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote of his Paris life, "I really wish often for the plain roughness of <a href="/wiki/The_Poker_Club" title="The Poker Club">The Poker Club</a> of Edinburgh... to correct and qualify so much lusciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980285_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980285-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning to Britain in 1766, Hume wrote a letter to Lord Hertford after being asked to by <a href="/wiki/George_Colebrooke" title="George Colebrooke">George Colebrooke</a>; the letter informed Lord Hertford that he had an opportunity to invest in one of Colebrooke's <a href="/wiki/Slave_plantation" title="Slave plantation">slave plantations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, though Hertford ultimately decided not to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June of that year, Hume facilitated the purchase of a slave plantation in <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> on behalf of his friend, the wine merchant John Stewart, by writing to the colony's governor <a href="/wiki/Victor-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Charpentier" title="Victor-Thérèse Charpentier">Victor-Thérèse Charpentier</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Felix Waldmann, a former Hume Fellow at the University of Edinburgh, Hume's "puckish scepticism about the existence of religious miracles played a significant part in defining the critical outlook which underpins the practice of modern science." Waldmann also argued that Hume's views "served to reinforce the institution of racialised slavery in the later 18th century."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1766, Hume left Paris to accompany <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> to England. Once there, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau#Quarrel_with_Hume" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">he and Rousseau fell out</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wsj11042017_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj11042017-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving Hume sufficiently worried about the damage to his reputation from the quarrel with Rousseau. So much so, that Hume would author an account of the dispute, titling it <i>"A concise and genuine account of the dispute between Mr. Hume and Mr. Rousseau</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1767, Hume was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Northern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Northern Department">Under Secretary of State for the Northern Department</a>. Here, he wrote that he was given "all the secrets of the Kingdom". In 1769 he returned to James' Court in Edinburgh, where he would live from 1771 until his death in 1776. Hume's nephew and namesake, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume_(advocate)" title="David Hume (advocate)">David Hume of Ninewells</a> (1757–1838), was a co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> in 1783. He was a Professor of Scots Law at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh University">Edinburgh University</a> and rose to be Principal Clerk of Session in the Scottish <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court</a> and Baron of the Exchequer. He is buried with his uncle in Old Calton Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Autobiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last year of his life, Hume wrote an extremely brief autobiographical essay titled "My Own Life",<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summing up his entire life in "fewer than 5 pages";<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it contains many interesting judgments that have been of enduring interest to subsequent readers of Hume.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald Seibert (1984), a scholar of 18th-century literature, judged it a "remarkable autobiography, even though it may lack the usual attractions of that genre. Anyone hankering for startling revelations or amusing anecdotes had better look elsewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite condemning vanity as a dangerous passion,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his autobiography Hume confesses his belief that the "love of literary fame" had served as his "ruling passion" in life, and claims that this desire "never soured my temper, notwithstanding my frequent disappointments". One such disappointment Hume discusses in this account is in the initial literary reception of the <i>Treatise</i>, which he claims to have overcome by means of the success of the <i>Essays</i>: "the work was favourably received, and soon made me entirely forget my former disappointment". Hume, in his own retrospective judgment, argues that his philosophical debut's apparent failure "had proceeded more from the manner than the matter". He thus suggests that "I had been guilty of a very usual indiscretion, in going to the press too early." </p><p>Hume also provides an unambiguous self-assessment of the relative value of his works: that "my Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals; which, in my own opinion (who ought not to judge on that subject) is of all my writings, historical, philosophical, or literary, incomparably the best." He also wrote of his social relations: "My company was not unacceptable to the young and careless, as well as to the studious and literary", noting of his complex relation to religion, as well as to the state, that "though I wantonly exposed myself to the rage of both civil and religious factions, they seemed to be disarmed in my behalf of their wonted fury". He goes on to profess of his character: "My friends never had occasion to vindicate any one circumstance of my character and conduct." Hume concludes the essay with a frank admission:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>I cannot say there is no vanity in making this funeral oration of myself, but I hope it is not a misplaced one; and this is a matter of fact which is easily cleared and ascertained.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg/220px-Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg/330px-Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg/440px-Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>David Hume's mausoleum by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Calton_Burial_Ground" title="Old Calton Burial Ground">Old Calton Burial Ground</a>, Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>Diarist and biographer <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a> saw Hume a few weeks before his death from a form of <a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">abdominal cancer</a>. Hume told him that he sincerely believed it a "most unreasonable fancy" that there might be life after death.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMkTSD5UHu8ACdqdarkhumeMichaelIgnatieffpgPA272_p._272]:_this_meeting_was_dramatised_in_semi-fictional_form_for_the_[[BBC]]_by_[[Michael_Ignatieff]]_as_''Dialogue_in_the_Dark''_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMkTSD5UHu8ACdqdarkhumeMichaelIgnatieffpgPA272_p._272]:_this_meeting_was_dramatised_in_semi-fictional_form_for_the_[[BBC]]_by_[[Michael_Ignatieff]]_as_''Dialogue_in_the_Dark''-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume asked that his body be interred in a "simple Roman tomb", requesting in his <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> that it be inscribed only with his name and the year of his birth and death, "leaving it to Posterity to add the Rest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980591_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980591-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Hume died at the southwest corner of St. Andrew's Square in Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a>, at what is now 21 Saint David Street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_pp._384–385]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_pp._384–385]-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular story, consistent with some historical evidence and with the help of coincidence, suggests that the street was named after Hume.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_p._436,_footnote_1]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_p._436,_footnote_1]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His tomb stands, as he wished it, on the southwestern slope of <a href="/wiki/Calton_Hill" title="Calton Hill">Calton Hill</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Calton_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Calton Cemetery">Old Calton Cemetery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> later recounted Hume's amusing speculation that he might ask <a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>' ferryman, to allow him a few more years of life in order to see "the downfall of some of the prevailing systems of superstition". The ferryman replied, "You loitering rogue, that will not happen these many hundred years.… Get into the boat this instant."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i> begins with the introduction: "'Tis evident, that all the sciences have a relation, more or less, to human nature.… Even Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Natural Religion, are in some measure dependent on the science of Man."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Science_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Science of man">science of man</a>, as Hume explains, is the "only solid foundation for the other sciences" and that the method for this science requires both experience and observation as the foundations of a logical argument.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> In regards to this, philosophical historian <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a> (1999) suggests that it was Hume's aim to apply to the science of man the method of experimental philosophy (the term that was current at the time to imply <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a>), and that "Hume's plan is to extend to philosophy in general the methodological limitations of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Newtonian physics</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recently, Hume was seen as a forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivism</a>, a form of anti-<a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> empiricism. According to the logical positivists (in summary of their <a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">verification principle</a>), unless a statement could be verified by experience, or else was true or false by definition (i.e., either <a href="/wiki/Tautology_(logic)" title="Tautology (logic)">tautological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradictory</a>), then it was meaningless. Hume, on this view, was a protopositivist, who, in his philosophical writings, attempted to demonstrate the ways in which ordinary propositions about objects, causal relations, the self, and so on, are <a href="/wiki/Logical_equivalence" title="Logical equivalence">semantically equivalent</a> to propositions about one's experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many commentators have since rejected this understanding of Humean empiricism, stressing an <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> (rather than a <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a>) reading of his project.<sup id="cite_ref-CSW_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSW-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this opposing view, Hume's empiricism consisted in the idea that it is our knowledge, and not our ability to conceive, that is restricted to what can be experienced. Hume thought that we can form beliefs about that which extends beyond any possible experience, through the operation of faculties such as custom and the imagination, but he was sceptical about claims to knowledge on this basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impressions_and_ideas">Impressions and ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impressions and ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A central doctrine of Hume's philosophy, stated in the very first lines of the <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>, is that the mind consists of perceptions, or the mental objects which are present to it, and which divide into two categories: "All the perceptions of the human mind resolve themselves into two distinct kinds, which I shall call <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">impressions</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ideas</span>." Hume believed that it would "not be very necessary to employ many words in explaining this distinction", which commentators have generally taken to mean the distinction between <i><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feeling</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thinking</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversially, Hume, in some sense, may regard the distinction as a matter of degree, as he takes <i>impressions</i> to be distinguished from ideas on the basis of their force, liveliness, and vivacity—what <a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Allison" title="Henry E. Allison">Henry E. Allison</a> (2008) calls the "FLV criterion."<sup id="cite_ref-:10_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ideas</i> are therefore "faint" impressions. For example, experiencing the painful sensation of touching a hot pan's handle is more forceful than simply thinking about touching a hot pan. According to Hume, <i>impressions</i> are meant to be the original form of all our ideas. From this, Don Garrett (2002) has coined the term <i>copy principle,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> referring to Hume's doctrine that all ideas are ultimately copied from some original impression, whether it be a passion or sensation, from which they derive.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Simple_and_complex">Simple and complex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Simple and complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After establishing the forcefulness of impressions and ideas, these two categories are further broken down into <i>simple</i> and <i>complex</i>: "simple perceptions or impressions and ideas are such as admit of no distinction nor separation", whereas "the complex are the contrary to these, and may be distinguished into parts".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When looking at an apple, a person experiences a variety of colour-sensations—what Hume notes as a complex impression. Similarly, a person experiences a variety of taste-sensations, tactile-sensations, and smell-sensations when biting into an apple, with the overall sensation—again, a complex impression. Thinking about an apple allows a person to form complex ideas, which are made of similar parts as the complex impressions they were developed from, but which are also less forceful. Hume believes that complex perceptions can be broken down into smaller and smaller parts until perceptions are reached that have no parts of their own, and these perceptions are thus referred to as simple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Principles_of_association">Principles of association</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Principles of association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regardless of how boundless it may seem; a person's imagination is confined to the mind's ability to recombine the information it has already acquired from the body's sensory experience (the ideas that have been derived from impressions). In addition, "as our imagination takes our most basic ideas and leads us to form new ones, it is directed by three principles of association, namely, resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect":<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>principle of resemblance</b> refers to the tendency of ideas to become associated if the objects they represent resemble one another. For example, someone looking at an illustration of a flower can conceive an idea of the physical flower because the idea of the illustrated object is associated with the physical object's idea.</li> <li>The <b>principle of contiguity</b> describes the tendency of ideas to become associated if the objects they represent are near to each other in time or space, such as when the thought of a crayon in a box leads one to think of the crayon contiguous to it.</li> <li>The <b>principle of cause</b> <b>and effect</b> refers to the tendency of ideas to become associated if the objects they represent are causally related, which explains how remembering a broken window can make someone think of a ball that had caused the window to shatter.</li></ul> <p>Hume elaborates more on the last principle, explaining that, when somebody observes that one object or event consistently produces the same object or event, that results in "an expectation that a particular event (a 'cause') will be followed by another event (an 'effect') previously and constantly associated with it".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume calls this principle <i>custom</i>, or <i>habit</i>, saying that "custom...renders our experience useful to us, and makes us expect, for the future, a similar train of events with those which have appeared in the past".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even though custom can serve as a guide in life, it still only represents an expectation. In other words:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Experience cannot establish a necessary connection between cause and effect, because we can imagine without contradiction a case where the cause does not produce its usual effect…the reason why we mistakenly infer that there is something in the cause that necessarily produces its effect is because our past experiences have habituated us to think in this way. </p></blockquote> <p>Continuing this idea, Hume argues that "only in the pure realm of ideas, logic, and mathematics, not contingent on the direct sense awareness of reality, [can] causation safely…be applied—all other sciences are reduced to probability".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He uses this scepticism to reject metaphysics and many theological views on the basis that they are not grounded in fact and observations, and are therefore beyond the reach of human understanding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induction_and_causation">Induction and causation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Induction and causation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cornerstone of Hume's epistemology is the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">problem of induction</a>. This may be the area of Hume's thought where his scepticism about human powers of reason is most pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985?_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985?-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem revolves around the plausibility of <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a>, that is, reasoning from the observed behaviour of objects to their behaviour when unobserved. As Hume wrote, induction concerns how things behave when they go "beyond the present testimony of the senses, or the records of our memory".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177726_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177726-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume argues that we tend to believe that things behave in a regular manner, meaning that patterns in the behaviour of objects seem to persist into the future, and throughout the unobserved present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9u56iKhWQu4CdqhumeUniformityofNaturepgPA202_pp._202–203]_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9u56iKhWQu4CdqhumeUniformityofNaturepgPA202_pp._202–203]-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume's argument is that we cannot rationally justify the claim that nature will continue to be uniform, as justification comes in only two varieties—demonstrative reasoning and probable reasoning<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and both of these are inadequate. With regard to demonstrative reasoning, Hume argues that the uniformity principle cannot be demonstrated, as it is "consistent and conceivable" that nature might stop being regular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777111_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777111-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning to probable reasoning, Hume argues that we cannot hold that nature will continue to be uniform because it has been in the past. As this is using the very sort of reasoning (induction) that is under question, it would be <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777115_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777115-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, no form of justification will rationally warrant our inductive inferences. </p><p>Hume's solution to this problem is to argue that, rather than reason, natural instinct explains the human practice of making inductive inferences. He asserts that "Nature, by an absolute and uncontroulable  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] necessity has determin'd us to judge as well as to breathe and feel." In 1985, and in agreement with Hume, John D. Kenyon writes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985254_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985254-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Reason might manage to raise a doubt about the truth of a conclusion of natural inductive inference just for a moment ... but the sheer agreeableness of animal faith will protect us from excessive caution and sterile suspension of belief.</p></blockquote> <p>Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a>, have demurred from Hume's solution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduBbfizzKTDoCpgPA42_p._42]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduBbfizzKTDoCpgPA42_p._42]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some, such as Kant and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, have thought that Hume's analysis has "posed a most fundamental challenge to all human knowledge claims".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin2014_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin2014-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a> is closely linked to the problem of induction. According to Hume, we reason inductively by associating constantly conjoined events. It is the mental act of association that is the basis of our concept of causation. At least three interpretations of Hume's theory of causation are represented in the literature:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadRichman200213–14,_69_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadRichman200213–14,_69-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivist</a>;</li> <li>the sceptical realist; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">quasi-realist</a>.</li></ol> <p>Hume acknowledged that there are events constantly unfolding, and humanity cannot guarantee that these events are caused by prior events or are independent instances. He opposed the widely accepted theory of causation that 'all events have a specific course or reason'. Therefore, Hume crafted his own theory of causation, formed through his empiricist and sceptic beliefs. He split causation into two realms: "All the objects of human reason or enquiry may naturally be divided into two kinds, to wit, Relations of Ideas, and Matters of Fact."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations of Ideas are <i>a priori</i> and represent universal bonds between ideas that mark the cornerstones of human thought. Matters of Fact are dependent on the observer and experience. They are often not universally held to be true among multiple persons. Hume was an Empiricist, meaning he believed "causes and effects are discoverable not by reason, but by experience".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He goes on to say that, even with the perspective of the past, humanity cannot dictate future events because thoughts of the past are limited, compared to the possibilities for the future. Hume's separation between Matters of Fact and Relations of Ideas is often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Hume%27s_fork" title="Hume's fork">Hume's fork</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume explains his theory of causation and causal inference by division into three different parts. In these three branches he explains his ideas and compares and contrasts his views to his predecessors. These branches are the Critical Phase, the Constructive Phase, and Belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidhume_1748_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidhume_1748-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Critical Phase, Hume denies his predecessors' theories of causation. Next, he uses the Constructive Phase to resolve any doubts the reader may have had while observing the Critical Phase. "Habit or Custom" mends the gaps in reasoning that occur without the human mind even realising it. Associating ideas has become second nature to the human mind. It "makes us expect for the future, a similar train of events with those which have appeared in the past".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Hume says that this association cannot be trusted because the span of the human mind to comprehend the past is not necessarily applicable to the wide and distant future. This leads him to the third branch of causal inference, Belief. Belief is what drives the human mind to hold that expectancy of the future is based on past experience. Throughout his explanation of causal inference, Hume is arguing that the future is not certain to be repetition of the past and that the only way to justify induction is through uniformity. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivist</a> interpretation is that Hume analyses causal propositions, such as "A causes B", in terms of regularities in perception: "A causes B" is equivalent to "Whenever A-type events happen, B-type ones follow", where "whenever" refers to all possible perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Treatise of Human Nature</i>, Hume wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739167_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739167-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Power and necessity…are…qualities of perceptions, not of objects…felt by the soul and not perceiv'd externally in bodies.</p></blockquote> <p>This view is rejected by sceptical <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">realists</a>, who argue that Hume thought that causation amounts to more than just the regular succession of events.<sup id="cite_ref-CSW_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSW-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume said that, when two events are causally conjoined, a necessary connection underpins the conjunction:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume173978_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume173978-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Shall we rest contented with these two relations of contiguity and succession, as affording a complete idea of causation? By no means…there is a <i>necessary connexion</i> to be taken into consideration.</p></blockquote> <p>Angela Coventry writes that, for Hume, "there is nothing in any particular instance of cause and effect involving external objects which suggests the idea of power or necessary connection" and "we are ignorant of the powers that operate between objects".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoventry2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgq348MmuojACq22effectinvolving22_pp._91–92]_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoventry2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgq348MmuojACq22effectinvolving22_pp._91–92]-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while denying the possibility of knowing the powers between objects, Hume accepted the causal principle, writing: "I never asserted so absurd a proposition as that something could arise without a cause."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume2011187_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume2011187-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that, while Hume did not think that causation is reducible to pure regularity, he was not a fully-fledged realist either. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Simon Blackburn</a> calls this a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">quasi-realist</a> reading,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1990?_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1990?-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying that "Someone talking of cause is voicing a distinct mental set: he is by no means in the same state as someone merely describing regular sequences."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hume's words, "nothing is more usual than to apply to external bodies every internal sensation, which they occasion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177778,_fn_17_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177778,_fn_17-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Self'"><span id=".27Self.27"></span>'Self'</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 'Self'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Empiricist philosophers, such as Hume and <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a>, favoured the <a href="/wiki/Bundle_theory" title="Bundle theory">bundle theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker200215_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker200215-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this theory, "the mind itself, far from being an independent power, is simply 'a bundle of perceptions' without unity or cohesive quality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurer2013_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2013-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The self is nothing but a bundle of experiences linked by the relations of causation and resemblance; or, more accurately, the empirically warranted idea of the self is just the idea of such a bundle. According to Hume:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For my part, when I enter most intimately into what I call myself, I always stumble on some particular perception or other, of heat or cold, light or shade, love or hatred, pain or pleasure. I never can catch myself at any time without a perception, and never can observe any thing but the perception. When my perceptions are removed for any time, as by sound sleep; so long I am insensible of myself, and may truly be said not to exist.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>, Book I.iv, section 6</cite></div></blockquote> <p>This view is supported by, for example, positivist interpreters, who have seen Hume as suggesting that terms such as "self", "person", or "mind" refer to collections of "sense-contents".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyer1946135–136_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyer1946135–136-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern-day version of the bundle theory of the mind has been advanced by <a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParfit1984?_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParfit1984?-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some philosophers have criticised Hume's bundle-theory interpretation of personal identity. They argue that distinct selves can have perceptions that stand in relation to similarity and causality. Thus, perceptions must already come parcelled into distinct "bundles" before they can be associated according to the relations of similarity and causality. In other words, the mind must already possess a unity that cannot be generated, or constituted, by these relations alone. Since the bundle-theory interpretation portrays Hume as answering an <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> question, philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Galen Strawson</a> see Hume as not very concerned with such questions and have queried whether this view is really Hume's. Instead, Strawson suggests that Hume might have been answering an epistemological question about the causal origin of our concept of the self.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrawson2011?_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrawson2011?-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Appendix to the <i>Treatise</i>, Hume declares himself dissatisfied with his earlier account of personal identity in Book 1. Corliss Swain notes that "Commentators agree that if Hume did find some new problem" when he reviewed the section on personal identity, "he wasn't forthcoming about its nature in the Appendix."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQoh7_nZbBjYCdqhumeblackwellnewproblempgPA143_p._142]_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQoh7_nZbBjYCdqhumeblackwellnewproblempgPA143_p._142]-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One interpretation of Hume's view of the self, argued for by philosopher and psychologist <a href="/wiki/James_Giles_(philosopher)" title="James Giles (philosopher)">James Giles</a>, is that Hume is not arguing for a bundle theory, which is a form of reductionism, but rather for an eliminative view of the self. Rather than reducing the self to a bundle of perceptions, Hume rejects the idea of the self altogether. On this interpretation, Hume is proposing a "<a href="/wiki/Personal_identity#The_no-self_theory" title="Personal identity">no-self theory</a>" and thus has much in common with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> thought (see <i><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anattā</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1993?_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1993?-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Alison_Gopnik" title="Alison Gopnik">Alison Gopnik</a> has argued that Hume was in a position to learn about Buddhist thought during his time in France in the 1730s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopnik2009?_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopnik2009?-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield201545,_107_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield201545,_107-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_reason">Practical reason</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Practical reason"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Practical_reason" title="Practical reason">Practical reason</a></i> relates to whether standards or principles exist that are also authoritative for all rational beings, dictating people's intentions and actions. Hume is mainly considered an anti-rationalist, denying the possibility for practical reason, although other philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Hampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Hampton">Jean Hampton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Millgram" title="Elijah Millgram">Elijah Millgram</a> claim that Hume is not so much of an anti-rationalist as he is just a sceptic of practical reason.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume denied the existence of practical reason as a principle because he claimed reason does not have any effect on morality, since morality is capable of producing effects in people that reason alone cannot create. As Hume explains in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i> (1740):<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 457">: 457 </span></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Morals excite passions, and produce or prevent actions. Reason of itself is utterly impotent in this particular. The rules of morality, therefore, are not conclusions of our reason."</p></blockquote> <p>Since practical reason is supposed to regulate our actions (in theory), Hume denied practical reason on the grounds that reason cannot directly oppose passions. As Hume puts it, "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them." Reason is less significant than any passion because reason has no original influence, while "A passion is an original existence, or, if you will, modification of existence."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 415">: 415 </span></sup> </p><p>Practical reason is also concerned with the value of actions rather than the truth of propositions,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so Hume believed that reason's shortcoming of affecting morality proved that practical reason could not be authoritative for all rational beings, since morality was essential for dictating people's intentions and actions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">is–ought problem</a></div> <p>Hume's writings on ethics began in the 1740 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">Treatise</a></i> and were refined in his <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Morals" title="An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals">An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals</a></i> (1751). He understood <i>feeling</i>, rather than <i>knowing</i>, as that which governs ethical actions, stating that "moral decisions are grounded in moral sentiment."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECranston20144_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECranston20144-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguing that reason cannot be behind morality, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739458_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739458-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Morals excite passions, and produce or prevent actions. Reason itself is utterly impotent in this particular. The rules of morality, therefore, are not conclusions of our reason. </p> </blockquote> <p>Hume's <a href="/wiki/Moral_sense_theory" title="Moral sense theory"><i>moral sentimentalism</i></a> was shared by his close friend <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume2013548_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume2013548-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> and the two were mutually influenced by the moral reflections of their older contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965?_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965?-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> claims that Hume's argument that morals cannot have a rational basis alone "would have been enough to earn him a place in the history of ethics."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2015_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger2015-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume also put forward the <i><a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">is–ought problem</a></i>, later known as <i>Hume's Law</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2015_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger2015-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denying the possibility of logically deriving what <i>ought</i> to be from what <i>is</i>. According to the <i>Treatise</i> (1740), in every system of morality that Hume has read, the author begins by stating facts about the world as it <i>is</i> but always ends up suddenly referring to what <i>ought</i> to be the case. Hume demands that a reason should be given for inferring what <i>ought to be</i> the case, from <i>what is</i> the case. This is because it "seems altogether inconceivable, how this new relation can be a deduction from others."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739470_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739470-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume's theory of ethics has been influential in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">meta-ethical theory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0pGKAgAAQBAJdqHumemeta-ethicsinfluencepgPA44_p._44]_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0pGKAgAAQBAJdqHumemeta-ethicsinfluencepgPA44_p._44]-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helping to inspire <a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">emotivism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumber2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddh-E6oIlCkACdqHumeemotivisminfluencepgPA136_p._136]_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumber2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddh-E6oIlCkACdqHumeemotivisminfluencepgPA136_p._136]-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ethical <a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">expressivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">non-cognitivism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200597–100_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200597–100-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Allan_Gibbard" title="Allan Gibbard">Allan Gibbard</a>'s general theory of moral judgment and judgments of rationality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngier2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidndyMavMbiZMCdqHumeinfluencegibbardpgPA114_p._114]_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngier2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidndyMavMbiZMCdqHumeinfluencegibbardpgPA114_p._114]-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hume's ideas about <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">theory of art</a> are spread throughout his works, but are particularly connected with his ethical writings, and also the essays "<a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations#Of_the_Standard_of_Taste" title="Four Dissertations">Of the Standard of Taste</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations#Of_Tragedy" title="Four Dissertations">Of Tragedy</a>" (1757). His views are rooted in the work of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a> and Francis Hutcheson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGracyk2011ch._1_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGracyk2011ch._1-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Treatise</i> (1740), he touches on the connection between beauty and deformity and vice and virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739Sect._VII_and_Sect_VIII,_pp._295–304_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739Sect._VII_and_Sect_VIII,_pp._295–304-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His later writings on the subject continue to draw parallels of beauty and deformity in art with conduct and character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostelloe2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMH3_R04jW80CqdeformitypgPA111_p._viii]_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostelloe2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMH3_R04jW80CqdeformitypgPA111_p._viii]-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "Standard of Taste", Hume argues that no rules can be drawn up about what is a tasteful object. However, a reliable critic of taste can be recognised as objective, sensible and unprejudiced, and as having extensive experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzWMBAQAAQBAJdqhumeaestheticspgPA401_p._401]_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzWMBAQAAQBAJdqhumeaestheticspgPA401_p._401]-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Of Tragedy" addresses the question of why humans enjoy <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragic drama</a>. Hume was concerned with the way spectators find pleasure in the sorrow and anxiety depicted in a tragedy. He argued that this was because the spectator is aware that he is witnessing a dramatic performance. There is pleasure in realising that the terrible events that are being shown are actually fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSXlNY6xIMoCdqhumeoftragedypgPA324_pp._325–326]_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSXlNY6xIMoCdqhumeoftragedypgPA324_pp._325–326]-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Hume laid down rules for educating people in taste and correct conduct, and his writings in this area have been very influential on English and Anglo-Saxon aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScruton201418_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScruton201418-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will,_determinism,_and_responsibility"><span id="Free_will.2C_determinism.2C_and_responsibility"></span>Free will, determinism, and responsibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Free will, determinism, and responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidHume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/DavidHume.jpg/220px-DavidHume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/DavidHume.jpg/330px-DavidHume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/DavidHume.jpg/440px-DavidHume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Hume, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stoddart" title="Alexander Stoddart">Alexander Stoddart</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a> in Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>Hume, along with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, is cited as a classical compatibilist about the notions of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKennaCoates2015Ch._3_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKennaCoates2015Ch._3-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1995_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1995-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></i> seeks to reconcile human freedom with the mechanist view that human beings are part of a deterministic universe, which is completely governed by <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">physical laws</a>. Hume, on this point, was influenced greatly by the scientific revolution, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2010?_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2010?-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume argued that the dispute between freedom and determinism continued over 2000 years due to ambiguous terminology. He wrote: "From this circumstance alone, that a controversy has been long kept on foot…we may presume that there is some ambiguity in the expression," and that different disputants use different meanings for the same terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177781_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177781-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPassmore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvZRtAAAAQBAJdqhumepresumethatthereissomeambiguitypgPA73_p._73]_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPassmore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvZRtAAAAQBAJdqhumepresumethatthereissomeambiguitypgPA73_p._73]-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume defines the concept of necessity as "the uniformity, observable in the operations of nature; where similar objects are constantly conjoined together,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177782_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177782-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> as "a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177795_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177795-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then argues that, according to these definitions, not only are the two compatible, but liberty <i>requires</i> necessity. For if our actions were not necessitated in the above sense, they would "have so little in connexion with motives, inclinations and circumstances, that one does not follow with a certain degree of uniformity from the other." But if our actions are not thus connected to the will, then our actions can never be free: they would be matters of "chance; which is universally allowed to have no existence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177796_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177796-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Passmore" title="John Passmore">John Passmore</a> writes that confusion has arisen because "necessity" has been taken to mean "necessary connexion." Once this has been abandoned, Hume argues that "liberty and necessity will be found not to be in conflict one with another."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPassmore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvZRtAAAAQBAJdqhumepresumethatthereissomeambiguitypgPA73_p._73]_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPassmore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvZRtAAAAQBAJdqhumepresumethatthereissomeambiguitypgPA73_p._73]-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Hume goes on to argue that in order to be held <a href="/wiki/Morally_responsible" class="mw-redirect" title="Morally responsible">morally responsible</a>, it is required that our behaviour be caused or necessitated, for, as he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177798_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177798-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Actions are, by their very nature, temporary and perishing; and where they proceed not from some <i>cause</i> in the character and disposition of the person who performed them, they can neither redound to his honour, if good; nor infamy, if evil.</p></blockquote> <p>Hume describes the link between causality and our capacity to rationally make a decision from this an inference of the mind. Human beings assess a situation based upon certain predetermined events and from that form a choice. Hume believes that this choice is made spontaneously. Hume calls this form of decision making the liberty of spontaneity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMounceMounce2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqyepEVWo0v8CdqhumelibertyofspontaneitypgPA66_p._66]_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMounceMounce2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqyepEVWo0v8CdqhumelibertyofspontaneitypgPA66_p._66]-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education writer Richard Wright considers that Hume's position rejects a famous moral puzzle attributed to French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Buridan%27s_ass" title="Buridan's ass">Buridan's ass</a> puzzle describes a donkey that is hungry. This donkey has separate bales of hay on both sides, which are of equal distances from him. The problem concerns which bale the donkey chooses. Buridan was said to believe that the donkey would die, because he has no <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. The donkey is incapable of forming a rational decision as there is no motive to choose one bale of hay over the other. However, human beings are different, because a human who is placed in a position where he is forced to choose one loaf of bread over another will make a decision to take one in lieu of the other. For Buridan, humans have the capacity of autonomy, and he recognises the choice that is ultimately made will be based on chance, as both loaves of bread are exactly the same. However, Wright says that Hume completely rejects this notion, arguing that a human will spontaneously act in such a situation because he is faced with impending death if he fails to do so. Such a decision is not made on the basis of chance, but rather on necessity and spontaneity, given the prior predetermined events leading up to the predicament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2010?_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2010?-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume's argument is supported by modern-day compatibilists such as <a href="/wiki/R._E._Hobart" class="mw-redirect" title="R. E. Hobart">R. E. Hobart</a>, a pseudonym of philosopher Dickinson S. Miller.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a> argued that the issue of whether we hold one another morally responsible does not ultimately depend on the truth or falsity of a metaphysical thesis such as determinism. This is because our so holding one another is a non-rational human sentiment that is not predicated on such theses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrawson2008?_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrawson2008?-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66b8FJmZQ38Cqhumemoral2Creactive_p._348]_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66b8FJmZQ38Cqhumemoral2Creactive_p._348]-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Russell_(philosopher)" title="Paul Russell (philosopher)">Paul Russell</a> (2005) contends that Hume wrote "on almost every central question in the philosophy of religion", and that these writings "are among the most important and influential contributions on this topic."<sup id="cite_ref-plat_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plat-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Touching on the philosophy, psychology, history, and anthropology of religious thought, Hume's 1757 dissertation "<a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations#The_Natural_History_of_Religion" title="Four Dissertations">The Natural History of Religion</a>" argues that the <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religions of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> all derive from earlier <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religions. He went on to suggest that all religious belief "traces, in the end, to dread of the unknown".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdqhumereligionpgPA7_pp._7–8]_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdqhumereligionpgPA7_pp._7–8]-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume had also written on religious subjects in the first <i>Enquiry</i>, as well as later in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-plat_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plat-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although he wrote a great deal about religion, Hume's personal views have been the subject of much debate.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern critics have described Hume's religious views as <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a> or have described him as a "<a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonian skeptic</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporaries considered him to be an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, or at least un-Christian, enough so that the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> seriously considered bringing charges of infidelity against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980206_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980206-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of his un-Christian beliefs can especially be found in his writings on miracles, in which he attempts to separate <a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">historical method</a> from the narrative accounts of miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, modern scholars have tended to dismiss the claims of Hume's contemporaries describing him as an atheist as coming from <a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">religiously intolerant</a> people who did not understand Hume’s philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that contemporaries suspected him of atheism is exemplified by a story Hume liked to tell:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScharfstein1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiZQy2lu70bwCdqhumefishwivespgPA454_p._454,_footnote]_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScharfstein1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiZQy2lu70bwCdqhumefishwivespgPA454_p._454,_footnote]-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The best theologian he ever met, he used to say, was the old Edinburgh fishwife who, having recognized him as Hume the atheist, refused to pull him out of the bog into which he had fallen until he declared he was a Christian and repeated the Lord's prayer.</p></blockquote> <p>However, in works such as "Of Superstition and Enthusiasm", Hume specifically seems to support the standard religious views of his time and place.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This still meant that he could be very critical of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, dismissing it with the standard <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> accusations of superstition and idolatry,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177751_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177751-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> as well as dismissing as idolatry what his compatriots saw as uncivilised beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume175734_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume175734-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also considered extreme Protestant sects, the members of which he called "enthusiasts", to be corrupters of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume174173–76_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume174173–76-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, in "<a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations#The_Natural_History_of_Religion" title="Four Dissertations">The Natural History of Religion</a>", Hume presents arguments suggesting that <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> had much to commend it over <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume175763_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume175763-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, when mentioning religion as a factor in his <i>History of England</i>, Hume uses it to show the deleterious effect it has on human progress. In his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">Treatise of Human Nature</a></i>, Hume wrote: "Generally speaking, the errors in religions are dangerous; those in philosophy only ridiculous."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lou Reich (1998) argues that Hume was a <a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">religious naturalist</a> and rejects interpretations of Hume as an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Russell (2008) writes that Hume was plainly sceptical about religious belief, although perhaps not to the extent of complete atheism. He suggests that Hume's position is best characterised by the term "<a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while philosopher David O'Connor (2013) argues that Hume's final position was "weakly <a href="/wiki/Deistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deistic">deistic</a>". For O'Connor, Hume's "position is deeply ironic. This is because, while inclining towards a weak form of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deism</a>, he seriously doubts that we can ever find a sufficiently favourable balance of evidence to justify accepting any religious position." He adds that Hume "did not believe in the God of standard theism ... but he did not rule out all concepts of deity", and that "ambiguity suited his purposes, and this creates difficulty in definitively pinning down his final position on religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdq22buthedidnotruleoutallconceptsofdeity22pgPA19_pp._11,_19]_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdq22buthedidnotruleoutallconceptsofdeity22pgPA19_pp._11,_19]-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Design_argument">Design argument</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Design argument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the traditional topics of <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a> is that of the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>, and one of the <i><a href="/wiki/A_posteriori" class="mw-redirect" title="A posteriori">a posteriori</a></i> arguments for this is the <i>argument from design</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">teleological argument</a>. The argument is that the existence of God can be proved by the design that is obvious in the complexity of the world, which <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> states is "the most popular", because it is:<sup id="cite_ref-RE_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <blockquote><p>...the most accessible of the theistic arguments ... which identifies evidences of design in nature, inferring from them a divine designer ... The fact that the universe as a whole is a coherent and efficiently functioning system likewise, in this view, indicates a divine intelligence behind it.</p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, Hume wrote that the design argument seems to depend upon our experience, and its proponents "always suppose the universe, an effect quite singular and unparalleled, to be the proof of a Deity, a cause no less singular and unparalleled".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777148_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777148-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher Louise E. Loeb (2010) notes that Hume is saying that only experience and observation can be our guide to making inferences about the conjunction between events. However, according to Hume:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeb2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6ECxW_2tAf0CdqcompanionhumeobserveneitherGodnorotheruniversespgPA118_p._118]_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeb2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6ECxW_2tAf0CdqcompanionhumeobserveneitherGodnorotheruniversespgPA118_p._118]-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>We observe neither God nor other universes, and hence no conjunction involving them. There is no observed conjunction to ground an inference either to extended objects or to God, as unobserved causes.</p></blockquote> <p>Hume also criticised the argument in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i> (1779). Hume proposes a finite universe with a finite number of particles. Given infinite time, these particles could randomly fall into any arrangement, including our seemingly designed world.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4583/4583-h/4583-h.htm#:~:text=For%20instance%2C%20what,scruple%20this%20determination.">[1]</a> </p><p>A century later, the idea of order without design was rendered more plausible by Charles Darwin's discovery that the adaptations of the forms of life result from the <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> of inherited characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-RE_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RE-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> For philosopher James D. Madden, it is "Hume, rivaled only by Darwin, [who] has done the most to undermine in principle our confidence in arguments from design among all figures in the Western intellectual tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadden2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUKSZeRnuyjACdqteleologicalgodhumedarwinpgPA150_p._150,_emphasis_removed.]_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUKSZeRnuyjACdqteleologicalgodhumedarwinpgPA150_p._150,_emphasis_removed.]-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, Hume discussed a version of the <a href="/wiki/Anthropic_principle" title="Anthropic principle">anthropic principle</a>, which is the idea that theories of the universe are constrained by the need to allow for man's existence in it as an observer. Hume has his sceptical mouthpiece Philo suggest that there may have been many worlds, produced by an incompetent designer, whom he called a "stupid mechanic". In his <i>Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</i>, Hume wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1779167_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1779167-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Many worlds might have been botched and bungled throughout an eternity, ere this system was struck out: much labour lost: many fruitless trials made: and a slow, but continued improvement carried on during infinite ages in the art of world-making. </p></blockquote> <p>American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> has suggested that this mechanical explanation of teleology, although "obviously ... an amusing philosophical fantasy", anticipated the notion of natural selection, the 'continued improvement' being like "any Darwinian selection algorithm".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennett2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi1tNI9646Q4CdqhumeanthropicprinciplepgPA620_pp._620–621]_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennett2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi1tNI9646Q4CdqhumeanthropicprinciplepgPA620_pp._620–621]-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problem_of_miracles">Problem of miracles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Problem of miracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Of_Miracles" title="Of Miracles">Of Miracles</a></div> <p>In his discussion of <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, Hume argues that we should not believe miracles have occurred and that they do not therefore provide us with any reason to think God exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006101_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006101-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</i> (Section 10), Hume defines a miracle as "a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent". Hume says we believe an event that has frequently occurred is likely to occur again, but we also take into account those instances where the event did not occur:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777110–111_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777110–111-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>A wise man ... considers which side is supported by the greater number of experiments. ... A hundred instances or experiments on one side, and fifty on another, afford a doubtful expectation of any event; though a hundred uniform experiments, with only one that is contradictory, reasonably beget a pretty strong degree of assurance. In all cases, we must balance the opposite experiments ... and deduct the smaller number from the greater, in order to know the exact force of the superior evidence.</p></blockquote> <p>Hume discusses the testimony of those who report miracles. He wrote that testimony might be doubted even from some great authority in case the facts themselves are not credible: "[T]he evidence, resulting from the testimony, admits of a diminution, greater or less, in proportion as the fact is more or less unusual."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777113_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Hume leaves open the possibility for miracles to occur and be reported, he offers various arguments against this ever having happened in history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777116–131_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777116–131-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points out that people often lie, and they have good reasons to lie about miracles occurring either because they believe they are doing so for the benefit of their religion or because of the fame that results. Furthermore, people by nature enjoy relating miracles they have heard without caring for their veracity and thus miracles are easily transmitted even when false. Also, Hume notes that miracles seem to occur mostly in "ignorant and barbarous nations"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777119_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777119-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and times, and the reason they do not occur in the civilised societies is such societies are not awed by what they know to be natural events. Hume recognizes that over a long period of time, various coincidences can provide the appearance of intention. Finally, the miracles of each religion argue against all other religions and their miracles, and so even if a proportion of all reported miracles across the world fit Hume's requirement for belief, the miracles of each religion make the other less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006105–108_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006105–108-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume was extremely pleased with his argument against miracles in his <i>Enquiry</i>. He states, "I flatter myself, that I have discovered an argument of a like nature, which, if just, will, with the wise and learned, be an everlasting check to all kinds of superstitious delusion, and consequently, will be useful as long as the world endures."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777110_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777110-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Hume's argument against miracles had a more abstract basis founded upon the scrutiny, not just primarily of miracles, but of all forms of belief systems. It is a commonsense notion of veracity based upon epistemological evidence, and founded on a principle of rationality, proportionality and reasonability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006105–108_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006105–108-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The criterion for assessing Hume's belief system is based on the balance of probability whether something is more likely than not to have occurred. Since the weight of empirical experience contradicts the notion for the existence of miracles, such accounts should be treated with scepticism. Further, the myriad of accounts of miracles contradict one another, as some people who receive miracles will aim to prove the authority of Jesus, whereas others will aim to prove the authority of Muhammad or some other religious prophet or deity. These various differing accounts weaken the overall evidential power of miracles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhluwalia2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-PCV11VQ8PYCdq22UnderstandingPhilosophyofReligion22humepgPA104_pp._104–106]_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhluwalia2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-PCV11VQ8PYCdq22UnderstandingPhilosophyofReligion22humepgPA104_pp._104–106]-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite all this, Hume observes that belief in miracles is popular, and that "the gazing populace… receive greedily, without examination, whatever soothes superstition, and promotes wonder."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777126_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777126-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics have argued that Hume's position assumes the character of miracles and <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural laws</a> prior to any specific examination of miracle claims, thus it amounts to a subtle form of <a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">begging the question</a>. To assume that testimony is a homogeneous reference group seems unwise- to compare private miracles with public miracles, unintellectual observers with intellectual observers and those who have little to gain and much to lose with those with much to gain and little to lose is not convincing to many. Indeed, many have argued that miracles not only do not contradict the laws of nature but require the laws of nature to be intelligible as miraculous, and thus subverting the law of nature. For example, William Adams remarks that "there must be an ordinary course of nature before anything can be extraordinary. There must be a stream before anything can be interrupted."<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also noted that it requires an appeal to inductive inference, as none have observed every part of nature nor examined every possible miracle claim, for instance those in the future. This, in Hume's philosophy, was especially problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfC3-d89f7qoCq22humewithaglaring22_p._3]_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfC3-d89f7qoCq22humewithaglaring22_p._3]-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little appreciated is the voluminous literature either foreshadowing Hume, in the likes of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or directly responding to and engaging with Hume—from <a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Adams,<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Douglas,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(Baptist)" title="John Leland (Baptist)">John Leland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/George_Campbell_(minister)" title="George Campbell (minister)">George Campbell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. Regarding the latter, it is rumoured that, having read Campbell's Dissertation, Hume remarked that "the Scotch theologue had beaten him."<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume's main argument concerning miracles is that miracles by definition are singular events that differ from the established laws of nature. Such natural laws are codified as a result of past experiences. Therefore, a miracle is a violation of all prior experience and thus incapable on this basis of reasonable belief. However, the probability that something has occurred in contradiction of all past experience should always be judged to be less than the probability that either one's senses have deceived one, or the person recounting the miraculous occurrence is lying or mistaken, Hume would say, all of which he had past experience of. For Hume, this refusal to grant credence does not guarantee correctness. He offers the example of an Indian Prince, who, having grown up in a hot country, refuses to believe that water has frozen. By Hume's lights, this refusal is not wrong and the prince "reasoned justly;" it is presumably only when he has had extensive experience of the freezing of water that he has warrant to believe that the event could occur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777113_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So, for Hume, either the miraculous event will become a recurrent event or else it will never be rational to believe it occurred. The connection to religious belief is left unexplained throughout, except for the close of his discussion where Hume notes the reliance of Christianity upon testimony of miraculous occurrences. He makes an ironic remark that anyone who "is moved by faith to assent" to revealed testimony "is conscious of a continued miracle in his own person, which subverts all principles of his understanding, and gives him a determination to believe what is most contrary to custom and experience."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777131_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777131-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKie198229_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKie198229-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume writes that "All the testimony whichever was really given for any miracle, or ever will be given, is a subject of derision."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777113_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777113-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_historian_of_England">As a historian of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: As a historian of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg/220px-David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg/330px-David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg/440px-David_Hume_Ramsay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5384" data-file-height="6518" /></a><figcaption> David Hume by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(artist)" title="Allan Ramsay (artist)">Allan Ramsay</a>, 1766; "Where men are the most sure and arrogant, they are commonly the most mistaken, and have there given reins to passion, without that proper deliberation and suspense, which can alone secure them from the grossest absurdities." —<i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Morals" title="An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals">An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals</a></i>, § 9.13 : Conclusion, Pt. 1 (1751)</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1754 to 1762 Hume published <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_(Hume)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of England (Hume)">The History of England</a></i>, a six-volume work, that extends (according to its subtitle) "From the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Invasion of Julius Caesar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution in 1688</a>." Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s sense of the breadth of history, Hume widened the focus of the field away from merely kings, parliaments, and armies, to literature and science as well. He argued that the quest for liberty was the highest standard for judging the past, and concluded that after considerable fluctuation, England at the time of his writing had achieved "the most entire system of liberty that was ever known amongst mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It "must be regarded as an event of cultural importance. In its own day, moreover, it was an innovation, soaring high above its very few predecessors."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessop2015_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessop2015-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume's <i>History of England</i> made him famous as a historian before he was ever considered a serious philosopher. In this work, Hume uses history to tell the story of the rise of England and what led to its greatness and the disastrous effects that religion has had on its progress. For Hume, the history of England's rise may give a template for others who would also like to rise to its current greatness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume's <i>The History of England</i> was profoundly impacted by his Scottish background. The science of sociology, which is rooted in Scottish thinking of the eighteenth century, had never before been applied to British philosophical history. Because of his Scottish background, Hume was able to bring an outsider's lens to English history that the insulated English whigs lacked.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </p><p>Hume's coverage of the political upheavals of the 17th century relied in large part on the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Earl of Clarendon</a>'s <i>History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England</i> (1646–69). Generally, Hume took a moderate <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> position and considered revolution unnecessary to achieve necessary reform. Hume was considered a <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a> historian and emphasised religious differences more than constitutional issues. Laird Okie explains that "Hume preached the virtues of political moderation, but ... it was moderation with an anti-Whig, pro-royalist coloring."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkie198516_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkie198516-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For "Hume shared the ... Tory belief that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuarts</a> were no more high-handed than their Tudor predecessors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkie198525_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkie198525-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Even though Hume wrote with an anti-Whig animus, it is, paradoxically, correct to regard the <i>History</i> as an establishment work, one which implicitly endorsed the ruling oligarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOkie198527_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkie198527-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians have debated whether Hume posited a universal unchanging human nature, or allowed for evolution and development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertz1975?_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertz1975?-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate between Tory and the Whig historians can be seen in the initial reception to Hume's <i>History of England</i>. The whig-dominated world of 1754 overwhelmingly disapproved of Hume's take on English history. In later editions of the book, Hume worked to "soften or expunge many villainous whig strokes which had crept into it."<sup id="cite_ref-:7_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup> </p><p>Hume did not consider himself a pure Tory. Before 1745, he was more akin to an "independent whig." In 1748, he described himself as "a whig, though a very skeptical one." This description of himself as in between <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">whiggism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">toryism</a>, helps one understand that his <i>History of England</i> should be read as his attempt to work out his own philosophy of history.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </p><p>Robert Roth argues that Hume's histories display his biases against <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a>. Roth says his anti-Whig pro-monarchy position diminished the influence of his work, and that his emphasis on politics and religion led to a neglect of social and economic history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth1991?_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth1991?-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume was an early cultural <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historian of science</a>. His short biographies of leading scientists explored the process of scientific change. He developed new ways of seeing scientists in the context of their times by looking at how they interacted with society and each other. He covers over forty scientists, with special attention paid to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. Hume particularly praised <a href="/wiki/William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>, writing about his treatise of the circulation of the blood: "Harvey is entitled to the glory of having made, by reasoning alone, without any mixture of accident, a capital discovery in one of the most important branches of science."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertz1993?_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertz1993?-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>History</i> became a best-seller and made Hume a wealthy man who no longer had to take up salaried work for others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrisBrown2011[httpplatostanfordeduarchiveswin2011entrieshumeLifWor_Chapter_Life_and_Works]_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrisBrown2011[httpplatostanfordeduarchiveswin2011entrieshumeLifWor_Chapter_Life_and_Works]-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was influential for nearly a century, despite competition from imitations by <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Smollett" title="Tobias Smollett">Smollett</a> (1757), <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a> (1771) and others. By 1894, there were at least 50 editions as well as abridgements for students, and illustrated pocket editions, probably produced specifically for women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipson2012131_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipson2012131-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_theory">Political theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Political theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Utilitarianism" title="Category:Utilitarianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Predecessors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shantideva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Claude Adrien Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_utilitarians" title="List of utilitarians">Key proponents</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Henry Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of utilitarianism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_utilitarianism" title="Negative utilitarianism">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_utilitarianism" title="Rule utilitarianism">Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_utilitarianism" title="Act utilitarianism">Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-level_utilitarianism" title="Two-level utilitarianism">Two-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_utilitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Total utilitarianism">Total</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Average_utilitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Average utilitarianism">Average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_utilitarianism" title="Preference utilitarianism">Preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Classical_utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Classical</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felicific_calculus" title="Felicific calculus">Felicific calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_social_choice_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian social choice rule">Utilitarian social choice rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.3em;;color: var(--color-base)">Problems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demandingness_objection" title="Demandingness objection">Demandingness objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_hedonism" title="Paradox of hedonism">Paradox of hedonism</a></li> <li><a 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nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1844)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1867–68)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a></i>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many of Hume's political ideas, such as <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> when there is <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarcity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>, are first principles of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> banned the <i>History</i> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, feeling that it had "spread universal toryism over the land."<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By comparison, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> thought Hume to be "a Tory by chance [...] for he has no principle. If he is anything, he is a <a href="/wiki/Hobbism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbism">Hobbist</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1888note_13_to_letter_LXXXIV_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1888note_13_to_letter_LXXXIV-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major concern of Hume's political philosophy is the importance of the rule of law. He also stresses throughout his political essays the importance of moderation in politics, public spirit, and regard to the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPX86AAAAIAAJqpoliticsmoderationhumedetested_p._150]_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPX86AAAAIAAJqpoliticsmoderationhumedetested_p._150]-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the period of the American Revolution, Hume had varying views. For instance, in 1768 he encouraged total revolt on the part of the Americans. In 1775, he became certain that a revolution would take place and said that he believed in the American principle and wished the British government would let them be. Hume's influence on some of the Founders can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s suggestion at the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention of 1787</a> that no high office in any branch of government should receive a salary, which is a suggestion Hume had made in his emendation of <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">Oceana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legacy of religious civil war in 18th-century Scotland, combined with the relatively recent memory of the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite risings, had fostered in Hume a distaste for enthusiasm and factionalism. These appeared to him to threaten the fragile and nascent political and social stability of a country that was deeply politically and religiously divided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQ94tuawjdYUCdqhumeenthusiasmpgPA211_p._211]_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQ94tuawjdYUCdqhumeenthusiasmpgPA211_p._211]-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Hume thought that society is best governed by a general and impartial system of laws; he is less concerned about the form of government that administers these laws, so long as it does so fairly. However, he also clarified that a republic must produce laws, while "monarchy, when absolute, contains even something repugnant to law."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1741119_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1741119-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume expressed suspicion of attempts to reform society in ways that departed from long-established custom, and he counselled peoples not to resist their governments except in cases of the most egregious tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739550_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739550-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he resisted aligning himself with either of Britain's two political parties, the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>, explaining that "my views of <i>things</i> are more conformable to Whig principles; my representations of <i>persons</i> to Tory prejudices".<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scholar Jerry Z. Muller argues that Hume's political thoughts have characteristics that later became typical for <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">British conservatism</a>, which contain more positive views of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> than <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> does elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian philosopher Neil McArthur writes that Hume believed that we should try to balance our demands for liberty with the need for strong authority, without sacrificing either. McArthur characterises Hume as a "precautionary conservative,"<sup id="cite_ref-:13_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> whose actions would have been "determined by prudential concerns about the consequences of change, which often demand we ignore our own principles about what is ideal or even legitimate."<sup id="cite_ref-:13_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Hume supported the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">liberty of the press</a>, and was sympathetic to democracy, when suitably constrained. American historian <a href="/wiki/Douglass_Adair" title="Douglass Adair">Douglass Adair</a> has argued that Hume was a major inspiration for <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>'s writings, and the essay "<a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">Federalist No. 10</a>" in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair1957?_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair1957?-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume offered his view on the best type of society in an essay titled "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth", which lays out what he thought was the best form of government. He hoped that "in some future age, an opportunity might be afforded of reducing the theory to practice, either by a dissolution of some old government, or by the combination of men to form a new one, in some distant part of the world". He defended a strict <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralisation</a>, extending the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> to anyone who held property of value and limiting the power of the clergy. The system of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Switzerland">Swiss militia</a> was proposed as the best form of protection. Elections were to take place on an annual basis and representatives were to be unpaid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1987_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1987-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political philosophers <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cropsey" title="Joseph Cropsey">Joseph Cropsey</a>, writing of Hume's thoughts about "the wise statesman", note that he "will bear a reverence to what carries the marks of age." Also, if he wishes to improve a constitution, his innovations will take account of the "ancient fabric", in order not to disturb society.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the political analysis of philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Holland_Sabine" title="George Holland Sabine">George Holland Sabine</a>, the scepticism of Hume extended to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">government by consent</a>. He notes that "allegiance is a habit enforced by education and consequently as much a part of human nature as any other motive."<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1770s, Hume was critical of British policies toward the American colonies and advocated for American independence. He wrote in 1771 that "our union with America…in the nature of things, cannot long subsist."<sup id="cite_ref-wsj11042017_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj11042017-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_economic_thought">Contributions to economic thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Contributions to economic thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/330px-David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/440px-David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Statues of David Hume and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> by David Watson Stevenson on the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Portrait_Gallery" title="Scottish National Portrait Gallery">Scottish National Portrait Gallery</a> in Edinburgh</figcaption></figure> <p>Hume expressed his economic views in his <i>Political Discourses</i>, which were incorporated in <i>Essays and Treatises</i> as Part II of <i>Essays, Moral and Political</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To what extent he was influenced by Adam Smith is difficult to assess; however, both of them had similar principles supported from historical events.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time Hume did not demonstrate concrete system of economic theory which could be observed in Smith's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a></i>. However, he introduced several new ideas around which the "classical economics" of the 18th century was built.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his discussions on politics, Hume developed many ideas that are prevalent in the field of economics. This includes ideas on <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, inflation, and <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">foreign trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to his essay "<a href="/wiki/Of_the_Balance_of_Trade" title="Of the Balance of Trade">Of the Balance of Trade</a>", economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> (2012) has remarked that "David Hume created what I consider the first true economic model."<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, Hume believes that private property is not a natural right. Hume argues it is justified, because resources are limited. Private property would be an unjustified, "idle ceremonial," if all goods were unlimited and available freely.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume also believed in an unequal distribution of property, because perfect equality would destroy the ideas of thrift and industry. Perfect equality would thus lead to impoverishment.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Hume anticipated modern <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a>. First, Hume contributed to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity</a> and of interest rate. Hume has been credited with being the first to prove that, on an abstract level, there is no quantifiable amount of nominal money that a country needs to thrive. He understood that there was a difference between <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)"><i>nominal</i> and <i>real</i> money</a>. </p><p>Second, Hume has a theory of causation which fits in with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago-school</a> "<a href="/wiki/Black_box" title="Black box">black box</a>" approach. According to Hume, cause and effect are related only through correlation. Hume shared the belief with modern monetarists that changes in the supply of money can affect consumption and investment. </p><p>Lastly, Hume was a vocal advocate of a stable <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>, though also having some non-monetarist aspects to his economic philosophy. Having a stated preference for rising prices, for instance, Hume considered <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt</a> to be a sort of substitute for actual money, referring to such debt as "a kind of paper credit." He also believed in heavy <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxation</a>, believing that it increases effort. Hume's economic approach evidently resembles his other philosophies, in that he does not choose one side indefinitely, but sees gray in the situation<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg/220px-DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg/330px-DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg/440px-DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="4802" /></a><figcaption>Hume's statue on Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mile" title="Royal Mile">Royal Mile</a>, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stoddart" title="Alexander Stoddart">Alexander Stoddart</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to Hume's vast influence on contemporary philosophy, a large number of approaches in contemporary philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> are today called "<a href="/wiki/Humean" class="mw-redirect" title="Humean">Humean</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a>, a Scottish philosopher and contemporary of Hume, were often critical of Hume's scepticism. Reid formulated his <i><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a></i> philosophy, in part, as a reaction against Hume's views.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume influenced, and was influenced by, the Christian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a>. Hume was impressed by Butler's way of thinking about religion, and Butler may well have been influenced by Hume's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plat_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plat-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attention to Hume's philosophical works grew after the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> (1783), credited Hume with awakening him from his "dogmatic slumber."<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, "there is more to be learned from each page of David Hume than from the collected philosophical works of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart" title="Johann Friedrich Herbart">Herbart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a> taken together."<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a>, while introducing his classic exposition of logical positivism in 1936, claimed that his views were "the logical outcome of the empiricism of Berkeley and David Hume".<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, in 1915, wrote that he was inspired by Hume's positivism when formulating his theory of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume's problem of induction was also of fundamental importance to the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>. In his autobiography, <i>Unended Quest</i>, he wrote: "Knowledge ... is <i>objective</i>; and it is hypothetical or conjectural. This way of looking at the problem made it possible for me to reformulate Hume's <i>problem of induction</i>." This insight resulted in Popper's major work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery" title="The Logic of Scientific Discovery">The Logic of Scientific Discovery</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Conjectures and Refutations</i>, he wrote that he "approached the problem of induction through Hume", since Hume was "perfectly right in pointing out that induction cannot be logically justified".<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume's <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> in religious subjects influenced, via German-Scottish theologian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Spalding" title="Johann Joachim Spalding">Johann Joachim Spalding</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Neology" title="Neology">neology</a> school and <a href="/wiki/Rational_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational theology">rational theology</a>, and contributed to the transformation of German theology in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hume pioneered a comparative history of religion,<sup id="cite_ref-folg_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folg-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tried to explain various rites and traditions as being based on deception<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and challenged various aspects of rational and <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>, such as the argument from design.<sup id="cite_ref-folg_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folg-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Danish theologian and philosopher <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> adopted "Hume's suggestion that the role of reason is not to make us wise but to reveal our ignorance," though taking it as a reason for the necessity of religious faith, or <i><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideism</a></i>. The "fact that Christianity is contrary to reason…is the necessary precondition for true faith."<sup id="cite_ref-kirk_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political theorist <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>, who has also pointed out the similarities between the arguments of Hume and Kierkegaard against <a href="/wiki/Rational_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational theology">rational theology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-kirk_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirk-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has written about Hume's influence on what Berlin calls the <i><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">counter-Enlightenment</a></i> and on German anti-rationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berlin has also once said of Hume that "no man has influenced the history of philosophy to a deeper or more disturbing degree."<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a> described Hume's <i>Treatise</i> as "the founding document of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hume engaged with contemporary intellectuals including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">James Boswell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>). </p><p>Morris and Brown (2019) write that Hume is "generally regarded as one of the most important philosophers to write in English."<sup id="cite_ref-SEP_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, the David Hume Tower, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> building, was renamed to <a href="/wiki/40_George_Square" title="40 George Square">40 George Square</a>; this was following a campaign led by students of the university to rename it, in objection to Hume's writings related to race.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-studentnewspaper2020-09-28_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-studentnewspaper2020-09-28-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1734. <i>A Kind of History of My Life</i>. – <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">MSS</a> 23159 <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>A letter to an unnamed physician, asking for advice about "the Disease of the Learned" that then afflicted him. Here he reports that at the age of eighteen "there seem'd to be open'd up to me a new Scene of Thought" that made him "throw up every other Pleasure or Business" and turned him to scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1739–1740. <a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature"><i>A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to introduce the experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_71-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Hume intended to see whether the <i>Treatise of Human Nature</i> met with success, and if so, to complete it with books devoted to Politics and Criticism. However, as Hume explained, "It fell <i>dead-born from the press</i>, without reaching such distinction as even to excite a murmur among the zealots"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 352">: 352 </span></sup> and so his further project was not completed.</li></ul></li> <li>1740. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_(Abstract)" title="A Treatise of Human Nature (Abstract)">An Abstract of a Book lately Published: Entitled A Treatise of Human Nature etc</a></i>. <ul><li>Anonymously published, but almost certainly written by Hume<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an attempt to popularise his <a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature"><i>Treatise</i></a>. This work is of considerable philosophical interest as it spells out what Hume considered "The Chief Argument" of the <i>Treatise</i>, in a way that seems to anticipate the structure of the <i>Enquiry concerning Human Understanding</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>1741. <i><a href="/wiki/Essays,_Moral,_Political,_and_Literary" title="Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary">Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary</a></i> (2nd ed.)<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>A collection of pieces written and published over many years, though most were collected together in 1753–54. Many of the essays are on politics and economics; other topics include <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic judgement</a>, love, marriage and polygamy, and the demographics of ancient Greece and Rome. The Essays show some influence from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a>'s <i>Tatler</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">The Spectator</a></i>, which Hume read avidly in his youth.</li></ul></li> <li>1745. <i>A Letter from a Gentleman to His Friend in Edinburgh: Containing Some Observations on a Specimen of the Principles concerning Religion and Morality, said to be maintain'd in a Book lately publish'd, intituled A Treatise of Human Nature etc</i>. <ul><li>Contains a letter written by Hume to defend himself against charges of atheism and scepticism, while applying for a chair at Edinburgh University.</li></ul></li> <li>1742. "Of Essay Writing."<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1748. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a>.</i> <ul><li>Contains reworking of the main points of the <i>Treatise</i>, Book 1, with the addition of material on free will (adapted from Book 2), miracles, the Design Argument, and mitigated scepticism. <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Miracles" title="Of Miracles">Of Miracles</a></i>, section X of the <i>Enquiry</i>, was often published separately.</li></ul></li> <li>1751. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Morals" title="An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals">An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals</a>.</i> <ul><li>A reworking of material on morality from Book 3 of the <i>Treatise</i>, but with a significantly different emphasis. It "was thought by Hume to be the best of his writings."<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1752. <i>Political Discourses</i> (part II of <i><a href="/wiki/Essays,_Moral,_Political,_and_Literary" title="Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary">Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary</a></i> within the larger <i>Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects</i>, vol. 1). <ul><li>Included in <i>Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects</i> (1753–56) reprinted 1758–77.</li></ul></li> <li>1752–1758. <i>Political Discourses</i>/<i>Discours politiques</i></li> <li>1757. <i><a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations" title="Four Dissertations">Four Dissertations</a> –</i> includes 4 essays: <ul><li>"The Natural History of Religion"</li> <li>"Of the Passions"</li> <li>"Of Tragedy"</li> <li>"Of the Standard of Taste"</li></ul></li> <li>1754–1762. <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_(Hume)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of England (Hume)">The History of England</a></i> – sometimes referred to as <i>The History of Great Britain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>More a category of books than a single work, Hume's history spanned "from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688" and went through over 100 editions. Many considered it <i>the</i> standard history of England in its day.</li></ul></li> <li>1760. "Sister Peg" <ul><li>Hume claimed to have authored an anonymous political pamphlet satirizing the failure of the British Parliament to create a Scottish militia in 1760. Although the authorship of the work is disputed, Hume wrote Alexander Carlyle in early 1761 claiming authorship. The readership of the time attributed the work to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a>, a friend and associate of Hume's who has been sometimes called "the founder of modern sociology." Some contemporary scholars concur in the judgment that Ferguson, not Hume, was the author of this work.</li></ul></li> <li>1776. "My Own Life."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Penned in April, shortly before his death, this autobiography was intended for inclusion in a new edition of <i>Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects</i>. It was first published by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, who claimed that by doing so he had incurred "ten times more abuse than the very violent attack I had made upon the whole commercial system of Great Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1777. "Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul."<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1779. <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i>. <ul><li>Published posthumously by his nephew, David Hume the Younger. Being a discussion among three fictional characters concerning the nature of God, and is an important portrayal of the argument from design. Despite some controversy, most scholars agree that the view of Philo, the most sceptical of the three, comes closest to Hume's own.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/The_Missing_Shade_of_Blue" title="The Missing Shade of Blue">The Missing Shade of Blue</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Faculty of Advocates chose me their Librarian, an office from which I received little or no emolument, but which gave me the command of a large library." (<a href="#CITEREFHume1778">Hume 1776</a>:11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSW-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSW_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSW_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <a href="#CITEREFCraig1987">Craig (1987</a>, Ch. 2); <a href="#CITEREFStrawson2014">Strawson (2014)</a>; and <a href="#CITEREFWright1983">Wright (1983)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are Hume's terms. In modern parlance, <i>demonstration</i> may be termed <i><a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a></i>, while <i>probability</i> may be termed <i><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Millican" title="Peter Millican">Millican, Peter</a>. 1996. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020020313/http://www.davidhume.org/papers/millican/1996PhD.pdf">Hume, Induction and Probability</a></i>. Leeds: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidhume.org/papers/millican/1996PhD.pdf">original</a> on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <a href="#CITEREFRussell2008">Russell (2008)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2013">O'Connor (2013)</a>; and <a href="#CITEREFNorton1993">Norton (1993)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For this, see: Keynes, J. M. and P. Sraffa. 1965. "Introduction." In <i>An Abstract of A Treatise of Human Nature</i>, by D. Hume (1740). Connecticut: Archon Books</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SEP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEP_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, William Edward, and Charlotte R. Brown. 2019 [2001]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/">David Hume</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Stanford: Metaphysics Research Lab. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-FTJ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP-FTJ_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFumerton,_Richard2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fumerton, Richard (21 February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4">"Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foundationalist+Theories+of+Epistemic+Justification&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2000-02-21&rft.au=Fumerton%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fjustep-foundational%2F%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeter2016" class="citation book cs1">Demeter, Tamás (2016). <i>David Hume and the culture of Scottish Newtonianism : methodology and ideology in Enlightenment inquiry</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32731-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32731-3"><bdi>978-90-04-32731-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960722703">960722703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Hume+and+the+culture+of+Scottish+Newtonianism+%3A+methodology+and+ideology+in+Enlightenment+inquiry&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960722703&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32731-3&rft.aulast=Demeter&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Bostock_(philosopher)" title="David Bostock (philosopher)">David Bostock</a>, <i>Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, p. 43: "All of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our <i>ideas</i>, but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/">The Problem of Perception (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a>: "Paraphrasing David Hume (1739...; see also Locke 1690, Berkeley 1710, Russell 1912): nothing is ever directly present to the mind in perception except perceptual appearances."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2018" class="citation book cs1">David, Marian (3 October 2018). "The Correspondence Theory of Truth". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Correspondence+Theory+of+Truth&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftruth-correspondence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999?-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999?_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999?_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtherton1999">Atherton 1999</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cranston" title="Maurice Cranston">Cranston, Maurice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._E._Jessop" title="T. E. Jessop">Thomas Edmund Jessop</a>. 2020 [1999] "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Hume#toc12268">David Hume</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, M. H. 1966. "David Hume". <i>Library Quarterly</i> 36 (April): 88–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlin2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin, Isaiah</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9980.html"><i>The Roots of Romanticism</i></a> (2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691156200" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691156200"><bdi>978-0691156200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Romanticism&rft.place=Princeton&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691156200&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F9980.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739415-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739415_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1739">Hume 1739</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrett, Don. 2015. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AChWBQAAQBAJ">Hume</a></i> (reprint ed.). London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28334-2">978-0-415-28334-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-freewill/">"Hume on Free Will"</a>. <i>stanford.edu</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hume+on+Free+Will&rft.btitle=stanford.edu&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fhume-freewill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1778 [1776]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813092134/http://davidhume.org/texts/mol.html">My Own Life</a>." In <i>The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688</i> 1. London. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidhume.org/texts/mol.html">original</a> on 13 August 2015. Also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116061536/http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/humelife.html">via Rutgers University</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Ted. 2018 [2013]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401123150/http://www.humesociety.org/about/HumeBiography.asp">David Hume Biography</a>." <i>The Hume Society</i>. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume17783-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume17783_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume17783_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1778">Hume 1778</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner195830–33-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner195830–33_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossner1958">Mossner 1958</a>, pp. 30–33, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWright2009">Wright (2009</a>, p. 10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ygCgAAQBAJdqHumedidnotgraduatepgPA35_p._35]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK2ygCgAAQBAJdqHumedidnotgraduatepgPA35_p._35]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2004">Harris 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ygCgAAQBAJ&dq=Hume+did+not+graduate&pg=PA35">p. 35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1993346-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1993346_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1993">Hume 1993</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19958–9-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19958–9_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1995">Johnson 1995</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1950193-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1950193_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1950193_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossner1950">Mossner 1950</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1932 [1734] "Letter to a [Dr George Cheyne]". pp. 13–15 in <i>The Letters of David Hume</i> 1, edited by <a href="/wiki/J._Y._T._Greig" title="J. Y. T. Greig">J. Y. T. Greig</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-186158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-186158-1">978-0-19-186158-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780199693245.book.1">10.1093/actrade/9780199693245.book.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeofdavidhume0000mosspage204_204]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeofdavidhume0000mosspage204_204]_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossner1980">Mossner 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204">204</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, John P. 2003. "Dr. George Cheyne, Chevalier Ramsay, and Hume's Letter to a Physician." <i><a href="/wiki/Hume_Studies" title="Hume Studies">Hume Studies</a></i> 29(1):125–141. – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhms.2011.0100">10.1353/hms.2011.0100</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[[iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|204]]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[[iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|204]]_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980[[iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|204]]_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossner1980">Mossner 1980</a>, p. <a href="//archive.org/details/lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204">204</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxley2011" class="citation book cs1">Huxley, Thomas Henry (2011) [1879]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eH67vOxyjEYC&pg=PA7"><i>Hume</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/English_Men_of_Letters" title="English Men of Letters">English Men of Letters</a>. Vol. 39. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-03477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-03477-7"><bdi>978-1-108-03477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hume&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=English+Men+of+Letters&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-03477-7&rft.aulast=Huxley&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeH67vOxyjEYC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 2007 [1748]. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Millican" title="Peter Millican">P. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper2010" class="citation book cs1">Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2010). <i>History and the Enlightenment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Trevor-Roper&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1777. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813074441/http://davidhume.org/texts/etv2.html"><i>Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects</i> 2</a>. London. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidhume.org/texts/etv2.html">original</a> on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1950195-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1950195_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossner1950">Mossner 1950</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1993 [1734]. "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_kind_of_history_of_my_life" class="extiw" title="s:A kind of history of my life">A Kind of History of My Life</a>." In <i>The Cambridge Companion to Hume</i>, edited by D. F. 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Pottle, eds. 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boswellinextreme00bosw"><i>Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778</i></a></span>. New York, McGraw-Hill. 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boswell+in+Extremes%2C+1776%E2%80%931778&rft.pub=New+York%2C+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboswellinextreme00bosw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span> New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5217786M">5217786M</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/75102461">75-102461</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMkTSD5UHu8ACdqdarkhumeMichaelIgnatieffpgPA272_p._272]:_this_meeting_was_dramatised_in_semi-fictional_form_for_the_[[BBC]]_by_[[Michael_Ignatieff]]_as_''Dialogue_in_the_Dark''-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMkTSD5UHu8ACdqdarkhumeMichaelIgnatieffpgPA272_p._272]:_this_meeting_was_dramatised_in_semi-fictional_form_for_the_[[BBC]]_by_[[Michael_Ignatieff]]_as_''Dialogue_in_the_Dark''_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett2012">Bassett 2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkTSD5UHu8AC&dq=dark+hume+Michael+Ignatieff&pg=PA272">p. 272</a>: this meeting was dramatised in semi-fictional form for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> as <i>Dialogue in the Dark</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980591-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980591_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossner1980">Mossner 1980</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_pp._384–385]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_pp._384–385]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton1846">Burton 1846</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02burtgoog/page/n410">pp. 384–385</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_p._436,_footnote_1]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton1846[httpsarchiveorgdetailslifeandcorrespo02burtgoogpagen410_p._436,_footnote_1]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton1846">Burton 1846</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02burtgoog/page/n410">p. 436, footnote 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Adam. 1789 [1776]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyenglandf00humegoog#page/n21/mode/2up">Letter from Adam Smith, LL.D. to William Strathan, Esq.</a>" pp. xix–xxiv in <i>The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688</i> 1. London: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cadell_(publisher)" title="Thomas Cadell (publisher)">Thomas Cadell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_71-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1739. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712120258/http://www.davidhume.org/texts/thn.html"><i>A Treatise of Human Nature</i> 1</a>. London: John Noon. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston, Frederick</a>. 1999 [1960]. <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Philosophy_(Copleston)" title="A History of Philosophy (Copleston)">A History of Philosophy</a></i> 6. Kent: <a href="/wiki/Burns_%26_Oates" title="Burns & Oates">Burns & Oats</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-299-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-299-9">978-0-86012-299-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BMjrs7-gk9oC">Lay summary</a> via Google Books. pp. 405–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 2007 [1748]. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Millican" title="Peter Millican">P. Millican</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-152635-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-152635-0">978-0-19-152635-0</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/314220887">314220887</a>. pp. xii-xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrett, Don. 2002. <i>Cognition and Commitment in Hume's Philosophy</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515959-2">978-0-19-515959-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Allison" title="Henry E. Allison">Allison, Henry E.</a> 2008. <i>Custom and Reason in Hume: A Kantian Reading of the First Book of the Treatise</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953288-9">978-0-19-953288-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fieser, James. 2011. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/hume/">David Hume (1711–1776)</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, David Fate. 1999 [1993]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&u=redm07619&id=GALE%7CCX3450000731&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GVRL&asid=628c8aaa">Hume, David</a>." Pp. 398–403 in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Dictionary_of_Philosophy" title="The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy">Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</a></i> (2nd ed.), edited by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">R. Audi</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2020. – via <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drefcinski, Shane. (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.uwplatt.edu/~drefcins/humeencyclopediaentry.html">A Very Brief Summary of David Hume</a>." <i>Dr. Shane Drefcinski</i>. US: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Platteville" title="University of Wisconsin–Platteville">University of Wisconsin–Platteville</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509231819/http://people.uwplatt.edu/~drefcins/humeencyclopediaentry.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 2010 [1778]. <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a></i>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Masterplots" title="Masterplots">Masterplots</a></i> (4th ed.). pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985?-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985?_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenyonCraig1985">Kenyon & Craig 1985</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177726-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177726_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9u56iKhWQu4CdqhumeUniformityofNaturepgPA202_pp._202–203]-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtherton1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9u56iKhWQu4CdqhumeUniformityofNaturepgPA202_pp._202–203]_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtherton1999">Atherton 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9u56iKhWQu4C&dq=hume+Uniformity+of+Nature&pg=PA202">pp. 202–203</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777111-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777111_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777115-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777115_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985254-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyonCraig1985254_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenyonCraig1985">Kenyon & Craig 1985</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduBbfizzKTDoCpgPA42_p._42]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiduBbfizzKTDoCpgPA42_p._42]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2004">Harris 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBbfizzKTDoC&pg=PA42">p. 42</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopkin2014-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopkin2014_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopkin2014">Popkin 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReadRichman200213–14,_69-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReadRichman200213–14,_69_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReadRichman2002">Read & Richman 2002</a>, pp. 13–14, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidhume_1748-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidhume_1748_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Davidhume.org." Texts – An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748, 1777). Web. 19 March 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For this account of Hume's views on causation cf. <a href="#CITEREFAyer1946">Ayer (1946</a>, pp. 40–42)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739167-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739167_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1739">Hume 1739</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume173978-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume173978_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1739">Hume 1739</a>, p. 78, original emphasis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoventry2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgq348MmuojACq22effectinvolving22_pp._91–92]-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoventry2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgq348MmuojACq22effectinvolving22_pp._91–92]_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoventry2006">Coventry 2006</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gq348MmuojAC&q=%22effect+involving%22">pp. 91–92</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume2011187-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume2011187_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume2011">Hume 2011</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1990?-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburn1990?_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburn1990">Blackburn 1990</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by <a href="#CITEREFDauer2010">Dauer (2010</a>, p. 97)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177778,_fn_17-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177778,_fn_17_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 78, fn 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDicker200215-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDicker200215_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDicker2002">Dicker 2002</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurer2013-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurer2013_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurer2013">Maurer 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyer1946135–136-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyer1946135–136_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyer1946">Ayer 1946</a>, pp. 135–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParfit1984?-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParfit1984?_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParfit1984">Parfit 1984</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrawson2011?-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrawson2011?_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrawson2011">Strawson 2011</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwain2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQoh7_nZbBjYCdqhumeblackwellnewproblempgPA143_p._142]-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwain2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQoh7_nZbBjYCdqhumeblackwellnewproblempgPA143_p._142]_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwain2008">Swain 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qoh7_nZbBjYC&dq=hume+blackwell+new+problem&pg=PA143">p. 142</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiles1993?-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiles1993?_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiles1993">Giles 1993</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopnik2009?-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGopnik2009?_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGopnik2009">Gopnik 2009</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield201545,_107-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield201545,_107_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarfield2015">Garfield 2015</a>, pp. 45, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Mason" title="Michelle Mason">Mason, Michelle</a> (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617090548/http://www.humesociety.org/hs/issues/v31n2/mason/mason-v31n2.pdf">"Hume and Humeans on Practical Reason"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <b>31</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Hume_Studies" title="Hume Studies">Hume Studies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humesociety.org/hs/issues/v31n2/mason/mason-v31n2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hume+and+Humeans+on+Practical+Reason&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humesociety.org%2Fhs%2Fissues%2Fv31n2%2Fmason%2Fmason-v31n2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wallace, Jay (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/encyclopedia/archinfo.cgi?entry=practical-reason">"Practical Reason"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Practical+Reason&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fencyclopedia%2Farchinfo.cgi%3Fentry%3Dpractical-reason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECranston20144-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECranston20144_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCranston2014">Cranston 2014</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739458-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739458_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1739">Hume 1739</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume2013548-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume2013548_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume2013">Hume 2013</a>, p. 548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1965?-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1965?_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1965">Taylor 1965</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger2015-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2015_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2015_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinger2015">Singer 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739470-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739470_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1739">Hume 1739</a>, p. 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0pGKAgAAQBAJdqHumemeta-ethicsinfluencepgPA44_p._44]-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0pGKAgAAQBAJdqHumemeta-ethicsinfluencepgPA44_p._44]_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2002">Edwards 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pGKAgAAQBAJ&dq=Hume++meta-ethics+influence&pg=PA44">p. 44</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumber2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddh-E6oIlCkACdqHumeemotivisminfluencepgPA136_p._136]-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumber2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddh-E6oIlCkACdqHumeemotivisminfluencepgPA136_p._136]_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHumber2008">Humber 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dh-E6oIlCkAC&dq=Hume+emotivism+influence&pg=PA136">p. 136</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200597–100-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200597–100_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2005">Brown 2005</a>, pp. 97–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngier2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidndyMavMbiZMCdqHumeinfluencegibbardpgPA114_p._114]-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngier2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidndyMavMbiZMCdqHumeinfluencegibbardpgPA114_p._114]_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngier2012">Angier 2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndyMavMbiZMC&dq=Hume++influence+gibbard&pg=PA114">p. 114</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGracyk2011ch._1-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGracyk2011ch._1_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGracyk2011">Gracyk 2011</a>, ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1739Sect._VII_and_Sect_VIII,_pp._295–304-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1739Sect._VII_and_Sect_VIII,_pp._295–304_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1739">Hume 1739</a>, Sect. VII and Sect VIII, pp. 295–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECostelloe2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMH3_R04jW80CqdeformitypgPA111_p._viii]-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECostelloe2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMH3_R04jW80CqdeformitypgPA111_p._viii]_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCostelloe2013">Costelloe 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MH3_R04jW80C&q=deformity&pg=PA111">p. viii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzWMBAQAAQBAJdqhumeaestheticspgPA401_p._401]-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzWMBAQAAQBAJdqhumeaestheticspgPA401_p._401]_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWMBAQAAQBAJ&dq=hume+aesthetics&pg=PA401">p. 401</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSXlNY6xIMoCdqhumeoftragedypgPA324_pp._325–326]-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidZSXlNY6xIMoCdqhumeoftragedypgPA324_pp._325–326]_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2010">Schmidt 2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSXlNY6xIMoC&dq=hume+of+tragedy&pg=PA324">pp. 325–326</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScruton201418-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScruton201418_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScruton2014">Scruton 2014</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKennaCoates2015Ch._3-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKennaCoates2015Ch._3_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKennaCoates2015">McKenna & Coates 2015</a>, Ch. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1995-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1995_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1995">Russell 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2010?-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2010?_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2010?_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright2010">Wright 2010</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177781-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177781_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPassmore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvZRtAAAAQBAJdqhumepresumethatthereissomeambiguitypgPA73_p._73]-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPassmore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvZRtAAAAQBAJdqhumepresumethatthereissomeambiguitypgPA73_p._73]_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPassmore2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvZRtAAAAQBAJdqhumepresumethatthereissomeambiguitypgPA73_p._73]_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPassmore2013">Passmore 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZRtAAAAQBAJ&dq=hume+presume+that+there+is+some+ambiguity&pg=PA73">p. 73</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177782-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177782_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177795-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177795_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177796-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177796_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177798-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177798_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 98, original emphasis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMounceMounce2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqyepEVWo0v8CdqhumelibertyofspontaneitypgPA66_p._66]-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMounceMounce2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqyepEVWo0v8CdqhumelibertyofspontaneitypgPA66_p._66]_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMounceMounce2002">Mounce & Mounce 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyepEVWo0v8C&dq=hume+liberty+of+spontaneity&pg=PA66">p. 66</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFHobart1934">Hobart (1934</a>, p. ?) and <a href="#CITEREFCarrollMarkosian2010">Carroll & Markosian (2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6bcZq4_4gUC&dq=hume+hobart+Free+Will+as+Involving&pg=PA54">p. 54, note 11</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrawson2008?-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrawson2008?_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrawson2008">Strawson 2008</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66b8FJmZQ38Cqhumemoral2Creactive_p._348]-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid66b8FJmZQ38Cqhumemoral2Creactive_p._348]_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad1995">Prasad 1995</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66b8FJmZQ38C&q=hume+moral%2C+reactive">p. 348</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plat-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plat_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plat_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plat_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussel,_Paul2010" class="citation 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hume+on+Religion&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Russel%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2008%2Fentries%2Fhume-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdqhumereligionpgPA7_pp._7–8]-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdqhumereligionpgPA7_pp._7–8]_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2013">O'Connor 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntygPAezQJUC&dq=hume+religion&pg=PA7">pp. 7–8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mullen, Shirley (2003). "David Hume and a Christian Perspective on History". <i>Fides et Historia</i>. <b>XXXV</b>: 49–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fides+et+Historia&rft.atitle=David+Hume+and+a+Christian+Perspective+on+History&rft.volume=XXXV&rft.pages=49-60&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossner1980206-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossner1980206_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMossner1980">Mossner 1980</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellKraal2021" class="citation cs2">Russell, Paul; Kraal, Anders (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/hume-religion/">"Hume on Religion"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hume+on+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2021&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kraal%2C+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2021%2Fentries%2Fhume-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScharfstein1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiZQy2lu70bwCdqhumefishwivespgPA454_p._454,_footnote]-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScharfstein1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidiZQy2lu70bwCdqhumefishwivespgPA454_p._454,_footnote]_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScharfstein1998">Scharfstein 1998</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&dq=hume++fishwives&pg=PA454">p. 454, footnote</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1777 [1741]. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/se">Of Superstition and Enthusiasm</a>." Essay X in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/full">Essays Moral, Political, and Literary (1742–1754)</a>.</i> Retrieved 19 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710222300/http://www.davidhume.org/texts/emp.html">Archived</a>. Also available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.upenn.edu/~mgamer/Etexts/hume.superstition.html">Full text</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/704#Hume_0059_254">Liberty Fund edition</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume177751-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume177751_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume175734-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume175734_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1757">Hume 1757</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume174173–76-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume174173–76_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1741">Hume 1741</a>, pp. 73–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume175763-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume175763_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1757">Hume 1757</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1998" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Lou (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RaPQgAACAAJ"><i>Hume's Religious Naturalism</i></a>. University Press of America. pp. 1–3, 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0982-1"><bdi>978-0-7618-0982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hume%27s+Religious+Naturalism&rft.pages=1-3%2C+41-42&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-0982-1&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RaPQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Russell_(philosopher)" title="Paul Russell (philosopher)">Russell, Paul</a>. 2008. <i>The Riddle of Hume's Treatise: Skepticism, Naturalism, and Irreligion</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975152-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975152-5">978-0-19-975152-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdq22buthedidnotruleoutallconceptsofdeity22pgPA19_pp._11,_19]-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidntygPAezQJUCdq22buthedidnotruleoutallconceptsofdeity22pgPA19_pp._11,_19]_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2013">O'Connor 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntygPAezQJUC&dq=%22but+he+did+not+rule+out+all+concepts+of+deity%22&pg=PA19">pp. 11, 19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RE-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RE_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RE_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRE">RE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777148-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777148_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeb2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6ECxW_2tAf0CdqcompanionhumeobserveneitherGodnorotheruniversespgPA118_p._118]-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeb2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6ECxW_2tAf0CdqcompanionhumeobserveneitherGodnorotheruniversespgPA118_p._118]_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoeb2010">Loeb 2010</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ECxW_2tAf0C&dq=companion+hume+observe+neither+God+nor+other+universes&pg=PA118">p. 118</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadden2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUKSZeRnuyjACdqteleologicalgodhumedarwinpgPA150_p._150,_emphasis_removed.]-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadden2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUKSZeRnuyjACdqteleologicalgodhumedarwinpgPA150_p._150,_emphasis_removed.]_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadden2005">Madden 2005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKSZeRnuyjAC&dq=teleological+god+hume+darwin&pg=PA150">p. 150, emphasis removed.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1779167-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1779167_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1779">Hume 1779</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennett2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi1tNI9646Q4CdqhumeanthropicprinciplepgPA620_pp._620–621]-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDennett2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi1tNI9646Q4CdqhumeanthropicprinciplepgPA620_pp._620–621]_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDennett2009">Dennett 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1tNI9646Q4C&dq=hume++anthropic+principle&pg=PA620">pp. 620–621</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006101-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006101_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaileyO'Brien2006">Bailey & O'Brien 2006</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777110–111-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777110–111_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777113-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777113_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777113_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777113_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777116–131-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777116–131_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, pp. 116–131, Part II of Section X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777119-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777119_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006105–108-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006105–108_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyO'Brien2006105–108_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaileyO'Brien2006">Bailey & O'Brien 2006</a>, pp. 105–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777110-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777110_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhluwalia2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-PCV11VQ8PYCdq22UnderstandingPhilosophyofReligion22humepgPA104_pp._104–106]-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhluwalia2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid-PCV11VQ8PYCdq22UnderstandingPhilosophyofReligion22humepgPA104_pp._104–106]_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhluwalia2008">Ahluwalia 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PCV11VQ8PYC&dq=%22Understanding+Philosophy+of+Religion%22+hume&pg=PA104">pp. 104–106</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1777126-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1777126_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1777">Hume 1777</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/essayinanswertom00adamiala#page/14/mode/2up"><i>An essay in answer to Mr. Hume's Essay on miracles</i></a>. London : White. 1767<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Merrill</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">So quoted in <a href="#CITEREFLivingston1965">Livingston (1965)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHume1888note_13_to_letter_LXXXIV-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHume1888note_13_to_letter_LXXXIV_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHume1888">Hume 1888</a>, note 13 to letter LXXXIV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPX86AAAAIAAJqpoliticsmoderationhumedetested_p._150]-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes1985[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPX86AAAAIAAJqpoliticsmoderationhumedetested_p._150]_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbes1985">Forbes 1985</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PX86AAAAIAAJ&q=politics+moderation+hume+detested">p. 150</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner1972" class="citation journal cs1">Werner, John (1972). 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Princeton U.P. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03711-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03711-0"><bdi>978-0-691-03711-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism%3A+An+Anthology+of+Social+and+Political+Thought+from+David+Hume+to+the+Present&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Princeton+U.P.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03711-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9F7i5u4sOtgC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McArthur, Neil. 2007. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLq-4rxR5ncC">David Hume's Political Theory: Law, Commerce, and the Constitution of Government</a></i>. 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There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent either in action or speculation. No ingenious manufactures amongst them, no arts, no science...'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Hume%27s+Revised+Racism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-486&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709889%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709889&rft.aulast=Immerwahr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1741. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/full">Essays Moral, Political, and Literary</a></i> 1. Retrieved 19 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710222300/http://www.davidhume.org/texts/emp.html">Archived</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hume-essays-moral-political-literary-lf-ed">Liberty Fund edition</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume, David. 1993 [1742]. "Of Essay Writing," translated by F. Grandjean. Mauvezin, France: Trans-Europ-Repress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1943" class="citation web cs1">Sampson, George (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoI6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA548">"Samson, G., <i>The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature</i>, CUP Archive, 1941, p. 548"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samson%2C+G.%2C+The+Concise+Cambridge+History+of+English+Literature%2C+CUP+Archive%2C+1941%2C+p.+548&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoI6AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Adam. 1789. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/historyenglandf00humegoog/page/n8/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyenglandf00humegoog/page/n8/mode/2up">The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688</a></i> 1. London: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cadell_(publisher)" title="Thomas Cadell (publisher)">Thomas Cadell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryPaganelliSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Christopher J.; Paganelli, Maria Pia; Smith, Craig (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7Bef_1f_w0C&pg=PA466"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Adam Smith</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960506-4"><bdi>978-0-19-960506-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Adam+Smith&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960506-4&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft.au=Paganelli%2C+Maria+Pia&rft.au=Smith%2C+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7Bef_1f_w0C%26pg%3DPA466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ESSAYS ON SUICIDE AND THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://public-library.uk/ebooks/47/13.pdf">http://public-library.uk/ebooks/47/13.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair1957" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglass_Adair" title="Douglass Adair">Adair, Douglass</a> (1957). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science": David Hume, James Madison, and the Tenth Federalist". <i><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library_Quarterly" title="Huntington Library Quarterly">Huntington Library Quarterly</a></i>. <b>20</b> (4): 343–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3816276">10.2307/3816276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3816276">3816276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huntington+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22That+Politics+May+Be+Reduced+to+a+Science%22%3A+David+Hume%2C+James+Madison%2C+and+the+Tenth+Federalist&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=343-360&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3816276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3816276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhluwalia2008" class="citation book cs1">Ahluwalia, Libby (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-PCV11VQ8PYC"><i>Understanding Philosophy of Religion</i></a> (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Folens" class="mw-redirect" title="Folens">Folens</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85008-264-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85008-264-4"><bdi>978-1-85008-264-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Philosophy+of+Religion&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Folens&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85008-264-4&rft.aulast=Ahluwalia&rft.aufirst=Libby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-PCV11VQ8PYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Anderson, R. F. (1966). <i>Hume's First Principles</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, Lincoln.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngier2012" class="citation book cs1">Angier, Tom, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndyMavMbiZMC"><i>Ethics: The Key Thinkers</i></a>. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4939-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4939-8"><bdi>978-1-4411-4939-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics%3A+The+Key+Thinkers&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4939-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndyMavMbiZMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtherton1999" class="citation book cs1">Atherton, Margaret, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oXqnQEACAAJ"><i>The Empiricists: Critical Essays on Locke, Berkeley, and Hume</i></a>. Critical essays on the classics. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8913-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8913-2"><bdi>978-0-8476-8913-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empiricists%3A+Critical+Essays+on+Locke%2C+Berkeley%2C+and+Hume&rft.series=Critical+essays+on+the+classics&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8913-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5oXqnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyer1946" class="citation book cs1">Ayer, Alfred Jules (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AlfredAyer"><i>Language, Truth and Logic</i></a> (reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Truth+and+Logic&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Ayer&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAlfredAyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyO'Brien2006" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Alan; O'Brien, Dan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBpXPoRyocwC"><i>Hume's 'Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding': A Reader's Guide</i></a>. Continuum reader's guides. <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8509-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-8509-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hume%27s+%27Enquiry+Concerning+Human+Understanding%27%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.series=Continuum+reader%27s+guides&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8509-0&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBpXPoRyocwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett2012" class="citation book cs1">Bassett, Kate (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkTSD5UHu8AC"><i>In Two Minds: a Biography of Jonathan Miller</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oberon_Books" title="Oberon Books">Oberon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84943-738-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84943-738-7"><bdi>978-1-84943-738-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Two+Minds%3A+a+Biography+of+Jonathan+Miller&rft.pub=Oberon+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84943-738-7&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkTSD5UHu8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_History2014" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_enlightenment.shtml">"Great Thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_History" title="BBC History">BBC History</a></i>. 14 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=Great+Thinkers+of+the+Scottish+Enlightenment&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fscottishhistory%2Fenlightenment%2Ffeatures_enlightenment_enlightenment.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Blackburn, Simon</a> (Autumn 1990). "Hume and Thick Connexions". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_Phenomenological_Research" title="Philosophy and Phenomenological Research">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a></i>. 50, Supplement: 237–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2108041">10.2307/2108041</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2108041">2108041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Phenomenological+Research&rft.atitle=Hume+and+Thick+Connexions&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=50%2C+Supplement&rft.pages=237-250&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2108041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2108041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Blackburn, Simon</a> (October 1995). 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L. (1998). <i>David Hume – Prophet of the Counter-Revolution</i>. Liberty Fund, Indianapolis</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1970" class="citation book cs1">Boswell, James (1970). Weis, Charles McC.; Pottle, Frederick A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ctz1MgEACAAJ"><i>Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778</i></a>. 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Morals and historical writing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=David+Hume+%E2%80%93+Scottish+philosopher.+Morals+and+historical+writing&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014-11-16&rft.aulast=Cranston&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F276139%2FDavid-Hume%2F12264%2FMorals-and-historical-writing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Daiches D., Jones P., Jones J. (eds). <i>The Scottish Enlightenment: 1730–1790 A Hotbed of Genius</i> The University of Edinburgh, 1986. 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(ed.). <i>A Companion to Hume</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 89–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470696583.ch5">10.1002/9780470696583.ch5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3786-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-3786-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hume+on+the+Relation+of+Cause+and+Effect&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Hume&rft.pages=89-105&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470696583.ch5&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3786-0&rft.aulast=Dauer&rft.aufirst=Francis+Watanabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ECxW_2tAf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDees2010" class="citation book cs1">Dees, Richard H. 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(1915) <i>Letter to <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Schlick" title="Moritz Schlick">Moritz Schlick</a></i>, Schwarzschild, B. (trans. & ed.) in <i>The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein</i>, vol. 8A, R. Schulmann, A. J. Fox, J. Illy, (eds.) Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (1998), p. 220.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson2009" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Roger L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqsBDKDOFLkC"><i>Essays on David Hume Medical Men and the Scottish Enlightenment: Industry Knowledge and Humanity</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays%2C+Moral+and+Political&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=A.+Kincaid&rft.date=1741&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidhume.org%2Ftexts%2Femp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1987" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1987). "Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth". In Miller, Eugene F. (ed.). <i>Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary</i>. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+David+Hume+to+William+Strahan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924029078776%2Fcu31924029078776_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1757" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1757). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416125213/http://www.davidhume.org/texts/fd.html">"The Natural History of Religion"</a>. <i>Four Dissertations</i>. London: A. Millar. 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Broadview editions. <a href="/wiki/Broadview_Press" title="Broadview Press">Broadview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-804-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-804-8"><bdi>978-1-55111-804-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+C%3A+From+Adam+Smith%2C+The+Theory+of+Moral+Sentiments+%281759%29&rft.btitle=Essays+and+Treatises+on+Philosophical+Subjects&rft.series=Broadview+editions&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-804-8&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93OaZl2pmCcC%26q%3DHume%2B%2Badam%2Bsmith%2Bclose%2Bfriend%2Bsentiment%26pg%3DPA548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1993" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1993). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_kind_of_history_of_my_life">"A Kind of History of My Life"</a>. 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Mauvezin, France, Trans-Europ-Repress, 1993, 22 cm, V-260 p. Bibliographic notes, index.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume2011" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (2011). Greig, J.Y.T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-YghlmN108C"><i>The Letters of David Hume: 1727–1765</i></a>. 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Vol. 1. London: via <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, edited by Jack Lynch. pp. 1–21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Texts/humelife.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=My+Own+Life&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England%2C+from+the+Invasion+of+Julius+C%C3%A6sar+to+the+Revolution+in+1688&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=via+Rutgers+University%2C+edited+by+Jack+Lynch&rft.date=1778&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandromeda.rutgers.edu%2F~jlynch%2FTexts%2Fhumelife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1789" class="citation book cs1">Hume, David (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyenglandf00humegoog#page/n21/mode/2up">"Letter from Adam Smith, LL.D. to William Strathan, Esq."</a>. <i>The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to the Revolution in 1688</i>. Vol. 1. London: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cadell_(publisher)" title="Thomas Cadell (publisher)">Thomas Cadell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. pp. xix–xxiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+from+Adam+Smith%2C+LL.D.+to+William+Strathan%2C+Esq.&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England%2C+from+the+Invasion+of+Julius+C%C3%A6sar+to+the+Revolution+in+1688&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xix-xxiv&rft.pub=Thomas+Cadell+and+Longman&rft.date=1789&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistoryenglandf00humegoog%23page%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Husserl, E. (1970). <i>The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</i>, Carr, D. 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"The Humean Theory of Motivation". <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>. <b>96</b> (381) (New Series ed.): 36–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FXCVI.381.36">10.1093/mind/XCVI.381.36</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=The+Humean+Theory+of+Motivation&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=381&rft.pages=36-61&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2FXCVI.381.36&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer,_Mark_G." class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer, Mark G.">Spencer, Mark G.</a>, ed. <i>David Hume: Historical Thinker, Historical Writer</i> (Penn State University Press; 2013) 282 pages; Interdisciplinary essays that consider his intertwined work as historian and philosopher</li> <li>Spiegel, Henry William, (1991). <i>The Growth of Economic Thought</i>, 3rd Ed., Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrawson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Strawson, Galen</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608508.001.0001/acprof-9780199608508"><i>The Evident Connexion: Hume on Personal Identity</i></a>. Oxford Scholarship Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199608508.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608508.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960850-8"><bdi>978-0-19-960850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evident+Connexion%3A+Hume+on+Personal+Identity&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199608508.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960850-8&rft.aulast=Strawson&rft.aufirst=Galen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199608508.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199608508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrawson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Galen_Strawson" title="Galen Strawson">Strawson, Galen</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htRFAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Secret Connexion: Causation, Realism, and David Hume</i></a>. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology Series. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960585-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960585-9"><bdi>978-0-19-960585-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Connexion%3A+Causation%2C+Realism%2C+and+David+Hume&rft.series=Chicago+Studies+in+Ethnomusicology+Series&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960585-9&rft.aulast=Strawson&rft.aufirst=Galen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtRFAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrawson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson, Sir Peter Frederick</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4R8AgAAQBAJ"><i>Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06087-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06087-0"><bdi>978-1-134-06087-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+Resentment+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-06087-0&rft.aulast=Strawson&rft.aufirst=Sir+Peter+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4R8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stroud, B. (1977). <i>Hume</i>, Routledge: London & New York.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain2008" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Corliss Gaida (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qoh7_nZbBjYC">"Personal Identity"</a>. In Traiger, Saul (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Guide to Hume's Treatise</i>. Blackwell Guides to Great Works. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5313-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-5313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Guide+to+Hume%27s+Treatise&rft.series=Blackwell+Guides+to+Great+Works&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5313-3&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Corliss+Gaida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQoh7_nZbBjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, A. E. (1927). <i>David Hume and the Miraculous</i>, Leslie Stephen Lecture. Cambridge, pp. 53–54. reprinted in his <i><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.222686/page/n340/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.222686/page/n340/mode/1up">Philosophical Studies</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1965" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, W. L. (1965). <i>Francis Hutcheson and David Hume as Predecessors of Adam Smith</i>. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+Hutcheson+and+David+Hume+as+Predecessors+of+Adam+Smith&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmann2014" class="citation book cs1">Waldmann, Felix (2014). <i>Further Letters of David Hume</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Bibliographical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Further+Letters+of+David+Hume&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+Bibliographical+Society&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Waldmann&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertz1975" class="citation journal cs1">Wertz, S. K. (1975). "Hume, History, and Human Nature". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a></i>. <b>36</b> (3): 481–496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708658">10.2307/2708658</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708658">2708658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Hume%2C+History%2C+and+Human+Nature&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-496&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wertz, S. K. (1993). "Hume and the Historiography of Science". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a></i>. <b>54</b> (3): 411–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2710021">10.2307/2710021</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710021">2710021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Hume+and+the+Historiography+of+Science&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-436&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2710021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2710021%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2012" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q94tuawjdYUC"><i>Theory and Practice in the Philosophy of David Hume</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02643-9"><bdi>978-1-137-02643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+in+the+Philosophy+of+David+Hume&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02643-9&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ94tuawjdYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgm8yY6-eGkC"><i>Hume's 'A Treatise of Human Nature': An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge Introductions to Key Philosophical Texts. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83376-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83376-9"><bdi>978-0-521-83376-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hume%27s+%27A+Treatise+of+Human+Nature%27%3A+An+Introduction&rft.series=Cambridge+Introductions+to+Key+Philosophical+Texts&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83376-9&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtgm8yY6-eGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1983" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John P. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scepticalrealism0000wrig"><i>The Sceptical Realism of David Hume</i></a></span>. Studies in intellectual history and the history of philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0882-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-0882-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sceptical+Realism+of+David+Hume&rft.series=Studies+in+intellectual+history+and+the+history+of+philosophy&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0882-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscepticalrealism0000wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2010" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Richard (2010). <i>Understanding Religious Ethics: A Complete Guide for OCR AS and A2</i>. Studies in intellectual history and the history of philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Religious+Ethics%3A+A+Complete+Guide+for+OCR+AS+and+A2&rft.series=Studies+in+intellectual+history+and+the+history+of+philosophy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>David Hume</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=49226972&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=49226972">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=49226972&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By David Hume</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=49226972&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=49226972">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=49226972&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsonMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adamson_(philosopher)" title="Robert Adamson (philosopher)">Adamson, Robert</a>; Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hume, David"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hume,_David">"Hume, David" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 876–884.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hume%2C+David&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=876-884&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ardal, Pall (1966). <i>Passion and Value in Hume's Treatise</i>, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.</li> <li>Bailey, Alan & O'Brien, Dan (eds.) (2012). <i>The Continuum Companion to Hume</i>, New York: Continuum.</li> <li>Bailey, Alan & O'Brien, Dan. (2014). <i>Hume's Critique of Religion: Sick Men's Dreams</i>, Dordrecht: Springer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Beauchamp, Tom</a> & <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Alexander</a> (1981). <i><a href="/wiki/Hume_and_the_Problem_of_Causation" title="Hume and the Problem of Causation">Hume and the Problem of Causation</a></i>, New York, Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Beveridge, Craig (1982), review of <i>The Life of David Hume</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Campbell_Mossner" title="Ernest Campbell Mossner">Ernest Campbell Mossner</a>, in Murray, Glen (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a></i> No. 8, Spring 1982, p. 46, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Campbell_Mossner" title="Ernest Campbell Mossner">Campbell Mossner, Ernest</a> (1980). <i>The Life of David Hume</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> (1953). <i>Empirisme et subjectivité. Essai sur la Nature Humaine selon Hume</i>, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France; trans. <i>Empiricism and Subjectivity</i>, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemeter2012" class="citation journal cs1">Demeter, Tamás (2012). "Hume's Experimental Method". <i>British Journal for the History of Philosophy</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09608788.2012.670842">10.1080/09608788.2012.670842</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002A-7F3A-B">11858/00-001M-0000-002A-7F3A-B</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170120193">170120193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hume%27s+Experimental+Method&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=577&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002A-7F3A-B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170120193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09608788.2012.670842&rft.aulast=Demeter&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Demeter, Tamás (2014). "Natural Theology as Superstition: Hume and the Changing Ideology of Moral Inquiry." In Demeter, T. et al. (eds.), <i>Conflicting Values of Inquiry</i>, Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>Garrett, Don (1996). <i>Cognition and Commitment in Hume's Philosophy</i>. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Gaskin, J.C.A. (1978). <i>Hume's Philosophy of Religion</i>. Humanities Press International.</li> <li>Harris, James A. (2015). <i>Hume: An Intellectual Biography</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Hesselberg, A. Kenneth (1961). <i>Hume, Natural Law and Justice</i>. Duquesne Review, Spring 1961, pp. 46–47.</li> <li>Kail, P. J. E. (2007) <i>Projection and Realism in Hume's Philosophy</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kemp_Smith" title="Norman Kemp Smith">Kemp Smith, Norman</a> (1941). <i>The Philosophy of David Hume</i>. London: Macmillan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarvesonTrenchard2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Narveson" title="Jan Narveson">Narveson, Jan</a>; Trenchard, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n142.xml">"Hume, David (1711–1776)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>Nozick, Robert (1938–2002)</i>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 230–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n220">10.4135/9781412965811.n220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nozick%2C+Robert+%281938%E2%80%932002%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=230-231&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n220&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Narveson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Trenchard%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn142.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Norton, David Fate (1982). <i>David Hume: Common-Sense Moralist, Sceptical Metaphysician</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Norton, David Fate & Taylor, Jacqueline (eds.) (2009). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Hume</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Radcliffe, Elizabeth S. (ed.) (2008). <i>A Companion to Hume</i>, Malden: Blackwell.</li> <li>Rosen, Frederick (2003). <i>Classical Utilitarianism from Hume to Mill</i> (Routledge Studies in Ethics & Moral Theory). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22094-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22094-1">978-0-415-22094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Russell_(philosopher)" title="Paul Russell (philosopher)">Russell, Paul</a> (1995). <i>Freedom and Moral Sentiment: Hume's Way of Naturalizing Responsibility</i>. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Russell_(philosopher)" title="Paul Russell (philosopher)">Russell, Paul</a> (2008). <i>The Riddle of Hume's Treatise: Skepticism, Naturalism and Irreligion</i>. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Stroud" title="Barry Stroud">Stroud, Barry</a> (1977). <i>Hume</i>, London & New York: Routledge. (Complete study of Hume's work parting from the interpretation of Hume's naturalistic philosophical programme).</li> <li>Wei, Jua (2017). <i>Commerce and Politics in Hume’s History of England</i>, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/?s=Hume+wei">online review</a></li> <li>Willis, Andre C (2015). <i>Toward a Humean True Religion: Genuine Theism, Moderate Hope, and Practical Morality</i>, University Park: Penn State University Press.</li> <li>Wilson, Fred (2008). <i>The External World and Our Knowledge of It : Hume's critical realism, an exposition and a defence</i>, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/david-hume">Works by David Hume in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1440">Works by David Hume</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/70">Works by David Hume</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/Online_Books_Page" title="Online Books Page">Online Books Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidhume.org">Hume Texts Online</a> searchable texts, with related resources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Millican" title="Peter Millican">Peter Millican</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309013551/https://davidhume.org/scholarship/millican"><i>Papers and Talks on Hume</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Millican" title="Peter Millican">Peter Millican</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809021226/http://www.millican.org/research.htm"><i>Research</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bennett_(philosopher)" title="Jonathan Bennett (philosopher)">Bennett, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/authors/hume">"David Hume"</a>. <i>Texts From Early Modern Philosophy</i>. <q>PDF, EPUB, MP3, MOBI</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texts+From+Early+Modern+Philosophy&rft.atitle=David+Hume&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlymoderntexts.com%2Fauthors%2Fhume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Hume" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Translations of philosophical classics into contemporary English, from English, Latin, French and German.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126113951/https://unendedquest.org/2019/12/01/david-humes-my-own-life-and-adam-smiths-obituary-of-hume/"><i>David Hume: My Own Life</i> and <i>Adam Smith: obituary of Hume</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207124622/http://www.utilitarian.net/hume/">Bibliography of Hume's influence on Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humesociety.org/">The Hume Society</a>, publishes <i>Hume Studies</i> and holds conferences</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:David_Hume" title="Template:David Hume"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:David_Hume" title="Template talk:David Hume"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:David_Hume" title="Special:EditPage/Template:David Hume"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="David_Hume" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_Human_Understanding" title="An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding">An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Morals" title="An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals">An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays,_Moral,_Political,_and_Literary" title="Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary">Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Dissertations" title="Four Dissertations">Four Dissertations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_(Hume)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of England (Hume)">The History of England</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_(Hume)" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of England (Hume)">The History of Great Britain</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument#British_empiricists" title="Teleological argument">Argument for the existence of God from design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">Is–ought problem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hume%27s_principle" title="Hume's principle">Hume's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%E2%80%93ought_problem" title="Is–ought problem">Hume's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume%27s_fork" title="Hume's fork">Hume's fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Missing_Shade_of_Blue" title="The Missing Shade of Blue">The Missing Shade of Blue</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Of_Miracles" title="Of Miracles">Of Miracles</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricists" class="mw-redirect" title="Empiricists">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%E2%80%93specie_flow_mechanism" title="Price–specie flow mechanism">Price–specie flow mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hume_Studies" title="Hume Studies">Hume Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature_(Abstract)" title="A Treatise of Human Nature (Abstract)">A Treatise of Human Nature (Abstract)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_claims_require_extraordinary_evidence" title="Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence">Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classical_economists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_economists" title="Template:Classical economists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_economists" title="Template talk:Classical economists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_economists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical economists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classical_economists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Bernard Mandeville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Chydenius" title="Anders Chydenius">Anders Chydenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">James Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Place" title="Francis Place">Francis Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thornton_(reformer)" title="Henry Thornton (reformer)">Henry Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch" title="John Ramsay McCulloch">John Ramsay McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Maitland,_8th_Earl_of_Lauderdale" title="James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale">James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">Johann Heinrich von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_William_Senior" title="Nassau William Senior">Nassau William Senior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tooke" title="Thomas Tooke">Thomas Tooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Torrens_(economist)" title="Robert Torrens (economist)">Robert Torrens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A posteriori</i> knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_science" title="Template talk:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>A priori</i> and <i>a posteriori</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill%27s_Methods" title="Mill's Methods">Mill's Methods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensurability_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Commensurability (philosophy of science)">Commensurability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">Correlation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_function" title="Correlation function">function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_synthesis" title="Creative synthesis">Creative synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">Empirical evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">Explanatory power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_contextualism" title="Functional contextualism">Functional contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hypothesis" title="Alternative hypothesis">alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignoramus_et_ignorabimus" title="Ignoramus et ignorabimus">Ignoramus et ignorabimus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Inductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" title="Intertheoretic reduction">Intertheoretic reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">Paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">Evidence-based practice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">Scientific law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pluralism" title="Scientific pluralism">Scientific pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">Testability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">Theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theory_choice" title="Theory choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory-ladenness" title="Theory-ladenness">ladenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underdetermination" title="Underdetermination">Underdetermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_and_attribute_(research)" title="Variable and attribute (research)">Variable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable" title="Control variable">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables" title="Dependent and independent variables">dependent and independent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" title="Index of philosophy of science articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" title="Constructive empiricism">Constructive empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_realism" title="Constructive realism">Constructive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">Epistemological anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" title="Hypothetico-deductive model">Hypothetico-deductive model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductionism" title="Inductionism">Inductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-dependent_realism" title="Model-dependent realism">Model-dependent realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" title="Received view of theories">Received view</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" title="Semantic view of theories">Semantic view of theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_essentialism" title="Scientific essentialism">Scientific essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_formalism" title="Scientific formalism">Scientific formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy of...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_chemistry" title="Philosophy of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Space and time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of economics">Economics‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_research" title="Descriptive research">Descriptive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exact_sciences" title="Exact sciences">Exact sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_science" title="Hard and soft science">Hard and soft science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-science" title="Non-science">Non-science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_science" title="Normative science">Normative science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" title="Rhetoric of science">Rhetoric of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historians_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_Europe" title="Category:Historians of Europe">Historians of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein" title="Elizabeth Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin" title="Henri-Jean Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Roberts" title="J. M. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_de_Schaepdrijver" title="Sophie de Schaepdrijver">de Schaepdrijver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Pe%C3%A7evi" title="İbrahim Peçevi">Peçevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antun_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87" title="Antun Knežević">Knežević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdija_Kre%C5%A1evljakovi%C4%87" title="Hamdija Kreševljaković">Kreševljaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Redžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Vego" title="Marko Vego">Vego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmedin_Mesihovi%C4%87" title="Salmedin Mesihović">Mesihović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bailyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rudolph_Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Rudolph Elton">Elton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Harding Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Christopher_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edward Christopher Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Lloyd" title="John Edward Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bernstein_Namier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Bernstein Namier">Namier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">Seeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stone" title="Lawrence Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper,_Baron_Dacre_of_Glanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood" title="C. V. Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirjana_Gross" title="Mirjana Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Katičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Klai%C4%87" title="Nada Klaić">Klaić (Nada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Klai%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Klaić">Klaić (Vjekoslav)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lucius" title="Johannes Lucius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trpimir_Macan" title="Trpimir Macan">Macan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Ra%C4%8Dki" title="Franjo Rački">Rački</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ferdo Šišić">Šišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadija_Smi%C4%8Diklas" title="Tadija Smičiklas">Smičiklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovi%C4%87" title="Pavao Ritter Vitezović">Vitezović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodkin" title="Mikhail Borodkin">Borodkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesar_Ordin" title="Kesar Ordin">Ordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Becker" title="Jean-Jacques Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Duby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Febvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Johnson_(historian)" title="Douglas Johnson (historian)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Mousnier" title="Roland Mousnier">Mousnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin" title="Pierre Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Sternhell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Bock" title="Gisela Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Broszat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Citino" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Citino">Citino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Hillgruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Hirschfeld" title="Gerhard Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Jäckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komlos" title="John Komlos">Komlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Koonz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Langewiesche" title="Dieter Langewiesche">Langewiesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Meinecke" title="Friedrich Meinecke">Meinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Mommsen (Hans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Mommsen (Wolfgang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mosse" title="George Mosse">Mosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Peukert" title="Detlev Peukert">Peukert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rothfels" title="Hans Rothfels">Rothfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Wehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wolffsohn" title="Michael Wolffsohn">Wolffsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Maurice_de_Zayas" title="Alfred-Maurice de Zayas">de Zayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonaventure_Browne" title="Mary Bonaventure Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Mícheál Ó Cléirigh">Cléirigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hughes_(historian)" title="Kathleen Hughes (historian)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.S.L._Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="F.S.L. Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchu_moccu_Machtheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Muirchu moccu Machtheni">Machtheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry" title="Eugene O'Curry">O'Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)" title="John O'Donovan (scholar)">O'Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADrech%C3%A1n" title="Tírechán">Tírechán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Ware">Ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Arnone_Sipari" title="Lorenzo Arnone Sipari">Arnone Sipari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.J.B._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J.B. Bosworth">Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice" title="Renzo De Felice">De Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ginsborg" title="Paul Ginsborg">Ginsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Petacco" title="Arrigo Petacco">Petacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Cazacu" class="mw-redirect" title="Petre Cazacu">Cazacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Nistor" title="Ion Nistor">Nistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Geyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawel_Jasienica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawel Jasienica">Jasienica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham_Steed" title="Wickham Steed">Steed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hermano_Saraiva" title="José Hermano Saraiva">Hermano Saraiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mattoso" title="José Mattoso">Mattoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._de_Oliveira_Marques" title="A. H. de Oliveira Marques">Oliveira Marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rosas" title="Fernando Rosas">Rosas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Boia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Hasdeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kogalniceanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail Kogalniceanu">Kogalniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mitrany" title="David Mitrany">Mitrany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tismaneanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Tismaneanu">Tismaneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_D._Xenopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru D. Xenopol">Xenopol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bethell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bethell">Bethell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Danilov" title="Viktor Danilov">Danilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Grimsted" title="Patricia Kennedy Grimsted">Grimsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Kenez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Khlevniuk" title="Oleg Khlevniuk">Khlevniuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrov" title="Nikita Petrov">Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shearer" title="David Shearer">Shearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taubman" title="William Taubman">Taubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C4%86orovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ćorović">Ćorović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_I._Dereti%C4%87" title="Jovan I. Deretić">Deretić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_Mihalj%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Rade Mihaljčić">Mihaljčić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stojan_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Stojan Novaković">Novaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanoje_Stanojevi%C4%87" title="Stanoje Stanojević">Stanojević</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Boece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Harvie" title="Christopher Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Tranter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_De%C3%A1k" title="Ladislav Deák">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kamenec" title="Ivan Kamenec">Kamenec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1r" title="Adam František Kollár">Kollár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juraj_Marusiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Juraj Marusiak">Marusiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Mintalov%C3%A1-Zubercov%C3%A1" title="Zora Mintalová-Zubercová">Mintalová-Zubercová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0af%C3%A1rik" title="Pavel Jozef Šafárik">Šafárik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogo_Grafenauer" title="Bogo Grafenauer">Grafenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilij_Melik" title="Vasilij Melik">Melik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Verginella" title="Marta Verginella">Verginella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Altamira_y_Crevea" title="Rafael Altamira y Crevea">Altamira y Crevea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ari%C3%A9" title="Rachel Arié">Arié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Bennassar" title="Bartolomé Bennassar">Bennassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclaro" title="John of Biclaro">John of Biclaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Florencio" title="Rafael Núñez Florencio">Florencio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gibson_(author)" title="Ian Gibson (author)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreu_Ivars" title="Andreu Ivars">Ivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Rada" title="Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada">de Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ribera_y_Tarrag%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Ribera y Tarragó">Ribera y Tarragó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Englund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Fryxell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Grimberg" title="Carl Grimberg">Grimberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Hatton" title="Ragnhild Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_L%C3%B6nnroth" title="Erik Lönnroth">Lönnroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">von Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ringmar" title="Erik Ringmar">Ringmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(1650%E2%80%931723)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson (1650–1723)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Stolpe" title="Sven Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Weibull" title="Curt Weibull">Weibull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauritz_Weibull" title="Lauritz Weibull">Weibull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (journalist)">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists<br /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 322 BC)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1726)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1740)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1759)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1780)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1785)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1874)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1887)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">Evolutionary arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" title="Nonadaptive radiation">Non-adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centered view of evolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population<br />genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Flowering plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_fungi" title="Sexual selection in fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Phenotypic plasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bacteria" title="Evolution of bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_brachiopods" title="Evolution of brachiopods">Brachiopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur#Evolutionary_history" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_butterflies" title="Evolution of butterflies">butterflies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_gap" title="Cat gap">cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Evolution" title="Canidae">canids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyena#Evolution" title="Hyena">hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">dolphins and whales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Macropodidae" title="Evolution of Macropodidae">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_primates" title="Evolution of primates">primates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_lemurs" title="Evolution of lemurs">lemurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" title="Evolution of sirenians">sea cows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">pollinator-mediated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" title="Models of DNA evolution">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote#Origin_of_eukaryotes" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system#Evolution" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Origin_and_evolution" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Evolution" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Origin" title="Plastid">plastids</a></li></ul></li> <li>In animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair#Evolution" title="Hair">hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">auditory ossicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Aging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death#Evolutionary_origin_of_mitochondrial_apoptosis" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">Biological complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Color vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">in primates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Evolution_across_species" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system#Evolution_and_other_mechanisms" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism#Evolution" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism#Evolutionary_history" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">Gamete differentiation/sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles/nuclear phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Evolution" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempo_and_Mode_in_Evolution" title="Tempo and Mode in Evolution">Tempo and modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Gradualism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">Micromutation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutationism#Later_mutationist_theories" title="Mutationism">Macromutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" title="Catagenesis (biology)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Non-ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Transmutation of species</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">Blending inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">The eclipse of Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology in biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists /<br />neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists /<br />cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other<br />social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists /<br />philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political 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title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49226972">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35246/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMfXc4XcRKQbFvhTVV4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118554735">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hume, David, 1711-1776"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054039">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908035f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908035f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444013">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hume, David <1711-1776>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV000357">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35213218">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003749&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX876354">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/36156">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068369816">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90100245">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000029467&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000006638&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000079855">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=62761">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613093">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwxp012dlpnlv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810645140105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70411">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262942105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521467006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14219796">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00401613?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500319802">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/31dd156c-4bb3-49b1-a840-f18d10939607">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/179600">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118554735.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118554735">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02692840X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s75k8w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&oldid=1256830562">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&oldid=1256830562</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-26T20:19:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T19:52:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/ba\/Allan_Ramsay_-_David_Hume%2C_1711_-_1776._Historian_and_philosopher_-_PG_3521_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg","headline":"Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian"}</script> </body> </html>