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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="National Labor Relations Act" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" title="National Labor Relations Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="National Labor Relations Act" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B5%AD%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EB%B2%95" title="전국노동관계법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전국노동관계법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" 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searchaux" style="display:none">1935 U.S. federal labor law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">An act to diminish the causes of labor disputes burdening or obstructing interstate and foreign commerce, to create a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">Wagner Act</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/74th_United_States_Congress" title="74th United States Congress">74th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">July 6, 1935</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.archives.gov/description/299843">74-198</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">49 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-49-449">449</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C: Labor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/151–169">§ 151–169</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> on July 5, 1935</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Major amendments</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Management_Relations_Act_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Management Relations Act of 1947">Labor Management Relations Act of 1947</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Labor_Management_Reporting_and_Disclosure_Act_of_1959" title="Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959">Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> cases</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; line-height:1em"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Jones_%26_Laughlin_Steel_Corp." title="NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.">NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_301" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 301">301</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/301/1/">1</a> (1937)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Mackay_Radio_%26_Telegraph_Co." title="NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.">NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_304" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 304">304</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/304/333/">333</a> (1938)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Fansteel_Metallurgical_Corp." title="NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.">NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_306" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 306">306</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/306/240/">240</a> (1939)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Sands_Manufacturing_Co." title="NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co.">NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_306" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 306">306</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/306/332/">332</a> (1939)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen-Bradley_Local_v._Labor_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen-Bradley Local v. Labor Board (page does not exist)">Allen-Bradley Local v. Labor Board</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_315" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 315">315</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/315/740/">740</a> (1942)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Hearst_Publications" title="NLRB v. Hearst Publications">NLRB v. Hearst Publications</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_322" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 322">322</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/322/111/">111</a> (1944)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_Aviation_Corp._v._National_Labor_Relations_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic Aviation Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board (page does not exist)">Republic Aviation Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_324" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 324">324</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/324/793/">793</a> (1945)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NLRB_v._E._C._Atkins_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NLRB v. E. C. Atkins & Co. (page does not exist)">NLRB v. E. C. Atkins & Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_331" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 331">331</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/331/398/">398</a> (1947)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Truck_Drivers_Local_449" title="NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449">NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449</a></i> (1957)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Building_Trades_Council_v._Garmon" title="San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon">San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_359" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 359">359</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/359/236/">236</a> (1959)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plumbers%27_Union_v._Borden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plumbers' Union v. Borden (page does not exist)">Plumbers' Union v. Borden</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_373" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 373">373</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/373/690/">690</a> (1963)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NLRB_v._Nash-Finch_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NLRB v. Nash-Finch Co. (page does not exist)">NLRB v. Nash-Finch Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_404" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 404">404</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/404/138/">138</a> (1971)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NLRB_v._Scrivener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NLRB v. Scrivener (page does not exist)">NLRB v. Scrivener</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_405" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 405">405</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/405/117/">117</a> (1972)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._J._Weingarten,_Inc." title="NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc.">NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_420" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 420">420</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/420/251/">251</a> (1975)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Machinists_v._Wisconsin_Employment_Rel._Comm%27n" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinists v. Wisconsin Employment Rel. Comm'n">Machinists v. Wisconsin Employment Rel. Comm'n</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_427" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 427">427</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/427/132/">132</a> (1976)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Catholic_Bishop_of_Chicago" title="NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago">NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_440" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 440">440</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/440/490/">490</a> (1979)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Johnson%27s_Restaurants,_Inc._v._NLRB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Johnson's Restaurants, Inc. v. NLRB (page does not exist)">Bill Johnson's Restaurants, Inc. v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_461" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 461">461</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/461/731/">731</a> (1983)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NLRB_v._Transportation_Management_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp. (page does not exist)">NLRB v. Transportation Management Corp.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_462" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 462">462</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/462/393/">393</a> (1983)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NLRB_v._Bildisco_%26_Bildisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco (page does not exist)">NLRB v. Bildisco & Bildisco</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_465" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 465">465</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/465/513/">513</a> (1984)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Sure-Tan,_Inc._v._NLRB" title="Sure-Tan, Inc. v. NLRB">Sure-Tan, Inc. v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_467" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 467">467</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/467/883/">883</a> (1984)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pattern_Makers_v._NLRB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pattern Makers v. NLRB (page does not exist)">Pattern Makers v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_473" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 473">473</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/473/95/">95</a> (1985)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin_Dept._of_Industry_v._Gould_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisconsin Dept. of Industry v. Gould Inc. (page does not exist)">Wisconsin Dept. of Industry v. Gould Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_475" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 475">475</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/475/282/">282</a> (1986)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_State_Transit_Corp._v._Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden State Transit Corp. v. Los Angeles">Golden State Transit Corp. v. Los Angeles</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_475" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 475">475</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/475/608/">608</a> (1986)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longshoremen_v._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longshoremen v. Davis (page does not exist)">Longshoremen v. Davis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_476" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 476">476</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/476/380/">380</a> (1986)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NLRB_v._Food_%26_Commercial_Workers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NLRB v. Food & Commercial Workers (page does not exist)">NLRB v. Food & Commercial Workers</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_484" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 484">484</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/484/112/">112</a> (1987)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Workers_v._Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications Workers v. Beck (page does not exist)">Communications Workers v. Beck</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">487</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/735/">735</a> (1988)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livadas_v._Bradshaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livadas v. Bradshaw (page does not exist)">Livadas v. Bradshaw</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_512" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 512">512</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/512/107/">107</a> (1994)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Plastic_Compounds,_Inc._v._NLRB" title="Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB">Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_535" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 535">535</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/535/137/">137</a> (2002)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BE%26K_Constr._Co._v._NLRB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BE&K Constr. Co. v. NLRB (page does not exist)">BE&K Constr. Co. v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_536" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 536">536</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/536/516/">516</a> (2002)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Brown" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Brown">Chamber of Commerce v. Brown</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_554" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 554">554</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/554/60/">60</a> (2008)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/14_Penn_Plaza_LLC_v._Pyett" title="14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett">14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_556" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 556">556</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/556/247/">247</a> (2009)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Process_Steel,_L.P._v._NLRB" title="New Process Steel, L.P. v. NLRB">New Process Steel, L.P. v. NLRB</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_560" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 560">560</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/560/674/">674</a> (2010)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Systems_Corp._v._Lewis" title="Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis">Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/584/16-285/">16-285</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_584" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 584">584</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2018)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Northwest,_Inc._v._Teamsters" title="Glacier Northwest, Inc. v. Teamsters">Glacier Northwest, Inc. v. Teamsters</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/598/21-1449/">21-1449</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_598" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 598">598</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2023)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><i><a href="/wiki/Starbucks_Corporation_v._McKinney" class="mw-redirect" title="Starbucks Corporation v. McKinney">Starbucks Corporation v. McKinney</a></i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/602/23-367/">23-367</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_602" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 602">602</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Labor Relations Act of 1935</b>, also known as the <b>Wagner Act</b>, is a foundational statute of <a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">United States labor law</a> that guarantees the right of private sector employees to organize into <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, engage in <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>, and take <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective action</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>. Central to the act was a ban on <a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">company unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was written by Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a>, passed by the <a href="/wiki/74th_United_States_Congress" title="74th United States Congress">74th United States Congress</a>, and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. </p><p>The National Labor Relations Act seeks to correct the "<a href="/wiki/Inequality_of_bargaining_power" title="Inequality of bargaining power">inequality of bargaining power</a>" between employers and employees by promoting collective bargaining between trade unions and employers. The law established the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> to prosecute violations of labor law and to oversee the process by which employees decide whether to be represented by a labor organization. It also established various rules concerning collective bargaining and defined a series of banned <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">unfair labor practices</a>, including interference with the formation or organization of labor unions by employers. The act does not apply to certain workers, including supervisors, agricultural employees, domestic workers, government employees, and independent contractors. </p><p>The NLRA was strongly opposed by conservatives and members of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, but it was upheld in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (United States)">Supreme Court</a> case of <i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Jones_%26_Laughlin_Steel_Corp." title="NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.">NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.</a></i>, decided April 12, 1937. The 1947 <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> amended the NLRA, establishing a series of labor practices for unions and granting states the power to pass <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">right-to-work laws</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_labor_law_in_the_United_States" title="History of labor law in the United States">History of labor law in the United States</a></div> <p>The act's origins may be traced to the bloody <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike</a> of 1914. Colorado Fuel was a subsidiary of Standard Oil, and John D. Rockefeller Jr. sought expert advice from the new field of public relations to prolong the settlement of the strike. He also recruited the former Canadian Labour Secretary (and future Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/MacKenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="MacKenzie King">MacKenzie King</a> to the Rockefeller Foundation to broker a solution to the prolonged strike. The settlement resulted in the establishment of a Management-Labor conciliation board, which evolved into a <a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">company union</a> and template for settling labor disputes. Although a step forward in labor relations, the company union was effectively a public relations ploy that had the opposite impact of thwarting the organization of trade unions in the great organizing drives of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> signed the legislation into law on July 5, 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It also has its roots in a variety of different labor acts previously enacted:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris%E2%80%93La_Guardia_Act" title="Norris–La Guardia Act">Norris–La Guardia Act</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a> (1933) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Board" title="National Labor Board">National Labor Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_Appropriation_Act_of_1935" title="Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935">Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935</a> <ul><li>including the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> ("WPA")</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inequality_of_bargaining_power" title="Inequality of bargaining power">Inequality of bargaining power</a></div> <p>Under section 1 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/151">§ 151</a>) of the Act, the key principles and policy findings on which the Act was based are explained. The Act aims to correct the "<a href="/wiki/Inequality_of_bargaining_power" title="Inequality of bargaining power">inequality of bargaining power</a> between employees who, according to the Act's proponents, do not possess full <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a> or actual <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty of contract">liberty of contract</a> and employers who are organized in the corporate or other forms of ownership association". To achieve this, the central idea is the promotion of collective bargaining between independent trade unions, on behalf of the workforce, and the employer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>encouraging the practice and procedure of collective bargaining and by protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing, for the purpose of negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment or other mutual aid or protection.</p></blockquote> <p>Various definitions are explained in section 2, (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/152">§ 152</a>) including 2(5) defining "labor organization" and 2(9) defining "labor dispute". The Act aims to protect employees as a group, and so is not based on a formal or legal relationship between an employer and employee.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (NLRB), which was established in NLRA 1935 sections 3 to 6 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/153–156">§ 153–156</a>), is the primary enforcer of the Act. Employees and unions may act themselves in support of their rights, however because of <a href="/wiki/Collective_action_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective action problems">collective action problems</a> and the costs of litigation, the National Labor Relations Board is designed to assist and bear some of the costs. Under section 3, (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/153">§ 153</a>) the NLRB has two basic functions: overseeing the process by which employees decide whether to be represented by a labor organization and prosecuting violations. Those processes are initiated in the regional offices of the NLRB.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board give legal advice. Sections 4 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/154">§ 154</a>) and 5 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/155">§ 155</a>) set out provisions on the officers of the Board and their expenses. Section 6 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/156">§ 156</a>) empowers the Board to issue rules interpreting the labor legislation. This will generally be binding, unless a court deems it to have acted outside its authority. </p><p>Under section 10 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/160">§ 160</a>) the NLRB is empowered to prevent unfair labor practices, which may ultimately be reviewed by the courts. Under section 11 it can lead investigations, collect evidence, issue <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenas</a>, and require witnesses to give evidence. Under section 12 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/162">§ 162</a>) it is an offense for people to unduly interfere with the Board's conduct. </p><p>In practice, the act was often ignored when it suited political powers, most notably by Walt Disney in 1940 who formed a company union in violation of the law in order to prevent the Cartoon Unionists Guild, a Trade Union, from gaining a foothold in Disney Studios.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collectively_bargaining">Collectively bargaining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collectively bargaining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></div> <p>Section 7 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/157">§ 157</a>) sets out the general principle that employees have the right to join a trade union and engage in collective bargaining. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection, and shall also have the right to refrain from any or all of such activities except to the extent that such right may be affected by an agreement requiring membership in a labor organization as a condition of employment as authorized in section 8(a)(3).</p></blockquote> <p>Specific rules in support of collective bargaining are as follows. </p> <ul><li>There can be only one exclusive bargaining representative for a unit of employees.</li> <li>Promotion of the practice and procedure of collective bargaining.</li> <li>Employers are compelled to bargain with the representative of its employees.</li> <li>Employees are allowed to discuss wages.<sup id="cite_ref-Salary_and_Benefit_Discussions_Among_Employees_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salary_and_Benefit_Discussions_Among_Employees-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Where_Does_NLRA_Apply?_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Where_Does_NLRA_Apply?-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Know_Your_Rights_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Know_Your_Rights-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unfair_labor_practices">Unfair labor practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unfair labor practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">Unfair labor practice</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection, and shall also have the right to refrain from any or all of such activities except to the extent that such right may be affected by an agreement requiring membership in a labor organization as a condition of employment as authorized in section 158 (a)(3) of this title." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">National Labor Relations Act of 1935 §<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/157">7</a></cite></p> </div> <p>Under section 8 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/158">§ 158</a>) the law defines a set of prohibited actions by employers, employees, and unions, known as an unfair labor practice.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first five unfair labor practices aimed at employers are in section 8(a). These are, </p> <ul><li>(a)(1) "to interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7". This includes <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, mutual aid or protection, self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively for wages and working conditions through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other protected concerted activities with or without a union.</li> <li>(a)(2) "to dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribute financial or other support to it"</li> <li>(a)(3) "by discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of employment or any term or condition of employment to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization"</li> <li>(a)(4) discriminating against employees who file charges or testify.</li> <li>(a)(5) refusing to bargain collectively with the representative of the employer's employees.</li></ul> <p>In addition, added by the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a>, there are seven unfair labor practices aimed at unions and employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_bargaining_representatives">Election of bargaining representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election of bargaining representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NLRB_election_procedures" title="NLRB election procedures">NLRB election procedures</a></div> <p>Under section 9 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/159">§ 159</a>) the people elected by a majority of the workforce have the right to become the exclusive representatives of workers in collective bargaining with the employer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusions">Exclusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Misclassification_of_employees_as_independent_contractors" title="Misclassification of employees as independent contractors">Misclassification of employees as independent contractors</a></div> <p>The NLRA 1935 does not cover two main groups of employees: those working for the government and in the railway or airline industries. Section 2(2) (29 USC §152(2)) states that the Act does not apply to employees of the "United States or any wholly owned Government corporation, or any <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a>, or any State or political subdivision thereof, or any person subject to the <a href="/wiki/Railway_Labor_Act" title="Railway Labor Act">Railway Labor Act</a>". Under section 19 (<a href="/wiki/Title_29_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 29 of the United States Code">29 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/169">§ 169</a>), people who have religious convictions against joining a trade union are entitled to not associate or financially support it. </p><p>The NLRA 1935 also does not include additional measures to protect the rights of racial minorities in the workplace. At the time, unions like the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> did not grant membership to black laborers while other unions like the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">CIO</a> engaged in internal discrimination, providing more preferable jobs and seniority to its white members.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employers also engaged in discrimination against black union members by restricting their ability to organize and collectively bargain with white laborers. The <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> urged Senator Robert Wagner to add a non-discrimination provision to the bill to protect against union and employee race discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite pushes from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a> to correct discriminatory practices, the law was written without the inclusion of an anti-discrimination clause.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_workers_building_stairway_at_Golden_Gardens,_1936.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WPA_workers_building_stairway_at_Golden_Gardens%2C_1936.gif/220px-WPA_workers_building_stairway_at_Golden_Gardens%2C_1936.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WPA_workers_building_stairway_at_Golden_Gardens%2C_1936.gif/330px-WPA_workers_building_stairway_at_Golden_Gardens%2C_1936.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WPA_workers_building_stairway_at_Golden_Gardens%2C_1936.gif/440px-WPA_workers_building_stairway_at_Golden_Gardens%2C_1936.gif 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>WPA Laborers building stairway at Golden Gardens, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>The act also excludes <a href="/wiki/Independent_contractors" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractors">independent contractors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> domestic workers, and farm workers. In recent years, advocacy organizations like the <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Workers_Alliance" title="National Domestic Workers Alliance">National Domestic Workers' Alliance</a> have worked on the state level to pass a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Worker%27s_Bill_of_Rights" title="Domestic Worker's Bill of Rights">Domestic Workers' Bill of Rights</a>, to extend to domestic workers the protections granted under the NLRA.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar advocacy efforts are taking place on behalf of farm workers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:22em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Nothing in this subchapter, except as specifically provided for herein, shall be construed so as either to interfere with or impede or diminish in any way the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to strike">right to strike</a>, or to affect the limitations or qualifications on that right." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Act_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner Act 1935">Wagner Act 1935</a> §<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/157">13</a></cite></p> </div> <p>The act was bitterly opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and business groups. The <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a> viewed the act as a threat to freedom and engaged in a campaign of opposition in order to repeal these "socialist" efforts. This included encouraging employers to refuse to comply with the NLRB and supporting the nationwide filing of injunctions to keep the NLRB from functioning. This campaign continued until the NLRA was found constitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Jones_%26_Laughlin_Steel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation">National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation</a></i> (1937). </p><p>Labor groups, while overwhelmingly supportive, expressed a set of reservations. The <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> and some employers accused the NLRB of favoring the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a>, particularly when determining whether to hold union elections in plant-wide, or wall-to-wall, units, which the CIO usually sought, or to hold separate elections in separate craft units, which the craft unions in the AFL favored. While the NLRB initially favored plant-wide units, which tacitly favored the CIO's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a>, it retreated to a compromise position several years later under pressure from Congress that allowed craft unions to seek separate representation of smaller groups of workers at the same time that another union was seeking a wall-to-wall unit. </p><p>Employers and their allies in Congress also criticized the NLRA for its expansive definition of "employee" and for allowing supervisors and plant guards to form unions, sometimes affiliated with the unions that represented the employees whom they were supposed to supervise or police. Many accused the NLRB of a general pro-union and anti-employer bias, pointing to the Board's controversial decisions in such areas as employer free speech and "mixed motive" cases, in which the NLRB held that an employer violated the Act by using misconduct that ordinarily would not result in termination to fire an employee who was engaged in pro-union activity. In addition, employers campaigned over the years to outlaw a number of union practices such as <a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">closed shops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary boycott">secondary boycotts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_strike" title="Jurisdictional strike">jurisdictional strikes</a>, mass picketing, strikes in violation of contractual no-strike clauses, pension and health and welfare plans sponsored by unions and <a href="/wiki/Multi-employer_bargaining" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-employer bargaining">multi-employer bargaining</a>. </p><p>Many of these criticisms included provisions that employers and their allies were unable to have included in the NLRA. Others developed in reaction to NLRB decisions. Over all, they wanted the NLRB to be neutral as to bargaining power, but the NLRA's policy section takes a decidedly pro-employee position: </p> <blockquote><p>It is declared to be the policy of the United States to eliminate the causes of certain substantial obstructions to the free flow of commerce and to mitigate and eliminate these obstructions when they have occurred <i>by encouraging the practice and procedure of collective bargaining and by protecting the exercise by workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of representatives of their own choosing, for the purpose of negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment or other mutual aid or protection</i>.</p></blockquote> <p>Some of these changes were later achieved in the 1947 amendments. </p><p>Over time, the U.S. Supreme Court has gradually undone the efficacy of the NLRA by inhibiting the law from applying to shifting circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendments">Amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_law" title="Right-to-work law">Right-to-work law</a></div> <p>Opponents of the Wagner Act introduced several hundred bills to amend or repeal the law in the decade after its passage. All of them failed or were vetoed until the passage of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, or the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a>, in 1947. </p><p>More recent unsuccessful efforts included attempts in 1978 to permit triple backpay awards and union collective bargaining certification based on signed union authorization cards, a provision that is similar to one of the proposed amendments in the <a href="/wiki/Employee_Free_Choice_Act" title="Employee Free Choice Act">Employee Free Choice Act</a>. Under the NLRA, unions can become the representative based on signed union authorization cards only if the employer voluntarily recognizes the union. If the employer refuses to recognize the union, the union can be certified through a secret-ballot election conducted by the NLRB. </p><p>In the 2010s, Democrats began seeking the narrowing of the Act's provisions allowing workers to be hired as independent contractors, thus bringing them under the jurisdiction of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislators have introduced a standard for independent contracting termed the "ABC test", after its three criteria A, B and C.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To be hired as an independent contractor, the worker must:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol type="A"> <li>Be free from the employer's control and direction in the performance of the current work;</li> <li>Perform work that is outside the usual course of the employer's business;</li> <li>Have an independently established business in the same kind of work as performed for the current employer.</li> </ol> <p>Independent contractors and employers have objected to B, the limitation on working in the employer's usual business.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objections are based on the inconveniences and costs of meeting the criterion. For instance, it prevents small venues from hiring performers, even for one-night stands, unless they are hired as employees.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in the California phase of the campaign, numerous occupations of independent contractors were exempted from the test in <a href="/wiki/California_Assembly_Bill_5_(2019)" title="California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)">California Assembly Bill 5 (2019)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Little Wagner Act, written by <a href="/wiki/Ida_Klaus" title="Ida Klaus">Ida Klaus</a>, is the New York City version of the Wagner Act.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes1999_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes1999-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Labor#Collective_bargaining" title="New York State Department of Labor">New York State Employment Relations Act</a> was enacted in 1937. </p><p>Along with other factors, the act contributed to tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions, especially in the mass-production sector.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of labor union members grew from three million in 1933 to eight million at the end of the 1930s, with the vast majority of union members living outside of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999320_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999320-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">United States labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_labor_law_in_the_United_States" title="History of labor law in the United States">History of labor law in the 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screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNelson1988" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Joyce (1988). <i>The Colonized Eye: Rethinking the Grierson Legend</i>. Toronto: Between the Lines. pp. 25, 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonized+Eye%3A+Rethinking+the+Grierson+Legend&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=25%2C+88&rft.pub=Between+the+Lines&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1976" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Peter (1976). <i>The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty</i>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. pp. 162–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530959-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530959-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530959-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Documents%3A+100+Milestone+Documents+from+the+National+Archives&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=162-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530959-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also, E Dannin, "Not a Limited, Confined, or Private Matter: Who is an Employee under the National Labor Relations Act" (2008) 59 <i>Labor Law Journal</i> 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nlrb.gov/About_Us/locating_our_offices/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530090543/http://www.nlrb.gov/About_Us/locating_our_offices/">Archived</a> May 30, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune_20172017" class="citation web cs1">June 2017, Jake S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salary+and+Benefit+Discussions+Among+Employees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twc.state.tx.us%2Fnews%2Fefte%2Fsalary_discussions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Where_Does_NLRA_Apply?-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Where_Does_NLRA_Apply?_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.payscale.com/compensation/2011/05/where-does-nlra-apply.html">"Where Does NLRA Apply?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Know+Your+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kclabor.org%2Fkyrmpp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Initially there were five, now there are eight categories. See RL Hogler, <i>The Employment Relationship: Law and Policy</i> (Ardsley 1989) 52. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uschamber.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+Chamber+Denounces+Reintroduction+of+the+PRO+Act&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uschamber.com%2Femployment-law%2Funions%2Fus-chamber-denounces-reintroduction-of-the-pro-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichs2020" class="citation web cs1">Friedrichs, Eric Lloyd, Scott P. Mallery, Kerry (2020-09-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calpeculiarities.com/2020/09/08/ab-2257-sweeping-changes-to-ab-5-independent-contractor-law/">"AB 2257: Sweeping Changes To AB 5 Independent Contractor Law"</a>. <i>California Peculiarities Employment Law Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Peculiarities+Employment+Law+Blog&rft.atitle=AB+2257%3A+Sweeping+Changes+To+AB+5+Independent+Contractor+Law&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft.aulast=Friedrichs&rft.aufirst=Eric+Lloyd%2C+Scott+P.+Mallery%2C+Kerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calpeculiarities.com%2F2020%2F09%2F08%2Fab-2257-sweeping-changes-to-ab-5-independent-contractor-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.californiansforthearts.org/ab-5">"AB-5 and AB-2257"</a>. <i>Californians for the Arts</i>. 2020-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Californians+for+the+Arts&rft.atitle=AB-5+and+AB-2257&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiansforthearts.org%2Fab-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=LAB&division=3.&title=&part=&chapter=2.&article=1.5">"Codes Display Text"</a>. <i>leginfo.legislature.ca.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Codes+Display+Text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displayText.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DLAB%26division%3D3.%26title%3D%26part%3D%26chapter%3D2.%26article%3D1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1999-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1999_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavo1999" class="citation web cs1">Ravo, Nick (1999-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/20/nyregion/ida-klaus-94-labor-lawyer-for-us-and-new-york-dies.html">"Ida Klaus, 94, Labor Lawyer For U.S. and New York, Dies"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ida+Klaus%2C+94%2C+Labor+Lawyer+For+U.S.+and+New+York%2C+Dies&rft.date=1999-05-20&rft.aulast=Ravo&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fida-klaus-94-labor-lawyer-for-us-and-new-york-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/klaus-ida">"Ida Klaus"</a>. Jewish Women's Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ida+Klaus&rft.pub=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fklaus-ida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Gordon, <i>New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935</i> (1994) p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999320-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1999320_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1999">Kennedy 1999</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtleson1983" class="citation book cs1">Atleson, James B. (1983). <i>Values and Assumptions in American Labor Law</i> (Pbk. ed.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-25833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-25833-1"><bdi>978-0-585-25833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Values+and+Assumptions+in+American+Labor+Law&rft.place=Amherst&rft.edition=Pbk.&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-585-25833-1&rft.aulast=Atleson&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortner1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Cortner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard C. Cortner (page does not exist)">Cortner, Richard C.</a> (1964). <i>The Wagner Act Cases</i>. Knoxville: Univ. of Tenn. Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64016880">64016880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Act+Cases&rft.place=Knoxville&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Tenn.+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64016880&rft.aulast=Cortner&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDannin2006" class="citation book cs1">Dannin, Ellen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takingbackworker00dann"><i>Taking Back the Workers' Law: How to Fight the Assault on Labor Rights</i></a>. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press/Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4438-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4438-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-4438-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Back+the+Workers%27+Law%3A+How+to+Fight+the+Assault+on+Labor+Rights&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=ILR+Press%2FCornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4438-8&rft.aulast=Dannin&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakingbackworker00dann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1961" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Charles O. (1961). <i>Labor and the Law 2d rev. ed., with 1961 Supplement</i>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61007636">61007636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+and+the+Law+2d+rev.+ed.%2C+with+1961+Supplement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61007636&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, David M.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomfromfeara00kenn"><i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195038347" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195038347"><bdi>978-0195038347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Fear%3A+The+American+People+in+Depression+and+War%2C+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195038347&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomfromfeara00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Charles J. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blueeagleatworkr0000morr"><i>The Blue Eagle at Work: Reclaiming Democratic Rights in the American Workplace</i></a></span>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4317-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-4317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blue+Eagle+at+Work%3A+Reclaiming+Democratic+Rights+in+the+American+Workplace&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4317-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblueeagleatworkr0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesingerc._2003" class="citation book cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur M. (c. 2003). <i>The Coming of the New Deal: 1933–1935</i> (1. Mariner books ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34086-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-34086-6"><bdi>978-0-618-34086-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+New+Deal%3A+1933%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=1.+Mariner+books&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.isbn=978-0-618-34086-6&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li>Casebeer, Kenneth M. (1987) "Holder of the Pen: An Interview with Leon Keyersling on Drafting the Wagner Act." <i>University of Miami Law Review</i> 42 (1987): 285+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.miami.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2079&context=umlr">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._L._B._Jr.1941" class="citation journal cs1">F. L. B. Jr. (Mar 1941). "Reinstatement with Back Pay under the Wagner Act". <i>U. Pa. L. Rev. & Amer. L. Reg</i>. <b>89</b> (5): 648–660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3309199">10.2307/3309199</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3309199">3309199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.+Pa.+L.+Rev.+%26+Amer.+L.+Reg.&rft.atitle=Reinstatement+with+Back+Pay+under+the+Wagner+Act&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=648-660&rft.date=1941-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3309199&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3309199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=F.+L.+B.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyserling1960–1961" class="citation journal cs1">Keyserling, Leon H. (1960–1961). "The Wagner Act: Its Origin and Current Significance". <i>Geo. Wash. L. Rev</i>. <b>29</b>: 199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo.+Wash.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+Wagner+Act%3A+Its+Origin+and+Current+Significance&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=199&rft.date=1960%2F1961&rft.aulast=Keyserling&rft.aufirst=Leon+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlare1977–1978" class="citation journal cs1">Klare, Karl E. (1977–1978). "Judicial Deradicalization of the Wagner Act and the Origins of Modern Legal Consciousness, 1937–1941". <i>Minn. L. Rev</i>. <b>62</b>: 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minn.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Judicial+Deradicalization+of+the+Wagner+Act+and+the+Origins+of+Modern+Legal+Consciousness%2C+1937%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=265&rft.date=1977%2F1978&rft.aulast=Klare&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynd1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lynd, Staughton (1984). "Communal Rights". <i>Tex. L. Rev</i>. <b>62</b> (1417): 1430–1435.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tex.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Communal+Rights&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1417&rft.pages=1430-1435&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Lynd&rft.aufirst=Staughton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikva1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mikva, A. J. (1986). "The Changing Role of the Wagner Act in the American Labor Movement". <i>Stan. L. 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The National Labor Relations Act Versus the Courts, 11 Rocky Mountain L. Rev. 135 (1939)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarm1938–1939" class="citation journal cs1">Warm, J. Louis (1938–1939). "A Study of the Judicial Attitude Toward Trade Unions and Labor Legislation". <i>Minn. L. Rev</i>. <b>23</b>: 256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minn.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Judicial+Attitude+Toward+Trade+Unions+and+Labor+Legislation&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=256&rft.date=1938%2F1939&rft.aulast=Warm&rft.aufirst=J.+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wagner, Robert F. Jr. (1957), "The Philosophy of the Wagner Act of 1935." <i>St. John's Law Review</i> 32 (1957): 1–7 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4527&context=lawreview">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsWheatley,_Altha_C.1936–1937" class="citation journal cs1">Woods, Warren; Wheatley, Altha C. (1936–1937). "The Wagner Act Decision – A Charter of Liberty for Labor?". <i>Geo. Wash. L. Rev</i>. <b>5</b>: 846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo.+Wash.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+Wagner+Act+Decision+%E2%80%93+A+Charter+of+Liberty+for+Labor%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=846&rft.date=1936%2F1937&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Wheatley%2C+Altha+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Labor+Relations+Act+of+1935" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/29/chapter-7/subchapter-II">As codified in 29 U.S.C. chapter 7</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">LII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uscode.house.gov/browse/prelim@title29/chapter7/subchapter2&edition=prelim">As codified in 29 U.S.C. chapter 7</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8189/uslm/COMPS-8189.xml">National Labor Relations Act</a> as amended (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-8189/pdf/COMPS-8189.pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-8189/">details</a>) in the <a 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Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">32nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1933–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1929–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1913–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_senators" title="List of New York state senators">New York State Senator</a> (1911–1913)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">4th)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">First and second terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Third and fourth terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal">overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1944" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Labor Relations Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933" title="National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933">National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Monetary gold ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6814" title="Executive Order 6814">Silver seizure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_civil_rights" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights">Record on civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_8802" title="Executive Order 8802">Defense industry non-discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practice Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Orders 9066,</a><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9102" title="Executive Order 9102"> 9102</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">German-American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Italian-American internment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Committee" title="Brownlow Committee">Brownlow Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States#History" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Monument" title="Four Freedoms Monument">Four Freedoms Monument</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Court-Packing Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">Federal Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_trust#Roosevelt's_"Brain_Trust"" title="Brain trust">"Brain Trust"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Modern_Oval_Office:_1934–present" title="Oval Office">Modern Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Special_(automobile)" title="Sunshine Special (automobile)">Official car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Presidential<br />foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">1940 Selective Service Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Munitions_Assignments_Board" title="Combined Munitions Assignments Board">Combined Munitions Assignments Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations (1942)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">World War II conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#Roosevelt's_support_for_the_plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention#Roosevelt's_acceptance_speech" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Acceptance speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_Address" title="Commonwealth Club Address">Commonwealth Club Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Madison_Square_Garden_speech" title="1936 Madison Square Garden speech">Madison Square Garden speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Inaugural_address" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">"...is fear itself"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">Fireside chats</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Look_to_Norway" title="Look to Norway">Look to Norway</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine_Speech" title="Quarantine Speech">Quarantine Speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_More_Abundant_Life" title="The More Abundant Life">The More Abundant Life</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1934 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1938 State of the Union Address">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1939 State of the Union Address">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1940 State of the Union Address">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">1941 (Four Freedoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">1944 (Second Bill of Rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1945 State of the Union Address">1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Early_life_and_marriage" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life, education, career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District" title="Warm Springs Historic District">Warm Springs Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Governorship of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot">Business Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zangara#Assassination_attempt" title="Giuseppe Zangara">Assassination attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_York_state_election" title="1928 New York state election">1928 New York state election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_New_York_state_election" title="1930 New York state election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention#Impact" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days_Are_Here_Again#In_popular_culture" title="Happy Days Are Here Again">theme song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Personal_life" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life and education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FDR_Suite_at_Adams_House,_Harvard_University" title="FDR Suite at Adams House, Harvard University">FDR Suite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Paralytic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Cottage" title="Top Cottage">Top Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of statues of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Foundation" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Four Freedoms Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Institute for American Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(CV-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42)">USS <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(Rockwell)" title="Four Freedoms (Rockwell)"><i>Four Freedoms</i> paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_portrait_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt"><i>Unfinished portrait</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_dime" title="Roosevelt dime">Roosevelt dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27d_Rather_Be_Right" title="I'd Rather Be Right"><i>I'd Rather Be Right</i> 1937 musical</a></li> <li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Roosevelt Story"><i>The Roosevelt Story</i> 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> 1976,</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>The White House Years</i> 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> 1979 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II:_When_Lions_Roared" title="World War II: When Lions Roared"><i>World War II: When Lions Roared</i> 1997 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)"><i>Warm Springs</i> 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson"><i>Hyde Park on Hudson</i> 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> 2014 documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> 2022 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> 2023 miniseries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt">Other namesakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family<br />(<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt</a><br /> • <a href="/wiki/Delano_family" title="Delano family">Delano</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Roosevelt Halsted</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Aspinwall Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_I" title="James Roosevelt I">James Roosevelt I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roosevelt" title="Sara Roosevelt">Sara Ann Delano</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt Roosevelt">James Roosevelt Roosevelt</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roosevelt_(businessman)" title="Isaac Roosevelt (businessman)">Isaac Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Delano_Jr." title="Warren Delano Jr.">Warren Delano Jr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Major (Franklin D. Roosevelt's dog)">Major</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">← Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Deal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Deal" title="Template talk:New Deal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Deal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Deal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Deal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Deal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Deal">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154442#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/185882838">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79034843">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007580964305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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