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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-industrial_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-industrial_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pre-industrial strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-industrial_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_and_after_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_and_after_the_Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>During and after the Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_and_after_the_Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Recognition strikes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_and_duration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_and_duration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Frequency and duration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frequency_and_duration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Frequency and duration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Frequency_and_duration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_prohibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_prohibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal prohibitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_prohibitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal prohibitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_prohibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China_and_the_former_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China_and_the_former_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>People's Republic of China and the former Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China_and_the_former_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jurisprudence and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strikebreakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strikebreakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Strikebreakers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strikebreakers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Strikebreakers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Strikebreakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_strikebreaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_strikebreaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Union strikebreaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_strikebreaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-strike_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-strike_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anti-strike action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-strike_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-strike action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-strike_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strike_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strike_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Strike preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strike_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strike_breaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strike_breaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Strike breaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strike_breaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_busting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_busting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Union busting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_busting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lockout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lockout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Lockout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lockout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Conscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Films subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strike action</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="إضراب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إضراب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bada" title="Bada – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bada" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelga" title="Fuelga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fuelga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99til" title="Tətil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tətil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Забастоўка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Забастоўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стачка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стачка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стачка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стачка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz-labour" title="Harz-labour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Harz-labour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaga" title="Vaga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vaga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1vka" title="Stávka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stávka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuramwa_Basa" title="Kuramwa Basa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kuramwa Basa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strejke" title="Strejke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Strejke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streik" title="Streik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streik" title="Streik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Streik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Απεργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απεργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huelga" title="Huelga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Huelga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striko" title="Striko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Striko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greba" title="Greba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Greba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اعتصاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتصاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ve" title="Grève – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grève" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staking" title="Staking – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Staking" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stailc" title="Stailc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stailc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folga" title="Folga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Folga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="БӀын – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БӀын" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%85" title="파업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Գործադուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գործադուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trajk" title="Štrajk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Štrajk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striko" title="Striko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Striko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogok_kerja" title="Mogok kerja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mogok kerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkfall" title="Verkfall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verkfall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciopero" title="Sciopero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sciopero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94" title="שביתה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שביתה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="გაფიცვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაფიცვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Ереуіл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ереуіл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Иш таштоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иш таштоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operistitium" title="Operistitium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Operistitium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streiks" title="Streiks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Streiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streik" title="Streik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Streik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streikas" title="Streikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Streikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciopero" title="Sciopero – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sciopero" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztr%C3%A1jk" title="Sztrájk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztrájk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogok" title="Mogok – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mogok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staking" title="Staking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AD" title="ストライキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストライキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streik" title="Streik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Streik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streik" title="Streik – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Streik" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauma" title="Cauma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cauma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strajk" title="Strajk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strajk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve" title="Greve – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Greve" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grev%C4%83" title="Grevă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grevă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamk%27ay_sayachi" title="Llamk'ay sayachi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llamk'ay sayachi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Забастовка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Забастовка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greva" title="Greva – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Greva" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Strike action" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trajk" title="Štrajk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štrajk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA" title="Штрајк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штрајк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trajk" title="Štrajk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Štrajk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakko" title="Lakko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lakko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strejk" title="Strejk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strejk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வேலை நிறுத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேலை நிறுத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grev" title="Grev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Страйк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Страйк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DA%91%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ہڑتال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہڑتال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%ACnh_c%C3%B4ng" title="Đình công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đình công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greve" title="Greve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Greve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="罷工 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="罷工" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5" title="罢工 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罢工" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="罷工 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="罷工" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="罷工 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罷工" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49776#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Work stoppage by employees</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Go on strike" redirects here. For the song by Lower Than Atlantis, see <a href="/wiki/Changing_Tune" title="Changing Tune">Changing Tune</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Right_to_Strike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Right_to_Strike.jpg/280px-The_Right_to_Strike.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Right_to_Strike.jpg/420px-The_Right_to_Strike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Right_to_Strike.jpg/560px-The_Right_to_Strike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3258" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> rally in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="order-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Labor" title="Category:Labor"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">a series</span></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#CD5C5C;color:white;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Organized labor</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-op_activism5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/80px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/120px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Co-op_activism5.svg/160px-Co-op_activism5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation of labor">Exploitation of labor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_labor_issues_and_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of labor issues and events">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_unionism" title="New unionism">New unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National-syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National-syndicalism">National-syndicalism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_protection_legislation" title="Employment protection legislation">Employment protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Legal working age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade unions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions" title="List of trade unions">Trade unions by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federations_of_trade_unions" title="List of federations of trade unions">Trade union federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_trade_unions" title="International comparisons of trade unions">International comparisons</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">ITUC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strike action</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">Chronological list of strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">Labor parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(current)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (current)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Labour_Party" title="Fiji Labour Party">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Labour_Party" title="Georgian Labour Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Labour Party (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Malta)" title="Labour Party (Malta)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(New_Caledonia)" title="Labour Party (New Caledonia)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Labour_Party" title="Portuguese Labour Party">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Singapore)" title="Workers' Party (Singapore)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Labor Party (South Korea)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labor economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labor" title="Template:Labor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labor" title="Template talk:Labor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. 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border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism-related_lists" title="Category:Socialism-related lists">Related lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_by_country" title="Category:Socialism by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_songs" title="List of socialist songs">Songs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Strike action</b>, also called <b>labor strike</b>, <b>labour strike</b> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, or simply <b>strike</b>, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employees</a> to <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">work</a>. A strike usually takes place in response to <a href="/wiki/Employee_grievances" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee grievances">employee grievances</a>. Strikes became common during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">mass labor</a> became important in factories and mines. As striking became a more common practice, governments were often pushed to act (either by private business or by union workers). When government intervention occurred, it was rarely neutral or amicable. Early strikes were often deemed unlawful conspiracies or anti-competitive cartel action and many were subject to massive legal repression by state police, federal military power, and federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Western nations legalized striking under certain conditions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. </p><p>Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Occasionally, strikes destabilize the rule of a particular political party or ruler; in such cases, strikes are often part of a broader social movement taking the form of a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">civil resistance</a>. Notable examples are the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shipyard" title="Gdańsk Shipyard">Gdańsk Shipyard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1981_warning_strike_in_Poland" title="1981 warning strike in Poland">1981 Warning Strike</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>. These strikes were significant in the long campaign of civil resistance for political change in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and were an important mobilizing effort that contributed to <a href="/wiki/The_fall_of_the_Iron_Curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="The fall of the Iron Curtain">the fall of the Iron Curtain</a> and the end of communist party rule in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the general strike in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> that followed the March 1920 <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>. It was called by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD) and received such broad support that it resulted in the collapse of the putsch.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_strikes" title="List of strikes">List of strikes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Kittelsen_Streik_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Theodor_Kittelsen_Streik_1879.jpg/220px-Theodor_Kittelsen_Streik_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Theodor_Kittelsen_Streik_1879.jpg/330px-Theodor_Kittelsen_Streik_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Theodor_Kittelsen_Streik_1879.jpg/440px-Theodor_Kittelsen_Streik_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><i>Strike action</i> (1879), painting by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kittelsen" title="Theodor Kittelsen">Theodor Kittelsen</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_term">Origin of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the English word "strike" to describe a work protest was first seen in 1768, when sailors, in support of <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">demonstrations</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, "struck" or removed the <a href="/wiki/Topgallant_sail" title="Topgallant sail">topgallant sails</a> of merchant ships at port, thus crippling the ships.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-industrial_strikes">Pre-industrial strikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-industrial strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_cosiddetto_%27Papiro_dello_sciopero%27_scritto_da_Amunnakht_Recto.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Il_cosiddetto_%27Papiro_dello_sciopero%27_scritto_da_Amunnakht_Recto.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Il_cosiddetto_%27Papiro_dello_sciopero%27_scritto_da_Amunnakht_Recto.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Il_cosiddetto_%27Papiro_dello_sciopero%27_scritto_da_Amunnakht_Recto.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Il_cosiddetto_%27Papiro_dello_sciopero%27_scritto_da_Amunnakht_Recto.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Il_cosiddetto_%27Papiro_dello_sciopero%27_scritto_da_Amunnakht_Recto.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Il_cosiddetto_%27Papiro_dello_sciopero%27_scritto_da_Amunnakht_Recto.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="17704" data-file-height="7983" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "Strike Papyrus" written by Amunnakht, between 1187 and 1157 BC, <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museo_Egizio" title="Museo Egizio">Museo Egizio</a>, Turin</figcaption></figure> <p>The first historically certain account of strike action was in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> on 14 November in 1152 BCE, when artisans of the Royal Necropolis at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Medina" title="Deir el-Medina">Deir el-Medina</a> walked off their jobs in protest at the failure of the government of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> to pay their wages on time and in full.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal government ended the strike by raising the artisans' wages. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> source for the idea of a labor strike appears in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, which records that the bakers who prepared <a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">showbread</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> went on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> may have been the <i><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">secessio plebis</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outline_of_History" title="The Outline of History">The Outline of History</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> characterized this event as "the general strike of the <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeians</a>; the plebeians seem to have invented the strike, which now makes its first appearance in history."<sup id="cite_ref-H.G._Wells_1920,_page_225_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.G._Wells_1920,_page_225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first strike occurred because they "saw with indignation their friends, who had often served the state bravely in the legions, thrown into chains and <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">reduced to slavery</a> at the demand of <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> creditors".<sup id="cite_ref-H.G._Wells_1920,_page_225_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.G._Wells_1920,_page_225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_and_after_the_Industrial_Revolution">During and after the Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During and after the Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg/220px-%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg/330px-%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg/440px-%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4411" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Agitated workers face the factory owner in <i>The Strike</i>. Painted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koehler" title="Robert Koehler">Robert Koehler</a> in 1886.</figcaption></figure> <p>The strike action only became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the industrial working class; they lived in towns and cities, exchanging their labor for payment. By the 1830s, when the <a href="/wiki/Chartist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartist movement">Chartist movement</a> was at its peak in Britain, a true and widespread 'workers consciousness' was awakening. In 1838, a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical Society of London">Statistical Society of London</a> committee "used the first written questionnaire… The committee prepared and printed a list of questions 'designed to elicit the complete and impartial history of strikes.'"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern <a href="/wiki/1842_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1842 General Strike">general strike</a>. After the second <a href="/wiki/Chartism#1842" title="Chartism">Chartist Petition</a> was presented to Parliament in April 1842 and rejected, the strike began in the coal mines of <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, and soon spread through Britain affecting <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton mills">cotton mills</a> in Lancashire and <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mines</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plug_Plot_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plug_Plot-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the mutinous masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. As much as half of the then industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local leadership marshaled a growing working class tradition to politically organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist, political establishment. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, an observer in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> at the time, wrote: </p> <blockquote><p><i>by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, and woe betide the wealthy Englishmen when it becomes conscious of this fact … The English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer.</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suurlakko_Tampereella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Suurlakko_Tampereella.jpg/220px-Suurlakko_Tampereella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Suurlakko_Tampereella.jpg/330px-Suurlakko_Tampereella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Suurlakko_Tampereella.jpg/440px-Suurlakko_Tampereella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A general strike on 5 November 1905 in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As the 19th century progressed, strikes became a fixture of industrial relations across the industrialized world, as workers organized themselves to <a href="/wiki/Collectively_bargain" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectively bargain">collectively bargain</a> for better wages and standards with their employers. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> condemned the theory of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> criminalizing strike action in his work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_strikes">Recognition strikes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recognition strikes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Recognition_strike"></span> A recognition strike is an industrial strike implemented in order to force a particular employer or industry to recognize a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> as the legitimate collective bargaining agent for a company's workers.<sup id="cite_ref-uslegal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslegal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-incessant_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incessant-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-manager_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manager-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, their use in the United States was described as "a weapon used with varying results by labor for the last forty years or more". One example cited was the successful formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a>, which achieved recognition from <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Flint_sit-down_strike" title="Flint sit-down strike">Flint sit-down strike</a> of 1936-37.<sup id="cite_ref-hein_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hein-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were more common prior to the advent of modern American <a href="/wiki/Labor_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor law">labor law</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a>), which introduced processes legally compelling an employer to recognize the legitimacy of properly certified unions.<sup id="cite_ref-hein_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hein-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uslegal_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslegal-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two examples include the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel_recognition_strike_of_1901" title="U.S. Steel recognition strike of 1901">U.S. Steel recognition strike of 1901</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">coal strike of 1902</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anthracite_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anthracite-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1936 study of strikes in the United States indicated that about one third of the total number of strikes between 1927 and 1928, and over 40 percent in 1929, were due to "demands for union recognition, closed shop, and protest against union discrimination and violation of union agreements".<sup id="cite_ref-peterson_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterson-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1988 study of strike activity and unionization in non-union municipal <a href="/wiki/Police_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Police departments">police departments</a> between 1972 and 1978 found that recognition strikes were carried out "primarily where bargaining laws [provided] little or no protection of bargaining rights."<sup id="cite_ref-police_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-police-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, there were 4,740 strikes in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the greatest strike wave in <a href="/wiki/American_labor_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American labor history">American labor history</a>. The number of major strikes and lockouts in the U.S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010. Companies countered the threat of a strike by threatening to close or move a plant.<sup id="cite_ref-census_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, adopted in 1967, ensures the right to strike in Article 8. The <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a>, adopted in 1961, also ensures the right to strike in Article 6. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Farah_strike" title="Farah strike">The Farah Strike</a>, 1972–1974, labeled the "strike of the century," was organized and led by Mexican American women predominantly in El Paso, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency_and_duration">Frequency and duration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Frequency and duration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_Picket_during_Ladies_Tailors_Strike,_02-1910_(11192045794).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Women_Picket_during_Ladies_Tailors_Strike%2C_02-1910_%2811192045794%29.jpg/220px-Women_Picket_during_Ladies_Tailors_Strike%2C_02-1910_%2811192045794%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Women_Picket_during_Ladies_Tailors_Strike%2C_02-1910_%2811192045794%29.jpg/330px-Women_Picket_during_Ladies_Tailors_Strike%2C_02-1910_%2811192045794%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Women_Picket_during_Ladies_Tailors_Strike%2C_02-1910_%2811192045794%29.jpg/440px-Women_Picket_during_Ladies_Tailors_Strike%2C_02-1910_%2811192045794%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Female tailors on strike, New York City, February 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Strikes are rare, in part because many workers are not covered by a <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective bargaining agreement">collective bargaining agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strikes that do occur are generally fairly short in duration.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennan_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labor economist John Kennan notes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Britain in 1926 (the year of <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">the general strike</a>) about 9 workdays per worker were lost due to strikes. In 1979, the loss due to strikes was a little more than one day per worker. These are the extreme cases. In the 79 years following 1926, the number of workdays lost in Britain was less than 2 hours per year per worker. In the U.S., idleness due to strikes never exceeded one half of one percent of total working days in any year during the period 1948-2005; the average loss was 0.1% per year. Similarly, in Canada over the period 1980-2005, the annual number of work days lost due to strikes never exceeded one day per worker; on average over this period lost worktime due to strikes was about one-third of a day per worker. Although the data are not readily available for a broad sample of developed countries, the pattern described above seems quite general: days lost due to strikes amount to only a fraction of a day per worker per annum, on average, exceeding one day only in a few exceptional years.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennan_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Since the 1990s, strike actions have generally further declined, a phenomenon that might be attributable to lower information costs (and thus more readily available access to information on <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">economic rents</a>) made possible by computerization and rising personal indebtedness, which increases the cost of job loss for striking workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennan_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the number of workers involved in major work stoppages (including strikes and, less commonly, lockouts) that involved at least a thousand workers for at least one full shift generally declined from 1973 to 2017 (coinciding with a general decrease in overall union membership), before substantially increasing in 2018 and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2018 and 2019 period, 3.1% of union members were involved in a work stoppage each year on average, these strikes also contained more workers than ever recorded with an average of 20,000 workers participating in each major work stoppage in 2018 and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the period from 1996 to 2000, the ten countries with the most strike action (measured by average number of days not worked for every 1000 employees) were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Days not worked </th></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark </td> <td>296 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland </td> <td>244 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>217 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>189 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway </td> <td>135 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Korea </td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td>90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>67 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/220px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/330px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg/440px-Unison_strike_rally_Oxford_20060328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>A rally of the trade union <a href="/wiki/UNISON" class="mw-redirect" title="UNISON">UNISON</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> during a strike in March 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day113kstreetb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Day113kstreetb.JPG/220px-Day113kstreetb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Day113kstreetb.JPG/330px-Day113kstreetb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Day113kstreetb.JPG/440px-Day113kstreetb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2005_New_York_City_transit_strike" title="2005 New York City transit strike">2005 New York City transit strike</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%95petajate_streik_Tartus_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%C3%95petajate_streik_Tartus_2012.jpg/220px-%C3%95petajate_streik_Tartus_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%C3%95petajate_streik_Tartus_2012.jpg/330px-%C3%95petajate_streik_Tartus_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%C3%95petajate_streik_Tartus_2012.jpg/440px-%C3%95petajate_streik_Tartus_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>A teachers' strike in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Research_(Estonia)" title="Ministry of Education and Research (Estonia)">Ministry of Education</a> building, March 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg/220px-Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg/330px-Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg/440px-Motorized-metal-strike-protest-1971.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Metal workers doing motorized strike in <a href="/wiki/Hyvink%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Hyvinkää">Hyvinkää</a>, Finland in March 1971</figcaption></figure><p>Most strikes are organized by <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a> during collective bargaining as a last resort. The object of collective bargaining is for the employer and the union to come to an agreement over wages, benefits, and working conditions. A collective bargaining agreement may include a clause (a contractual "no-strike clause") which prohibits the union from striking during the term of the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FeldackerHayes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeldackerHayes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under U.S. labor law, a strike in violation of a no-strike clause is not a <a href="/wiki/Protected_concerted_activity" title="Protected concerted activity">protected concerted activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FeldackerHayes_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeldackerHayes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope of a no-strike clause varies; generally, the U.S. courts and <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> have determined that a collective bargaining agreement's no-strike clause has the same scope as the agreement's arbitration clauses, such that "the union cannot strike over an arbitrable issue."<sup id="cite_ref-FeldackerHayes_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeldackerHayes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Supreme Court held in <i>Jacksonville Bulk Terminals Inc. v. International Longshoremen's Association</i> (1982), a case involving the <a href="/wiki/International_Longshoremen%27s_Association" title="International Longshoremen's Association">International Longshoremen's Association</a> refusing to work with goods for export to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in protest against its <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invasion of Afghanistan</a>, that a no-strike clause does not bar unions from refusing to work as a political protest (since that is not an "arbitrable" issue), although such activity may lead to damages for a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary boycott">secondary boycott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FeldackerHayes_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeldackerHayes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether a no-strike clause applies to <a href="/wiki/Sympathy_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathy strikes">sympathy strikes</a> depends on the context.<sup id="cite_ref-FeldackerHayes_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeldackerHayes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some in the labor movement consider no-strike clauses to be an unnecessary detriment to unions in the collective bargaining process.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, workers decide to strike without the sanction of a labor union, either because the union refuses to endorse such a tactic, or because the workers involved are non-unionized. Strikes without formal union authorization are also known as <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strikes">wildcat strikes</a>. </p><p>In many countries, wildcat strikes do not enjoy the same legal protections as recognized union strikes, and may result in penalties for the union members who participate, or for their union. The same often applies in the case of strikes conducted without an official ballot of the union membership, as is required in some countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. </p><p>A strike may consist of workers refusing to attend work or <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picketing</a> outside the workplace to prevent or dissuade people from working in their place or conducting business with their employer. Less frequently, workers may occupy the workplace, but refuse to work. This is known as a <a href="/wiki/Sit-down_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Sit-down strike">sit-down strike</a>. A similar tactic is the <a href="/wiki/Work-in" title="Work-in">work-in</a>, where employees occupy the workplace but still continue work, often without pay, which attempts to show they are still useful, or that <a href="/wiki/Worker_self-management" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker self-management">worker self-management</a> can be successful. For instance, this occurred with factory occupations in the <i><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></i> strikes – the "two red years" of Italy from 1919 to 1920.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another unconventional tactic is <a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">work-to-rule</a> (also known as an <i>Italian strike</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Sciopero bianco</i>), in which workers perform their tasks exactly as they are required to but no better. For example, workers might follow all safety regulations in such a way that it impedes their productivity or they might refuse to work <a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">overtime</a>. Such strikes may in some cases be a form of "partial strike" or "slowdown". </p><p>During the development boom of the 1970s in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green ban</a> was developed by certain unions described by some as more socially conscious. This is a form of strike action taken by a trade union or other organized labor group for <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalist</a> or conservationist purposes. This developed from the black ban, strike action taken against a particular job or employer in order to protect the economic interests of the strikers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">United States labor law</a> also draws a distinction, in the case of private sector employers covered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a>, between "economic" and "unfair labor practice" strikes. An employer may not fire, but may permanently replace, workers who engage in a strike over economic issues. On the other hand, employers who commit <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">unfair labor practices</a> (ULPs) may not replace employees who strike over them, and must fire any strikebreakers they have hired as replacements in order to reinstate the striking workers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_strike_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/220px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/330px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/440px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> wielding pipes, clash with <a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">armed police</a> in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Teamsters_Strike_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934">1934 strike</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Strikes may be specific to a particular workplace, employer, or unit within a workplace, or they may encompass an entire industry, or every worker within a city or country. Strikes that involve all workers, or a number of large and important groups of workers, in a particular community or region are known as general strikes. Under some circumstances, strikes may take place in order to put pressure on the State or other authorities or may be a response to unsafe conditions in the workplace. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Sympathy_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathy strike">sympathy strike</a> is a strike action in which one group of workers refuses to cross a picket line established by another as a means of supporting the striking workers. Sympathy strikes, once the norm in the construction industry in the United States, have been made much more difficult to conduct, due to decisions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> permitting employers to establish separate or "reserved" gates for particular trades, making it an unlawful <a href="/wiki/Secondary_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary boycott">secondary boycott</a> for a union to establish a picket line at any gate other than the one reserved for the employer it is picketing. Still, the practice continues to occur; for example, some <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> contracts often protect members from disciplinary action if a member refuses to cross a picket line.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sympathy strikes may be undertaken by a union as an organization, or by individual union members choosing not to cross a picket line. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_strike" title="Jurisdictional strike">jurisdictional strike</a> in United States labor law refers to a concerted refusal to work undertaken by a union to assert its members' right to particular job assignments and to protest the assignment of disputed work to members of another union or to unorganized workers. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Rolling_strike" title="Rolling strike">rolling strike</a> refers to a strike where only some employees in key departments or locations go on strike. These strikes are performed in order to increase stakes as negotiations draw on and to be unpredictable to the employer. Rolling strikes also serve to conserve <a href="/wiki/Strike_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike funds">strike funds</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Student_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Student strike">student strike</a> involves students (sometimes supported by faculty) refusing to attend classes. In some cases, the strike is intended to draw media attention to the institution so that the grievances that are causing the students to strike can be aired before the public; this usually damages the institution's (or government's) public image. In other cases, especially in government-supported institutions, the student strike can cause a budgetary imbalance and have actual economic repercussions for the institution. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> is a deliberate refusal to eat. Hunger strikes are often used in prisons as a form of political protest. Like student strikes, a hunger strike aims to worsen the public image of the target. </p><p>A "sickout", or (especially by uniformed police officers) "<a href="/wiki/Blue_flu" title="Blue flu">blue flu</a>", is a type of strike action in which the strikers <a href="/wiki/Malingering" title="Malingering">call in sick</a>. This is used in cases where laws prohibit certain employees from declaring a strike. Police, firefighters, air traffic controllers, and teachers in some <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> are among the groups commonly barred from striking usually by state and federal laws meant to ensure the safety or security of the general public. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a> writers may withhold their names from their stories as a way to protest actions of their employer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activists may form "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="flying_squad"></span><span class="vanchor-text">flying squad</span></span>" groups for strikes or other actions, a form of <a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">picketing</a>, to disrupt the workplace or another aspect of capitalist production: supporting other strikers or unemployed workers, participating in protests against globalization, or opposing abusive landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_prohibitions">Legal prohibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal prohibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 January 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> ruled that there is a constitutional right to strike.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this 5–2 majority decision, <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Abella" title="Rosalie Abella">Justice Rosalie Abella</a> ruled that "[a]long with their right to associate, speak through a bargaining representative of their choice, and bargain collectively with their employer through that representative, the right of employees to strike is vital to protecting the meaningful process of collective bargaining…" [paragraph 24]. This decision adopted the dissent by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dickson" title="Brian Dickson">Chief Justice Brian Dickson</a> in a 1987 Supreme Court ruling on a <a href="/wiki/Reference_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference case">reference case</a> brought by the province of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Public_Service_Employee_Relations_Act_(Alta)" title="Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta)">Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta)</a></i>). The exact scope of this right to strike remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to this Supreme Court decision, the federal and provincial governments had the ability to introduce "back-to-work legislation", a <a href="/wiki/Special_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Special law">special law</a> that blocks the strike action (or a lockout) from happening or continuing. Canadian governments could also have imposed <a href="/wiki/Binding_arbitration" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding arbitration">binding arbitration</a> or a new contract on the disputing parties. Back-to-work legislation was first used in 1950 during a railway strike, and as of 2012 had been used 33 times by the federal government for those parts of the economy that are regulated federally (grain handling, rail and air travel, and the postal service), and in more cases provincially. In addition, certain parts of the economy can be proclaimed "<a href="/wiki/Essential_services" title="Essential services">essential services</a>" in which case all strikes are illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples include when the government of Canada passed back-to-work legislation during the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> lockout and the 2012 <a href="/wiki/CP_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="CP Rail">CP Rail</a> strike, thus effectively ending the strikes. In 2016, the government's use of back-to-work legislation during the 2011 Canada Post lockout was ruled unconstitutional, with the judge specifically referencing the Supreme Court of Canada's 2015 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Federation_of_Labour_v_Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China_and_the_former_Soviet_Union"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China_and_the_former_Soviet_Union"></span>People's Republic of China and the former Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China and the former Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Trade unions in the Soviet Union">Trade unions in the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strajk_sierpniowy_w_Stoczni_Gda%C5%84skiej_im._Lenina_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strajk_sierpniowy_w_Stoczni_Gda%C5%84skiej_im._Lenina_09.jpg/220px-Strajk_sierpniowy_w_Stoczni_Gda%C5%84skiej_im._Lenina_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strajk_sierpniowy_w_Stoczni_Gda%C5%84skiej_im._Lenina_09.jpg/330px-Strajk_sierpniowy_w_Stoczni_Gda%C5%84skiej_im._Lenina_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Strajk_sierpniowy_w_Stoczni_Gda%C5%84skiej_im._Lenina_09.jpg/440px-Strajk_sierpniowy_w_Stoczni_Gda%C5%84skiej_im._Lenina_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shipyard" title="Gdańsk Shipyard">Lenin Shipyard workers</a>, Poland, on strike in August 1980, with the name of the state-controlled trade union crossed out in protest</figcaption></figure> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> states, such as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, striking was illegal and viewed as <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a>, and labor strikes are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> in most East Asian cultures. In 1976, China signed the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>, which guaranteed the right to unions and striking, but Chinese officials declared that they had no interest in allowing these liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008, the municipal government in the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Shenzhen Special Economic Zone">Shenzhen Special Economic Zone</a> introduced draft labor regulations, which a <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a> advocacy group says would, if implemented and enforced, virtually restore Chinese workers' right to strike.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS"><span title="It is unlikely that the legislation has stayed in the draft stage for over 13 years. More recent citations are needed about whether the legislation has been passed or not. (April 2022)">obsolete source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Soviet Union, strikes occurred throughout the existence of the USSR, most notably in the 1930s. After World War II, they diminished both in number and in scale.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Trade unions in the Soviet Union">Trade unions in the Soviet Union</a> served in part as a means to educate workers about the country's economic system. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> referred to trade unions as "Schools of Communism".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The preceding two sentences require citations to reliable sources. (March 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Strike_action" title="Special:EditPage/Strike action">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_du_Pas-de-Calais,_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/La_gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_du_Pas-de-Calais%2C_1906.jpg/220px-La_gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_du_Pas-de-Calais%2C_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/La_gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_du_Pas-de-Calais%2C_1906.jpg/330px-La_gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_du_Pas-de-Calais%2C_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/La_gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_du_Pas-de-Calais%2C_1906.jpg/440px-La_gr%C3%A8ve_des_mineurs_du_Pas-de-Calais%2C_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Strike in <a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a> (1906)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Display_of_demands_during_the_2016_Verisure_strike_in_Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry_-_NAO_-_2016-03-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Display_of_demands_during_the_2016_Verisure_strike_in_Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry_-_NAO_-_2016-03-31.jpg/220px-Display_of_demands_during_the_2016_Verisure_strike_in_Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry_-_NAO_-_2016-03-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Display_of_demands_during_the_2016_Verisure_strike_in_Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry_-_NAO_-_2016-03-31.jpg/330px-Display_of_demands_during_the_2016_Verisure_strike_in_Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry_-_NAO_-_2016-03-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Display_of_demands_during_the_2016_Verisure_strike_in_Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry_-_NAO_-_2016-03-31.jpg/440px-Display_of_demands_during_the_2016_Verisure_strike_in_Ch%C3%A2tenay-Malabry_-_NAO_-_2016-03-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Display of demands during a strike in 2016 at <a href="/wiki/Verisure" title="Verisure">Verisure</a>, a French security company</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the first law aimed at limiting the ability of workers to take collective action was the <a href="/wiki/Le_Chapelier_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Chapelier Law">Le Chapelier Law</a>, passed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> on 14 June 1791 and which introduced the "crime of coalition." In his speech in support of the law, the titular author <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a> explained that it "must be without a doubt permitted for all citizens to assemble," but he maintained that it "must not be permitted for citizens from certain professions to assemble for their so-called common interests."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strike actions were specifically banned with the passage of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_Penal_Code_of_1810" title="French Penal Code of 1810">French Penal Code of 1810</a>. Article 415 of the Code declared that participants in an attempted strike action would be subject to an imprisonment of between one and three months and that the organizers of the attempted strike action would be subject to an imprisonment of between two and five years.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The right to strike under the current <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> has been recognized and guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_27_October_1946#Preamble" title="French Constitution of 27 October 1946">Preamble to the French Constitution of 27 October 1946</a> ever since the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(France)" title="Constitutional Council (France)">Constitutional Council</a>'s 1971 <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cision_Libert%C3%A9_d%27association" class="mw-redirect" title="Décision Liberté d'association">decision on the freedom of association</a> recognized that document as being invested with constitutional value. </p><p>A "minimum service" during strikes in public transport was a promise of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> during his campaign for the French presidential election. A law "on social dialogue and continuity of public service in regular terrestrial transports of passengers" was adopted on 12 August 2007, and it took effect on 1 January 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the right to strike is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy#Article_40" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Italy">article 40</a>). The law number 146 of 1990 and law number 83 of 2000<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regulate the strike actions. In particular, they impose limitations for the strikes of workers in public essential services, i.e., the ones that "guarantee the <a href="/wiki/Personality_rights" title="Personality rights">personality rights</a> of life, health, freedom and security, movements, assistance and welfare, education, and communications". These limitations provide a minimum guarantee for these services and punish violations. Similar limitations are applied to workers in the private sector whose strike can affect public services. The employer is explicitly forbidden to apply sanctions to employees participating to the strikes, with the exception of the aforementioned essential services cases. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">government</a>, under exceptional circumstances, can impose the <i>precettazione</i> of the strike, i.e., can force the postponement, cancellation or duration reduction of a national-wide strike. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">prime minister</a> has to justify the decision of applying the <i>precettazione</i> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">parliament</a>. For local strikes, <i>precettazione</i> can also be applied by a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a>. The employees refusing to work after the <i>precettazione</i> takes effect may be subject of a sanction or even a penal action (for a maximum of 4 years of prison) if the illegal strike causes the suspension of an essential service. </p><p><i>Precettazione</i> has been rarely applied, usually after several days of strikes affecting transport or fuel services or extraordinary events. Recent cases include the cancellation of the 2015 strike of the <a href="/wiki/Azienda_Trasporti_Milanesi" title="Azienda Trasporti Milanesi">company providing transportation services in Milan</a> during <a href="/wiki/Expo_2015" title="Expo 2015">Expo 2015</a>, and the 2007 <i>precettazione</i> to stop the strike of the <a href="/wiki/Truck_driver" title="Truck driver">truck drivers</a> that was causing food and fuel shortage after several days of strike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legislation was enacted in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/British_police_strikes_in_1918_and_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="British police strikes in 1918 and 1919">1919 police strikes</a>, forbidding <a href="/wiki/British_police" class="mw-redirect" title="British police">British police</a> from both taking industrial action, and discussing the possibility with colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcsp_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcsp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1951 during the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Attlee ministry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General">Attorney-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Shawcross" title="Hartley Shawcross">Hartley Shawcross</a> left <a href="/wiki/Shawcross_principle" title="Shawcross principle">his name to a Parliamentary principle</a> in a defense of his conduct regarding an illegal strike: that the Attorney-General "is not to be put, and is not put, under pressure by his colleagues in the matter" of whether or not to establish <a href="/wiki/Criminal_proceedings" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal proceedings">criminal proceedings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hsp_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsp-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rhhsp_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhhsp-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Relations_Act_1971" title="Industrial Relations Act 1971">Industrial Relations Act 1971</a> was repealed through the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_Act_1974" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974">Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974</a>, sections of which were repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_1982" title="Employment Act 1982">Employment Act 1982</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_of_Practice_on_Industrial_Action_Ballots_and_Notices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code of Practice on Industrial Action Ballots and Notices (page does not exist)">Code of Practice on Industrial Action Ballots and Notices</a>, and sections 22 and 25 of the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Relations_Act_2004" title="Employment Relations Act 2004">Employment Relations Act 2004</a>, which concern industrial action notices, commenced on 1 October 2005. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales" title="Police Federation of England and Wales">Police Federation</a>, which was created at the time to deal with employment grievances and to provide representation to police officers, attempted to put pressure on the <a href="/wiki/Third_Blair_ministry" title="Third Blair ministry">Blair ministry</a> and at the time repeatedly threatened strike action.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcsp_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcsp-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prison officers have gained and lost the right to strike over the years; in the 2010s, despite it being illegal, they walked out on 15 November 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again on 14 September 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, the Basic Law bans civil servants from going on strike, and the Federal Constitutional Court confirmed that teachers were not permitted to strike.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2023, the matter whether the decision violated teachers' human rights under the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) is pending at the European Court of Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Striker_assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Striker_assembly.jpg/220px-Striker_assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Striker_assembly.jpg/330px-Striker_assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Striker_assembly.jpg/440px-Striker_assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>A strike leader addressing strikers in <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a> in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Railway_Labor_Act" title="Railway Labor Act">Railway Labor Act</a> bans strikes by <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="List of airlines of the United States">United States airline</a> and railroad employees except in narrowly defined circumstances. The <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> generally permits strikes, but provides a mechanism to enjoin from striking workers in industries in which a strike would create a national emergency. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the federal government most recently invoked these statutory provisions to obtain an injunction requiring the <a href="/wiki/International_Longshore_and_Warehouse_Union" title="International Longshore and Warehouse Union">International Longshore and Warehouse Union</a> to return to work in 2002 after having been locked out by the employer group, the Pacific Maritime Association. </p><p>Some jurisdictions prohibit all strikes by public employees, under laws such as the "<a href="/wiki/Taylor_Law" title="Taylor Law">Taylor Law</a>" in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Other jurisdictions impose strike bans only on certain categories of workers, particularly those regarded as critical to society: <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers">teachers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> are among the groups commonly barred from striking in these jurisdictions. Some states, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, do not allow teachers in public schools to strike. Workers have sometimes circumvented these restrictions by falsely claiming inability to work due to illness – this is sometimes called a "sickout" or "blue flu", the latter receiving its name from the uniforms worn by police officers, who are traditionally prohibited from striking. The term "red flu" has sometimes been used to describe this action when undertaken by firefighters. </p><p>Under federal law, federal employees who participate in a strike, or who assert the right to strike against the US government, are barred from retaining their employment.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often, specific regulations on strike actions exist for employees in prisons. The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> declares "encouraging others to refuse to work, or to participate in a work stoppage" by prisoners to be a "High Severity Level Prohibited Act" and authorizes <a href="/wiki/Solitary_confinement" title="Solitary confinement">solitary confinement</a> for periods of up to a year for each violation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/California_Code_of_Regulations" title="California Code of Regulations">California Code of Regulations</a> states that "[p]articipation in a strike or work stoppage", "[r]efusal to perform work or participate in a program as ordered or assigned", and "[r]ecurring failure to meet work or program expectations within the inmate's abilities when lesser disciplinary methods failed to correct the misconduct" by prisoners is "serious misconduct" under §3315(a)(3)(L), leading to <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> affiliation under CCR §3000.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Postal workers involved in 1978 wildcat strikes in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey City">Jersey City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kearny,_New_Jersey" title="Kearny, New Jersey">Kearny, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> were fired under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, and President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> fired <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_controller" title="Air traffic controller">air traffic controllers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">PATCO</a> union after the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">air traffic controllers' strike of 1981</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2018_West_Virginia_teachers%27_strike" title="2018 West Virginia teachers' strike">West Virginia teacher's strike in 2018</a> inspired <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_education_workers%27_strikes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States">teachers in other states</a>, including <a href="/wiki/2018_Oklahoma_teachers%27_strike" title="2018 Oklahoma teachers' strike">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_Colorado_teachers%27_strike" title="2018 Colorado teachers' strike">Colorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_Arizona_teachers%27_strike" title="2018 Arizona teachers' strike">Arizona</a>, to take similar action.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisprudence_and_philosophy">Jurisprudence and philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strike actions have also been discussed from the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> and philosophy, with issues being raised such as whether people have a right to strike, the interaction of strikes with other rights, civil order, coercion, justice and the interplay between striking and contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strikebreakers">Strikebreakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Strikebreakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaker</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_garbage_cart_being_stoned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/New_York_garbage_cart_being_stoned.jpg/220px-New_York_garbage_cart_being_stoned.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/New_York_garbage_cart_being_stoned.jpg/330px-New_York_garbage_cart_being_stoned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/New_York_garbage_cart_being_stoned.jpg/440px-New_York_garbage_cart_being_stoned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>A strikebreaking driver and cart being stoned during sanitation worker strike. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 1911.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>strikebreaker</i> (sometimes derogatorily called a <i>scab</i>, <i>blackleg</i>, or <i>knobstick</i>) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers are usually individuals who are not employed by the company prior to the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> dispute, but rather hired after or during the strike to keep the organization running. "Strikebreakers" may also refer to workers (union members or not) who cross <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">picket lines</a> to work. </p><p>Irwin, Jones, McGovern (2008)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that the term "scab" is part of a larger metaphor involving strikes. They argue that the picket line is symbolic of a wound and those who break its borders to return to work are the scabs who bond that wound. Others have argued that the word is not a part of a larger metaphor but, rather, was an old-fashioned English insult whose meaning narrowed over time. </p><p>"Blackleg" is an older word and is found in the 19th-century folk song "<a href="/wiki/Blackleg_Miner" title="Blackleg Miner">Blackleg Miner</a>" which originated in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>. The term does not necessarily owe its origins to this tune of unknown origin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg/220px-Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg/330px-Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg/440px-Chicago_Tribune_1986_strikebreakers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Strike breakers, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> strike, 1986, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_strikebreaking">Union strikebreaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Union strikebreaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Strike_action" title="Special:EditPage/Strike action">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The concept of <i>union strikebreaking</i> or <i>union scabbing</i> refers to any circumstance in which union workers themselves cross picket lines to work. </p><p>Unionized workers are sometimes required to cross the picket lines established by other unions due to their organizations having signed contracts which include no-strike clauses. The no-strike clause typically requires that members of the union not conduct any strike action for the duration of the contract; such actions are called <i>sympathy</i> or <i>secondary strikes</i>. Members who honor the picket line in spite of the contract frequently face discipline, for their action may be viewed as a violation of provisions of the contract. </p><p>Therefore, any union conducting a strike action typically seeks to include a provision of amnesty for all who honored the picket line in the agreement that settles the strike. No-strike clauses may also prevent unionized workers from engaging in solidarity actions for other workers even when no picket line is crossed. For example, striking workers in manufacturing or mining produce a product which must be transported. In a situation where the factory or mine owners have replaced the strikers, unionized transport workers may feel inclined to refuse to haul any product that is produced by strikebreakers, yet their own contract obligates them to do so. </p><p>Historically the practice of union strikebreaking has been a contentious issue in the union movement, and a point of contention between adherents of different union philosophies. For example, supporters of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial unions">industrial unions</a>, which have sought to organize entire workplaces without regard to individual skills, have criticized <a href="/wiki/Craft_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft unions">craft unions</a> for organizing workplaces into separate unions according to skill, a circumstance that makes union strikebreaking more common. Union strikebreaking is not unique to craft unions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-strike_action">Anti-strike action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Anti-strike action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most strikes called by unions are somewhat predictable; they typically occur after the contract has expired. However, not all strikes are called by union organizations – some strikes have been called in an effort to pressure employers to recognize unions. Other strikes may be spontaneous actions by working people. Spontaneous strikes are sometimes called "<a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">wildcat strikes</a>"; they were the key fighting point in <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968 in France</a>; most commonly, they are responses to serious (often life-threatening) safety hazards in the workplace rather than wage or hour disputes, etc. </p><p>Whatever the cause of the strike, employers are generally motivated to take measures to prevent them, mitigate the impact, or to undermine strikes when they do occur. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_inflatable_rat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giant_inflatable_rat.jpg/220px-Giant_inflatable_rat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giant_inflatable_rat.jpg/330px-Giant_inflatable_rat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Giant_inflatable_rat.jpg/440px-Giant_inflatable_rat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>To bring public attention, a giant <a href="/wiki/Inflatable_rat" title="Inflatable rat">inflatable rat</a> (named 'Scabby') is used in the U.S. at the site of a labor dispute. The rat represents strike-breaking replacement workers, otherwise known as 'scabs'.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strike_preparation">Strike preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Strike preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Companies which produce products for sale will frequently increase inventories prior to a strike. Salaried employees may be called upon to take the place of strikers, which may entail advance training. If the company has multiple locations, personnel may be redeployed to meet the needs of reduced staff. Companies may also take out strike insurance, to help offset the losses which a strike would cause. </p><p>When established unions commence strike action, some companies may decline entirely to negotiate with the union, and respond to the strike by hiring replacement workers. For strikers, this may be concerning for multiple reasons. For example, they may fear that the strike will be lost. The length of time that the strike may last could cause many workers to cease striking, which would likely cause it to fail. They may also be concerned that they will lose their jobs entirely. Companies that hire strikebreakers typically use these concerns to attempt to convince union members to abandon the strike and cross the union's <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">picket line</a>. </p><p>Unions faced with a strikebreaking situation may try to inhibit the use of strikebreakers by a variety of methods – establishing picket lines where strikebreakers enter the workplace; discouraging strike breakers from taking, or from keeping, strikebreaking jobs; raising the cost of hiring strikebreakers for the company; or employing public relations tactics. Companies may respond by increasing security forces and seeking court injunctions. </p><p>Examining conditions in the late 1990s, John Logan, professor and director of Labor and Employment Studies at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State University</a>, observed that union busting agencies helped to "transform economic strikes into a virtually suicidal tactic for US unions". Logan further observed, "as strike rates in the United States have plummeted to historic low levels, the demand for strike management firms has also declined."<sup id="cite_ref-Logan_651-675_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_651-675-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, as established in the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> there is a legally protected right for private sector employees to strike to gain better wages, benefits, or working conditions and they cannot be fired. Striking for economic reasons (like protesting workplace conditions or supporting a union's bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and then the striking worker must wait for a vacancy. </p><p>But if the strike is due to unfair labor practices, the strikers replaced can demand immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a collective bargaining agreement is in effect, and it contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could result in the firing of all striking employees which could result in dissolution of that union. Although this is legal it could be viewed as union busting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strike_breaking">Strike breaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Strike breaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some companies negotiate with the union during a strike; other companies may see a strike as an opportunity to eliminate the union. This is sometimes accomplished by the importation of replacement workers, <a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">strikebreakers</a> or "scabs". Historically, strike breaking has often coincided with union busting. It was also called "<a href="/wiki/Blackleg_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackleg labour">black legging</a>" in the early twentieth century, during the Russian socialist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_busting">Union busting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Union busting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz,_Strajk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz%2C_Strajk.jpg/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz%2C_Strajk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz%2C_Strajk.jpg/330px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz%2C_Strajk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz%2C_Strajk.jpg/440px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz%2C_Strajk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4872" /></a><figcaption><i>Strike</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lentz" title="Stanisław Lentz">Stanisław Lentz</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></div> <p>One method of inhibiting or ending a strike is firing union members who are striking which can result in elimination of the union. Although this has happened, it is rare due to laws regarding firing and "right to strike" having a wide range of differences in the US depending on whether union members are public or private sector. Laws also vary country to country. In the UK, "It is important to understand that there is no right to strike in UK law."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employees who strike risk dismissal, unless it is an official strike (one called or endorsed by their union) in which case they are protected from unlawful dismissal, and cannot be fired for at least 12 weeks. UK laws regarding work stoppages and strikes are defined within the <a href="/wiki/Employment_Relations_Act_1999" title="Employment Relations Act 1999">Employment Relations Act 1999</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union_and_Labour_Relations_(Consolidation)_Act_1992" title="Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992">Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992</a>. </p><p>A significant case of mass-dismissals in the UK in 2005 involved the sacking of over 600 Gate Gourmet employees at Heathrow Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacking prompted a walkout by British Airways ground staff leading to cancelled flights and thousands of delayed passengers. The walkout was illegal under UK law and the T&GWU quickly brought it to an end. A subsequent court case ruled that demonstrations on a grass verge approaching the Gate Gourmet premises were not illegal, but limited the number and made the T&G responsible for their action.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_GG_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_GG-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> issued Executive Order #10988<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which permitted federal employees to form trade unions but prohibited strikes (codified in 1966 at 5 U.S.C. 7311 – Loyalty and Striking). In 1981, after public sector union PATCO (<a href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization</a>) went on strike illegally, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> fired all of the controllers. His action resulted in the dissolution of the union. PATCO reformed to become the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Association" title="National Air Traffic Controllers Association">National Air Traffic Controllers Association</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ob%C4%9Bti_sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky_st%C3%A1vkuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_s_vojskem_v_dubnu_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ob%C4%9Bti_sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky_st%C3%A1vkuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_s_vojskem_v_dubnu_1917.jpg/220px-Ob%C4%9Bti_sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky_st%C3%A1vkuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_s_vojskem_v_dubnu_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ob%C4%9Bti_sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky_st%C3%A1vkuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_s_vojskem_v_dubnu_1917.jpg/330px-Ob%C4%9Bti_sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky_st%C3%A1vkuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_s_vojskem_v_dubnu_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ob%C4%9Bti_sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky_st%C3%A1vkuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_s_vojskem_v_dubnu_1917.jpg/440px-Ob%C4%9Bti_sr%C3%A1%C5%BEky_st%C3%A1vkuj%C3%ADc%C3%ADch_s_vojskem_v_dubnu_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Victims of a clash between striking workers and the army in <a href="/wiki/Prost%C4%9Bjov" title="Prostějov">Prostějov</a>, Austria-Hungary, April 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In the U.S., as established in the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a> there is a legally protected right for private sector employees to strike to gain better wages, benefits, or working conditions and they cannot be fired. Striking for economic reasons (i.e., protesting workplace conditions or supporting a union's bargaining demands) allows an employer to hire permanent replacements. The replacement worker can continue in the job and then the striking worker must wait for a vacancy. But if the strike is due to <a href="/wiki/Unfair_labor_practice" title="Unfair labor practice">unfair labor practices</a> (ULP), the strikers replaced can demand immediate reinstatement when the strike ends. If a collective bargaining agreement is in effect, and it contains a "no-strike clause", a strike during the life of the contract could result in the firing of all striking employees which could result in dissolution of that union. </p><p>Amazon has used the Law firm Wilmerhale to legally end worker strikes at its locations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lockout">Lockout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lockout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another counter to a strike is a <a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">lockout</a>, a form of work stoppage in which an employer refuses to allow employees to work. Two of the three employers involved in the Caravan park grocery workers strike of 2003–2004 locked out their employees in response to a strike against the third member of the employer bargaining group. Lockouts are, with certain exceptions, lawful under United States labor law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramon_Casas_Charge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ramon_Casas_Charge.jpg/220px-Ramon_Casas_Charge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ramon_Casas_Charge.jpg/330px-Ramon_Casas_Charge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ramon_Casas_Charge.jpg/440px-Ramon_Casas_Charge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption><i>The charge</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Casas" title="Ramon Casas">Ramon Casas</a> (1899)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a></div> <p>Historically, some employers have attempted to break union strikes by force. One of the most famous examples of this occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Strike">Homestead Strike</a> of 1892. Industrialist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a> sent private security agents from the <a href="/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinkerton National Detective Agency">Pinkerton National Detective Agency</a> to break <a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">a strike</a>, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamated_Association_of_Iron_and_Steel_Workers" title="Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers">Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania" title="Homestead, Pennsylvania">Homestead, Pennsylvania</a>, steel mill. Two strikers were killed, twelve wounded, along with two Pinkertons killed and eleven wounded. </p><p>In the aftermath, Frick was shot in the neck and then stabbed by an unaffiliated anarchist, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a>, in an assassination attempt. Frick survived the attack, while Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscription">Conscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Conscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critical infrastructure workers who are on strike may be forced back to work under military law and/or <a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">civil conscription</a> in countries which allow conscription. In 2010, the Spanish government invoked emergency powers to conscript air traffic controllers who were <a href="/wiki/Spanish_air_traffic_controllers%27_strike" title="Spanish air traffic controllers' strike">on strike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Offer" title="Final Offer">Final Offer</a></i> – A look at the 1984 contract negotiations between General Motors and its union.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlan_County,_USA" title="Harlan County, USA">Harlan County, USA</a></i>, Director: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kopple" title="Barbara Kopple">Barbara Kopple</a>, US 1976–A <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> about a very long and bitter strike of coal miners in Kentucky</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Dream_(film)" title="American Dream (film)">American Dream</a>,</i> Director: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kopple" title="Barbara Kopple">Barbara Kopple</a>, US 1990 – A <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> about the unsuccessful 1985–1986 <a href="/wiki/Meat_packing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat packing industry">meatpacker's</a> strike against <a href="/wiki/Hormel_Foods" title="Hormel Foods">Hormel Foods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Minnesota" title="Austin, Minnesota">Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa" title="Jimmy Hoffa">Jimmy Hoffa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor union</a> leader who ran the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters" title="International Brotherhood of Teamsters">International Brotherhood of Teamsters</a> (IBT) union from 1958 until 1971, was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake_(actor)" title="Robert Blake (actor)">Robert Blake</a> in the 1983 TV-film <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Feud_(1983_film)" title="Blood Feud (1983 film)">Blood Feud</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Trey_Wilson" title="Trey Wilson">Trey Wilson</a> in the 1985 television miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_%26_His_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kennedy & His Times">Robert Kennedy & His Times</a></i>, and by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> in the 1992 biographical film <i><a href="/wiki/Hoffa_(film)" title="Hoffa (film)">Hoffa</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newsies" title="Newsies">Newsies</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> movie based on the <a href="/wiki/Newsboys%27_strike_of_1899" title="Newsboys' strike of 1899">Newsboys' Strike of 1899</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Ortega" title="Kenny Ortega">Kenny Ortega</a> and music composed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Menken" title="Alan Menken">Alan Menken</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bastard_Boys" title="Bastard Boys">Bastard Boys</a></i>, A miniseries based on the <a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_waterfront_dispute" title="1998 Australian waterfront dispute">1998 Australian waterfront dispute</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_Dagenham" title="Made in Dagenham">Made in Dagenham</a></i>, A film about the strike by female employees at the Ford Motor company in the UK.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Grunwick_Strike_1976-1978&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Grunwick Strike 1976-1978 (page does not exist)">The Great Grunwick Strike 1976-1978</a></i> Director: Chris Thomas, Brent Trades Union Council (2007 film)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Strike_(1925_film)" title="Strike (1925 film)">Statschka</a></i> ("Strike"), Director: <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>, Soviet Union 1924</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brother_(1929_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother (1929 film)">Brüder</a></i> ("Brother"), Director: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hochbaum" title="Werner Hochbaum">Werner Hochbaum</a>, Germany 1929–On the general strike in the port of Hamburg, Germany in 1896/97</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Look_Down_(film)" title="The Stars Look Down (film)">The Stars Look Down</a></i>, Director: <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a>, England 1939 – Film about a strike over safety standards at a coal mine in North-East England – based on the <a href="/wiki/A.J._Cronin" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Cronin">Cronin</a> novel</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath_(film)" title="The Grapes of Wrath (film)">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> a 1940 film by <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> includes description of migrant workers striking, and its violent breaking by employers, assisted by the police. Based on <a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">the novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film)" title="Salt of the Earth (1954 film)">Salt of the Earth</a></i>, Director: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Biberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert J. Biberman">Herbert J. Biberman</a>, US 1953–Fictionalized account of an actual zinc-miners' strike in <a href="/wiki/Silver_City,_New_Mexico" title="Silver City, New Mexico">Silver City, New Mexico</a>, in which women took over the picket line to circumvent an injunction barring "striking miners" from company property. The striking women were largely played by real members of the strike, and one woman was deported to Mexico while filming. The <a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">union organizer</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Jencks" title="Clinton Jencks">Clinton Jencks</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Jencks_v._United_States" title="Jencks v. United States">Jencks v. United States</a> fame) also participated.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Molly_Maguires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Molly Maguires">The Molly Maguires</a></i>, Director: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ritt" title="Martin Ritt">Martin Ritt</a>, 1970 film starring Sean Connery and Richard Harris. Frustrated by the failure of strike action to achieve their industrial objectives, a secret society among Pennsylvania coal miners sabotages the mine with explosives to try to get what their industrial action failed to obtain. A Pinkerton agent infiltrates them.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F.I.S.T._(film)" title="F.I.S.T. (film)">F.I.S.T.</a></i>, Director: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a>, 1978 – loosely based on the <a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a> union and former president Jimmy Hoffa.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norma_Rae" title="Norma Rae">Norma Rae</a></i>, Director: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ritt" title="Martin Ritt">Martin Ritt</a>, 1979.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matewan" title="Matewan">Matewan</a></i>, Director: <a href="/wiki/John_Sayles" title="John Sayles">John Sayles</a>, 1987 – critically acclaimed account of a coal mine-workers' strike and attempt to unionize in 1920 in Matewan, a small town in the hills of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_in_Dagenham" title="Made in Dagenham">Made in Dagenham</a></i>, 2010 – based on the strike at <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Fords</a> plant in Dagenham, England, UK, which won equal pay for female workers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sometimes, "to go on strike" is used figuratively for machinery or equipment not working due to malfunction, e.g. "<i>My computer's on strike</i>".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockout (industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_away" class="mw-redirect" title="Stay away">Stay away</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Burke_Group" title="The Burke Group">The Burke Group</a></li></ul> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 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class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labour">Organized labour portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-illegal-strike-reconceptualizing-the-strike-in-law-and-political-economy">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"There is No Such Thing as an Illegal Strike": Reconceptualizing the Strike in Law and Political Economy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22There+is+No+Such+Thing+as+an+Illegal+Strike%22%3A+Reconceptualizing+the+Strike+in+Law+and+Political+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawjournal.org%2Fforum%2Fthere-is-no-such-thing-as-an-illegal-strike-reconceptualizing-the-strike-in-law-and-political-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aleksander Smolar, "Towards 'Self-limiting Revolution': Poland 1970–89", in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&q=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics"><i>Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present</i>, Oxford University Press, 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125230557/https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&dq=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> 25 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 127–43. This book contains accounts on certain other strike movements in other countries around the world aimed at overthrowing a regime or a foreign military presence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1996" class="citation book cs1">Mommsen, Hans (1996). <i>The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy</i>. Translated by Forster, Elborg; Jones, Larry Eugene. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-807-82249-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-807-82249-4"><bdi>978-0-807-82249-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Weimar+Democracy&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-807-82249-4&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301153809/http://www.hyperhistory.org/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=746&op=page">"Strike!"</a>. <i>ozhistorybytes - Issue Eight: The History of Words</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyperhistory.org/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=746&op=page">the original</a> on 1 March 2006 – via hyperhistory.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ozhistorybytes+-+Issue+Eight%3A+The+History+of+Words&rft.atitle=Strike%21&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyperhistory.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Ddisplaypage%26Itemid%3D746%26op%3Dpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A body of sailors… proceeded… to Sunderland…, and at the cross there read a paper, setting forth their grievances… After this they went on board the several ships in that harbour, and struck (lowered down) their yards, in order to prevent them from proceeding to sea." (<i>Ann. Reg.</i> 92, 1768), quoted in <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 2nd ed., s.v. "strike, v.," sense 17; see also sense 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorrall2014" class="citation news cs1">Worrall, Simon (1 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140831182929/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140831-pirates-horatio-nelson-samuel-adams-royal-navy-somalia-ngbooktalk/">"Were Modern Ideas—and the American Revolution—Born on Ships at Sea?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140831-pirates-horatio-nelson-samuel-adams-royal-navy-somalia-ngbooktalk/">the original</a> on 31 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Were+Modern+Ideas%E2%80%94and+the+American+Revolution%E2%80%94Born+on+Ships+at+Sea%3F&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft.aulast=Worrall&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F08%2F140831-pirates-horatio-nelson-samuel-adams-royal-navy-somalia-ngbooktalk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">François Daumas, (1969). <i>Ägyptische Kultur im Zeitalter der Pharaonen</i>, pp. 309. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knaur_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knaur Verlag (page does not exist)">Knaur Verlag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Romer, <i>Ancient Lives; the story of the Pharaoh's Tombmakers. London</i>: Phoenix Press, 1984, pp. 116–123 See also E.F. Wente, "A letter of complaint to the Vizier To", in <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>, 20, 1961 and W.F. Edgerton, "The strikes in Ramses III's Twenty-ninth year", <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>, 10, 1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud Yoma 38a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.G._Wells_1920,_page_225-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H.G._Wells_1920,_page_225_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.G._Wells_1920,_page_225_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.G. Wells, Outline of History, Waverly Book Company, 1920, page 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGault1907" class="citation journal cs1">Gault, Robert (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430588">"A History of the Questionnaire Method of Research in Psychology"</a>. <i>The Pedagogical Seminary</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 366–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08919402.1907.10532551">10.1080/08919402.1907.10532551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pedagogical+Seminary&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Questionnaire+Method+of+Research+in+Psychology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=366-383&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08919402.1907.10532551&rft.aulast=Gault&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1430588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plug_Plot-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plug_Plot_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMather1974" class="citation book cs1">Mather, F.C. (1974). "The General Strike of 1842: A Study in Leadership, Organisation and the Threat of Revolution during the Plug Plot Disturbance". In Quinault, R.; Stevenson, J. (eds.). <i>Popular Protest and Public Order: Six Studies in British History, 1790–1920</i>. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. 115–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003186892-3">10.4324/9781003186892-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-18689-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-18689-2"><bdi>978-1-003-18689-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242636272">242636272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+General+Strike+of+1842%3A+A+Study+in+Leadership%2C+Organisation+and+the+Threat+of+Revolution+during+the+Plug+Plot+Disturbance&rft.btitle=Popular+Protest+and+Public+Order%3A+Six+Studies+in+British+History%2C+1790%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=115-140&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242636272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003186892-3&rft.isbn=978-1-003-18689-2&rft.aulast=Mather&rft.aufirst=F.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/british-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842">"British workers strike for better wages and political reform ("The Plug Plot Riots"), 1842 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"</a>. <i>nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu&rft.atitle=British+workers+strike+for+better+wages+and+political+reform+%28%22The+Plug+Plot+Riots%22%29%2C+1842+%7C+Global+Nonviolent+Action+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvdatabase.swarthmore.edu%2Fcontent%2Fbritish-workers-strike-better-wages-and-political-reform-plug-plot-riots-1842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/camatte/origin.htm">"Camatte: Origin and Function of the Party Form"</a>. <i>marxists.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marxists.org&rft.atitle=Camatte%3A+Origin+and+Function+of+the+Party+Form&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcamatte%2Forigin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a>, Part II, Section 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uslegal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uslegal_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uslegal_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definitions.uslegal.com/r/recognition-strike/">"Recognition Strike Law and Legal Definition"</a>. <i>definitions.uslegal.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=definitions.uslegal.com&rft.atitle=Recognition+Strike+Law+and+Legal+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefinitions.uslegal.com%2Fr%2Frecognition-strike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-incessant-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-incessant_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdavbiele2015" class="citation journal cs1">Adavbiele, J. A. (16 April 2015). "Implications of Incessant Strike Actions on the Implementation of Technical Education Programme in Nigeria". <i>Journal of Education and Practice</i>. <b>6</b> (8): 134–138. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167107092">167107092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Implications+of+Incessant+Strike+Actions+on+the+Implementation+of+Technical+Education+Programme+in+Nigeria.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=134-138&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167107092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adavbiele&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manager-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manager_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Adams1990" class="citation book cs1">William R. Adams (1990). <i>A Manager's Guide to Labor Relations Terminology</i>. Adams, Nash & Haskell. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manager%27s+Guide+to+Labor+Relations+Terminology&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Adams%2C+Nash+%26+Haskell&rft.date=1990&rft.au=William+R.+Adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hein-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hein_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hein_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArensberg1948–1949" class="citation journal cs1">Arensberg, Charles C. (1948–1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/upitt10&div=15&id=&page=">"The Primary Strike for Recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Law_Review" title="University of Pittsburgh Law Review">University of Pittsburgh Law Review</a></i>. <b>10</b>: 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pittsburgh+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Primary+Strike+for+Recognition&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=137&rft.date=1948%2F1949&rft.aulast=Arensberg&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fupitt10%26div%3D15%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anthracite-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anthracite_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621111119/http://www.stfrancis.edu/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/anthracitestrike.htm">"The Great Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/anthracitestrike.htm">the original</a> on 21 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Anthracite+Coal+Strike+of+1902&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stfrancis.edu%2Fcontent%2Fba%2Fghkickul%2Fstuwebs%2Fbtopics%2Fworks%2Fanthracitestrike.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peterson-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peterson_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1938" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Florence (16 April 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3cvAAAAYAAJ"><i>Strikes in the United States, 1880-1936</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-403-01148-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-403-01148-3"><bdi>978-0-403-01148-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strikes+in+the+United+States%2C+1880-1936&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1938-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-403-01148-3&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3cvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-police-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-police_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIchniowski1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ichniowski, Casey (1 June 1988). "Police recognition strikes: Illegal and ill-fated". <i>Journal of Labor Research</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 183–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02685240">10.1007/BF02685240</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54211734">54211734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Labor+Research&rft.atitle=Police+recognition+strikes%3A+Illegal+and+ill-fated&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-197&rft.date=1988-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02685240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54211734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ichniowski&rft.aufirst=Casey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwlax.edu/teachhistory/Old%20Grants/Grant2/G2EducationResources/timeline2.htm">Abbreviated Timeline of the Modern Labor Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029044945/http://www.uwlax.edu/teachhistory/Old%20Grants/Grant2/G2EducationResources/timeline2.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ", University of Wisconsin-La Crosse</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111020114556/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0663.pdf">"U.S. Census Bureau, <i>Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012</i> (2011) p 428 table 663"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0663.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau%2C+Statistical+Abstract+of+the+United+States%3A+2012+%282011%29+p+428+table+663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F2012%2Ftables%2F12s0663.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron_Brenner2011" class="citation book cs1">Aaron Brenner; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHzk54IjNpEC&pg=PA234"><i>The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 234–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2645-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-2645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Strikes+in+American+History&rft.pages=234-35&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2645-5&rft.au=Aaron+Brenner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHzk54IjNpEC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-best-of-the-texas-century-business/">"The Best of the Texas Century—Business"</a>. <i>Texas Monthly</i>. 20 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Best+of+the+Texas+Century%E2%80%94Business&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-best-of-the-texas-century-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennan_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennan_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennan_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennan_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Kennan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jkennan/research/Strikes.Palgrave.pdf">Strikes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807204111/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jkennan/research/Strikes.Palgrave.pdf">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, National Bureau of Economic Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouzoulis2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gouzoulis, Giorgos (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irj.12391">"What do indebted employees do? Financialisation and the decline of industrial action"</a>. <i>Industrial Relations Journal</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 71–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Firj.12391">10.1111/irj.12391</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F7ec29ae7-0441-47f7-856f-c68013308c9b">1983/7ec29ae7-0441-47f7-856f-c68013308c9b</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-8692">0019-8692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255675554">255675554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Relations+Journal&rft.atitle=What+do+indebted+employees+do%3F+Financialisation+and+the+decline+of+industrial+action&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-94&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F7ec29ae7-0441-47f7-856f-c68013308c9b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255675554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-8692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Firj.12391&rft.aulast=Gouzoulis&rft.aufirst=Giorgos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Firj.12391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouzoulis2023" class="citation web cs1">Gouzoulis, Giorgos (25 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/strikes-how-rising-household-debt-could-slow-industrial-action-this-year-198466">"Strikes: how rising household debt could slow industrial action this year"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Strikes%3A+how+rising+household+debt+could+slow+industrial+action+this+year&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.aulast=Gouzoulis&rft.aufirst=Giorgos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fstrikes-how-rising-household-debt-could-slow-industrial-action-this-year-198466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidi Shierholz & Margaret Poydock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epi.org/publication/continued-surge-in-strike-activity/">Report: Continued surge in strike activity signals worker dissatisfaction with wage growth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526081319/https://www.epi.org/publication/continued-surge-in-strike-activity/">Archived</a> 26 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Economic Policy Institute (11 February 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Labor/Strikes">"Countries Compared by Labor > Strikes. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+More+%22Meaning%22+in+the+Future+of+Labour+Law+%E2%80%93+Slaw&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft.aulast=Ha-Redeye&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slaw.ca%2F2015%2F02%2F01%2Ffinding-more-meaning-in-the-future-of-labour-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/faq-back-to-work-legislation-1.1000525">"FAQ: Back-to-work legislation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FAQ%3A+Back-to-work+legislation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ffaq-back-to-work-legislation-1.1000525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canliiconnects.org/en/summaries/42968">"Ontario judge finds back-to-work legislation aimed at postal workers violates Charter"</a>. <i>canliiconnects.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canliiconnects.org&rft.atitle=Ontario+judge+finds+back-to-work+legislation+aimed+at+postal+workers+violates+Charter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanliiconnects.org%2Fen%2Fsummaries%2F42968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Still waiting for Nike to do it," by Tim Connor, page 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1173682">'Factory to the world will soon get the right to strike'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703064242/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1173682">Archived</a> 3 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Venkatesan Vembu, <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis" title="Daily News and Analysis">Daily News and Analysis</a>, 26 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlov_V.N.Bogdanov_S.V." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orlov V.N.; Bogdanov S.V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yurclub.ru/docs/other/article143.html">"КОЛЛЕКТИВНЫЕ ТРУДОВЫЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ В СССР В 1930-1950-х гг.: ПРИЧИНЫ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ, ФОРМЫ ПРОТЕКАНИЯ, СПОСОБЫ РАЗРЕШЕНИЯ"</a> [COLLECTIVE LABOR CONFLICTS IN THE USSR IN 1930-1950s: REASONS OF OCCURRENCE, FORMS, WAYS OF RESOLUTION] (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%95+%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%AB%D0%95+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A4%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%AB+%D0%92+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%92+1930-1950-%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%3A+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%AB+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF%2C+%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%AB+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF%2C+%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%AB+%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A8%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF&rft.au=Orlov+V.N.&rft.au=Bogdanov+S.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yurclub.ru%2Fdocs%2Fother%2Farticle143.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7I9AAAAYAAJ"><i>Réimpression de l'Ancien Moniteur</i></a> (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.napoleon-series.org&rft.atitle=France%3A+Penal+Code+of+1810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon-series.org%2Fresearch%2Fgovernment%2Ffrance%2Fpenalcode%2Fc_penalcode3b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/00083l.htm">"Legge 11 Aprile 2000, n. 83"</a>. Gazzetta Ufficiale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+11+Aprile+2000%2C+n.+83&rft.pub=Gazzetta+Ufficiale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2Fparlam%2Fleggi%2F00083l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcsp-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcsp_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcsp_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/6920416.stm">"Police in strike action threat"</a>. BBC News. 28 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+in+strike+action+threat&rft.date=2007-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F6920416.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsp-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hsp_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawcross1951" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shawcross, Hartley (29 January 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1951-01-29a.679.0">"Prosecutions (Attorney-General's Responsibility)"</a>. <i>Hansard</i>. 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The Globe and Mail Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+real+meaning+of+the+SNC-Lavalin+affair&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft.aulast=Heintzman&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-the-real-meaning-of-the-snc-lavalin-affair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9256125/Prison-officers-stage-unofficial-walkout-on-day-of-public-sector-action.html">"Prison officers stage unofficial walkout on day of public sector action"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9256125/Prison-officers-stage-unofficial-walkout-on-day-of-public-sector-action.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Prison+officers+stage+unofficial+walkout+on+day+of+public+sector+action&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Flaw-and-order%2F9256125%2FPrison-officers-stage-unofficial-walkout-on-day-of-public-sector-action.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/prison-officer-strike-ended-after-constructive-dialogue-11497432">"Prison staff strike ended after union's 'constructive dialogue' with minister"</a>. <i>Sky News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Prison+staff+strike+ended+after+union%27s+%27constructive+dialogue%27+with+minister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fprison-officer-strike-ended-after-constructive-dialogue-11497432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echr.com/">"The Court to Rule on the Right to Strike in Germany"</a>. <i>News ECHR</i>. 8 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+ECHR&rft.atitle=The+Court+to+Rule+on+the+Right+to+Strike+in+Germany&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fechr.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/7311">"5 U.S. Code § 7311 – Loyalty and striking"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=5+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+7311+%E2%80%93+Loyalty+and+striking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F5%2F7311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations">28 CFR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-28/section-541.3">541.3</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/California_Code_of_Regulations" title="California Code of Regulations"><i>California Code of Regulations §3000</i></a>, <q>Gang means any … formal or informal organization, association or group of three or more persons which has a common name or identifying sign or symbol whose members and/or associates, individually or collectively, engage or have engaged, on behalf of that organization, association or group, in two or more acts which include, … acts of misconduct classified as serious pursuant to section 3315.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Code+of+Regulations+%C2%A73000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ktla.com/2018/04/02/inspired-by-west-virginia-strike-teachers-in-oklahoma-and-kentucky-plan-walk-out/">"Inspired by West Virginia Strike, Teachers in Oklahoma and Kentucky Plan Walk Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KTLA" title="KTLA">KTLA</a>. 2 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inspired+by+West+Virginia+Strike%2C+Teachers+in+Oklahoma+and+Kentucky+Plan+Walk+Out&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fktla.com%2F2018%2F04%2F02%2Finspired-by-west-virginia-strike-teachers-in-oklahoma-and-kentucky-plan-walk-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyton-García2017" class="citation journal cs1">Leyton-García, Jorge-Andrés (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-34372017000300781">"The right to strike as a fundamental human right: recognition and limitations in international law"</a>. <i>Revista chilena de derecho</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 781–804. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-34372017000300781">10.4067/S0718-34372017000300781</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+chilena+de+derecho&rft.atitle=The+right+to+strike+as+a+fundamental+human+right%3A+recognition+and+limitations+in+international+law&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=781-804&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0718-34372017000300781&rft.aulast=Leyton-Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Jorge-Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252FS0718-34372017000300781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtz1987" class="citation journal cs1">Utz, Arthur F. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol65/iss4/10/">"Is the Right to Strike a Human Right?"</a>. <i>Washington University Law Review Quarterly</i>. <b>65</b>: 732–757.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Review+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Is+the+Right+to+Strike+a+Human+Right%3F&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=732-757&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Utz&rft.aufirst=Arthur+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenscholarship.wustl.edu%2Flaw_lawreview%2Fvol65%2Fiss4%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinrib2018" class="citation journal cs1">Weinrib, Laura (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol2017/iss1/20">"The right to work and the right to strike"</a>. <i>University of Chicago Legal Forum</i>. <b>2017</b>: 513–536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Legal+Forum&rft.atitle=The+right+to+work+and+the+right+to+strike&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=513-536&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Weinrib&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagounbound.uchicago.edu%2Fuclf%2Fvol2017%2Fiss1%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourevitch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gourevitch, Alex (2018). "The Right to Strike: A Radical View". <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>112</b> (4): 905–917. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055418000321">10.1017/S0003055418000321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85458964">85458964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Right+to+Strike%3A+A+Radical+View&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=905-917&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055418000321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85458964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gourevitch&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenningsWestern1997" class="citation journal cs1">Jennings, Karen; Western, Glenda (1997). "A Right to Strike?". <i>Nursing Ethics</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 277–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096973309700400403">10.1177/096973309700400403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9305123">9305123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40163210">40163210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nursing+Ethics&rft.atitle=A+Right+to+Strike%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=277-282&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40163210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9305123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096973309700400403&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Western%2C+Glenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan_651-675-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Logan_651-675_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Union Avoidance Industry in the United States", <i>British Journal of Industrial Relations</i>, John Logan, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, December 2006, pp. 651–675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Koestler, <i>Darkness at Noon</i>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Byron (6 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labourlist.org/2011/06/what-is-the-right-to-strike/">"What is the right to strike?"</a>. <i>LabourList</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LabourList&rft.atitle=What+is+the+right+to+strike%3F&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabourlist.org%2F2011%2F06%2Fwhat-is-the-right-to-strike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Workers Worldwide Back Their Heathrow Colleagues], <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402034825/http://www.itfglobal.org/press-area/index.cfm/pressdetail/566">"Internationale Transportarbeiter-Föderation: Presse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itfglobal.org/press-area/index.cfm/pressdetail/566">the original</a> on 2 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internationale+Transportarbeiter-F%C3%B6deration%3A+Presse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itfglobal.org%2Fpress-area%2Findex.cfm%2Fpressdetail%2F566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_GG-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_GG_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[BBC News 21 August 2005], <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4168084.stm">https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4168084.stm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306050057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4168084.stm">Archived</a> 6 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58926#axzz1iul5EQQB">Executive Order 10988</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205012534/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=58926#axzz1iul5EQQB">Archived</a> 5 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph1-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph1_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/8181158/Spanish-air-traffic-controllers-marched-back-to-work-as-airports-reopen.html">"Spanish air traffic controllers marched back to work as airports reopen"</a>. <i>telegraph.co.uk</i>. 4 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Spanish+air+traffic+controllers+marched+back+to+work+as+airports+reopen&rft.date=2010-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Ftravelnews%2F8181158%2FSpanish-air-traffic-controllers-marched-back-to-work-as-airports-reopen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrike+action" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Norwood, Stephen H. <i>Strikebreaking and Intimidation.</i> Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2705-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2705-3">0-8078-2705-3</a></li> <li>Montgomery, David. "Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America," <i>Social Science History</i> (1980) 4#1 pp. 81–104 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170880">in JSTOR</a>, includes some comparative data</li> <li>Ross, Arthur M., and Donald Irwin."Strike Experience in Five Countries, 1927-1947: An Interpretation" <i>ILR Review</i> 4#3 (1951), pp. 323–342 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2518910">online</a>, covers UK, USA, Canada, Australia and Sweden.</li> <li>Silver, Beverly J. <i>Forces of Labor: Workers' Movements and Globalization Since 1870.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52077-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52077-0">0-521-52077-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Strike action</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/strike" class="extiw" title="wikt:strike">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Strikes" class="extiw" title="c:category:Strikes">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Strikes" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Strikes">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Strike_action" class="extiw" title="q:Strike action">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Strikes_and_Lock-outs" class="extiw" title="s:Strikes and Lock-outs">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49776" class="extiw" title="d:Q49776">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yalelawjournal.org/forum/there-is-no-such-thing-as-an-illegal-strike-reconceptualizing-the-strike-in-law-and-political-economy">Reconceptualizing the strike in law and political economy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/tags/strikes">News and histories of strikes from around the world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eblackstudies.org/intro/chapter7.htm">"Black Workers and the Labor Movement: Toward a Paradigm of Unity in Afro-American Studies." Intro to Afro-American Studies. eBlackStudies.com.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008153806/http://eblackstudies.org/intro/chapter7.htm">Archived</a> 8 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/info/national/ire.htm#15">Labour Law Profile: Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55951/strike-famous-worker-uprisings#index/0">Strike! Famous Worker Uprisings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218162634/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/55951/strike-famous-worker-uprisings#index/0">Archived</a> 18 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organized_labor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_labor" title="Template:Organized labor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_labor" title="Template talk:Organized labor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_labor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized labor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organized_labor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organized labor</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_(discipline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor history (discipline)">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public-sector_trade_union" title="Public-sector trade union">public sector</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">Labor council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_trade_union_center" title="National trade union center">National trade union center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_union_federation" title="Global union federation">Global union federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionization" title="Unionization">Unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">Union representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk of the chapel">Clerk of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of the chapel">Father of the chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_union" title="Local union">Local union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_dues" title="Union dues">Union dues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilance_committee_(trade_union)" title="Vigilance committee (trade union)">Vigilance committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_label" title="Union label">Union label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_(union_organizing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt (union organizing)">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trades_hall" title="Trades hall">Trades hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_fair_representation" title="Duty of fair representation">Duty of fair representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_center" title="Worker center">Worker center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organizing_model" title="Organizing model">Organizing model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_model" title="Service model">Service model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_unionism" title="Social movement unionism">Social movement unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_unionism" title="Community unionism">Community unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members-only_unionism" title="Members-only unionism">Members-only unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Big_Union_(concept)" title="One Big Union (concept)">One Big Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_unionism" title="Open-source unionism">Open-source unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_unionism" title="Business unionism">Business unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_unionism" title="Dual unionism">Dual unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_unionism" title="Solidarity unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_union" title="Company union">Company union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_union" title="Independent union">Independent union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_union" title="General union">General union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_unionism" title="Craft unionism">Craft unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_union" title="Police union">Police union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial<br />relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Shops and hiring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">Closed shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_shop" title="Open shop">Open shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_shop" title="Agency shop">Agency shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_shop" title="Union shop">Union shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiring_hall" title="Hiring hall">Hiring hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_(union)" title="Bump (union)">Bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_clause" title="Scope clause">Scope clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_co-op_model" title="Union co-op model">Union co-op model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bossnapping" title="Bossnapping">Bossnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherao" title="Gherao">Gherao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievance_(labour)" title="Grievance (labour)">Grievance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_revolt" title="Labour revolt">Labor revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_factories" title="Occupation of factories">Occupation of factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picketing" title="Picketing">Picketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(union_organizing)" title="Salting (union organizing)">Salting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowdown" title="Slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-away" title="Stay-away">Stay-away</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_notice" title="Strike notice">Strike notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_dissent" title="Organizational dissent">Organizational dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_action" title="Industrial action">Industrial action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfair_list" title="Unfair list">Unfair list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-to-rule" title="Work-to-rule">Work-to-rule</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Strike_actions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strike actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandh" title="Bandh">Bandh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_paper" title="Strike paper">newspapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">Green bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_ban" title="Overtime ban">Overtime bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen-down_strike" title="Pen-down strike">Pen-down strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition strike">Recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitdown_strike" title="Sitdown strike">Sitdown strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_action" title="Solidarity action">Solidarity actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">Walkout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw_strike" title="Whipsaw strike">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike" title="Wildcat strike">Wildcat strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Bargaining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bargaining_unit" title="Bargaining unit">Bargaining unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_bargaining" title="Collaborative bargaining">Collaborative bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">Collective bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bargaining_agreement" title="Enterprise bargaining agreement">Enterprise bargaining agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Framework_Agreement" title="Global Framework Agreement">Global Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_contract_(labor)" title="Master contract (labor)">Master contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_bargaining" title="Pattern bargaining">Pattern bargaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_security_agreement" title="Union security agreement">Union security agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Compensation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strike_pay" title="Strike pay">Strike pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_wage_premium" title="Union wage premium">Union wage premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_spying_in_the_United_States" title="Labor spying in the United States">Labor spies in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_busting" title="Union busting">Union busting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givebacks" title="Givebacks">Givebacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churn_and_burn" title="Churn and burn">Churn and burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_local" title="Paper local">Paper local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence" title="Anti-union violence">Anti-union violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-union_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-union violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_violence" title="Union violence">Union violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_dispute" title="Demarcation dispute">Demarcation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikebreaker" title="Strikebreaker">Strikebreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goon_squad" title="Goon squad">Goon squads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherbedding" title="Featherbedding">Featherbedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_raid" title="Union raid">Union raids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">Hunger strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_comparisons_of_labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="International comparisons of labor unions">International comparisons of labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour code">Labor code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_strike" title="Prison strike">Prison strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection" title="Protection">Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_support" title="Social support">Social support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016528">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&oldid=1253489456">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strike_action&oldid=1253489456</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Strikes_(protest)" title="Category:Strikes (protest)">Strikes (protest)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protest_tactics" title="Category:Protest tactics">Protest tactics</a></li><li><a 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