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id="toc-Civil_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Riots_and_looting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riots_and_looting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Riots and looting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riots_and_looting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Racial tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incitement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incitement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Incitement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incitement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 State response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Public response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_logistical_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_logistical_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Effects on logistical networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_logistical_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Container_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Container_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Container ports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Container_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_chain_disruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_chain_disruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Supply chain disruptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_chain_disruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Food shortages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel_shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel_shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Fuel shortages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel_shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_supply_shortages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_supply_shortages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Medical supply shortages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_supply_shortages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Financial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Destruction of property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspension_of_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension_of_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Suspension of services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension_of_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19_vaccine_rollout_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19_vaccine_rollout_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 COVID-19 vaccine rollout crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19_vaccine_rollout_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superspreader_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superspreader_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Superspreader event </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superspreader_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_pending_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_pending_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Effect on pending legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_pending_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Domestic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Governments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supranational_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supranational_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Supranational organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supranational_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clean-up_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clean-up_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Clean-up operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clean-up_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 State of disaster </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Criminal justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">2021 South African unrest</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Afrikaanse_onrus_van_2021" title="Suid-Afrikaanse onrus van 2021 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Afrikaanse onrus van 2021" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_2021" title="اضطرابات جنوب إفريقيا 2021 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضطرابات جنوب إفريقيا 2021" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B_(2021)" title="Беспарадкі ў Паўднёва-Афрыканскай Рэспубліцы (2021) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беспарадкі ў Паўднёва-Афрыканскай Рэспубліцы (2021)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_en_Sud%C3%A1frica_de_2021" title="Protestas en Sudáfrica de 2021 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protestas en Sudáfrica de 2021" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B2%DB%B1)" title="ناآرامی آفریقای جنوبی (۲۰۲۱) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناآرامی آفریقای جنوبی (۲۰۲۱)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89meutes_de_2021_en_Afrique_du_Sud" title="Émeutes de 2021 en Afrique du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émeutes de 2021 en Afrique du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%EB%85%84_%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EC%86%8C%EC%9A%94%EC%82%AC%ED%83%9C" title="2021년 남아프리카 공화국 소요사태 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2021년 남아프리카 공화국 소요사태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_(2021)" title="Անկարգություններ Հարավաֆրիկյան Հանրապետությունում (2021) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկարգություններ Հարավաֆրիկյան Հանրապետությունում (2021)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbhikisho_wango-2021_waseNingizimu_Afrika" title="Umbhikisho wango-2021 waseNingizimu Afrika – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbhikisho wango-2021 waseNingizimu Afrika" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusuhan_Afrika_Selatan_2021" title="Rusuhan Afrika Selatan 2021 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusuhan Afrika Selatan 2021" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestos_na_%C3%81frica_do_Sul_em_2021" title="Protestos na África do Sul em 2021 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protestos na África do Sul em 2021" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D0%90%D0%A0_(2021)" title="Беспорядки в ЮАР (2021) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беспорядки в ЮАР (2021)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2021 South African unrest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonfur_Afrika_Kacdoon_2021" title="Koonfur Afrika Kacdoon 2021 – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koonfur Afrika Kacdoon 2021" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A2%D9%A1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="خۆپیشاندانەکانی ٢٠٢١ی ئەفریقای باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆپیشاندانەکانی ٢٠٢١ی ئەفریقای باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="2021 தென் ஆப்பிரிக்க கலவரம் மற்றும் வன்முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="2021 தென் ஆப்பிரிக்க கலவரம் மற்றும் வன்முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2564" title="การก่อความไม่สงบในประเทศแอฟริกาใต้ พ.ศ. 2564 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อความไม่สงบในประเทศแอฟริกาใต้ พ.ศ. 2564" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Riots after Jacob Zuma's imprisonment, 9 to 18 July 2021</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2021 South African Riots</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of Civil unrest in South Africa</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_UNREST_Looting_Spree_Aftermath_in_KZN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/SA_UNREST_Looting_Spree_Aftermath_in_KZN.png/258px-SA_UNREST_Looting_Spree_Aftermath_in_KZN.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/SA_UNREST_Looting_Spree_Aftermath_in_KZN.png/387px-SA_UNREST_Looting_Spree_Aftermath_in_KZN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/SA_UNREST_Looting_Spree_Aftermath_in_KZN.png/516px-SA_UNREST_Looting_Spree_Aftermath_in_KZN.png 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="972" /></a></div><div>An aerial view of the aftermath of looting from the unrest in Springfield, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, Kwa-Zulu Natal.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2023_Riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/South_Africa_2023_Riots.jpg/139px-South_Africa_2023_Riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/South_Africa_2023_Riots.jpg/209px-South_Africa_2023_Riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/South_Africa_2023_Riots.jpg/278px-South_Africa_2023_Riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="852" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/SANDF" class="mw-redirect" title="SANDF">SANDF</a> deployment in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> during the 2021 South African unrest.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Unrest_in_South_African_near_the_mall_at_Dlamini.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Unrest_in_South_African_near_the_mall_at_Dlamini.png/115px-Unrest_in_South_African_near_the_mall_at_Dlamini.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Unrest_in_South_African_near_the_mall_at_Dlamini.png/173px-Unrest_in_South_African_near_the_mall_at_Dlamini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Unrest_in_South_African_near_the_mall_at_Dlamini.png/230px-Unrest_in_South_African_near_the_mall_at_Dlamini.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1077" /></a></div><div>Looting during the unrest at a local mall in Dlamini, <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng Province</a>.</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9 – 18 July 2021 (1 week and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location">South Africa <ul><li>Mostly within the Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Imprisonment of former <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">Economic inequality</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminality" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminality">Criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Release of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> from prison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> (factions)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Demonstrations</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet activism</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Widespread looting and riots</li> <li>Racial tensions</li> <li>Deployment of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Economic distress<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Civilian unrest<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>COVID-19 vaccination crisis<a href="#cite_note-auto2-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[16]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> Public <ul><li>Pro-Jacob Zuma protesters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Criminal elements</a></li> <li>Community members, including looters</li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">Government of South Africa</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_South_African_National_Defence_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="610" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_South_African_Police_Service.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_South_African_Police_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_South_African_Police_Service.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_South_African_Police_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_South_African_Police_Service.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_South_African_Police_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="607" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a></li></ul> Provincial Government <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png/23px-Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png/35px-Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png/46px-Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng Provincial Government</a></li></ul> Public <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_security_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Private security industry in South Africa">Private security guards</a></li> <li>Community members</li> <li>Neighbourhood watch groups<a href="#cite_note-bbcNH-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-sbsNH-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Vigilante groups<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>Business owners</li> <li>Taxi associations<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> No centralized leadership </div> <div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_President_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/David_Mabuza" title="David Mabuza">David Mabuza</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bheki_Cele" title="Bheki Cele">Bheki Cele</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sihle_Zikalala" title="Sihle Zikalala">Sihle Zikalala</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/David_Makhura" title="David Makhura">David Makhura</a> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">354<a href="#cite_note-za1-21">[21]</a>: 35 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Arrested</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5,500<a href="#cite_note-:00-22">[22]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The 2021 South African unrest, also known as the July 2021 riots,<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> the Zuma unrest<a href="#cite_note-Felix-24">[24]</a> or Zuma riots,<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[25]</a> was a wave of civil unrest that occurred in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> provinces from 9 to 18 July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-za1-21">[21]</a>: 52  Resulting protests against the incarceration triggered wider rioting and looting, much of it said to be undertaken by people not in support of Zuma<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and fuelled by <a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">job layoffs</a> and economic inequality worsened by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a> policies.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The unrest began in the province of <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> on the evening of 9 July,<a href="#cite_note-unrestbegins-29">[29]</a> and spread to the province of <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> on the evening of 11 July,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and was the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Zuma was taken into custody after declining to testify at the <a href="/wiki/Zondo_Commission" title="Zondo Commission">Zondo Commission</a>, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a> reserved judgment on Zuma's application to rescind his sentence on 12 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-reserved-36">[36]</a> The South African government reported that 354 people had died in the riots.<a href="#cite_note-za1-21">[21]</a> As of 12 August 2022, 5,500 people had been arrested, in connection with the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-:00-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> More than half of South Africa's population lives in poverty, with an unemployment rate of 32%.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">income inequality</a> has increased since 1994 in South Africa, rendering it one of the most unequal countries in the world.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacob_Zuma's_legal_battle">Jacob Zuma's legal battle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jacob Zuma's legal battle">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">Jacob Zuma corruption charges</a></div> Former South African president <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> was <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">charged with corruption</a> in March 2018, in connection with the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">South African Arms Deal</a>, known as the "Strategic Defence Package" worth R30 billion (equal to US$2.5 billion or £2 billion).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The legal battle has continued since, with Zuma's legal team attempting to have the charges dismissed and appealing for more time to prepare. During the trial proceedings, Zuma was repeatedly absent from the court, citing medical reasons and lack of funds.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment_of_Jacob_Zuma">Imprisonment of Jacob Zuma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imprisonment of Jacob Zuma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma#Zondo_Commission" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma § Zondo Commission</a></div> On 29 June 2021, Zuma was sentenced to 15 months in prison for contempt of court, after he refused to appear at <a href="/wiki/Zondo_Commission" title="Zondo Commission">a commission</a> his government appointed to investigate alleged corruption during his time in office, and engaged in what the judges characterised as a "politically motivated smear campaign" against the country's judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The case ultimately proceeded to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-43">[43]</a> He was given until the end of 4 July to hand himself in, after which the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> would be obliged to arrest him. On 3 July, the court agreed to hear his application on 12 July.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> If Zuma refused to surrender by 4 July, the police were given until 7 July to arrest him.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Supporters had gathered near his home with weapons to prevent his arrest<a href="#cite_note-Estcourt-46">[46]</a> but he handed himself over to the police on 7 July,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and was jailed at the <a href="/wiki/Estcourt" title="Estcourt">Estcourt</a> Correctional Centre.<a href="#cite_note-Estcourt-46">[46]</a> On 8 July 2021, the Minister of Justice and Correctional Services <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lamola" title="Ronald Lamola">Ronald Lamola</a> announced that Zuma would be eligible for parole upon serving a quarter of his 15-month sentence.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Zuma challenged his detention on 9 July in the Pietermaritzburg High Court on the grounds of health but this was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-:4-43">[43]</a> His imprisonment led to violent protests by his supporters in KwaZulu-Natal, which quickly developed into widespread looting in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_disorder">Civil disorder</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil disorder">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "According to the Minister of Police, the planned violence was intended to <a href="/wiki/Make_the_country_ungovernable" class="mw-redirect" title="Make the country ungovernable">make the entire country ungovernable</a>, but it had gained the most traction in the KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces, which had significant numbers of outspoken individuals and groups opposing the sentencing and incarceration of former President Zuma." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/content/report-expert-panel-july-2021-civil-unrest">Report of the Expert Panel into the July 2021 Civil Unrest</a> (29 November 2021), pg 52. The Presidency of South Africa</cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riots_and_looting">Riots and looting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Riots and looting">edit</a>]</div> On 9 July 2021, the same day Pietermaritzburg High Court upheld his conviction and prison sentence, the unrest began.<a href="#cite_note-unrestbegins-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-unrest-51">[51]</a> Public violence, burglary, and malicious damage to property were reported in parts of KwaZulu-Natal, with at least 28 people being arrested and a highway being blocked.<a href="#cite_note-unrest-51">[51]</a> The riots continued on the evening of 11 July, when multiple news sources indicated reports of gunshots and explosions heard at local malls and residential areas.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The violence quickly escalated, and by the morning of 12 July, multiple companies and malls were forced to close following widespread looting and violence.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> An incident occurred at Southgate Spar, a supermarket near a township in <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a>, as an unnamed 15-year-old boy was shot in the chest with a rubber bullet fired by police in the midst of the unrest and later succumbed to his wounds.<a href="#cite_note-:3-54">[54]</a> The incident played a part in escalating the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-:3-54">[54]</a> 354 people died due to the unrest according to the South African government,<a href="#cite_note-za1-21">[21]</a> while 5,500 were arrested by 12 August 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:00-22">[22]</a> In KwaZula-Natal, 2,763 people had been arrested by 24 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:7-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_tensions">Racial tensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Racial tensions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian</a>-majority township of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal">Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal</a>, some of the residents had armed themselves to fight off looters, due to the absence of police forces. This in turn stoked racial tensions between black and <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian South African">Indian South African</a> citizens, with several racially motivated attacks reported to have taken place.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">India's Minister of External Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/S._Jaishankar" title="S. Jaishankar">S. Jaishankar</a> raised the issue of the safety of people of Indian origin with the South African <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Minister of International Relations and Cooperation">Minister of International Relations and Cooperation</a> <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a>, who assured him that the government was trying its best to restore law and order.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Police_(South_Africa)" title="Minister of Police (South Africa)">Police Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Bheki_Cele" title="Bheki Cele">Bheki Cele</a> stated that the main motive behind the Phoenix riots was criminal and that racial issues were secondary. He confirmed that 20 people had died in the town in the unrest. He also warned people against falling for <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a> designed to increase racial tensions.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Maverick" title="Daily Maverick">Daily Maverick</a> newspaper found that vigilantes in Phoenix and surrounding areas had targeted suspected looters and even ordinary civilians, committing brutal acts on them. Then-<a href="/wiki/Premier_of_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Premier of KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Sihle_Zikalala" title="Sihle Zikalala">Sihle Zikalala</a> stated that 38 people had been killed by vigilantes in Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/Inanda,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal">Inanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verulam,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Verulam, KwaZulu-Natal">Verulam</a>. Racial tensions in the area, it was discovered, were stoked by false rumours of a massacre of between 350 and 500 black people, allegedly by Indians in Phoenix. The newspaper also reported that some incidents of murders of both black people and Indians under investigation were believed by the police to have credible evidence of racial motivations.<a href="#cite_note-:7-55">[55]</a> These incidents of violence were linked by some commentators to memories of the <a href="/wiki/Durban_riots" title="Durban riots">Durban riots</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On 3 August, Cele stated that the rioting in Phoenix did have a partially racial nature. He explained that on 12 July, some residents had set up roadblocks and started patrolling the streets after rioting in Durban. Some of the vigilantes had started racially profiling people, mainly black people, and restricting their entry. When one truck containing looted items was stopped, the four occupants, who were black citizens, fired at the vigilantes, who shot back and killed one of them. Cele stated that the police believes this led to further violence between the different communities. Many vehicles were stopped and looted at the roadblocks, while the passengers were also assaulted.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Incidents of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">xenophobic attacks</a> targeting foreign truck drivers<a href="#cite_note-Grootes-61">[61]</a> and foreigners were also reported during the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-Felix-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incitement">Incitement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Incitement">edit</a>]</div> Police Minister <a href="/wiki/Bheki_Cele" title="Bheki Cele">Bheki Cele</a> stated that the security cluster was looking at ten to twelve people who were fueling the riots through social media.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(South_Africa)" title="Minister of State Security (South Africa)">State Security Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayanda_Dlodlo" title="Ayanda Dlodlo">Ayanda Dlodlo</a>, they are investigating information as to whether senior former agents in the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">intelligence agency</a> and senior ANC members aligned to former president Jacob Zuma are responsible for igniting the recent violence in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Jacob Zuma's daughter, Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla, is allegedly among those who encouraged the looting and violence in order to secure the release of her father as an unverified Twitter account under her name encouraged people to protest.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_response">State response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State response">edit</a>]</div> Initially, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> (SAPS) was deployed in the Nkandla district to control the number of protests in the area.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Over the weekend, as the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> (SAPS) battled to contain the large-scale looting and damage to infrastructure,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> pressure mounted on government to deploy the army.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> On the morning of Monday, 12 July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a> (SANDF) was deployed in <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force#Domestic_operations" title="South African National Defence Force">Operation Prosper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-OperationNames-73">[73]</a> On 12 July 2021, president <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> addressed the riots, saying that the acts of public violence have been "rarely seen" in democratic South Africa. Ramaphosa referred to the riots as opportunistic acts of violence, citing the lack of grievance, nor any political cause, that can justify the destruction by the protestors. He highlighted the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>, which guarantees the rights of everyone to express themselves, but stated that the victims of the violence unfolding are the workers, truck drivers, business owners, and the parents of those who have died and have all done nothing wrong. He went on to discuss the impact of the riots on the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa">COVID-19</a> vaccine rollout, stating that it has been drastically disrupted after prior setbacks. He also noted how the economy of the country would face further challenges due to food and medication insecurity resulting from the riots. The deployment of SANDF to assist with ending the unrest was also discussed by him.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court of South Africa</a> reserved its previous judgment and rejected Zuma's bid to rescind his prison sentence.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> As a result of the decision, Zuma is required to remain imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-reserved-36">[36]</a> On 14 July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_and_Military_Veterans" title="Minister of Defence and Military Veterans">Minister of Defence and Military Veterans</a> <a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula</a> said that the SANDF had increased the deployed number of troops to 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-SANDF_DeploymentIncrease-76">[76]</a> Following the unrest, President Ramaphosa announced on 18 July that the government would explore introducing a <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">basic income grant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_response">Public response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Public response">edit</a>]</div> As a result of the state response failing to quell the unrest, <a href="/wiki/Private_security_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private security companies">private security companies</a>, taxi drivers, armed civilians and vigilante groups had taken on law enforcement duties by protecting businesses and communities from rioting and looting. Petrol stations, shopping malls, supermarkets and communication infrastructure were guarded by some members of the public, often with the support of business owners and corporations.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Vigilante groups protecting suburbs and businesses worked in an organised manner to arrest looters and to hand them over to authorities, albeit in an often violent manner.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_logistical_networks">Effects on logistical networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Effects on logistical networks">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Protest_Action_In_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2021_Protest_Action_In_South_Africa.svg/200px-2021_Protest_Action_In_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2021_Protest_Action_In_South_Africa.svg/300px-2021_Protest_Action_In_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/2021_Protest_Action_In_South_Africa.svg/400px-2021_Protest_Action_In_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Protest effects on road networks Legend: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Road closure</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Road protest</div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> Road closures on both the <a href="/wiki/N3_(South_Africa)" title="N3 (South Africa)">N3</a> and <a href="/wiki/N2_road_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="N2 road (South Africa)">N2</a> have affected the transportation of goods from the east coast into provinces in the north.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> This affects the transportation of goods to landlocked countries in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> including <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-84">[84]</a> Multiple logistics and fuel companies declared forced temporary closure of their operations in KZN, citing fears of continued looting, hijackings, truck burnings, and social unrest that could further impact business operations, adding to more costs sustained from the looting and damage to property.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> During the riots there were reports of xenophobic attacks targeting foreign truck drivers along the N3.<a href="#cite_note-Grootes-61">[61]</a> The unrest coincided with the worst of the violence during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Cape_Town_taxi_conflict" title="2021 Cape Town taxi conflict">2021 Cape Town taxi conflict</a> which was believed to be unrelated to the events in KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Container_ports">Container ports</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Container ports">edit</a>]</div> The container ports of <a href="/wiki/Richards_Bay" title="Richards Bay">Richards Bay</a> and Durban have ceased operations. Containers in the port of Durban have been plundered. After several attacks on trucks, the N3 Highway, which links port Durban with Johannesburg, was closed on 10 July.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> The unrest coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Transnet_ransomware_attack" title="Transnet ransomware attack">Transnet ransomware attack</a> that also contributed to shutting down the Durban container port.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The ransomware attack is believed to have been unrelated to the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> State-owned logistics operator <a href="/wiki/Transnet" title="Transnet">Transnet</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">force majeure</a> on 14 July on a rail line linking Johannesburg to the coast.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_chain_disruptions">Supply chain disruptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Supply chain disruptions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_shortages">Food shortages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Food shortages">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15_July,_Queue_for_Gillitts_Checkers_reaches_800m_long_by_9am_in_the_morning..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A surviving grocery store's queue reaches 800m long shortly after reopening." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/15_July%2C_Queue_for_Gillitts_Checkers_reaches_800m_long_by_9am_in_the_morning..jpg/232px-15_July%2C_Queue_for_Gillitts_Checkers_reaches_800m_long_by_9am_in_the_morning..jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/15_July%2C_Queue_for_Gillitts_Checkers_reaches_800m_long_by_9am_in_the_morning..jpg/349px-15_July%2C_Queue_for_Gillitts_Checkers_reaches_800m_long_by_9am_in_the_morning..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/15_July%2C_Queue_for_Gillitts_Checkers_reaches_800m_long_by_9am_in_the_morning..jpg/465px-15_July%2C_Queue_for_Gillitts_Checkers_reaches_800m_long_by_9am_in_the_morning..jpg 2x" data-file-width="4842" data-file-height="6189" /></a><figcaption>A surviving grocery store's queue reaches 800m long shortly after reopening.</figcaption></figure> On 12 July 2021, the Consumer Goods Council of South Africa warned that widespread looting, destruction and closures would lead to food shortages across the country.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> By 14 July 2021, damage to transport infrastructure had caused food shortages, leading to queues outside grocery stores, and prevented harvesting and distribution of fresh produce.<a href="#cite_note-:8-84">[84]</a> On 15 July 2021, the largest food manufacturer in South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Brands" title="Tiger Brands">Tiger Brands</a>, suspended bakery operations in affected areas due to damaged infrastructure and facilities while also noting that it had suffered a loss of stock in excess of R150 million.<a href="#cite_note-TigerBrands-94">[94]</a> Some stores and petrol stations in Johannesburg noted that their shelves were getting emptied and supplies were dwindling due to panic buying.<a href="#cite_note-JhbPanicBuying-95">[95]</a> A Durban journalist noted that while bread had returned to their area, people were paying significantly more for it and were queueing for many hours at a time.<a href="#cite_note-DBN_BreadGouging-96">[96]</a> Stores were also placing limits on how much customers could buy while community-run barricades reportedly turned people away if they could not prove they were from those communities.<a href="#cite_note-DBN_BreadGouging-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAUnrestPanicBuying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SAUnrestPanicBuying.jpg/220px-SAUnrestPanicBuying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SAUnrestPanicBuying.jpg/330px-SAUnrestPanicBuying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SAUnrestPanicBuying.jpg/440px-SAUnrestPanicBuying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Empty shelves in a grocery store due to <a href="/wiki/Panic_buying" title="Panic buying">panic buying</a> during the 2021 South African unrest</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fuel_shortages">Fuel shortages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fuel shortages">edit</a>]</div> The Sapref oil refinery, which is a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, is the largest oil refinery in Sub Saharan Africa.<a href="#cite_note-SaprefForceMajeure-97">[97]</a> It supplies approximately one third of South Africa's fuel needs and its operations were suspended due to a declaration of <a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">force majeure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SaprefForceMajeure-97">[97]</a> On 15 July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Mineral_Resources_and_Energy" title="Department of Mineral Resources and Energy">Department of Mineral Resources and Energy</a> placed prohibitions on the citizens' ability to buy fuel in portable containers and canisters, citing concerns that stockpiling would exacerbate the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FuelShortage-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_supply_shortages">Medical supply shortages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Medical supply shortages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/New_Clicks_Holdings_Limited" title="New Clicks Holdings Limited">Clicks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dis-Chem" title="Dis-Chem">Dis-Chem</a>, the two largest pharmaceutical retailers in South Africa, reported supply disruptions due to looting. The provision of clinical medicine to hospitals was also disrupted.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> As of 16 July, it has been estimated that approximately 50% of patients with chronic illness in KwaZulu-Natal lack an adequate supply of necessary medicine.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Healthcare providing facilities in Pietermaritzburg were placed under severe pressure due to many members of staff being unable to get to their posts, while those that did get there had to deal with an influx of trauma patients.<a href="#cite_note-PMBMedicalShortage-101">[101]</a> A junior doctor from Pietermaritzburg said that the disruptions in the supply chain resulted in an inability to restock medication, <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">PPE</a>, blood, and syringes.<a href="#cite_note-PMBMedicalShortage-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial">Financial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Financial">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic">Economic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> The South African rand weakened as much as 2% on 12 July, the most it has since 25 February.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Based on a preliminary analysis on 13 July, the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Finance_(South_Africa)" title="Standing Committee on Finance (South Africa)">South African Special Risks Insurance Association</a> (SASRIA) estimated that total losses due to damage and looting may run into "billions of rand".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In September 2021 it stated that the nationwide insurance claims could range between R20—25 billion, making it the most expensive riot in the world.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On 19 July 2021, officers of the <a href="/wiki/EThekwini_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality">eThekwini</a> municipality and KwaZulu-Natal provincial government provided a recovery roadmap to the <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota Motor Corporation</a>. Reportedly, the unrest had led the multinational to doubt the security and viability of its investments in the province.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Initial estimates by the South African Property Owners Association (SAPOA) on 13 July put the loss to the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> in excess of R20 billion.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Then-acting <a href="/wiki/Minister_in_the_Presidency" title="Minister in the Presidency">Minister in the Presidency</a> <a href="/wiki/Khumbudzo_Ntshavheni" title="Khumbudzo Ntshavheni">Khumbudzo Ntshavheni</a> cited SAPOA estimates on 20 July to say that the unrest could cost a loss of R50 billion ($3.4 billion) to South Africa's national economy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[107]</a> The damage to KwaZulu-Natal's economy alone was estimated to be R20 billion ($1.4 billion) according to Ntshavheni.<a href="#cite_note-Winning-108">[108]</a> 40,000 businesses and 50,000 traders were affected overall in KwaZulu-Natal, while stock worth R1.5 billion was lost and 150,000 jobs were stated to be at risk.<a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[107]</a> A survey carried out by the <a href="/wiki/EThekwini_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality">eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality</a> and the Durban Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 2022 however estimated the losses in Durban alone to be R70 billion<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> (equivalent to US$4.89 billion).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> This included R40 billion worth of sales and stock, R20 billion worth of machinery and equipment, and damage worth R15 billion to property. The survey further stated that 9,500 jobs were placed at risk and 16,000 business were affected.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A July 2021 preliminary report meanwhile estimated losses suffered by the province of Gauteng at R3.5 billion, according to the province's then-<a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Gauteng" title="Premier of Gauteng">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Makhura" title="David Makhura">David Makhura</a>. He also added that 14,500 jobs were estimated to have been lost and 30 shopping malls were looted. Although no factories were affected in the riots, small-scale businesses were significantly affected.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_of_property">Destruction of property</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Destruction of property">edit</a>]</div> By Monday afternoon on 12 July, more than 200 <a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">shopping centres</a> had been looted, with several in Soweto having been ransacked.<a href="#cite_note-:6-25">[25]</a> On 14 July, the SA Pharmacy Council noted that 90 pharmacies were completely destroyed with the bulk of those in KwaZulu-Natal being hit the hardest.<a href="#cite_note-SAPC_Looting-112">[112]</a> In Durban, during a 14 July media briefing, <a href="/wiki/Mxolisi_Kaunda" title="Mxolisi Kaunda">the mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/EThekwini_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality">eThekwini</a> announced that up to 45,000 businesses were affected with 129,000 jobs at stake and over R16 billion (nearly $1 billion or £793 million) in damages to stock, property, and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-DBN_AftermathCosts-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa" title="Independent Communications Authority of South Africa">ICASA</a> announced that 113 <a href="/wiki/Cell_site" title="Cell site">network towers</a> had been vandalised, resulting in the disruption of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CellTowers-114">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Professional_Teachers%27_Organisation_of_South_Africa" title="National Professional Teachers' Organisation of South Africa">National Professional Teachers' Organisation of South Africa</a> decried the looting and vandalism of 32 KwaZulu-Natal schools, one of which burned down, as contemptible.<a href="#cite_note-DestructionOfSchools-115">[115]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ladysmith,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal">Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a> was completely destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-LadysmithCrematorium-116">[116]</a> According to Ntshavheni, 161 shopping malls, 11 warehouses and eight factories in KwaZulu-Natal suffered significant damages.<a href="#cite_note-Winning-108">[108]</a> More than 200 shopping centres suffered looting or damage according to her, while 100 malls were subject to arson attacks, 161 liquor outlets and distributors were damaged, 1,400 ATMs and 90 pharmacies were damaged and about 300 banks and post offices were vandalized.<a href="#cite_note-:2-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suspension_of_services">Suspension of services</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Suspension of services">edit</a>]</div> Many of South Africa's banks had to shut down their ATMs, branches, and other facilities in response to the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-BanksClosing-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-StdBankDamages-118">[118]</a> Over 300 <a href="/wiki/Capitec_Bank" title="Capitec Bank">Capitec Bank</a> branches and ATMs were closed,<a href="#cite_note-BanksClosing-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nedbank" title="Nedbank">Nedbank</a> closed 226 branches as well as 59 Boxer outlets,<a href="#cite_note-BanksClosing-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Absa_Bank_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Absa Bank Limited">ABSA Bank</a> closed approximately 375 branches,<a href="#cite_note-BanksClosing-117">[117]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Bank" title="Standard Bank">Standard Bank</a> had to close 81 branches in KwaZulu-Natal and 116 in Gauteng after 33 of their branches and 220 ATMs were affected.<a href="#cite_note-StdBankDamages-118">[118]</a> In Pietermaritzburg, ambulances and other medical staff feared being attacked and were unwilling to go into dangerous areas, and in some cases they were not able to get to emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-PMBMedicalShortage-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19">COVID-19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_vaccine_rollout_crisis">COVID-19 vaccine rollout crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: COVID-19 vaccine rollout crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa">COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa</a></div> Following the impact of the looting and destruction to property, multiple <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19</a> vaccine rollout sites were closed to prevent looting and property destruction.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> These precautions slowed the vaccination roll-out while the country was still battling its third wave of infection.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-16">[16]</a> The SA Pharmacy Council's Vincent Tlala said that COVID-19 vaccines were among the looted items from pharmacies that were affected.<a href="#cite_note-SAPC_Looting-112">[112]</a> On 15 July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s Africa director <a href="/wiki/Matshidiso_Moeti" title="Matshidiso Moeti">Matshidiso Moeti</a> warned that South Africa would see an increase in cases due to the disruptions across KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Africa-120">[120]</a> She also noted that while the vaccination programme was aiming for 300,000 vaccines a day before the unrest unfolded, they had only done under 154,000 on 14 July.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Africa-120">[120]</a> A junior doctor from Pietermaritzburg mentioned that they were running out of PPE for their Covid wards in the midst of the third wave.<a href="#cite_note-PMBMedicalShortage-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superspreader_event">Superspreader event</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Superspreader event">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Quarraisha_Abdool_Karim" title="Quarraisha Abdool Karim">Quarraisha Abdool Karim</a> cautioned that the ongoing riots could be a <a href="/wiki/Superspreading_event" title="Superspreading event">superspreader</a> due to large numbers of people gathering in small and confined places.<a href="#cite_note-Covid19_SuperSpreader-121">[121]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_pending_legislation">Effect on pending legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Effect on pending legislation">edit</a>]</div> At the time that the unrest took place, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament of South Africa</a> was considering a Firearms Control Amendment Bill, which would have amended <a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_South_Africa" title="Firearms regulation in South Africa">firearm regulations in South Africa</a> to remove self-defence as a legal ground for gun ownership by civilians. Various civil society organisations, from the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Institute_of_Race_Relations" title="South African Institute of Race Relations">South African Institute of Race Relations</a> and the Institute for Accountability in Southern Africa to SA Gun Owners Association and Free State Agriculture, and political parties like the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a>, believed that the bill would fail to pass constitutional muster and had to be rejected as the unrest had highlighted the necessity of an armed citizenry in a country where the state's security forces were unable to provide protection and law and order.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic">Domestic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Domestic">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Veterans%27_League" title="African National Congress Veterans' League">ANC Veterans' League</a>'s president <a href="/wiki/Snuki_Zikalala" title="Snuki Zikalala">Snuki Zikalala</a> denounced the violence and looting that took place while he voiced support and approval for the deployment of the SANDF to reinforce the SAPS.<a href="#cite_note-ANCVL-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActionSA" title="ActionSA">ActionSA</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Herman_Mashaba" title="Herman Mashaba">Herman Mashaba</a> announced a separate <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuit to be laid against the government and the ANC for failing to take swift action against the riots and looting. Mashaba said that "we believe that there is more than sufficient jurisprudence that merits this a strong test case, and assists us in holding the government to account for its willful failure to ensure proper law enforcement and the protection of lives, livelihoods and property".<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>Opposition party leader <a href="/wiki/John_Steenhuisen" title="John Steenhuisen">John Steenhuisen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> announced that the party would be laying criminal charges against Jacob Zuma's children, <a href="/wiki/Duduzane_Zuma" title="Duduzane Zuma">Duduzane Zuma</a> and Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla, for allegedly inciting the violence and looting.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>On 15 July 2021, <a href="/wiki/Misuzulu_Zulu" title="Misuzulu Zulu">Misuzulu Ka Zwelithini</a>, reigning King of the Zulu nation, issued a statement calling for calm and a return to order.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>The leader of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Groenewald" title="Pieter Groenewald">Pieter Groenewald</a>, said those responsible for the unrest should face charges of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a>, among others. He added that South Africa needed to learn necessary lessons from the looting and violence, especially the need for rural development. Finally, he stated that the intelligence services failed the country.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li>On 16 July 2021, the Thabo Mbeki Foundation released a statement claiming that the violent unrest is part of a counterrevolutionary insurgency seeking "<a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">state capture</a>."<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li>On 26 July 2021, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Malema" title="Julius Malema">Julius Malema</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">EFF</a>, criticised Ramaphosa's decision to deploy the military to quell the unrest, and threatened to join in. "No soldiers on our streets! Otherwise, we are joining. All fighters must be ready." he said. He also rejected the claim that the unrest constituted an "insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governments">Governments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Governments">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana"><img alt="Botswana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Botswana" title="Government of Botswana">Government of Botswana</a> issued a travel warning for South Africa as violence escalated in the country and advised its citizens to avoid travelling to the Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal areas. The government also advised Botswana citizens in South Africa to exercise extreme caution and avoid unnecessary movements.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Indian foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyam_Jaishankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Subrahmanyam Jaishankar">Subrahmanyam Jaishankar</a> spoke to Dr. <a href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_International_Relations_and_Cooperation" title="Minister of International Relations and Cooperation">Minister of International Relations and Cooperation</a> to express his concern with regards to reports of <a href="/wiki/Indian_South_Africans" title="Indian South Africans">Indian South Africans</a> being targeted by looters.<a href="#cite_note-IntlResponse_India-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-IntlResponse_India2-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho"><img alt="Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> Minister of Small Business Thesele Maseribane appealed to Ramaphosa to let <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">regional leaders</a> facilitate dialogues to ease tensions in South Africa and relieve the small business sector of Lesotho.<a href="#cite_note-IntlResponse_Lesotho-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia"><img alt="Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">Namibia's president</a> <a href="/wiki/Hage_Geingob" title="Hage Geingob">Hage Geingob</a> noted that his country would be badly affected by the protests as most of their products, including oxygen for medical use, come from South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-IntlResponse_Nam-137">[137]</a> He also added that the actions of protestors were not a solution to the problem and conveyed his sympathies to Ramaphosa.<a href="#cite_note-IntlResponse_Nam-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Pretoria" title="Embassy of the United States, Pretoria">United States Embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> monitored the situation closely across South Africa and requested that US citizens living in South Africa ensure that they have sufficient food, fuel and medical supplies. The US embassy also received numerous inquiries from US citizens in South Africa about the availability of return flights to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe"><img alt="Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe's president</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</a> called for an end to the protests and looting in South Africa and was quoted as saying “In the case of South Africa, we wish the current challenges facing our brothers and sisters in that country be resolved soon.”<a href="#cite_note-IntlResponse_Zim-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supranational_organisations">Supranational organisations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Supranational organisations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union"><img alt="African Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> On 13 July 2021, the Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">African Union Commission</a> <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Faki" title="Moussa Faki">Moussa Faki</a> released a press statement condemning the violence in South Africa. It also warned that internal disorder may threaten the stability of the region.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> On 13 July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in South Africa condemned the violence and expressed support for the government.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> On 15 July 2021, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> delegation in South Africa expressed the concern over the situation that affected the citizens of South Africa including the expatriates from EU member states in South Africa. Echoing the UN statement, the EU called for all law enforcement agencies to act proportionately and respect human rights whilst they tackle these complex incidents.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_Looting_Response.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_Looting_Response.jpg/220px-South_Africa_Looting_Response.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_Looting_Response.jpg/330px-South_Africa_Looting_Response.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_Looting_Response.jpg/440px-South_Africa_Looting_Response.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>South African looting response</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clean-up_operations">Clean-up operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Clean-up operations">edit</a>]</div> By 15 July 2021, volunteer groups in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal had begun repairing damaged property, donating food and providing transport to affected communities.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_disaster">State of disaster</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: State of disaster">edit</a>]</div> On 29 July 2021, citing the violence and looting that had caused widespread damage, KwaZulu-Natal premier Sihle Zikalala declared a state of disaster for the province, which decision he claimed was arrived at by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(South_Africa)" title="Executive Council (South Africa)">provincial executive council</a> on 28 July.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_justice">Criminal justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Criminal justice">edit</a>]</div> Police are investigating suspects and have arrested one unnamed individual as of 16 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> 682 individuals face prosecution on allegations of public violence, looting, and destruction of infrastructure as of 19 July 2021.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Thulani Dlomo, the former head of the State Security Agency special operations unit and a loyal supporter of Zuma, is reported to be under investigation for inciting unrest.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Radio personality and Zuma supporter <a href="/wiki/Ngizwe_Mchunu" title="Ngizwe Mchunu">Ngizwe Mchunu</a> was also arrested for incitement to commit public violence. Bonginkosi Khanyile was also charged with incitement of violence, and due to appear in the Durban Magistrates Court on 22 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> ANC <a href="/wiki/West_Rand_District_Municipality" title="West Rand District Municipality">West Rand</a> councillor Clarence Tabane was charged with incitement to commit public violence.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Bruce Nimmerhoudt, a mayoral candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic Alliance (South Africa)">Patriotic Alliance</a> party, appeared in court on charges of alleged incitement to commit public violence,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and was charged under the Terrorism and Related Activities Act (Terrorism).<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> ANC ward councillor Solly Seloane from <a href="/wiki/Daveyton" title="Daveyton">Daveyton</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ekurhuleni_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="City of Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality">Ekurhuleni</a> was arrested for public violence and theft after CCTV footage appeared to show him stealing clothes from <a href="/wiki/Foschini_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Foschini Group">Markham and Totalsports</a> stores during the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> On 4 August evidence from multiple <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> groups was handed over to the SAPS by <a href="/wiki/Good_(political_party)" title="Good (political party)">GOOD party</a> representative <a href="/wiki/Brett_Herron_(politician)" title="Brett Herron (politician)">Brett Herron</a> to assist with investigations into the cause of the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-:1-153">[153]</a> The Daily Maverick stated that the evidence directly linked 26 individuals, allegedly from within the ANC and government, with instigating, organising, and coordinating the unrest following Zuma's imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-:1-153">[153]</a> On 28 August, the <a href="/wiki/Hawks_(South_Africa)" title="Hawks (South Africa)">Hawks</a> arrested two suspects in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal on suspicion of using social media to incite public violence. Both suspects were expected to appear in court on 30 August 2021.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> On 15 November, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Human_Rights_Commission" title="South African Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a> began an inquiry into the causes and consequences of the July unrest. It will examine allegations of racially-motivated attacks and killings, and the actions of the security forces. The inquiry is expected to run until December 2021.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_South_African_National_Shutdown" title="2023 South African National Shutdown">2023 South African National Shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Food riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_South_Africa" title="Wealth inequality in South Africa">Wealth inequality in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime in South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_South_African_unrest&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/jacob-zuma-six-people-dead-in-south-africa-as-protests-escalate-over-jailing-of-former-president-12354336">"Jacob Zuma: Six people dead in South Africa as protests escalate over jailing of former president"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ca.movies.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=WATCH%3A+Violence+and+looting+continue+as+South+Africa+face+worst+unrest+in+years&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.movies.yahoo.com%2Fsouth-africa-looting-photos-violence-over-jacob-zuma-105306162.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2021+South+African+unrest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCain" class="citation web cs1">McCain, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/chatsworth-man-22-killed-in-drive-by-shooting-as-public-violence-continues-to-sweep-across-kzn-20210713">"Chatsworth man, 22, killed in drive-by shooting as public violence continues to sweep across KZN"</a>. 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Daily Maverick. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=THE+AFTERMATH%3A+Good+party+sends+explosive+evidence+to+Hawks+unit+of+26+individuals+directly+implicated+in+SA%27s+July+unrest&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Haffajee&rft.aufirst=Ferial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2021-08-04-good-party-sends-explosive-evidence-to-hawks-unit-of-26-individuals-directly-implicated-in-sas-july-unrest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2021+South+African+unrest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saps.gov.za/newsroom/msspeechdetail.php?nid=34847">"Two more alleged public violence instigators to appear in court"</a>. South African Police Service. 29 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+Police+Service&rft.atitle=Two+more+alleged+public+violence+instigators+to+appear+in+court&rft.date=2021-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saps.gov.za%2Fnewsroom%2Fmsspeechdetail.php%3Fnid%3D34847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2021+South+African+unrest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahrc.org.za/">"National Investigative Hearing into the July 2021 Unrest"</a>. South African Human Rights Commission. 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.atitle=National+Investigative+Hearing+into+the+July+2021+Unrest&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahrc.org.za%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2021+South+African+unrest" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhengu2021" class="citation web cs1">Bhengu, Lwandile (15 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-commission-to-begin-hearings-into-july-civil-unrest-20211115">"Human rights commission to begin hearings into July civil unrest"</a>. News24. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Human+rights+commission+to+begin+hearings+into+July+civil+unrest&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft.aulast=Bhengu&rft.aufirst=Lwandile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2Fnews24%2Fsouthafrica%2Fnews%2Fhuman-rights-commission-to-begin-hearings-into-july-civil-unrest-20211115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2021+South+African+unrest" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng#Law_and_government" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal#Law_and_government" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)#Law_and_government" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political movements in South Africa">Political movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties">South Africa political parties</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikanerbond" title="Afrikanerbond">Afrikanerbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> (AWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Traditional_Leaders_of_South_Africa" title="Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa">Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa</a> (CONTRALESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Students" title="Congress of South African Students">Congress of South African Students</a> (COSAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlife_Africa" title="Earthlife Africa">Earthlife Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(South_Africa)" title="Keep Left (South Africa)">Keep Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanya_College" title="Khanya College">Khanya College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">Koeberg Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Equality_Project" title="Lesbian and Gay Equality Project">Lesbian and Gay Equality Project</a> (LGEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">People Against Gangsterism and Drugs</a> (PAGAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Liberal_Students%27_Association" title="South African Liberal Students' Association">South African Liberal Students' Association</a> (SALSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students_Congress" title="South African Students Congress">South African Students Congress</a> (SASCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative" title="The South African Wine Initiative">South African Wine Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front" title="Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front">Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front</a> (ZACF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Trade unions in South Africa navbox">South Africa trade unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Education" title="Equal Education">Equal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Park_Backyarders" title="Mandela Park Backyarders">Mandela Park Backyarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Suffering,_Oppression_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty">People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty</a> (PASSOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Alliance" title="Poor People's Alliance">Poor People's Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">Landless Peoples Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_The_City" title="Reclaim The City">Reclaim the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Coalition_(South_Africa)" title="Social Justice Coalition (South Africa)">Social Justice Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Unemployed_Peoples%27_Movement" title="South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement">Unemployed Peoples' Movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:SA_law" title="Template:SA law">South African law</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_in_South_Africa" title="Alternative media in South Africa">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania#South_Africa" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Don%27t)_touch_me_on_my_studio" title="(Don't) touch me on my studio">(Don't) touch me on my studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proudly_South_African" title="Proudly South African">Proudly South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">Rainbow nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaming in South Africa">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderpreneur" title="Tenderpreneur">Tenderpreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnFreedom_Day" title="UnFreedom Day">UnFreedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monopoly_capital" title="White monopoly capital">White monopoly capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungovernability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungovernability">Ungovernability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Indian sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li></ul></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla Ngawethu!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Settler,_One_Bullet" title="One Settler, One Bullet">One Settler, One Bullet</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each_one_teach_one" title="Each one teach one">"Each One, Teach One"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amandla_(magazine)" title="Amandla (magazine)">Amandla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biko_(book)" title="Biko (book)">Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Write_What_I_Like" title="I Write What I Like">I Write What I Like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov_Cocktail_(magazine)" title="Molotov Cocktail (magazine)">Molotov Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-toll_(South_Africa)" title="E-toll (South Africa)">e-tolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_occupations_in_South_Africa" title="List of land occupations in South Africa">Land occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">Legacies of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindela_Repatriation_Centre" title="Lindela Repatriation Centre">Lindela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">Phala Phala robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shack_fires_in_South_Africa" title="Shack fires in South Africa">Shack fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)#Post_1994_use" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Politics of South Africa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1075–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post- apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2021 unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident">Lady R incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jacob_Zuma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jacob_Zuma" title="Template:Jacob Zuma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacob_Zuma" title="Template talk:Jacob Zuma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacob_Zuma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacob Zuma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacob_Zuma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duduzane_Zuma" title="Duduzane Zuma">Duduzane Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduzile_Zuma-Sambudla" title="Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla">Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Sizakele_Khumalo" title="Gertrude Sizakele Khumalo">Gertrude Sizakele Khumalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugulethu_Zuma-Ncube" title="Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube">Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nompumelelo_Ntuli_Zuma" title="Nompumelelo Ntuli Zuma">Nompumelelo Ntuli Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuthukile_Zuma" title="Thuthukile Zuma">Thuthukile Zuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkosazana_Dlamini-Zuma" title="Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma">Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fraser" title="Arthur Fraser">Arthur Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosasa" title="Bosasa">Bosasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gavin_Watson" title="Gavin Watson">Gavin Watson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlaudi_Motsoeneng" title="Hlaudi Motsoeneng">Hlaudi Motsoeneng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mdluli" title="Richard Mdluli">Richard Mdluli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hlophe" title="John Hlophe">John Hlophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomgcobo_Jiba" title="Nomgcobo Jiba">Nomgcobo Jiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzwanele_Manyi" title="Mzwanele Manyi">Mzwanele Manyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudu_Myeni" title="Dudu Myeni">Dudu Myeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ngobeni" title="Paul Ngobeni">Paul Ngobeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Abrahams" title="Shaun Abrahams">Shaun Abrahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomvula_Mokonyane" title="Nomvula Mokonyane">Nomvula Mokonyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busisiwe_Mkhwebane" title="Busisiwe Mkhwebane">Busisiwe Mkhwebane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Niehaus" title="Carl Niehaus">Carl Niehaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Ichikowitz" title="Ivor Ichikowitz">Ivor Ichikowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_contempt_of_court" title="Jacob Zuma contempt of court">Contempt of court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges" title="Jacob Zuma corruption charges">Corruption charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_rape_trial" title="Jacob Zuma rape trial">Rape trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schabir_Shaik_trial" title="Schabir Shaik trial">Shaik trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_compound_firepool_controversy" title="Nkandla compound firepool controversy">Nkandla firepool controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrede_Dairy_Project" title="Vrede Dairy Project">Vrede Dairy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Judicial_Commission_of_Inquiry_into_Allegations_of_State_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="The Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture">Judicial Commission of Inquiry into Allegations of State Capture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Keepers" title="The President's Keepers">The President's Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Poisoned_Land" title="Our Poisoned Land">Our Poisoned Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Gupta" title="The Republic of Gupta">The Republic of Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwezi_(book)" title="Khwezi (book)">Khwezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Man_(book)" title="A Simple Man (book)">A Simple Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_People_(book)" title="Enemy of the People (book)">Enemy of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spear_(painting)" title="The Spear (painting)">The Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Lady_Justice_cartoon_controversy" title="Rape of Lady Justice cartoon controversy">Rape of Lady Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma_Foundation" title="Jacob Zuma Foundation">Jacob Zuma Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandla homestead</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2021 South African unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jacob_Zuma" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jacob Zuma">Presidential Trips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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