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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Late 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Response_to_COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Response to COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_income_vs_negative_income_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_income_vs_negative_income_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Basic income vs negative income tax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_income_vs_negative_income_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectives_and_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectives_and_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Perspectives and arguments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perspectives_and_arguments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Perspectives and arguments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Perspectives_and_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Automation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_and_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_and_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Economics and costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics_and_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflation_of_labor_and_rental_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation_of_labor_and_rental_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Inflation of labor and rental costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation_of_labor_and_rental_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Philosophy and morality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Health and poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Advocates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilot_programs_and_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilot_programs_and_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pilot programs and experiments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pilot_programs_and_experiments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pilot programs and experiments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pilot_programs_and_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1960s−1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s−1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1960s−1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s−1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000−2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000−2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2000−2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000−2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010−2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010−2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 2010−2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010−2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020−present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020−present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 2020−present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020−present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payments_with_similarities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payments_with_similarities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Payments with similarities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Payments_with_similarities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Payments with similarities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Payments_with_similarities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alaska_Permanent_Fund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska_Permanent_Fund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Alaska Permanent Fund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska_Permanent_Fund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth_Partaking_Scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth_Partaking_Scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Wealth Partaking Scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth_Partaking_Scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolsa_Família" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolsa_Família"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Bolsa Família </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolsa_Família-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_welfare_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_welfare_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Other welfare programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_welfare_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petitions,_polls_and_referendums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petitions,_polls_and_referendums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Petitions, polls and referendums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petitions,_polls_and_referendums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Universal basic income</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basisinkomste" title="Basisinkomste – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Basisinkomste" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="دخل أساسي شامل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دخل أساسي شامل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fsas_g%C9%99lir" title="Əsas gəlir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əsas gəlir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Безусловен базов доход – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безусловен базов доход" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopr_hollvedel" title="Gopr hollvedel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gopr hollvedel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_b%C3%A0sica" title="Renda bàsica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renda bàsica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD_nepodm%C3%ADn%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_p%C5%99%C3%ADjem" title="Základní nepodmíněný příjem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Základní nepodmíněný příjem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwm_sylfaenol_cyffredinol" title="Incwm sylfaenol cyffredinol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Incwm sylfaenol cyffredinol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerl%C3%B8n" title="Borgerløn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Borgerløn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedingungsloses_Grundeinkommen" title="Bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodanikupalk" title="Kodanikupalk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kodanikupalk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85_%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Βασικό άνευ όρων εισόδημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασικό άνευ όρων εισόδημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renta_b%C3%A1sica_universal" title="Renta básica universal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renta básica universal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza_enspezo" title="Baza enspezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baza enspezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oinarrizko_errenta_unibertsal" title="Oinarrizko errenta unibertsal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oinarrizko errenta unibertsal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="درآمد پایه همگانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درآمد پایه همگانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenu_de_base" title="Revenu de base – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Revenu de base" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renda_b%C3%A1sica_universal" title="Renda básica universal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renda básica universal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%8E%B8%EC%A0%81_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EC%86%8C%EB%93%9D" title="보편적 기본소득 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보편적 기본소득" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Բազային եկամուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազային եկամուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="मूल आय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूल आय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemasukan_dasar" title="Pemasukan dasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemasukan dasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgaralaun" title="Borgaralaun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgaralaun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddito_di_base" title="Reddito di base – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reddito di base" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הכנסה בסיסית לכול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסה בסיסית לכול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%81lais_pamatien%C4%81kums" title="Universālais pamatienākums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Universālais pamatienākums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit_de_bas" title="Reddit de bas – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Reddit de bas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt%C3%A9tel_n%C3%A9lk%C3%BCli_alapj%C3%B6vedelem" title="Feltétel nélküli alapjövedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feltétel nélküli alapjövedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Основен приход – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Основен приход" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendapatan_asas_sejagat" title="Pendapatan asas sejagat – Malay" lang="ms" 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For other basic income models, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">List of basic income models</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_cash_transfer" title="Unconditional cash transfer">Unconditional cash transfer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basic_Income_Performance_in_Bern,_Oct_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Basic_Income_Performance_in_Bern%2C_Oct_2013.jpg/260px-Basic_Income_Performance_in_Bern%2C_Oct_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Basic_Income_Performance_in_Bern%2C_Oct_2013.jpg/390px-Basic_Income_Performance_in_Bern%2C_Oct_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Basic_Income_Performance_in_Bern%2C_Oct_2013.jpg/520px-Basic_Income_Performance_in_Bern%2C_Oct_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>In 2013, eight million 5-<a href="/wiki/Centime" title="Centime">centime</a> coins (<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland#Population" title="Demographics of Switzerland">one per inhabitant</a>) were dumped on the <a href="/wiki/Bundesplatz" title="Bundesplatz">Bundesplatz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> to support the <a href="/wiki/2016_Swiss_referendums#Basic_income_referendum" title="2016 Swiss referendums">2016 Swiss referendum</a> for a basic income (which was rejected 77%–23%).</figcaption></figure> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Universalism" title="Category:Universalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Rosa Celeste: Dante and Beatrice gaze upon the highest Heaven" by Gustave Doré"><img alt=""Rosa Celeste: Dante and Beatrice gaze upon the highest Heaven" by Gustave Doré" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/69px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/104px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg/138px-Paradiso_Canto_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3223" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_value" title="Universal value">Universal value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalizability" title="Universalizability">Universalizability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic and societal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">Universal health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Beliefs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">Universal reconciliation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Churches and groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Unitarians_and_Universalists" title="International Council of Unitarians and Universalists">International Council of Unitarians and Universalists</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptist_Universalist" title="Primitive Baptist Universalist">Primitive Baptist Universalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalist_Church_of_America" title="Universalist Church of America">Universalist Church of America</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_universalism" title="History of Christian universalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hinduism (Neo-Vedanta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_Order_In%C4%81yati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Order Ināyati">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Spiritual</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:none;padding-top:0.15em;font-weight:bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universalism" title="Category:Universalism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universalism" title="Template:Universalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universalism" title="Template talk:Universalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Universal basic income (UBI)<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a minimum <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> in the form of an unconditional <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payment" title="Transfer payment">transfer payment</a>, i.e., without a <a href="/wiki/Means_test" title="Means test">means test</a> or need to work.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> In contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a> is paid only to those who do not already receive an income that is enough to live on. A UBI would be received independently of any other income. If the level is sufficient to meet a person's basic needs (i.e., at or above the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>), it is sometimes called a full basic income; if it is less than that amount, it may be called a partial basic income.<a href="#cite_note-USBIG-2011-6">[5]</a> As of 2024, no country has implemented a full UBI system, but two countries—<a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>—have had a partial UBI in the past.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> There have been <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_pilots" title="Universal basic income pilots">numerous pilot projects</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> and the idea <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal basic income around the world">is discussed in many countries</a>. Some have labelled UBI as <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> due to its historical origin.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> There are several welfare arrangements that can be considered similar to basic income, although they are not unconditional. Many countries have a system of <a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">child benefit</a>, which is essentially a basic income for guardians of children. A <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> may be a basic income for retired persons. There are also quasi-basic income programs that are limited to certain population groups or time periods, like <a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolsa Familia">Bolsa Familia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, which is concentrated on the poor, or the Thamarat Program in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, which was introduced by the transitional government to ease the effects of the economic crisis inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Bashir</a> regime.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</a> prompted some countries to send direct payments to its citizens. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</a> is a fund for all residents of the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> which averages $1,600 annually (in 2019 currency), and is sometimes described as the only example of a real basic income in practice. A <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a> (NIT) can be viewed as a basic income for certain income groups in which citizens receive less and less money until this effect is reversed the more a person earns.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Critics claim that a basic income at an appropriate level for all citizens is not financially feasible, fear that the introduction of a basic income would lead to fewer people working, and/or consider it socially unjust that everyone should receive the same amount of money regardless of their individual needs. Proponents say it is indeed financeable, arguing that such a system, instead of many individual means-tested social benefits, would eliminate much more expensive social administration and bureaucratic efforts, and expect that unattractive jobs would have to be better paid and their working conditions improved because there would have to be an incentive to do them when already receiving an income, which would increase the willingness to work. Advocates also argue that a basic income is fair because it ensures that everyone has a sufficient financial basis to build on and less financial pressure, thus allowing people to find work that suits their interests and strengths.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Early examples of unconditional payments to citizens date back to antiquity, and the first proposals to introduce a regular unconditionally paid income for all citizens were developed and disseminated between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, public awareness and support for the concept increased. At least since the mid-20th century, basic income has repeatedly been the subject of political debates. In the 21st century, several discussions are related to the debate about basic income, including those concerning the <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> of large parts of the human <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> through <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI), and associated questions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">future of the necessity of work</a>. A key issue in these debates is whether automation and AI will significantly <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">reduce the number of available jobs</a> and whether a basic income could help prevent or alleviate such problems by allowing everyone to benefit from a society's wealth, as well as whether a UBI could be a stepping stone to a <a href="/wiki/Resource-based_economy" title="Resource-based economy">resource-based</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">post-scarcity economy</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cura_Annonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Annonae">Cura Annonae</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> had a strong, unified <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> state that owned key parts of the Egyptian economy, including granaries that dispensed grain to the public during hard times.<a href="#cite_note-MooreLewis2009-15">[14]</a> In a 46 BC <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> general and dictator <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> gave each <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">common Roman citizen</a> 100 <a href="/wiki/Denarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Denarii">denarii</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">his assassination</a> in 44 BC, Caesar's will left 300 <a href="/wiki/Sestertii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestertii">sestertii</a> (or 75 denarii) to each citizen.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> from 98 to 117 AD, personally gave 650 denarii (equivalent to perhaps US$430 in 2023) to all common Roman citizens who applied.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th century">edit</a>]</div> In his <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a> (1516), English statesman and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> depicts a society in which every person receives a guaranteed income.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In this book, basic income is proposed as an answer to the statement "No penalty on earth will stop people from stealing, if it's their only way of getting food", stating:<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <blockquote>instead of inflicting these horrible punishments, it would be far more to the point to provide everyone with some means of livelihood, so that nobody's under the frightful necessity of becoming first a thief, and then a corpse.</blockquote> Spanish scholar <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ludovicus_Vives" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Ludovicus Vives">Johannes Ludovicus Vives</a> (1492–1540) proposed that the municipal government should be responsible for securing a subsistence minimum to all its residents "not on the grounds of justice but for the sake of a more effective exercise of morally required charity." Vives also argued that to qualify for poor relief, the recipient must "deserve the help he or she gets by proving his or her willingness to work."<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> English-born American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> authored Common Sense (1776) and The American Crisis (1776–1783), the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. His essay, <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Justice" title="Agrarian Justice">Agrarian Justice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> was published in 1797, In it, he proposed concrete reforms to abolish poverty. In particular, he proposed a universal social insurance system comprising old-age pensions and disability support, and universal stakeholder grants for young adults, funded by a 10% inheritance tax focused on land, it is also considered one of the earliest proposals for a <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> system. Thomas Paine summarized his view by stating that "Men did not make the earth. It is the value of the improvements only, and not the earth itself, that is individual property. Every proprietor owes to the community a ground rent for the land which he holds." Paine saw inheritance as being partly a common fund and wanted to supplement the citizen's dividend in a tax on inheritance transfers. In 1797, English <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spence" title="Thomas Spence">Thomas Spence</a> published The Rights of Infants<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> as a response to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s Agrarian Justice. In this essay Spence proposes the introduction of an unconditional basic income to all members of the community. Such allowance would be financed through the <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">socialization</a> of land and the benefits of the rents received by each municipality. A part of everyone's earnings would be seized by the State, and given to others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> proposed to create a pension and disability system, and a broad social support system from a single tax on land and natural resource value. Social support would be distributed to residents "as a right" instead of as charity. George mentioned, but did not stress, the possibility of direct cash distribution of land rent. His ideas gave rise to the economic philosophy now known as <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a> or the "single tax movement", which is an <a href="/wiki/Economic_ideology" title="Economic ideology">economic ideology</a> holding that, although people should own the value they produce themselves, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">economic rent</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a>—including from all <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a>, and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heavey-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Some Georgists refer to unconditional basic income funded by the single tax as a <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_dividend" title="Citizen's dividend">citizen's dividend</a> in reference to Thomas Paine's proposal from the 19th Century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> Around 1920, support for basic income started growing, primarily in England. <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1872–1970) argued for a new social model that combined the advantages of socialism and anarchism, and that basic income should be a vital component in that new society. In the United Kingdom at the end of World War I, Dennis and Mabel Milner, a Quaker married couple of the Labour Party, published a short pamphlet entitled "Scheme for a State Bonus" (1918) that argued for the "introduction of an income paid unconditionally on a weekly basis to all citizens of the United Kingdom." They considered it a moral right for everyone to have the means to subsistence, and thus it should not be conditional on work or willingness to work.<a href="#cite_note-Szreter_517–523-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">C. H. Douglas</a> was an engineer who became concerned that most British citizens could not afford to buy the goods that were produced, despite the rising productivity in British industry. His solution to this paradox was a new social system he called <a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">social credit</a>, a combination of monetary reform and basic income. In 1944 and 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Beveridge Committee">Beveridge Committee</a>, led by the British economist <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>, developed a proposal for a comprehensive new welfare system of social insurance, means-tested benefits, and unconditional allowances for children. Committee member <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Rhys-Williams" title="Juliet Rhys-Williams">Lady Rhys-Williams</a> argued that the incomes for adults should be more like a basic income. She was also the first to develop the negative income tax model.<a href="#cite_note-sloman-2015-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Her son Sir <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Rhys-Williams" title="Brandon Rhys-Williams">Brandon Rhys-Williams</a> proposed a basic income to a parliamentary committee in 1982, and soon after that in 1984, the Basic Income Research Group, now the Citizen's Basic Income Trust, began to conduct and disseminate research on basic income.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> proposed the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a> (NIT), which effectively sanctioned a basic income for all, in his book <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a> published in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Szreter_517–523-26">[25]</a> In his 1964 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> introduced legislation to fight the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">war on poverty</a>". Johnson believed in expanding the federal government's roles in education and health care as poverty reduction strategies. In this political climate, the idea of a guaranteed income for every American also took root. Notably, a document, signed by 1200 economists, called for a guaranteed income for every American. Six ambitious basic income experiments started up on the related concept of negative income tax. Succeeding President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> explained its purpose as "to provide both a safety net for the poor and a financial incentive for welfare recipients to work."<a href="#cite_note-Nixon_UBI-31">[30]</a> Congress eventually approved a guaranteed minimum income for the elderly and the disabled.<a href="#cite_note-Nixon_UBI-31">[30]</a> In the mid-1970s the main competitor to basic income and negative income tax, the <a href="/wiki/Earned_income_tax_credit" title="Earned income tax credit">Earned income tax credit</a> (EITC), or its advocates, won over enough legislators for the US Congress to pass laws on that policy. In 1986, the Basic Income European Network, later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Earth_Network" title="Basic Income Earth Network">Basic Income Earth Network</a> (BIEN), was founded, with academic conferences every second year.<a href="#cite_note-basicincome.org-32">[31]</a> Other advocates included the <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green political movement</a>, as well as activists and some groups of unemployed people.<a href="#cite_note-archiv-grundeinkommen.de-33">[32]</a> In the latter part of the 20th century, discussions were held around automatization and jobless growth, the possibility of combining economic growth with ecologically sustainable development, and how to reform the welfare state bureaucracy. Basic income was interwoven in these and many other debates. During the BIEN academic conferences, there were papers about basic income from a wide variety of perspectives, including economics, sociology, and human rights approaches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_advocates_of_basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="List of advocates of basic income">List of advocates of basic income</a></div> In recent years the idea has come to the forefront more than before. The <a href="/wiki/2016_Swiss_referendums" title="2016 Swiss referendums">Swiss referendum about basic income</a> in Switzerland 2016 was covered in media worldwide, despite its rejection.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Famous business people like <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Clifford-2018-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Omidyar" title="Pierre Omidyar">Pierre Omidyar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a> have lent their support, as have high-profile politicians like <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The Institute for Public Policy Research predicted that 59% of tasks currently done by humans could be affected by AI in the next three to five years. Universal basic Income could help fill the gap left by this "jobs apocalypse."<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 2019, in California, then-Stockton Mayor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tubbs#Mayor_of_Stockton,_CA" title="Michael Tubbs">Michael Tubbs</a> initiated an 18-month pilot program of guaranteed income for 125 residents as part of the privately funded S.E.E.D. project there.<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[39]</a> In the 2020 Democratic Party primaries, political newcomer Andrew Yang touted basic income as his core policy. His policy, referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_Dividend" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Dividend">Freedom Dividend</a>", would have provided adult American citizens US$1,000 a month independent of employment status.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> On 21 January 2021, in California, the two-year donor-funded Compton Pledge<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[39]</a> began distributing monthly guaranteed income payments to a "pre-verified" pool of low-income residents,<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[39]</a> in a program gauged for a maximum of 800 recipients, at which point it will be one of the larger among 25 U.S. cities exploring this approach to community economics. Beginning in December 2021, <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>, piloted "Growing Resilience in Tacoma" (GRIT), a guaranteed income initiative that provides $500 a month to 110 families. GRIT is part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s Center for Guaranteed Income Research larger study. A report on the results of the GRIT experiment will be published in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_to_COVID-19">Response to COVID-19</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Response to COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> As a response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">its economic impact</a>, universal basic income and similar proposals such as <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_money" title="Helicopter money">helicopter money</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cash_transfer" title="Cash transfer">cash transfers</a> were increasingly discussed across the world.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Most countries implemented forms of partial unemployment schemes, which effectively subsidized workers' incomes without a work requirement. Around ninety countries and regions including the United States, Spain, Hong Kong, and Japan introduced temporary direct cash transfer programs to their citizens.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In Europe, a petition calling for an "emergency basic income" gathered more than 200,000 signatures,<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> and polls suggested widespread support in public opinion for it.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Unlike the various stimulus packages of the US administration, the EU's stimulus plans did not include any form of income-support policies.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_income_vs_negative_income_tax">Basic income vs negative income tax</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Basic income vs negative income tax">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative income tax</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-MOS plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit">improve the content</a>. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cjcbi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cjcbi.svg/220px-Cjcbi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cjcbi.svg/330px-Cjcbi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cjcbi.svg/440px-Cjcbi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>Two ways of looking at basic income when combined with a flat income tax, both of which result in the same net income (orange line): 1. (red) stipend with conventional tax for income above the stipend. 2. (blue) negative tax for low-income people and conventional tax for high-income people.</figcaption></figure> The diagram shows a basic income/negative tax system combined with <a href="/wiki/Flat_income_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat income tax">flat income tax</a> (the same percentage in tax for every income level). Y is here the pre-tax salary given by the employer and y' is the net income. Negative income tax For low earnings, there is no income tax in the negative income tax system. They receive money, in the form of a negative income tax, but they do not pay any tax. Then, as their labour income increases, this benefit, this money from the state, gradually decreases. That decrease is to be seen as a mechanism for the poor, instead of the poor paying tax. Basic income That is, however, not the case in the corresponding basic income system in the diagram. There everyone typically pays income taxes. But on the other hand, everyone also gets the same amount of basic income. But the net income is the same But, as the orange line in the diagram shows, the net income is anyway the same. No matter how much or how little one earns, the amount of money one gets in one's pocket is the same, regardless of which of these two systems are used. Basic income and negative income tax are generally seen to be similar in economic net effects, but there are some differences: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Van_Parijs_Library_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Philippe_Van_Parijs_Library_3.jpg/220px-Philippe_Van_Parijs_Library_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Philippe_Van_Parijs_Library_3.jpg/330px-Philippe_Van_Parijs_Library_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Philippe_Van_Parijs_Library_3.jpg/440px-Philippe_Van_Parijs_Library_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5326" data-file-height="3550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a> in his library</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Psychological. Philip Harvey accepts that "both systems would have the same redistributive effect and tax earned income at the same marginal rate" but does not agree that "the two systems would be perceived by taxpayers as costing the same".<a href="#cite_note-harvey-50">[49]</a>: 15, 13 </li> <li>Tax profile. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Tony Atkinson</a> made a distinction based on whether the tax profile was flat (for basic income) or variable (for NIT).<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></li> <li>Timing. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a> states that "the economic equivalence between the two programs should not hide the fact that they have different effects on recipients because of the different timing of payments: ex-ante in Basic Income, ex-post in Negative Income Tax".<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives_and_arguments">Perspectives and arguments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Perspectives and arguments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automation">Automation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Automation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> There is a prevailing opinion that we are in an era of technological unemployment – that technology is increasingly making skilled workers obsolete. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Prof. Mark MacCarthy (2014)<a href="#cite_note-MacCarthy-53">[52]</a></cite> </div> One central rationale for basic income is the belief that <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> and robotisation could result in <a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">technological unemployment</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">a world with fewer paid jobs</a>. A key question in this context is whether a basic income could help prevent or alleviate such problems by allowing everyone to benefit from a society's wealth, as well as whether a UBI could be a stepping stone to a <a href="/wiki/Resource-based_economy" title="Resource-based economy">resource-based</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">post-scarcity economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clifford-2018-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diam-2016-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> U.S. presidential candidate and nonprofit founder <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a> has stated that automation caused the loss of 4 million manufacturing jobs and advocated for a UBI (which he calls a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Dividend" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Dividend">Freedom Dividend</a>) of $1,000/month rather than worker retraining programs.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Yang has stated that he is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ford_(author)" title="Martin Ford (author)">Martin Ford</a>. Ford, in his turn, believes that the emerging technologies will fail to deliver a lot of employment; on the contrary, because the new industries will "rarely, if ever, be highly labor-intensive".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-58">[57]</a> Similar ideas have been debated many times before in history—that "the machines will take the jobs"—so the argument is not new. But what is quite new is the existence of several academic studies that do indeed forecast a future with substantially less employment, in the decades to come.<a href="#cite_note-replicants-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martin-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Additionally, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> has stated that he believes that the growth of artificial intelligence will lead to an increased discussion around the idea of "unconditional free money for everyone".<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics_and_costs">Economics and costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economics and costs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">Cost of living</a></div> Some proponents of UBI have argued that basic income could increase economic growth because it would sustain people while they invest in education to get higher-skilled and well-paid jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Tanner,_Michael_2015-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sheahen,_Allan_2012-64">[63]</a> However, there is also a discussion of basic income within the <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a> movement, which argues against economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Advocates contend that the guaranteed financial security of a UBI will increase the population's willingness to take risks,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> which would create a culture of inventiveness and strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The cost of a basic income is one of the biggest questions in the public debate as well as in the research and depends on many things. It first and foremost depends on the level of the basic income as such, and it also depends on many technical points regarding exactly how it is constructed. While opponents claim that a basic income at an adequate level for all citizens cannot be financed, their supporters propose that it could indeed be financed, with some advocating a strong <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a> and restructuring of bureaucracy and administration for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> According to statements of <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>-affiliated Libertarian/conservative scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a>, recalled and sanctioned in 2016 by the George Gibbs Chair in Political Economy and Senior Research Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a> at George Mason University and nationally syndicated columnist<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Veronique de Rugy, as of 2014, the annual cost of a UBI in the US would have been about $200 billion cheaper than the US system put in place at that date.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> By 2020, it would have been nearly a trillion dollars cheaper.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> American economist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Widerquist" title="Karl Widerquist">Karl Widerquist</a> argues that simply multiplying the amount of the grant by the population would be a naive calculation, as this is the gross costs of UBI and does not take into account that UBI is a system where people pay taxes on a regular basis and receive the grant at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> According to Swiss economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Straubhaar" title="Thomas Straubhaar">Thomas Straubhaar</a>, the concept of UBI is basically financeable without any problems. He describes it as "at its core, nothing more than a fundamental tax reform" that "bundles all social policy measures into a single instrument, the basic income paid out unconditionally."<a href="#cite_note-Straubhaar-2017-74">[73]</a> He also considers a universal basic income to be socially just, arguing, although all citizens would receive the same amount in the form of the basic income at the beginning of the month, the rich would have lost significantly more money through taxes at the end of the month than they would have received through the basic income, while the opposite is the case for poorer people, similar to the concept of a negative income tax.<a href="#cite_note-Straubhaar-2017-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflation_of_labor_and_rental_costs">Inflation of labor and rental costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inflation of labor and rental costs">edit</a>]</div> One of the most common arguments against UBI stems from the upward pressure on prices, in particular for labor and housing rents, which would likely cause <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miller-75">[74]</a> Public policy choices such as rent controls or land value taxation would likely affect the inflationary potential of universal basic income.<a href="#cite_note-miller-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work">Work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Work">edit</a>]</div> Many critics of basic income argue that people, in general, will work less, which in turn means less tax revenue and less money for the state and local governments.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-cangov94-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Studies include: <ul><li>In negative income tax experiments in the United States in 1970 there was a five percent decline in the hours worked. The work reduction was largest for second earners in two-earner households and weakest for primary earners. The reduction in hours was higher when the benefit was higher.<a href="#cite_note-cangov94-77">[76]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Mincome" title="Mincome">Mincome</a> experiment in rural Dauphin, Manitoba, also in the 1970s, there were slight reductions in hours worked during the experiment. However, the only two groups who worked significantly less were new mothers, and teenagers working to support their families. New mothers spent this time with their infant children, and working teenagers put significant additional time into their schooling.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a></li> <li>A 2024 study investigated the impact of $1,000/month UBI over a period of 3 years for 1,000 randomized low-income participants in two U.S. States, which represented an around 40% increase in household income. The study found an <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice#Income_effect" title="Consumer choice">income effect</a> with a decrease of non-UBI income by $1,500/year, a decrease in non-UBI household income by 21% of the UBI transfer, a 2% decrease in labor market participation, no significant change in time spent on childcare, no self-reported decrease in barriers to employment, a <a href="/wiki/Null_result" title="Null result">null result</a> for changes in job quality, an increase in entrepreneurial orientation but no significant change in entrepreneurial activity, while enrollment in <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> showed a slight increase for participants below 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-o097-81">[80]</a></li></ul> Although it is difficult to know for sure what will happen if a whole country introduces basic income, there are nevertheless some studies who have attempted to look at this question: <ul><li>A study from 2017 showed no evidence that people worked less because of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Iranian subsidy reform</a> (a basic income reform).<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li></ul> Regarding the question of basic income vs jobs, there is also the aspect of so-called welfare traps. Proponents of basic income often argue that with a basic income, unattractive jobs would necessarily have to be better paid and their working conditions improved, so that people still do them without need, reducing these traps.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_and_morality">Philosophy and morality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Philosophy and morality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Community_cohesion" title="Community cohesion">Community cohesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></div> By definition, universal basic income does not make a distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" individuals when making payments. Opponents argue that this lack of discrimination is unfair: "Those who genuinely choose idleness or unproductive activities cannot expect those who have committed to doing productive work to subsidize their livelihood. Responsibility is central to fairness."<a href="#cite_note-Bidadanure-2019-84">[83]</a> Proponents usually view UBI as a fundamental human right that enables an <a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">adequate standard of living</a> which every citizen should have access to in modern society.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> It would be a kind of foundation guaranteed for everyone, on which one could build and never fall below that subsistence level. It is also argued that this lack of discrimination between those who supposedly deserve it and those who do not is a way to reduce <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bidadanure-2019-84">[83]</a> In addition, proponents of UBI may argue that the "deserving" and "undeserving" categories are a superficial classification, as people who are not in regular gainful employment also contribute to society, e.g. by raising children, caring for people, or doing other value-creating activities which are not institutionalized. UBI would provide a balance here and thus overcomes a concept of work that is reduced to pure gainful employment and disregards sideline activities too much.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_poverty">Health and poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health and poverty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></div>The first comprehensive systematic review of the health impact of basic income (or rather unconditional cash transfers in general) in low- and middle-income countries, a study that included 21 studies of which 16 were randomized controlled trials, found a clinically meaningful reduction in the likelihood of being sick by an estimated 27%. Unconditional cash transfers, according to the study, may also improve food security and dietary diversity. Children in recipient families are also more likely to attend school and the cash transfers may increase money spent on health care.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2-87">[86]</a> A 2022 update of this landmark review confirmed these findings based on a grown body of evidence (35 studies, the majority being large <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomized controlled trials">randomized controlled trials</a>) and additionally found sufficient evidence that unconditional cash transfers also reduce the likelihood of living in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-doi10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3-88">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a> passed a motion in 2015 in clear support of basic income and for basic income trials in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocates">Advocates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Advocates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_advocates_of_universal_basic_income" title="List of advocates of universal basic income">List of advocates of universal basic income</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilot_programs_and_experiments">Pilot programs and experiments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pilot programs and experiments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_pilots" title="Universal basic income pilots">Universal basic income pilots</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_by_country" title="Universal basic income by country">Universal basic income by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omitara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Omitara.jpg/220px-Omitara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Omitara.jpg/330px-Omitara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Omitara.jpg/440px-Omitara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Omitara" title="Omitara">Omitara</a>, one of the two poor villages in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> where a local basic income was tested in 2008–2009</figcaption></figure> Since the 1960s, but in particular since the late 2000s, several pilot programs and experiments on basic income have been conducted around the world. Some examples include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s−1970s">1960s−1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1960s−1970s">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Experiments with <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a> in the United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s.</li> <li>The province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba, Canada">Manitoba</a>, Canada experimented with <a href="/wiki/Mincome" title="Mincome">Mincome</a>, a basic guaranteed income, in the 1970s. In the town of <a href="/wiki/Dauphin,_Manitoba" title="Dauphin, Manitoba">Dauphin</a>, Manitoba, labor only decreased by 13%, much less than expected. This program was ended after issues with the cost becoming unsustainable started to arise.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000−2009">2000−2009</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2000−2009">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The basic income grant in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> launched in 2008 and ended in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></li> <li>An independent pilot implemented in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil launched in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010−2019">2010−2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2010−2019">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Basic income trials run in 2011–2012 in several villages in India,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> whose government has proposed a guaranteed basic income for all citizens.<a href="#cite_note-WorldCrunch-95">[94]</a> It was found that basic income in the region raised the education rate of young people by 25%.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> became the first country to introduce a system of UBI in December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> It was paid to all citizens and replaced the gasoline subsidies, electricity, and some food products,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> that the country applied for years to reduce inequalities and poverty. The sum corresponded in 2012 to approximately US$40 per person per month, US$480 per year for a single person, and US$2,300 for a family of five people.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li>In Spain, the ingreso mínimo vital, the income guarantee system, is an economic benefit guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Spain" title="Social security in Spain">social security in Spain</a>, but in 2016 was considered in need of reform.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> the Youth Allowance Program was started in 2016 in the City of <a href="/wiki/Seongnam" title="Seongnam">Seongnam</a>, which would give every 24-year-old citizen 250,000 <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">won</a> (~US$215) every quarter in the form of a "local currency" that could only be used in local businesses. This program was later expanded to the entire province of <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/GiveDirectly" title="GiveDirectly">GiveDirectly</a> experiment in a disadvantaged village of <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, benefitting over 20,000 people living in rural Kenya, is the longest-running basic income pilot as of November 2017, which is set to run for 12 years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></li> <li>A project called Eight in a village in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Portal" title="Fort Portal">Fort Portal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, that a nonprofit organization launched in January 2017, which provides income for 56 adults and 88 children through mobile money.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></li> <li>A two-year pilot the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish government">Finnish government</a> began in January 2017 which involved 2,000 subjects<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In April 2018, the Finnish government rejected a request for funds to extend and expand the program from <a href="/wiki/Kela_(Finnish_institution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kela (Finnish institution)">Kela</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> agency).<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></li> <li>An experiment in the city of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> launched in early 2017, that is testing different rates of aid.<a href="#cite_note-WorldCrunch-95">[94]</a></li> <li>A three-year <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Basic_Income_Pilot_Project" title="Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project">basic income pilot</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ontario" title="Government of Ontario">Ontario provincial government</a>, Canada, launched in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindsay,_Ontario" title="Lindsay, Ontario">Lindsay</a> in July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Although called basic income, it was only made available to those with a low income and funding would be removed if they obtained employment,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> making it more related to the current welfare system than true basic income. The pilot project was canceled on 31 July 2018 by the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">Progressive Conservative</a> government under <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">Ontario Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Doug Ford</a>.</li> <li>In Israel, in 2018 a non-profit initiative GoodDollar started with an objective to build a global economic framework for providing universal, sustainable, and scalable basic income through the new digital asset technology of blockchain. The non-profit aims to launch a peer-to-peer money transfer network in which money can be distributed to those most in need, regardless of their location, based on the principles of UBI. The project raised US$1 million from a financial company.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rythu_Bandhu_scheme" title="Rythu Bandhu scheme">Rythu Bandhu scheme</a> is a welfare scheme started in the state of <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana, India</a>, in May 2018, aimed at helping farmers. Each farm owner receives 4,000 INR per acre twice a year for <a href="/wiki/Rabi_crop" title="Rabi crop">rabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharif_crop" title="Kharif crop">kharif</a> harvests. To finance the program a budget allocation of 120 billion INR (US$1.55 Billion as of May 2022) was made in the 2018–2019 state budget.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020−present">2020−present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2020−present">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Swiss non-profit <a href="/wiki/Social_Income" title="Social Income">Social Income</a> started paying out basic incomes in the form of mobile money in 2020 to people in need in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>. Contributions finance the international initiative from people worldwide, who donate 1% of their monthly paychecks.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li>In May 2020, Spain introduced a minimum basic income, reaching about 2% of the population, in response to COVID-19 in order to "fight a spike in poverty due to the coronavirus pandemic". It was expected to cost state coffers three billion euros ($3.5 billion) a year."<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li> <li>In August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Mein_Grundeinkommen" title="Mein Grundeinkommen">a project in Germany</a> started that gives a €1,200 monthly basic income in a lottery system to citizens who applied online. The <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourced</a> project lasted three years and be compared against 1,380 people who do not receive basic income.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> When the project was finished in August 2023, Mein Grundeinkommen calculated that a tax-financed universal basic income of €1,200 per month could be financed for every adult in Germany that would make 80% of adults better off.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li>In October 2020, HudsonUP<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> was launched in <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_New_York" title="Hudson, New York">Hudson, New York</a>, by The Spark of Hudson<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> and Humanity Forward Foundation<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> to give $500 monthly basic income to 25 residents. It will last five years and be compared against 50 people who are not receiving basic income.</li> <li>In May 2021, the government of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, which has devolved powers in matters of Social Welfare within the UK, announced the trialling of a universal basic income scheme to "see whether the promises that basic income holds out are genuinely delivered".<a href="#cite_note-BBC-124">[123]</a> From July 2022 over 500 people leaving care in Wales were offered £1600 per month in a 3-year £20 million pilot scheme, to evaluate the effect on the lives of those involved in the hope of providing independence and security to people.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a></li> <li>In July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> began a year-long guaranteed income program by sending $500 a month to 5,000 households for one year in a lottery system to citizens who applied online.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> A similar program was launched in late 2022 by <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County, Illinois</a> (which encompasses the entirety of Chicago as well as several suburbs) which sent monthly $500 payments to 3,250 residents with a household income at or below 250% of the federal poverty level for two years.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></li> <li>In June 2023, The Guardian reported that a universal basic income of £1,600 a month is to be trialled in two places in England – <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Finchley" title="East Finchley">East Finchley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Payments_with_similarities">Payments with similarities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Payments with similarities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaska_Permanent_Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Alaska Permanent Fund">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</a></div> The Permanent Fund of Alaska in the United States provides a kind of yearly basic income based on the oil and gas revenues of the state to nearly all state residents. More precisely the fund resembles a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>, investing resource revenues into <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stocks</a>, and other conservative investment options with the intent to generate renewable revenue for future generations. The fund has had a noticeable yet diminishing effect on reducing poverty among rural Alaska Indigenous people, notably in the elderly population.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> However, the payment is not high enough to cover basic expenses, averaging $1,600 annually per resident in 2019 currency<a href="#cite_note-ADN_1-130">[129]</a> (As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit">[update]</a> it has never exceeded $2,100), and is not a fixed, guaranteed amount. For these reasons, it is not always considered a basic income. However, some consider it to be the only example of a real basic income.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth_Partaking_Scheme">Wealth Partaking Scheme</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wealth Partaking Scheme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wealth_Partaking_Scheme" title="Wealth Partaking Scheme">Wealth Partaking Scheme</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>'s Wealth Partaking Scheme provides some annual basic income to permanent residents, funded by revenues from the city's casinos. However, the amount disbursed is not sufficient to cover basic living expenses, so it is not considered a basic income.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolsa_Família">Bolsa Família</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bolsa Família">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Bolsa Família</a></div> Bolsa Família is a large social welfare program in Brazil that provides money to many low-income families in the country. The system is related to basic income, but has more conditions, like asking the recipients to keep their children in school until graduation. As of March 2020, the program covers 13.8 million families, and pays an average of $34 per month, in a country where the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> is $190 per month.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_1-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_welfare_programs">Other welfare programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other welfare programs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Pension: A payment that in some countries is guaranteed to all citizens above a certain age. The difference from true basic income is that it is restricted to people over a certain age.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_benefit" title="Child benefit">Child benefit</a>: A program similar to pensions but restricted to parents of children, usually allocated based on the number of children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer" title="Conditional cash transfer">Conditional cash transfer</a>: A regular payment given to families, but only to the poor. It is usually dependent on basic conditions such as sending their children to school or having them vaccinated. Programs include <a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Bolsa Família</a> in Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Programa Prospera</a> in Mexico.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a> differs from a basic income in that it is restricted to those in search of work and possibly other restrictions, such as savings being below a certain level. Example programs are <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">unemployment benefits</a> in the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Revenu_de_solidarit%C3%A9_active" title="Revenu de solidarité active">revenu de solidarité active</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_income_(Italy)" title="Citizens' income (Italy)">citizens' income in Italy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petitions,_polls_and_referendums">Petitions, polls and referendums</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Petitions, polls and referendums">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>2008: An official petition for basic income was launched in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Wiest" title="Susanne Wiest">Susanne Wiest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> The petition was accepted, and Susanne Wiest was invited for a hearing at the German parliament's Commission of Petitions. After the hearing, the petition was closed as "unrealizable".<a href="#cite_note-bundestag.de-136">[135]</a></li> <li>2013–2014: A <a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">European Citizens' Initiative</a> collected 280,000 signatures demanding that the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> study the concept of an unconditional basic income.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a></li> <li>2015: A citizen's initiative in Spain received 185,000 signatures, short of the required number to mandate that the Spanish parliament discuss the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li> <li>2016: The world's first universal <a href="/wiki/2016_Swiss_referendums#June_referendums" title="2016 Swiss referendums">basic income referendum</a> in Switzerland on 5 June 2016 was rejected with a 76.9% majority.<a href="#cite_note-Vorlage_Nr._601-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Also in 2016, a poll showed that 58% of the EU's population is aware of basic income, and 64% would vote in favour of the idea.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li> <li>2017: Politico/Morning Consult asked 1,994 Americans about their opinions on several political issues including national basic income; 43% either "strongly supported" or "somewhat supported" the idea.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></li> <li>2018: The results of a poll by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> conducted last year between September and October were published. 48% of respondents supported universal basic income.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a></li> <li>2019: In November, an Austrian initiative received approximately 70,000 signatures but failed to reach the 100,000 signatures needed for a parliamentary discussion. The initiative was started by Peter Hofer. His proposal suggested a basic income sourced from a financial transaction tax, of €1,200, for every Austrian citizen.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a></li> <li>2020: A study by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> found that 71% of Europeans are now in favour of basic income. The study was conducted in March, with 12,000 respondents and in 27 EU-member states and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> A <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll likewise found a majority for universal basic income in United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-YG-146">[145]</a> and a poll by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> found that 51% of Americans aged 18–36 support a monthly basic income of $1,000.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In the UK there was also a letter, signed by over 170 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">Lords</a> from multiple political parties, calling on the government to introduce a universal basic income during the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-March-148">[147]</a></li> <li>2020: A <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, conducted online in August 2020, of 11,000 U.S. adults found that a majority (54%) oppose the federal government providing a guaranteed income of $1,000 per month to all adults, while 45% support it.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></li> <li>2020: In a poll by <a href="/wiki/Hill-HarrisX" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill-HarrisX">Hill-HarrisX</a>, 55% of Americans voted in favour of UBI in August, up from 49% in September 2019 and 43% in February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></li> <li>2020: The results of an online survey of 2,031 participants conducted in 2018 in Germany were published: 51% were either "very much in favor" or "in favor" of UBI being introduced.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li> <li>2020: An October survey of 1,026 Australians by YouGov found a 58% support for universal basic income.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></li> <li>2021: A <a href="/wiki/Change.org" title="Change.org">Change.org</a> petition calling for monthly stimulus checks in the amount of $2,000 per adult and $1,000 per child for the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic had received almost 3 million signatures.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Disability_benefits" title="Disability benefits">Disability benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estovers" title="Estovers">Estovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairTax#Monthly_tax_rebate" title="FairTax">FairTax § monthly tax rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_basic_income" title="Global basic income">Global basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelong_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifelong wage">Lifelong wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitarianism_(ethical)" title="Limitarianism (ethical)">Limitarianism (ethical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">List of basic income models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cuban_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cuban economy">New Cuban economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Age_Security" title="Old Age Security">Old Age Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_income" title="Participation income">Participation income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatinga_Velho" title="Quatinga Velho">Quatinga Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">Rationing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_freedom" title="Real freedom">Real freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Triple_Revolution" title="The Triple Revolution">The Triple Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_inheritance" title="Universal inheritance">Universal inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_value" title="Universal value">Universal value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_subsidy" title="Wage subsidy">Wage subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=A+basic+income+really+could+end+poverty+forever&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fpolicy-and-politics%2F2017%2F7%2F17%2F15364546%2Funiversal-basic-income-review-stern-murray-automation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/andrew-yangs-presidential-bid-is-so-very-21st-century/">"Andrew Yang's Presidential Bid Is So Very 21st Century"</a>. Wired. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624151143/https://www.wired.com/story/andrew-yangs-presidential-bid-is-so-very-21st-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019. <q>...in order to pay for meaningful retraining, if retraining works. My plan is to just give everyone $1,000 a month, and then have the economy geared more to serve human goals and needs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Andrew+Yang%27s+Presidential+Bid+Is+So+Very+21st+Century&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fandrew-yangs-presidential-bid-is-so-very-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-58"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich2015" class="citation news cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara (11 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/17/books/review/rise-of-the-robots-and-shadow-work.html">"'Rise of the Robots' and 'Shadow Work'"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Illinois+guaranteed+income+program+to+give+thousands+%24500+a+month&rft.date=2022-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fillinois-guaranteed-income-program-500-per-month%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahaba_Ali_Hussen2023" class="citation news cs1">Dahaba Ali Hussen (4 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/jun/04/universal-basic-income-of-1600-pounds-a-month-to-be-trialled-in-england">"Universal basic income of £1,600 a month to be trialled in two places in England"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Universal+basic+income+of+%C2%A31%2C600+a+month+to+be+trialled+in+two+places+in+England&rft.date=2023-06-04&rft.au=Dahaba+Ali+Hussen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2023%2Fjun%2F04%2Funiversal-basic-income-of-1600-pounds-a-month-to-be-trialled-in-england&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Matthew (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2018.01.014">"Resource rents, universal basic income, and poverty among Alaska's Indigenous peoples"</a>. World Development. 106: 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2018.01.014">10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-750X">0305-750X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Resource+rents%2C+universal+basic+income%2C+and+poverty+among+Alaska%27s+Indigenous+peoples&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=161-172&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2018.01.014&rft.issn=0305-750X&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.worlddev.2018.01.014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADN_1-130"><a href="#cite_ref-ADN_1_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMarban2019" class="citation news cs1">DeMarban, Alex (28 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2019/09/27/this-years-alaska-permanent-fund-dividend-1606/">"This year's Alaska Permanent Fund dividend: $1,606"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anchorage_Daily_News" title="Anchorage Daily News">Anchorage Daily News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907174231/https://www.adn.com/alaska-news/2019/09/27/this-years-alaska-permanent-fund-dividend-1606/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020. <q>[See graphs] The annual check this year will be delivered to 631,000 Alaskans, most of the state population, and come largely from earnings of the state's $64 billion fund that for decades has been seeded with income from oil-production revenue. ... This year's dividend amount, similar to last year's, is in line with the average annual payment since they began at $1,000 in 1982 when inflation is taken into account, said Mouhcine Guettabi, an economist with the University of Alaska Anchorage Institute of Social and Economic Research.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anchorage+Daily+News&rft.atitle=This+year%27s+Alaska+Permanent+Fund+dividend%3A+%241%2C606&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft.aulast=DeMarban&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adn.com%2Falaska-news%2F2019%2F09%2F27%2Fthis-years-alaska-permanent-fund-dividend-1606%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiderquist2012" class="citation book cs1">Widerquist, Karl (14 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWJdAQAAQBAJ&dq=Alaska%27s+permanent+fund+dividend&pg=PT250">Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137015020" title="Special:BookSources/9781137015020"><bdi>9781137015020</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310134428/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Alaska_s_Permanent_Fund_Dividend/MWJdAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Alaska%27s+permanent+fund+dividend&pg=PT250&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska%27s+Permanent+Fund+Dividend&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-02-14&rft.isbn=9781137015020&rft.aulast=Widerquist&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWJdAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlaska%2527s%2Bpermanent%2Bfund%2Bdividend%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiderquist2016" class="citation book cs1">Widerquist, Karl (19 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNGKCwAAQBAJ&q=Exporting+the+Alaska+Model">Exporting the Alaska Model</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137031655" title="Special:BookSources/9781137031655"><bdi>9781137031655</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310134422/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Exporting_the_Alaska_Model/pNGKCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Exporting+the+Alaska+Model&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exporting+the+Alaska+Model&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.isbn=9781137031655&rft.aulast=Widerquist&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNGKCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DExporting%2Bthe%2BAlaska%2BModel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jun/27/benefit-or-burden-the-cities-trying-out-universal-basic-income">"Benefit or burden? The cities trying out universal basic income"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 27 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127015115/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jun/27/benefit-or-burden-the-cities-trying-out-universal-basic-income">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Benefit+or+burden%3F+The+cities+trying+out+universal+basic+income&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2018%2Fjun%2F27%2Fbenefit-or-burden-the-cities-trying-out-universal-basic-income&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_1-134"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_1_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborn2020" class="citation news cs1">Osborn, Catherine (31 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/08/31/906215778/coronavirus-hit-brazil-considers-major-public-funds-for-poor-and-unemployed">"Coronavirus-Hit Brazil Considers Major Public Funds For Poor And Unemployed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200902005304/https://www.npr.org/2020/08/31/906215778/coronavirus-hit-brazil-considers-major-public-funds-for-poor-and-unemployed">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020. <q>Family allowance - Brazil is renowned for its massive, nearly 2-decade-old cash-transfer program for the poor, Bolsa Família (often translated as "family allowance"). As of March, it reached 13.8 million families, paying an average of $34 per month. (The national minimum wage is about $190 per month.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coronavirus-Hit+Brazil+Considers+Major+Public+Funds+For+Poor+And+Unemployed&rft.date=2020-08-31&rft.aulast=Osborn&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F08%2F31%2F906215778%2Fcoronavirus-hit-brazil-considers-major-public-funds-for-poor-and-unemployed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623190650/https://www.piratenpartei.de/2013/06/27/bundestag-will-petition-zum-bedingungslosen-grundeinkommen-ohne-diskussion-abschliesen/">"Bundestag will Petition zum bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen ohne Diskussion abschließen › Piratenpartei Deutschland"</a>. Piratenpartei.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piratenpartei.de/2013/06/27/bundestag-will-petition-zum-bedingungslosen-grundeinkommen-ohne-diskussion-abschliesen/">the original</a> on 23 June 2016. 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BIEN. 15 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021190730/https://basicincome.org/news/2014/01/european-union-more-than-280000-sign-initiative-asking-the-european-council-to-consider-basic-income/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BIEN&rft.atitle=More+than+280%2C000+sign+EU+initiative+for+basic+income&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasicincome.org%2Fnews%2F2014%2F01%2Feuropean-union-more-than-280000-sign-initiative-asking-the-european-council-to-consider-basic-income%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basicincome.org/news/2015/03/spain-popular-initiative-basic-income-ends/">"Spanish Popular initiative for basic income collects 185.000 signatures"</a>. Basicincome.org. 10 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323205446/http://www.basicincome.org/news/2015/03/spain-popular-initiative-basic-income-ends/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Popular+initiative+for+basic+income+collects+185.000+signatures&rft.pub=Basicincome.org&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basicincome.org%2Fnews%2F2015%2F03%2Fspain-popular-initiative-basic-income-ends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vorlage_Nr._601-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Vorlage_Nr._601_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/va/20160605/det601.html">"Vorlage Nr. 601 – Vorläufige amtliche Endergebnisse"</a>. admin.ch (in Swiss High German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804142933/https://www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/va/20160605/det601.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=admin.ch&rft.atitle=Vorlage+Nr.+601+%E2%80%93+Vorl%C3%A4ufige+amtliche+Endergebnisse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fch%2Fd%2Fpore%2Fva%2F20160605%2Fdet601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Schiller_02.05.16_7:00_am2016" class="citation web cs1">Ben Schiller 02.05.16 7:00 am (5 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcoexist.com/3056339/switzerland-will-hold-the-worlds-first-universal-basic-income-referendum">"Switzerland Will Hold The World's First Universal Basic Income Referendum | Co.Exist | ideas + impact"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US%3A+New+POLITICO%2FMorning+Consult+poll+finds+that+43%25+of+Americans+are+in+favour+of+a+UBI+-+Basic+Income+News&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbasicincome.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F10%2Fus-new-politicomorning-consult-poll-finds-43-americans-favour-ubi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannou2018" class="citation web cs1">Ioannou, Filipa (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/nation/article/Free-money-Nearly-half-of-Americans-now-in-favor-12714795.php">"Free money? Majority of Millennials now favor universal basic income, poll finds"</a>. 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Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0174-4909">0174-4909</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310134446/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/oesterreich-volksbegehren-fuer-grundeinkommen-gescheitert-16504438.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=%C3%96sterreich%3A+Volksbegehren+f%C3%BCr+Grundeinkommen+gescheitert&rft.issn=0174-4909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2F1.6504438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-05-06-new-study-reveals-most-europeans-support-basic-income-after-covid-19">"New study reveals most Europeans support basic income after COVID-19"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=New+study+reveals+most+Europeans+support+basic+income+after+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2020-05-06-new-study-reveals-most-europeans-support-basic-income-after-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YG-146"><a href="#cite_ref-YG_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2020" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Jon (27 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-poll-universal-basic-income-rent-control-job-safety-a9486806.html">"Public support universal basic income"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428011129/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-poll-universal-basic-income-rent-control-job-safety-a9486806.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2020. 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Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Majority+of+young+Americans+support+universal+basic+income%2C+public+healthcare%3A+poll&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog-briefing-room%2Fnews%2F490297-study-indicates-majority-of-young-americans-support-universal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-March-148"><a href="#cite_ref-March_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2020" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Jon (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-universal-basic-income-uk-mps-lords-boris-johnson-a9413046.html">"Over 170 MPs and Lords call for universal basic income during pandemic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507221806/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-universal-basic-income-uk-mps-lords-boris-johnson-a9413046.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Over+170+MPs+and+Lords+call+for+universal+basic+income+during+pandemic&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fcoronavirus-universal-basic-income-uk-mps-lords-boris-johnson-a9413046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilberstadt2020" class="citation web cs1">Gilberstadt, Hannah (19 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/19/more-americans-oppose-than-favor-the-government-providing-a-universal-basic-income-for-all-adult-citizens/">"More Americans oppose than favor the government providing a universal basic income for all adult citizens"</a>. Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214064920/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/19/more-americans-oppose-than-favor-the-government-providing-a-universal-basic-income-for-all-adult-citizens/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. 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The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827225511/https://thehill.com/hilltv/what-americas-thinking/512099-poll-majority-of-voters-now-say-the-government-should-have-a">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Majority+of+voters+now+say+the+government+should+have+a+universal+basic+income+program&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhilltv%2Fwhat-americas-thinking%2F512099-poll-majority-of-voters-now-say-the-government-should-have-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/994047/umfrage/meinung-zu-einem-bedingungslosen-grundeinkommen-in-deutschland/">"Bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen in Deutschland 2018"</a>. Statista (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054054/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/994047/umfrage/meinung-zu-einem-bedingungslosen-grundeinkommen-in-deutschland/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Bedingungsloses+Grundeinkommen+in+Deutschland+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F994047%2Fumfrage%2Fmeinung-zu-einem-bedingungslosen-grundeinkommen-in-deutschland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchens2020" class="citation news cs1">Hutchens, Gareth (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-11/survey-says-most-australians-welcome-universal-basic-income/12970924">"A majority of Australians would welcome a universal basic income, survey finds"</a>. abc.net.au. ABC News. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=abc.net.au&rft.atitle=A+majority+of+Australians+would+welcome+a+universal+basic+income%2C+survey+finds&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Hutchens&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-12-11%2Fsurvey-says-most-australians-welcome-universal-basic-income%2F12970924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalvey2021" class="citation web cs1">Shalvey, Kevin (4 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/stimulus-checks-3-million-sign-petitions-4th-round-payments-2021-7">"Stimulus-check petitions calling for the 4th round of $2,000 monthly payments gain almost 3 million signatures"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704092413/https://www.businessinsider.com/stimulus-checks-3-million-sign-petitions-4th-round-payments-2021-7">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Stimulus-check+petitions+calling+for+the+4th+round+of+%242%2C000+monthly+payments+gain+almost+3+million+signatures&rft.date=2021-07-04&rft.aulast=Shalvey&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fstimulus-checks-3-million-sign-petitions-4th-round-payments-2021-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Also variously known as unconditional basic income, citizen's basic income, basic income guarantee, basic living stipend, guaranteed annual income,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> universal income security program, or universal demogrant </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> By date of publication: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailsa_McKay" title="Ailsa McKay">Ailsa McKay</a>, The Future of Social Security Policy: Women, Work and a Citizens Basic Income, Routledge, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134287185" title="Special:BookSources/9781134287185">9781134287185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Widerquist" title="Karl Widerquist">Karl Widerquist</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137274724">Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income: A Theory of Freedom as the Power to Say No</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216081348/http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137274724">Archived</a> 16 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/widerquist/#freedom-as-the-power-to-say-no">Early drafts of each chapter are available online for free at this link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613211552/https://works.bepress.com/widerquist/#freedom-as-the-power-to-say-no">Archived</a> 13 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Karl Widerquist, Jose Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere (editors). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31081575/BASIC_INCOME_AN_ANTHOLOGY_OF_CONTEMPORARY_RESEARCH">Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914043343/https://www.academia.edu/31081575/BASIC_INCOME_AN_ANTHOLOGY_OF_CONTEMPORARY_RESEARCH">Archived</a> 14 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutger_Bregman" title="Rutger Bregman">Rutger Bregman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utopia_for_Realists" title="Utopia for Realists">Utopia for Realists</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Correspondent" title="De Correspondent">De Correspondent</a>, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789082520347" title="Special:BookSources/9789082520347">9789082520347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Nick Srnicek</a> and Alex Williams, <a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784780968" title="Special:BookSources/9781784780968">9781784780968</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColombino2015" class="citation journal cs1">Colombino, U. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/143781/1/dp8087%20Copy_1312037.pdf">"Five Crossroads on the Way to Basic Income: An Italian Tour"</a> (PDF). Italian Economic Journal. 1 (3): 353–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40797-015-0018-3">10.1007/s40797-015-0018-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26507450">26507450</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229104610/https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/143781/1/dp8087%20Copy_1312037.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Five+Crossroads+on+the+Way+to+Basic+Income%3A+An+Italian+Tour&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-389&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40797-015-0018-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26507450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Colombino&rft.aufirst=U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.unito.it%2Fbitstream%2F2318%2F143781%2F1%2Fdp8087%2520Copy_1312037.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Karl Widerquist, ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/gb/series/14981">Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201459/http://www.palgrave.com/gb/series/14981">Archived</a> 23 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (book series), Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li>Paul O'Brien, Universal Basic Income: Pennies from Heaven, The History Press, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B84588%2B367%2B6" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+84588+367+6">978 1 84588 367 6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Friedman" title="Benjamin M. Friedman">Benjamin M. Friedman</a>, "Born to Be Free" (review of Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2017), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXIV, no. 15 (12 October 2017), pp. 39–41.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarinescu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marinescu, Ioana (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw24337">"No Strings Attached: The Behavioral Effects of U.S. Unconditional Cash Transfer Programs"</a>. NBER Working Paper No. 24337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw24337">10.3386/w24337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBER+Working+Paper+No.+24337&rft.atitle=No+Strings+Attached%3A+The+Behavioral+Effects+of+U.S.+Unconditional+Cash+Transfer+Programs&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw24337&rft.aulast=Marinescu&rft.aufirst=Ioana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3386%252Fw24337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ewan McGaughey, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448">Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524201340/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448">Archived</a> 24 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>' (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524201340/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044448">Archived</a> 24 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, part 4(2).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_War_on_Normal_People" title="The War on Normal People">The War on Normal People</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Books" title="Hachette Books">Hachette Books</a>, 3 April 2018</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrey2018" class="citation book cs1">Lowrey, Annie (2018). Give People Money: How a Universal Basic Income Would End Poverty, Revolutionize Work, and Remake the World. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1524758769" title="Special:BookSources/978-1524758769"><bdi>978-1524758769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+People+Money%3A+How+a+Universal+Basic+Income+Would+End+Poverty%2C+Revolutionize+Work%2C+and+Remake+the+World&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1524758769&rft.aulast=Lowrey&rft.aufirst=Annie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullshit_Jobs" title="Bullshit Jobs">Bullshit Jobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, May 2018, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501143311" title="Special:BookSources/9781501143311">9781501143311</a></li> <li>Bryce Covert, "What Money Can Buy: The promise of a universal basic income – and its limitations", <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, vol. 307, no. 6 (10 / 17 September 2018), pp. 33–35.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lanchester" title="John Lanchester">John Lanchester</a>, "Good New Idea: John Lanchester makes the case for Universal Basic Income" (discusses 8 books, published between 2014 and 2019, comprehensively advocating Universal Basic Income), <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, vol. 41, no. 14 (18 July 2019), pp. 5–8.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabó-SzentgrótiWalterVégvári2024" class="citation journal cs1">Szabó-Szentgróti, Gábor; Walter, Virág; Végvári, Bence (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24294%2Fjipd.v8i10.7486">"Support for universal basic income: A cross-disciplinary literature review"</a>. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development. 8 (10): 7486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24294%2Fjipd.v8i10.7486">10.24294/jipd.v8i10.7486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Infrastructure%2C+Policy+and+Development&rft.atitle=Support+for+universal+basic+income%3A+A+cross-disciplinary+literature+review&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=7486&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24294%2Fjipd.v8i10.7486&rft.aulast=Szab%C3%B3-Szentgr%C3%B3ti&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Walter%2C+Vir%C3%A1g&rft.au=V%C3%A9gv%C3%A1ri%2C+Bence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24294%252Fjipd.v8i10.7486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversal+basic+income" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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href="https://basicincomeindia.weebly.com">Basic Income India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basicincome.stanford.edu/">Basic Income Lab (BIL)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizensincome.org">Citizen's Basic Income Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redhumanistarbu.org">Red Humanista por la Renta Básica Universal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516210853/https://redhumanistarbu.org/">Archived</a> 16 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ubie.org">Unconditional Basic Income Europe</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Should_universal_basic_income_be_established%3F" class="extiw" title="v:Should universal basic income be established?">v:Should universal basic income be established?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIL_Y9g7Tg0">Why we should give everyone a basic income | Rutger Bregman | TEDxMaastricht</a>. <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED Talk</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> by Rutger Bregman. 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poverty" title="Template:Poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poverty" title="Template talk:Poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_poverty" title="Measuring poverty">Measuring poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_poverty" title="Concentrated poverty">Concentrated poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_poverty" title="Cost of poverty">Cost of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Climate change and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">Child poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_poverty" title="Chronic poverty">Chronic poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">List of basic income models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_Vulnerability_Index" title="Homeless Vulnerability Index">Homeless Vulnerability Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_gap_index" title="Poverty gap index">Poverty gap index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation" title="Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation">Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeter" title="Freeter">Freeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-picker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menial_job" title="Menial job">Menial job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Domestic worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Algeria" title="Poverty in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ethiopia" title="Poverty in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Kenya" title="Poverty in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Namibia" title="Poverty in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Niger" title="Poverty in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Tanzania" title="Poverty in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uganda" title="Poverty in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Afghanistan" title="Poverty in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cambodia" title="Poverty in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_East_Timor" title="Poverty in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Indonesia" title="Poverty in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Japan" title="Poverty in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Lebanon" title="Poverty in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_North_Korea" title="Poverty in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Korea" title="Poverty in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Vietnam" title="Poverty in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Yemen" title="Poverty in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Romania" title="Poverty in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ukraine" title="Poverty in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Peru" title="Poverty in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_poverty" title="Theories of poverty">Theories of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_trap" title="Welfare trap">Welfare trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare%27s_effect_on_poverty" title="Welfare's effect on poverty">Welfare's effect on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_welfare" title="Criticism of welfare">Criticism of welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellness (medicine)">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">Quality of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-perceived_quality-of-life_scale" title="Self-perceived quality-of-life scale">Self-perceived quality-of-life scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_well-being" title="Subjective well-being">Subjective well-being</a> (SWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Rural access issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providing_Urban_Amenities_to_Rural_Areas" title="Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas">Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen%27s_parade" title="Pen's parade">Pen's parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_poverty" title="Causes of poverty">Causes of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template talk:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrheal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African sleeping sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">River blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_review" title="Priority review">Priority review voucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Template:Deprivation Indicators">Deprivation and poverty indicators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universal_basic_income_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universal_basic_income" title="Template:Universal basic income"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universal_basic_income" title="Template talk:Universal basic income"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universal_basic_income" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universal basic income"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universal_basic_income_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Universal basic income</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">Basic income models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_dividend" title="Citizen's dividend">Citizen's dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_dividend" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom dividend">Freedom dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mincome" title="Mincome">Mincome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_freedom" title="Real freedom">Real freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_pilots" title="Universal basic income pilots">Universal basic income pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_inheritance" title="Universal inheritance">Universal inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Alliance" title="Basic Income Alliance">Basic Income Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Earth_Network" title="Basic Income Earth Network">Basic Income Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Party" title="Basic Income Party">Basic Income Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Party" title="Breakthrough Party">Breakthrough Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Enhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_Party_(Australia)" title="Fusion Party (Australia)">Fusion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration.s" title="Génération.s">Génération.s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)" title="Left Alliance (Finland)">Left Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIVRE" title="LIVRE">LIVRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Grundeinkommen" title="Mein Grundeinkommen">Mein Grundeinkommen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERA25" title="MERA25">MERA25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">Party of Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Party_for_Basic_Income" title="Political Party for Basic Income">Political Party for Basic Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCivitas" title="ReCivitas">ReCivitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Australia_Party" title="Sustainable Australia Party">Sustainable Australia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivant" title="Vivant">Vivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_advocates_of_basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="List of advocates of basic income">Advocates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Tony Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">C. H. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailsa_McKay" title="Ailsa McKay">Ailsa McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Rhys-Williams" title="Juliet Rhys-Williams">Juliet Rhys-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutger_Bregman" title="Rutger Bregman">Rutger Bregman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Chouard" title="Étienne Chouard">Étienne Chouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Dahms" title="Harry F. Dahms">Harry F. Dahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uffe_Elb%C3%A6k" title="Uffe Elbæk">Uffe Elbæk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Kusstatscher" title="Sepp Kusstatscher">Sepp Kusstatscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Standing_(economist)" title="Guy Standing (economist)">Guy Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Suplicy" title="Eduardo Suplicy">Eduardo Suplicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher Pissarides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Claus Offe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_Kipping" title="Katja Kipping">Katja Kipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Werner" title="Götz Werner">Götz Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_David_Precht" title="Richard David Precht">Richard David Precht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valter_Mutt" title="Valter Mutt">Valter Mutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annika_Lillemets" title="Annika Lillemets">Annika Lillemets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmo_Soininvaara" title="Osmo Soininvaara">Osmo Soininvaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Andersson" title="Li Andersson">Li Andersson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Wiest" title="Susanne Wiest">Susanne Wiest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birger_Schlaug" title="Birger Schlaug">Birger Schlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Engstr%C3%B6m" title="Christian Engström">Christian Engström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Hamon" title="Benoît Hamon">Benoît Hamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Wahlroos" title="Björn Wahlroos">Björn Wahlroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_allocation_per_child" title="Universal allocation per child">Asignación Universal por Hijo</a></li> <li>Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Bolsa Família</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aux%C3%ADlio_Brasil" title="Auxílio Brasil">Auxílio Brasil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Iranian subsidy reform plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitara" title="Omitara">Omitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatinga_Velho" title="Quatinga Velho">Quatinga Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basic_income_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income around the world">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Brazil" title="Universal basic income in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Canada" title="Universal basic income in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Germany" title="Universal basic income in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_India" title="Universal basic income in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Japan" title="Universal basic income in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_Netherlands" title="Universal basic income in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="Universal basic income in the Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_States" title="Universal basic income in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_basic_income" title="Global basic income">Global</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Justice" title="Agrarian Justice">Agrarian Justice</a> (pamphlet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_Jobs" title="Bullshit Jobs">Bullshit Jobs</a> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work</a> (monograph)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_on_Normal_People" title="The War on Normal People">The War on Normal People</a> (book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia_for_Realists" title="Utopia for Realists">Utopia for Realists</a> (book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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