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href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consequences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_majority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_majority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Working majority</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Working_majority-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Working majority subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Working_majority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hung parliament</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82" title="برلمان معلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برلمان معلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hung parliament" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd_grog" title="Senedd grog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Senedd grog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hung parliament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enamuseta_parlament" title="Enamuseta parlament – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enamuseta parlament" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_colgado" title="Parlamento colgado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parlamento colgado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82" title="مجلس معلق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس معلق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_minoritaire" title="Parlement minoritaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlement minoritaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlaimint_gan_tromlach" title="Parlaimint gan tromlach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Parlaimint gan tromlach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%9D_%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="헝 의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헝 의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" title="त्रिशंकु सभा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रिशंकु सभा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_gantung" title="Parlemen gantung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parlemen gantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hung parliament" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament,_1920." title="Parliament, 1920. – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Parliament, 1920." data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82" title="برلمان متعلق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برلمان متعلق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlimen_tergantung" title="Parlimen tergantung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parlimen tergantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minderheidsparlement" title="Minderheidsparlement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minderheidsparlement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="त्रिशङ्कु संसद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="त्रिशङ्कु संसद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ハング・パーラメント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハング・パーラメント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vippeparlament" title="Vippeparlament – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vippeparlament" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawieszony_parlament" title="Zawieszony parlament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zawieszony parlament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Подвешенный парламент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подвешенный парламент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hung parliament" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokirani_parlament" title="Blokirani parlament – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Blokirani parlament" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung-parlamentti" title="Hung-parlamentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hung-parlamentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ngt_parlament" title="Hängt parlament – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hängt parlament" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐสภาแขวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐสภาแขวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%B1l%C4%B1_parlamento" title="Asılı parlamento – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asılı parlamento" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E5%B3%99%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="懸峙議會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="懸峙議會" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">Cordon sanitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>hung parliament</b> is a term used in legislatures primarily under the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> (typically employing <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian representation">majoritarian electoral systems</a>) to describe a situation in which no single <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> or pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> (also known as an alliance or bloc) has an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> of <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">legislators</a> (commonly known as members or seats) in a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>. This situation is also known as a <b>balanced parliament</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or—for <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">local government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>—a parliament under <b><a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">no overall control</a></b> (<b>NOC</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hung parliament may result in a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> if a government cannot be formed. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party systems</a>, particularly where <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> is employed, it is rare for a single party to hold a majority of the seats, and likewise rare for one party to form government on its own (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> is the norm). Consequently, the concept of a "hung parliament" is largely irrelevant in these systems, as a legislature without a single-party majority is the norm. </p><p>In the Westminster system, in the absence of a clear majority, no party or coalition has an automatic constitutional entitlement to <a href="/wiki/Government_formation" title="Government formation">form government</a>. This can result in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> of parties which can together command a majority, or the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>, where the ruling party receives <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> from smaller parties or independent legislators. Alternatively, in some systems (notably in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>), a minority government may take office without any majority at all, and work with other parties on a case-by-case basis. If none of these solutions prove workable, the head of state may dissolve parliament, triggering a <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A normal objective of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a> – especially those requiring <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> – is the formation of a stable government (i.e. ideally one that lasts a full parliamentary term, until the next election would normally be due). This requires a government to be able to muster sufficient votes in parliament to pass motions of <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motions of no-confidence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budget_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Budget bill">budget bills</a>. If such motions fail, they normally result in the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of parliament</a> and a fresh election. In some parliamentary systems, however, a new government may be formed without recourse to an election – if, for example, a minor party holds the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a>, it may publicly express for the opposition, thereby creating a new majority. </p><p>The term "hung parliament" is most often used of parliaments dominated by <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two major parties or coalitions</a>. <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General elections</a> in such systems usually result in one party having an absolute majority and thus quickly forming a new government. In most parliamentary systems, a hung parliament is considered exceptional and is often seen as undesirable. In other contexts, a hung parliament may be seen as ideal – for example, if opinions among the voting public are polarised regarding one or more issues, a hung parliament may lead to the emergence of a compromise or consensus. </p><p>If a legislature is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>, the term "hung parliament" is usually used only with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> with legislators elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> or a similar systems, it is usually exceptionally rare and difficult for any party to have an absolute majority. Under such situations, hung parliaments are often taken for granted and coalition governments are normal. However, the term may be used to describe an election in which no established coalition wins an outright majority (such as the <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">German federal election of 2005</a> or the <a href="/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election" title="2018 Italian general election">2018 Italian general election</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term apparently emerged in the United Kingdom, around the time of the 1974 election, by analogy with a <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a>, that is, one unable to reach a verdict. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wordhistories.net/2017/06/07/origin-of-hung-parliament/">[1]</a>. However, whereas a hung jury results in a <a href="/wiki/Mistrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistrial">mistrial</a>, requiring a new trial, there is no general rule under which the absence of a clear majority requires a fresh election. In recent years, most "hung parliaments" have served their full term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_House_of_Reps_Sept_2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_House_of_Reps_Sept_2010.svg/230px-Australian_House_of_Reps_Sept_2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_House_of_Reps_Sept_2010.svg/345px-Australian_House_of_Reps_Sept_2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_House_of_Reps_Sept_2010.svg/460px-Australian_House_of_Reps_Sept_2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The House of Representatives elected in 2010, with a 72–72 tie between the Labor Party and the Opposition Coalition.</figcaption></figure> <p>Australian parliaments are modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, with a hung parliament typically defined as a lack of a lower house parliamentary majority from either the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>. </p><p>Hung parliaments are rare at the federal level in Australia, as a de facto <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>, in which the Australian Labor Party competes against a permanent Liberal-National Coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> parties, has existed with only brief interruptions since the early 20th century. Prior to 1910, no party had had a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. As a result, there were frequent changes of government, several of which took place during parliamentary terms. Since 1910, when the two-party system was cemented, there have been two hung parliaments, the first in 1940, and the second in 2010. At the <a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">1940 federal election</a>, incumbent Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> secured the support of the two <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">crossbenchers</a> and continued to govern, but in 1941 the independents switched their support to Labor, bringing <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> to power. </p><p>Declining support for the major parties in recent times is leading to more non-majoritarian outcomes at elections.<sup id="cite_ref-pgia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010 federal election</a>, which resulted in an exact 72–72 seat tie between Labor and the Liberal-National Coalition, incumbent Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> secured the support of four out of six Independent and Green Party crossbenchers and continued to govern until <a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">the 2016 federal election</a> a hung parliament was only narrowly averted with the Liberal-National Coalition winning 76 seats, the bare minimum required to form a majority government. The Liberal-National Coalition government lost its majority government status after a <a href="/wiki/2018_Wentworth_by-election" title="2018 Wentworth by-election">by-election in 2018</a>, but regained its majority in <a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019</a>. </p><p>Hung parliaments are rather more common at a state level. The <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a> and the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly</a> are both elected by <a href="/wiki/Hare-Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare-Clark">Hare-Clark</a> proportional representation, thus, elections commonly return hung parliaments. In other states and territories, candidates contest single-member seats. With far fewer seats than federal parliament, hung parliaments are more likely to be elected. Recent examples include <a href="/wiki/1991_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="1991 New South Wales state election">New South Wales in 1991</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2023 New South Wales state election">2023</a>, Queensland in <a href="/wiki/1998_Queensland_state_election" title="1998 Queensland state election">1998</a> and <a href="/wiki/2015_Queensland_state_election" title="2015 Queensland state election">2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/1999_Victorian_state_election" title="1999 Victorian state election">Victoria in 1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_South_Australian_state_election" title="1997 South Australian state election">South Australia in 1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_South_Australian_state_election" title="2002 South Australian state election">2002</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_Western_Australian_state_election" title="2008 Western Australian state election">Western Australia in 2008</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2008_Australian_Capital_Territory_election" title="2008 Australian Capital Territory election">Australian Capital Territory in 2008</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Australian_Capital_Territory_election" title="2012 Australian Capital Territory election">2012</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Tasmanian_state_election" title="2010 Tasmanian state election">Tasmania in 2010</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Federal_minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Federal minority governments in Canada">Federal minority governments in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/230px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/345px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg/460px-44th_Canadian_Parliament.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">44th Canadian Parliament</a> elected in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 Canadian federal election</a> was Canada's most recent hung parliament.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hung parliaments at either the federal and provincial level are an infrequent but not unusual occurrence in Canada. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the previous seven recent federal elections have resulted in hung parliaments (<a href="/wiki/38th_Canadian_Parliament" title="38th Canadian Parliament">the 38th</a>, <a href="/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="39th Canadian Parliament">the 39th</a>, <a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">the 40th</a>, <a href="/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="43rd Canadian Parliament">the 43rd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">the 44th</a>). Following all five elections the largest party ruled as a "<a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>". Although Canadian minority governments have tended to be short-lived, the two successive minorities under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> managed to hold on to power from February 2006 until a <a href="/wiki/No_confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="No confidence vote">no confidence vote</a> in March 2011. The subsequent election saw a majority parliament elected with Harper's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> obtaining a 24-seat majority. </p><p>While most Canadian minority governments end in dissolution via non-confidence or a snap election call, there have been recent attempts to transition to a new government without returning to the ballot box. Most notably, the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_Federal_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Canadian Federal Election">2008 Canadian Federal Election</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute">2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute</a>. While the Conservative Party had a plurality of seats, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>, supported by The <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>, agreed to defeat the Conservatives in favour of a Liberal/NDP <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>. On 4 December 2008, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> a <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogation</a> on the condition that parliament reconvene early in the new year. The first session of the 40th parliament thus ended, delaying and ultimately avoiding a vote of non-confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the territorial level, a unique situation happened in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Yukon_general_election" title="2021 Yukon general election">2021 Yukon general election</a>, in which the electoral district of <a href="/wiki/Vuntut_Gwitchin_(electoral_district)" title="Vuntut Gwitchin (electoral district)">Vuntut Gwitchin</a> resulted in a tie. A judicial recount was held and the tie remained. A draw was held between the two candidates which ultimately named <a href="/wiki/Yukon_New_Democratic_Party" title="Yukon New Democratic Party">NDP</a> challenger <a href="/wiki/Annie_Blake" title="Annie Blake">Annie Blake</a> the winner against incumbent <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Liberal_Party" title="Yukon Liberal Party">Liberal</a> cabinet minister and MLA <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Frost" title="Pauline Frost">Pauline Frost</a>. This victory ultimately resulted in a hung parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon legislature">Yukon legislature</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_New_Democratic_Party" title="Yukon New Democratic Party">NDP</a> holding the balance of power. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Parliament </th> <th rowspan="2">Elections </th> <th colspan="2">Period </th> <th rowspan="2">Single party with majority </th></tr> <tr> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Parliament" title="1st Canadian Parliament">1st Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1867_Canadian_federal_election" title="1867 Canadian federal election">1867 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001867-09-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">24 September 1867</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001872-07-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 July 1872</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="2nd Canadian Parliament">2nd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1872_Canadian_federal_election" title="1872 Canadian federal election">1872 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001873-03-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 March 1873</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001874-01-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 January 1874</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="3rd Canadian Parliament">3rd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1874_Canadian_federal_election" title="1874 Canadian federal election">1874 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001874-02-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 February 1874</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001878-08-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 August 1878</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Parliament" title="4th Canadian Parliament">4th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1878_Canadian_federal_election" title="1878 Canadian federal election">1878 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001879-02-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">13 February 1879</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001882-05-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 May 1882</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Parliament" title="5th Canadian Parliament">5th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1882_Canadian_federal_election" title="1882 Canadian federal election">1882 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001883-02-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 February 1883</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001887-01-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 January 1887</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Parliament" title="6th Canadian Parliament">6th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1887_Canadian_federal_election" title="1887 Canadian federal election">1887 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001887-04-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">7 April 1887</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001891-02-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 February 1891</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Parliament" title="7th Canadian Parliament">7th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1891_Canadian_federal_election" title="1891 Canadian federal election">1891 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001891-04-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 April 1891</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001896-04-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">24 April 1896</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Parliament" title="8th Canadian Parliament">8th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election" title="1896 Canadian federal election">1896 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001896-08-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 August 1896</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001900-07-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 July 1900</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Parliament" title="9th Canadian Parliament">9th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1900_Canadian_federal_election" title="1900 Canadian federal election">1900 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001901-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 February 1901</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001904-09-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 September 1904</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_Canadian_Parliament" title="10th Canadian Parliament">10th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1904_Canadian_federal_election" title="1904 Canadian federal election">1904 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001905-01-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">11 January 1905</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001908-09-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 September 1908</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_Canadian_Parliament" title="11th Canadian Parliament">11th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1908_Canadian_federal_election" title="1908 Canadian federal election">1908 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001909-01-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 January 1909</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001911-07-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 July 1911</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_Canadian_Parliament" title="12th Canadian Parliament">12th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001911-11-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 November 1911</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001917-09-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 September 1917</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/13th_Canadian_Parliament" title="13th Canadian Parliament">13th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000001918-03-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 March 1918</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000001921-10-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 October 1921</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Government (Unionist)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_Canadian_Parliament" title="14th Canadian Parliament">14th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_federal_election" title="1921 Canadian federal election">1921 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001922-03-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 March 1922</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001925-06-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 June 1925</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_Canadian_Parliament" title="15th Canadian Parliament">15th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1925_Canadian_federal_election" title="1925 Canadian federal election">1925 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001926-01-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">7 January 1926</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001926-07-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 July 1926</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_Canadian_Parliament" title="16th Canadian Parliament">16th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1926_Canadian_federal_election" title="1926 Canadian federal election">1926 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001926-12-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 December 1926</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001930-05-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 May 1930</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_Canadian_Parliament" title="17th Canadian Parliament">17th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">1930 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001930-09-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 September 1930</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001935-07-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 July 1935</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_Canadian_Parliament" title="18th Canadian Parliament">18th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1935_Canadian_federal_election" title="1935 Canadian federal election">1935 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001935-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 February 1935</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001940-01-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">25 January 1940</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Parliament" title="19th Canadian Parliament">19th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1940_Canadian_federal_election" title="1940 Canadian federal election">1940 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001940-05-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 May 1940</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001945-04-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 April 1945</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/20th_Canadian_Parliament" title="20th Canadian Parliament">20th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1945_Canadian_federal_election" title="1945 Canadian federal election">1945 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000001945-09-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 September 1945</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="000000001949-04-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 April 1949</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/21st_Canadian_Parliament" title="21st Canadian Parliament">21st Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1949_Canadian_federal_election" title="1949 Canadian federal election">1949 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001949-09-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 September 1949</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001953-05-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 May 1953</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/22nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="22nd Canadian Parliament">22nd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1953_Canadian_federal_election" title="1953 Canadian federal election">1953 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001953-11-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 November 1953</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001957-04-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 April 1957</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="23rd Canadian Parliament">23rd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_Canadian_federal_election" title="1957 Canadian federal election">1957 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001957-10-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 October 1957</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001958-02-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 February 1958</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/24th_Canadian_Parliament" title="24th Canadian Parliament">24th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">1958 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001958-04-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 April 1958</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001962-04-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 April 1962</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/25th_Canadian_Parliament" title="25th Canadian Parliament">25th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_Canadian_federal_election" title="1962 Canadian federal election">1962 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001962-09-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 September 1962</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001963-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 February 1963</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_Canadian_Parliament" title="26th Canadian Parliament">26th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1963_Canadian_federal_election" title="1963 Canadian federal election">1963 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001963-05-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 May 1963</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001965-09-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 September 1965</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_Canadian_Parliament" title="27th Canadian Parliament">27th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1965_Canadian_federal_election" title="1965 Canadian federal election">1965 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001965-01-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 January 1965</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001968-04-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 April 1968</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_Canadian_Parliament" title="28th Canadian Parliament">28th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_Canadian_federal_election" title="1968 Canadian federal election">1968 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001968-09-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 September 1968</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001972-09-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 September 1972</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Parliament" title="29th Canadian Parliament">29th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_Canadian_federal_election" title="1972 Canadian federal election">1972 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001973-01-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 January 1973</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001974-05-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 May 1974</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_Canadian_Parliament" title="30th Canadian Parliament">30th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1974_Canadian_federal_election" title="1974 Canadian federal election">1974 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001974-09-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">30 September 1974</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001979-03-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 March 1979</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/31st_Canadian_Parliament" title="31st Canadian Parliament">31st Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001979-10-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 October 1979</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001979-12-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 December 1979</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/32nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="32nd Canadian Parliament">32nd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">1980 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001980-04-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 April 1980</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-07-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 July 1984</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/33rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="33rd Canadian Parliament">33rd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_Canadian_federal_election" title="1984 Canadian federal election">1984 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-11-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 November 1984</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001988-10-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">1 October 1988</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/34th_Canadian_Parliament" title="34th Canadian Parliament">34th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-12-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 December 1984</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-09-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 September 1993</span> </td> <td style="background:#9999FF;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/35th_Canadian_Parliament" title="35th Canadian Parliament">35th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-01-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 January 1994</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001997-04-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 April 1997</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/36th_Canadian_Parliament" title="36th Canadian Parliament">36th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001997-09-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 September 1997</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002000-10-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 October 2000</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/37th_Canadian_Parliament" title="37th Canadian Parliament">37th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002001-01-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 January 2001</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002004-08-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 August 2004</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/38th_Canadian_Parliament" title="38th Canadian Parliament">38th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002004-10-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 October 2004</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002005-11-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">29 November 2005</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament" title="39th Canadian Parliament">39th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002006-04-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 April 2006</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002008-09-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">7 September 2008</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/40th_Canadian_Parliament" title="40th Canadian Parliament">40th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002008-11-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 November 2008</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-03-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 March 2011</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">41st Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-06-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 June 2011</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-02-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 February 2015</span> </td> <td style="background:#6495ED;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/42nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="42nd Canadian Parliament">42nd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002015-12-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 December 2015</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-09-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">11 September 2019</span> </td> <td style="background:#EA6D6A;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="43rd Canadian Parliament">43rd Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-12-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 December 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-08-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 August 2021</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">44th Canadian Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 Canadian federal election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-11-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 November 2021</span> </td> <td>TBD </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fiji" title="Politics of Fiji">Politics of Fiji</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fijian_Parliament_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fijian_Parliament_2022.svg/230px-Fijian_Parliament_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fijian_Parliament_2022.svg/345px-Fijian_Parliament_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fijian_Parliament_2022.svg/460px-Fijian_Parliament_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>The 8th Republican <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Parliament of Fiji</a>, elected in <a href="/wiki/2022_Fijian_general_election" title="2022 Fijian general election">2022</a>, is the incumbent parliament and the country's most recent hung parliament.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2022_Fijian_general_election" title="2022 Fijian general election">2022 Fijian general election</a> resulted in a hung parliament, with no party gaining a majority of seats. Although the <a href="/wiki/FijiFirst" title="FijiFirst">FijiFirst</a> party, led by then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama" title="Frank Bainimarama">Frank Bainimarama</a>, won the most seats, the three other parties that won seats (the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Fiji)" title="People's Alliance (Fiji)">People's Alliance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_Party" title="National Federation Party">National Federation Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Liberal_Party" title="Social Democratic Liberal Party">Social Democratic Liberal Party</a>) formed a coalition and <a href="/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka" title="Sitiveni Rabuka">Sitiveni Rabuka</a>, leader of the People's Alliance, became the subsequent Prime Minister, ending 16 years of Bainimarama's rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> for parliamentary elections in 1958, hung parliaments are unusual under the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>. Still, 2 general elections out of 16 resulted in such a parliamentary configuration since 1958: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_election" title="1988 French legislative election">June 1988 parliamentary elections</a>: after being reelected as President of France in May 1988, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="French National Assembly">National Assembly</a> and called for a snap legislative election on the 5 and 12 June 1988 to regain the majority he lost to a centre-right to right-wing coalition in 1986. The snap election resulted in France's first hung parliament since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> in 1958, with Mitterrand's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a> as the largest party (275 seats) but 14 short of an overall majority. The <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communists</a> and the independent Centrists ended up as potential <a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">kingmakers</a> in the newly elected Assembly.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1988.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/France_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1988.svg/230px-France_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1988.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/France_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1988.svg/345px-France_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1988.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/France_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1988.svg/460px-France_Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_1988.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>9th National Assembly of France, elected in 1988, was France's first hung parliament since 1958.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_election" title="2022 French legislative election">June 2022 parliamentary elections</a>: less than 2 months after being reelected as president, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> and his government, now led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Élisabeth Borne</a>, fought the 2022 legislative election taking place on the 12 and 19 June. In the second round, Macron's <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">centrist coalition</a> unexpectedly lost its majority in the National Assembly and was reduced to being the largest bloc (with 251 seats) in a hung parliament. Going into the election with a 115-seat majority, Macron's government now fell 38 short of an absolute majority in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of Parliament, the widest margin for any French cabinet since 1958. While both the left-wing <a href="/wiki/NUPES" class="mw-redirect" title="NUPES">NUPES</a> and the far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a> achieved significant gains, the centre-right to right-wing <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">Republicans</a> were left holding the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a> in this hung parliament, despite suffering seizable losses.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Assembly_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Assembly_2022.svg/230px-National_Assembly_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Assembly_2022.svg/345px-National_Assembly_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/National_Assembly_2022.svg/460px-National_Assembly_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>16th National Assembly of France, elected in 2022, is France's second hung parliament since 1958 and current legislature.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_Lok_Sabha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/18th_Lok_Sabha.svg/230px-18th_Lok_Sabha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/18th_Lok_Sabha.svg/345px-18th_Lok_Sabha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/18th_Lok_Sabha.svg/460px-18th_Lok_Sabha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/18th_Lok_Sabha" title="18th Lok Sabha">18th Lok Sabha</a>, elected in <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024</a>, was India's last hung parliament.</figcaption></figure> <p>India is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federative</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> democracy with lower and upper houses at both national and <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">sub-national</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, despite having a multi-party system in place, it has witnessed a clear majority parliament for 45 years against its transition to democratic republic being 70 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has 8 recognized <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#National_parties" title="List of political parties in India">national parties</a> with influence over major parts of India and <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India#State_parties" title="List of political parties in India">regional parties</a> with bases in certain states.<sup id="cite_ref-ECI15032019_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECI15032019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECI15012020_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECI15012020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1989 to 2014, India had a continuous period of parliaments producing <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition governments</a>, with clearer majorities for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> before this period and for the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> after it.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India returned to the norm of a hung parliament in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 General Elections</a> with both <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> failing to produce majority in it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confidence of <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, lower house of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a> elected in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India#General_Elections_(Lok_Sabha)" title="Elections in India">general elections</a> determines the prime minister and ruling party of India. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Lok Sabha </th> <th rowspan="2">Elections </th> <th colspan="2">Period </th> <th rowspan="2">Single party with majority </th></tr> <tr> <th>Start </th> <th>End </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_Lok_Sabha" title="1st Lok Sabha">1st Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">1951–52 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001952-04-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 April 1952</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001957-04-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 April 1957</span> </td> <td style="background:#00BFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_Lok_Sabha" title="2nd Lok Sabha">2nd Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election" title="1957 Indian general election">1957 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001957-04-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">5 April 1957</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001962-03-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 March 1962</span> </td> <td style="background:#00BFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_Lok_Sabha" title="3rd Lok Sabha">3rd Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001962-04-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 April 1962</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001967-03-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 March 1967</span> </td> <td style="background:#00BFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_Lok_Sabha" title="4th Lok Sabha">4th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1967_Indian_general_election" title="1967 Indian general election">1967 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001967-03-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 March 1967</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001970-12-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 December 1970</span> </td> <td style="background:turquoise;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_Lok_Sabha" title="5th Lok Sabha">5th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">1971 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001971-03-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 March 1971</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001977-01-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 January 1977</span> </td> <td style="background:turquoise;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_Lok_Sabha" title="6th Lok Sabha">6th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001977-03-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 March 1977</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001979-08-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 August 1979</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_Lok_Sabha" title="7th Lok Sabha">7th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001980-01-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 January 1980</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1984</span> </td> <td style="background:#0EF4E1;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_Lok_Sabha" title="8th Lok Sabha">8th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_Indian_general_election" title="1984 Indian general election">1984 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001984-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">31 December 1984</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001989-11-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 November 1989</span> </td> <td style="background:#0EF4E1;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_Lok_Sabha" title="9th Lok Sabha">9th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1989_Indian_general_election" title="1989 Indian general election">1989 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001989-12-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">2 December 1989</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-03-13-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">13 March 1991</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_Lok_Sabha" title="10th Lok Sabha">10th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">1991 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-06-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 June 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001996-05-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 May 1996</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_Lok_Sabha" title="11th Lok Sabha">11th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">1996 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001996-05-15-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">15 May 1996</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001997-12-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 December 1997</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_Lok_Sabha" title="12th Lok Sabha">12th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001998-03-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 March 1998</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-04-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 April 1999</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_Lok_Sabha" title="13th Lok Sabha">13th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001999-10-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 October 1999</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002004-02-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 February 2004</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_Lok_Sabha" title="14th Lok Sabha">14th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_general_election" title="2004 Indian general election">2004 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002004-05-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 May 2004</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002009-05-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 May 2009</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_Lok_Sabha" title="15th Lok Sabha">15th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">2009 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002009-05-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">22 May 2009</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-05-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 May 2014</span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_Lok_Sabha" title="16th Lok Sabha">16th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_Indian_general_election" title="2014 Indian general election">2014 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002014-05-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 May 2014</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-05-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">24 May 2019</span> </td> <td style="background:#FF9933;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_Lok_Sabha" title="17th Lok Sabha">17th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_Indian_general_election" title="2019 Indian general election">2019 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-06-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">17 June 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-06-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 June 2024</span> </td> <td style="background:#FF9933;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_Lok_Sabha" title="18th Lok Sabha">18th Lok Sabha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 Indian general election</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="999999999999-99-99-0000"></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="999999999999-99-99-0000"></span> </td> <td style="background:#ffbbbb;">None </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hung assemblies within states and alliances between national and regional parties at sub-national level are common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Ireland uses <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation#Single_transferable_vote" title="Proportional representation">PR-STV</a>, it is rare for any one party to have a majority on its own. The last such occasion was in 1977. However, one or other coalitions are known to be possible before and during the election. Therefore, a "hung Dáil" (Dáil Éireann being the lower and most dominant chamber of the Oireachtas/Parliament) in Ireland refers more to the inability of a coalition of parties who traditionally enter government together or would be expected to govern together, from doing so. </p><p>The President has no direct role in the formation of governments in the case of a hung parliament. However, he retains the power to convene a meeting of either or both the Dáil and Senate which could become important if there was a government trying to use parliamentary recess to prevent confidence votes and hold onto power. The President may also refuse to dissolve Dáil Eireann and call an election if the Taoiseach loses a vote of confidence, instead giving the other parties a chance to see if they can put together a government without proceeding to another election. </p><p>In 2016, Fine Gael and Labour, who had been in government the previous five years, were unable, due to Labour's collapse, to enter government again. Fianna Fáil had enough seats to put together a rainbow government with the other centre-left, hard left parties and independents but negotiations broke down. Fianna Fáil had also promised not to enter coalition with Sinn Féin. </p><p>The press began to speculate about a Germany style "Grand Coalition" similar to the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats there. Many members of FF considered FG too <a href="/wiki/Right_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right wing">right wing</a> to enter coalition with and threatened to leave the party this came to pass. As talks continued on without a new government (the old government, constitutionally, which had just been voted out, remaining in power including ministers who had lost their seats) FF agreed to allow a government to form by abstention. The parliamentary arithmetic fell in such a way that if FF TD's abstained on confidence and supply matters, a FG minority government could, with the support of a group of independents, form a new government. This was agreed in exchange for a number of policy concessions. Once the deal with FF was signed, Taoiseach Enda Kenny conducted talks with the independents and entered government for a second term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932022_Israeli_political_crisis" title="2018–2022 Israeli political crisis">2018–2022 Israeli political crisis</a></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">parliamentary elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> have resulted in hung parliaments. The <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> consists of 120 members and the highest number of seats a single faction has ever received was the 56 members <a href="/wiki/Alignment_(Israel)" title="Alignment (Israel)">Alignment</a> (<i>Ma'arach</i>) got in the <a href="/wiki/1969_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1969 Israeli legislative election">October 1969 elections</a>. When the same faction was formed in January 1969 it consisted of 63 members, the only instance to date of a faction with an absolute majority in the Knesset. The lowest number of seats the largest faction has ever received in a Knesset election was 26 members received by <a href="/wiki/One_Israel" title="One Israel">One Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Israeli_general_election" title="1999 Israeli general election">1999 Israeli general election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election" title="2022 Malaysian general election">2022 general election of Malaysia</a> resulted in a hung parliament with no party or party coalition winning a simple majority for the first time in Malaysian history.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following five days of deliberation and negotiations within coalitions and parties, the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> of Malaysia swore in <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) chairman <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim" title="Anwar Ibrahim">Anwar Ibrahim</a>, whose coalition won the most seats, as the tenth <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a> on 24 November 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-sworn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sworn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve a parliamentary majority, Pakatan Harapan formed a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a> government with <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN), <a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Parti_Sarawak" title="Gabungan Parti Sarawak">Gabungan Parti Sarawak</a> (GPS), <a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah" title="Gabungan Rakyat Sabah">Gabungan Rakyat Sabah</a> (GRS) and various independent parties.<sup id="cite_ref-motion_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motion-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">Electoral reform in New Zealand</a></div> <p>Hung parliaments were relatively uncommon in New Zealand prior to the introduction of proportional representation in 1993. On only four occasions since the beginnings of party politics in <a href="/wiki/1890_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1890 New Zealand general election">1890</a> had a hung parliament occurred under the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a> system: in <a href="/wiki/1911_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1911 New Zealand general election">1911</a>, <a href="/wiki/1922_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1922 New Zealand general election">1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/1928_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1928 New Zealand general election">1928</a> and <a href="/wiki/1931_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1931 New Zealand general election">1931</a>. The rarity between 1936 and 1996 was due to the regression into a two-party system, alternating between the long dominating <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">New Zealand National Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the first <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a> election in <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996</a> until the <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020 election</a> no single party gained an outright majority in parliament. The 2020 election was the first to return a majority – a narrow majority for the Labour Party – since 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_House_of_Commons_2017-06-26.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UK_House_of_Commons_2017-06-26.svg/230px-UK_House_of_Commons_2017-06-26.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UK_House_of_Commons_2017-06-26.svg/345px-UK_House_of_Commons_2017-06-26.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/UK_House_of_Commons_2017-06-26.svg/460px-UK_House_of_Commons_2017-06-26.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>The House of Commons following the 2017 general election. No party had a majority.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, before World War I, a largely stable two-party system existed for generations; traditionally, only the <a href="/wiki/Tories" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories">Tories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>, or from the mid-19th century the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> parties, managed to deliver Members of Parliament in significant numbers. Hung parliaments were thus rare, especially during the 19th century. The possibility of change arose when, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union,_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union, 1800">Act of Union, 1800</a>, a number of Irish MPs took seats in the House, though initially <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_1801%E2%80%931923#Home_Rule_movement_(1870–1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland 1801–1923">these</a> followed the traditional alignments. However, two Reform Acts (<a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">in 1867</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">in 1884</a>) significantly extended the franchise and redrew the constituencies, and coincided with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">a change in Irish politics</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885 general election</a>, neither party had an overall majority. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> held the balance of power and made <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a> a condition of their support. However, the Liberal Party split on the issue of Irish Home Rule, leading to <a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">another general election in 1886</a>, in which the Conservatives won the most seats and governed with the support of the fragment of Liberalism opposed to Home Rule, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a>. </p><p>Both the <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">election of January 1910</a>, and that of <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">December 1910</a> produced a hung parliament with an almost identical number of seats won by the governing Liberal Party and the Conservative Party. This was due both to the constitutional crisis and to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">elections of 1929</a> resulted in the last hung parliament for many years; in the meantime, Labour had replaced the Liberals as one of the two dominating parties. </p><p>Since the elections of 1929, three general elections have resulted in hung parliaments in the UK. The first was the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">election in February 1974</a>, and the ensuing parliament lasted only until <a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October</a>. The second was the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">May 2010 election</a>, the result of which was a hung parliament with the Conservative party as the largest single party. The results for the 3 main parties were: Conservatives 306, Labour 258, Liberal Democrats 57.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third one resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap election</a> held in <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">June 2017</a> that had been called for by <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> in order to strengthen her majority heading into <a href="/wiki/Brexit_negotiations" title="Brexit negotiations">Brexit negotiations</a> later in 2017. However, this election backfired on May and her <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, resulting in a hung parliament after the snap election.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of the coalition resulting from the 2010 election led to the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</a>, which instituted fixed five-year Parliaments and transferred the power to call <a href="/wiki/Early_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Early election">early elections</a> from the Prime Minister to Parliament itself. This was the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, then the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, who said that this would stop the Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party, <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, from calling a snap election to end the hung parliament, as many other Conservatives had requested. </p><p>Hung parliaments can also arise when slim government majorities are eroded by <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> defeats and <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">defection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> to opposition parties, as well as <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Resignation from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom">resignations of MPs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>. This happened in December 1996 to the Conservative government of <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> (1990–97) and in mid-1978 to the Labour government of <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> (1976–79); this latter period covers the era known as the <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_Discontent" title="Winter of Discontent">Winter of Discontent</a>. The minority government of Jim Callaghan came when Labour ended their 15-month <a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a> with the Liberals, having lost their majority in early 1977. </p><p>According to researchers Andrew Blick and Stuart Wilks-Heeg, the phrase "hung parliament" did not enter into common usage in the UK until the mid-1970s. It was first used in the press by journalist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hoggart" title="Simon Hoggart">Simon Hoggart</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic treatments of hung parliaments include <a href="/wiki/David_Butler_(psephologist)" title="David Butler (psephologist)">David Butler</a>'s <i>Governing Without a Majority: Dilemmas for Hung Parliaments in Britain</i> (Sheridan House, 1986) and <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Vernon Bogdanor</a>'s 'Multi-Party Politics and the Constitution' (Cambridge University Press, 1983). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countries where parliaments under majority control are the norm, a hung parliament is often viewed as an unusual and undesirable election result, leading to relatively weak and unstable government. A period of uncertainty after the election is common, as major party leaders negotiate with independents and minor parties to establish a working majority. </p><p>An aspiring <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> may seek to build a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster systems</a>, this typically involves agreement on a joint legislative programme and a number of <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministerial</a> posts going to the minor coalition partners, in return for a stable majority. Alternatively, a minority government may be formed, establishing <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> agreements in return for policy concessions agreed in advance, or relying on case by case support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Western_Australian_state_election" title="2008 Western Australian state election">Western Australian state election of 2008</a> the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> won more seats than the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_(Western_Australian_Division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division)">Liberal Party</a> at 28 to 24. The <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia_(WA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Party of Australia (WA)">National Party</a> along with three independents had the seats needed to give either party a majority. To help the Liberal Party form government, the Nationals supported the party on the condition that the <a href="/wiki/Royalties_for_Regions_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties for Regions policy">Royalties for Regions policy</a> was implemented. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1999_Victorian_state_election" title="1999 Victorian state election">1999 Victorian state election</a>, the Labor Party won 42 seats, while the incumbent Liberal National Coalition retained 43, with 3 seats falling to independents. The Labor Party formed a minority government with the 3 independents. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2010_Tasmanian_state_election" title="2010 Tasmanian state election">2010 Tasmanian state election</a> resulted in a hung parliament. After a period of negotiation, the incumbent Labor government led by <a href="/wiki/David_Bartlett" title="David Bartlett">David Bartlett</a> was recommissioned, but containing the Leader of the Tasmanian Greens, <a href="/wiki/Nick_McKim" title="Nick McKim">Nick McKim</a>, as a minister, and the Greens' <a href="/wiki/Cassy_O%27Connor" title="Cassy O'Connor">Cassy O'Connor</a> as Cabinet Secretary. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010 federal election</a>, neither Labor nor the Liberal coalition secured the majority of seats required to form a Government in their own right. In order to counter the potential instability of minority government involved groups may negotiate written agreements defining their terms of support. Such measures were undertaken by the Gillard Government in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-gpia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_2">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 French legislative elections">1988 French legislative elections</a>, a hung parliament occurred with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialists</a> as the largest party. Following talks with parliamentary leaders, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Michel_Rocard" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a> formed a new minority government, incorporating centrist ministers in a sort of unofficial coalition with the pivotal independent centrist group in the Assembly, ensuring a somewhat stable government until 1991. His direct successors, Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Pierre Bérégovoy</a>, both formed minority governments, relying alternately on the Communists' or the Centrists' support in Parliament (depending on the issue). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 French legislative elections">2022 French legislative elections</a>, a hung parliament occurred again with President Macron's <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_Citoyens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble Citoyens">Ensemble</a> coalition as the largest bloc in the National Assembly. Both the President and the Prime Minister held talks with opposition leaders in order to try forming a coalition government with the centre-right (LR) and the centre-left (PS and the Greens), or at least reaching some sort of confidence-and-supply deal with them. Talks rapidly failed since no opposition party showed interest in propelling Macron's administration. In July 2022, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Borne" title="Élisabeth Borne">Borne</a> reshuffled her Cabinet and officially formed a <a href="/wiki/Borne_government" title="Borne government">minority government</a>. As of June 2023, it is still the current government of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, if an election results in a 'hung assembly' in one of the state <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">Legislative Assemblies</a> and no party is capable of gaining confidence, then fresh elections are announced to be held as soon as possible. Until this occurs <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Rule">President's Rule</a> is applied. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> there have been many situations of hung assemblies in the state legislatures. However, invariably, the President of India in the case of Lok Sabha elections and the Governor of the state concerned, in the case of state elections, would attempt to give opportunities to the parties, starting with the one that got the maximum number of seats in the elections, to explore possibilities of forming a coalition government, before bringing in President's Rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand_2">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first such occasion was in <a href="/wiki/1911_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1911 New Zealand general election">1911</a> when the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> won fewer seats than the opposition <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Reform_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Reform Party">Reform Party</a> despite tallying the most votes. A vote of no confidence was placed by Reform and the Liberals survived by just one vote. This prompted Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ward" title="Joseph Ward">Joseph Ward</a> to resign, his replacement <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mackenzie" title="Thomas Mackenzie">Thomas Mackenzie</a> was later defeated in July 1912 in a vote with several MPs and Labour crossing the floor to vote with the opposition, the last time in New Zealand history a government has changed on a confidence vote. This broke 23 years of Liberal governance and <a href="/wiki/William_Massey" title="William Massey">William Massey</a> formed a new Reform Party government. Massey governed through to his death in 1925, though in <a href="/wiki/1922_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1922 New Zealand general election">1922</a> the Reform Party suffered major losses and Massey was forced negotiate with several Independent MPs to retain power. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1928_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1928 New Zealand general election">1928</a>, Reform were ousted from governance and Joseph Ward once again won back power. However, the Reform and United (Liberal) parties were tied on seats with Labour holding the balance of power. Labour chose to back Ward rather than let Reform leader <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Coates" title="Gordon Coates">Gordon Coates</a> remain in office. In the next election in <a href="/wiki/1931_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1931 New Zealand general election">1931</a>, there was again a three-way deadlock. On this occasion the Reform and United parties became a coalition government out of mutual fear of Labour's ever-increasing appeal as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> worsened. </p><p><a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> was the last time a hung parliament occurred in New Zealand. Governor-General Dame <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Tizard" title="Catherine Tizard">Catherine Tizard</a> asked Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Beattie" title="David Beattie">David Beattie</a> to form a committee, along with three retired appeal court judges, to decide whom to appoint as Prime Minister. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, National won an extra seat after special votes were counted, giving National 50 seats and Labour 45 seats (4 were won by third-party candidates). Labour's Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tapsell_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Peter Tapsell (New Zealand politician)">Peter Tapsell</a> agreed to become <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives</a>. As a result, National did not lose a vote in the house and maintained a dubious majority for three years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 general election</a>, no party gained an overall parliamentary majority. Labour won the most seats (301, which was 17 seats short of an overall majority) with the Conservatives on 297 seats, although the Conservatives had a larger share of the popular vote. As the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> remained in office attempting to build a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a>. When these negotiations were unsuccessful Heath resigned and Labour led by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> took over in a minority government. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_UK_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 UK general election">2010 UK general election</a>, another hung parliament occurred with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> as the largest party, and discussions followed to help create a stable government. This resulted in agreement on a coalition government, which was also a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, which won the most votes and seats in the election, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2017_UK_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 UK general election">2017 UK general election</a>, a hung parliament occurred for the second time in seven years with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> again being the largest party. The Conservatives led by <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> formed a minority government, supported by a <a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">confidence-and-supply agreement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_majority">Working majority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Working majority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been occasions when, although a parliament or assembly is technically hung, the party in power has a <a href="/wiki/Working_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Working majority">working majority</a>. For example, in the United Kingdom, the tradition is that the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker</a> and Deputy Speakers do not vote and <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> MPs never take their seats per their policy of <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism#In_Northern_Ireland" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a>, so these members can be discounted from the opposition numbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_3">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, this was the case in the 60-seat <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a>, where Labour lost their majority when <a href="/wiki/Peter_Law" title="Peter Law">Peter Law</a> was expelled for standing against the official candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 Westminster election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)">Blaenau Gwent constituency</a>. When the Assembly was <a href="/wiki/2003_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2003 National Assembly for Wales election">first elected</a> on 1 May 2003, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Labour</a> won 30 seats, <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> won 12, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Conservatives</a> won 11, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Liberal_Democrats" title="Welsh Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a> won 6, and the <a href="/wiki/John_Marek_Independent_Party" title="John Marek Independent Party">John Marek Independent Party</a> won a seat. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Elis-Thomas" title="Dafydd Elis-Thomas">Dafydd Elis-Thomas</a> (Plaid Cymru) was reelected as the presiding officer, this reduced the number of opposition AMs who could vote to 29, as the presiding officer votes only in the event of a tie and, even then, not on party political lines but according to <a href="/wiki/Speaker_Denison%27s_rule" title="Speaker Denison's rule">Speaker Denison's rule</a>. Thus, Labour had a working majority of one seat until Law ran in Blaenau Gwent.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">Cohabitation (government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was first controlled by a Conservative majority. After a scandal in the Conservative Party, the Liberals took power.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the Liberals won a one seat majority in the <a href="/wiki/1921_Canadian_federal_election#Majority_or_minority?" title="1921 Canadian federal election">1921 Canadian federal election</a> resignations changed the parliament from a small majority to a Hung Parliament.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liberals gained majority due to resignations and by-elections.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/may/05/minority-government-electoral-reform-editorial">"Balanced parliament: No need to rush"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Politics+in+Australia&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Pearson+Higher+Education+AU&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1486001385&rft.aulast=Fenna&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Jane+Robbins&rft.au=John+Summers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDDiBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHung+parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2006" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Gavin (2006). <i>The Governors: New Zealand's Governors and Governors-General</i>. Otago University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877372-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-877372-25-0"><bdi>1-877372-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governors%3A+New+Zealand%27s+Governors+and+Governors-General&rft.pub=Otago+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-877372-25-0&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHung+parliament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epolitix.com/EN/News/200504/1c6a58e1-0c76-46b6-8b0d-f3fd085839fc.htm">Labour lose assembly majority as Law quits</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107152540/http://www.epolitix.com/EN/News/200504/1c6a58e1-0c76-46b6-8b0d-f3fd085839fc.htm">Archived</a> 7 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ePolitix.com. April 17, 2005</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/hung_parliament" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hung parliament">hung parliament</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_4">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hung_parliament&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/subjects/hung-parliament">Hung parliament news</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128053249/http://www.newstatesman.com/subjects/hung-parliament">Archived</a> 28 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404000508/http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/content/131/hung-parliaments-what-you-need-to-know">Hung parliaments: What you need to know</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Government" title="Institute for Government">Institute for Government</a> (2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8427233.stm">Q&A: What is a hung parliament?</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (8 March 2010)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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