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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_and_comparative_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_comparative_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Definition and comparative analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_comparative_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Modern debates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_debates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern debates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_right-wing_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_right-wing_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Relation to right-wing politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_right-wing_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Nature of support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Intellectual history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intellectual_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Intellectual history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Emergence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Völkisch_and_revolutionary_right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Völkisch_and_revolutionary_right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Völkisch and revolutionary right </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Völkisch_and_revolutionary_right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Contemporary thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 International organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History by country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History by country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Morocco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Rwanda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interahamwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interahamwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.1 Interahamwe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interahamwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2.2 Coalition for the Defence of the Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herstigte_Nasionale_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3.1 Herstigte Nasionale Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herstigte_Nasionale_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3.2 Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Togo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Togo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Togo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Togo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guatemala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guatemala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Guatemala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guatemala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 El Salvador </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honduras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honduras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Honduras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honduras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Synarchist_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Synarchist_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6.1 National Synarchist Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Synarchist_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Peru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fujimorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fujimorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7.1 Fujimorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fujimorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radical_right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8.1 Radical right </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan_(Republic_of_China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan_(Republic_of_China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 Taiwan (Republic of China) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan_(Republic_of_China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Croatia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Estonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.6 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.7 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metaxism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaxism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.7.1 Metaxism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaxism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_occupation_of_Greece_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_occupation_of_Greece_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.7.2 Axis occupation of Greece and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_occupation_of_Greece_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.8 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.9 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.10 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.11 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.12 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.13 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.14 Slovenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.15 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.16 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Fiji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalist_Vanua_Tako_Lavo_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_Vanua_Tako_Lavo_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3.1 Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_Vanua_Tako_Lavo_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-national" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-national"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Pan-national </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-national-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_extremism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_extremism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Islamic extremism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_extremism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Online </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Online-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Online subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stormfront" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stormfront"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Stormfront </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stormfront-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Iron March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorgram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorgram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Terrorgram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorgram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right-wing_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-wing_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Right-wing terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-wing_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsextremismus" title="Rechtsextremismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rechtsextremismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="يمين متطرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يمين متطرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0frat_sa%C4%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="İfrat sağçılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İfrat sağçılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%BA%DA%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="آشیری ساغچی‌لیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آشیری ساغچی‌لیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ультраправыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ультраправыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Крайнодясна политика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крайнодясна политика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsextremismus" title="Rechtsextremismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Rechtsextremismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultradreta" title="Ultradreta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ultradreta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajn%C3%AD_pravice" title="Krajní pravice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krajní pravice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwleidyddiaeth_yr_adain_dde_eithafol" title="Gwleidyddiaeth yr adain dde eithafol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwleidyddiaeth yr adain dde eithafol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jreekstremisme" title="Højreekstremisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højreekstremisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="إيمن متطرف – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيمن متطرف" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtsextremismus" title="Rechtsextremismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rechtsextremismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parem%C3%A4%C3%A4rmuslus" title="Paremäärmuslus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paremäärmuslus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Ακροδεξιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακροδεξιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema_derecha" title="Extrema derecha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extrema derecha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekstra_ekstremismo" title="Dekstra ekstremismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dekstra ekstremismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskuin_mutur" title="Eskuin mutur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskuin mutur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سیاست‌های راست تندرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست‌های راست تندرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extr%C3%AAme_droite" title="Extrême droite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extrême droite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polait%C3%ADocht_na_heite_f%C3%ADordheise" title="Polaitíocht na heite fíordheise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polaitíocht na heite fíordheise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultradereita" title="Ultradereita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ultradereita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%9A%B0" title="극우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajnja_desnica" title="Krajnja desnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krajnja desnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_kanan_jauh" title="Politik kanan jauh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik kanan jauh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96fgah%C3%A6gristefna" title="Öfgahægristefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Öfgahægristefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrema_destra" title="Estrema destra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estrema destra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ימין רדיקלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ימין רדיקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastgiriya_tund" title="Rastgiriya tund – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rastgiriya tund" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C4%93ji_lab%C4%93ja_politika" title="Galēji labēja politika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galēji labēja politika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrema_destra" title="Estrema destra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Estrema destra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9ls%C5%91jobboldal" title="Szélsőjobboldal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szélsőjobboldal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Крајна десница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крајна десница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اقصى اليمين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقصى اليمين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_pelampau_kanan" title="Politik pelampau kanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik pelampau kanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="လက်ယာစွန်း နိုင်ငံရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ယာစွန်း နိုင်ငံရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreemrechts" title="Extreemrechts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Extreemrechts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%8F%B3" title="極右 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="極右" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yreekstremisme" title="Høyreekstremisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyreekstremisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8greekstremisme" title="Høgreekstremisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høgreekstremisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estr%C3%AAme-dreite" title="Estrême-dreite – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Estrême-dreite" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estr%C3%A8me_dro%C3%A9te" title="Estrème droéte – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Estrème droéte" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrajna_prawica" title="Skrajna prawica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrajna prawica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema-direita" title="Extrema-direita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extrema-direita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema_dreapt%C4%83" title="Extrema dreaptă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extrema dreaptă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Ултраправы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ултраправы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Ультраправые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ультраправые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_e_ekstremit_t%C3%AB_djatht%C3%AB" title="Politika e ekstremit të djathtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Politika e ekstremit të djathtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD-%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අන්ත-දක්ෂිණාංශික දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්ත-දක්ෂිණාංශික දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Far-right politics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political alignment on the extreme end of right-wing politics</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_(35780274914)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg/260px-Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg/390px-Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg/520px-Charlottesville_%27Unite_the_Right%27_Rally_%2835780274914%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption>Prominent far-rightists during the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>. Pictured are rally participants carrying <a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Confederate battle flags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flags</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi flag">Nazi flag</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Far-right politics, often termed right-wing extremism, encompasses a range of ideologies that are typically marked by <a href="/wiki/Radical_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical conservatism">radical conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultra-nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> This political spectrum situates itself on the far end of the right, distinguished from more mainstream right-wing ideologies by its opposition to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> norms and emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">exclusivist</a> views. Far-right ideologies have historically included <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a>, while contemporary manifestations also incorporate <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacism">white supremacism</a>, and various other movements characterized by <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> beliefs. Key to the far-right worldview is the notion of societal purity, often invoking ideas of a homogeneous "national" or "ethnic" community. This view generally promotes <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">organicism</a>, which perceives society as a unified, natural entity under threat from <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a> or modern <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a>. Far-right movements frequently target perceived threats to their idealized community, whether ethnic, religious, or cultural, leading to <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant sentiment">anti-immigrant sentiments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">welfare chauvinism</a>, and, in extreme cases, political violence or oppression.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to political theorists, the far-right appeals to those who believe in maintaining strict cultural and ethnic divisions and a return to traditional social hierarchies and values.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In practice, far-right movements differ widely by region and historical context. In Western Europe, they have often focused on anti-immigration and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalism">anti-globalism</a>, while in Eastern Europe, strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> rhetoric is more common. The United States has seen a unique evolution of far-right movements that emphasize nativism and radical opposition to central government. Far-right politics have led to <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against groups of people based on their supposed inferiority or their perceived threat to the native <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">national religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant culture</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">conservative</a> social institutions.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Across these contexts, far-right politics has continued to influence discourse, occasionally achieving electoral success and prompting significant debate over its place in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic societies">democratic societies</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_and_worldview">Concept and worldview</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_biografia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mussolini_biografia.jpg/180px-Mussolini_biografia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mussolini_biografia.jpg/270px-Mussolini_biografia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Mussolini_biografia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, dictator and founder of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, a far-right ideology</figcaption></figure> According to scholars <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a>, the core of the far right's worldview is <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">organicism</a>, the idea that society functions as a complete, organized and homogeneous living being. Adapted to the community they wish to constitute or reconstitute (whether based on ethnicity, nationality, religion or race), the concept leads them to reject every form of <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Autophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Autophilia">autophilia</a> and alterophobia, or in other words the idealization of a "we" excluding a "they".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201722-5">[5]</a> The far right tends to absolutize differences between nations, races, individuals or cultures since they disrupt their efforts towards the <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> dream of the "closed" and naturally organized society, perceived as the condition to ensure the rebirth of a community finally reconnected to its quasi-eternal nature and re-established on firm <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> foundations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201721-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii-7">[7]</a> As they view their community in a state of decay facilitated by the ruling elites, far-right members portray themselves as a natural, sane and alternative elite, with the redemptive mission of saving society from its promised doom. They reject both their national political system and the global geopolitical order (including their institutions and values, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Political_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalism">political liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>) which are presented as needing to be abandoned or purged of their impurities, so that the "redemptive community" can eventually leave the current phase of <a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">liminal</a> crisis to usher in the new era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201722-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii-7">[7]</a> The community itself is idealized through great <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypal</a> figures (the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, the savior, <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a> and global <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>) as they glorify <a href="/wiki/Irrationalism" title="Irrationalism">non-rationalistic</a> and non-<a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> values such as the youth or the cult of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201722-5">[5]</a> Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Cas Mudde</a> argues that the far right can be viewed as a combination of four broadly defined concepts, namely <a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">exclusivism</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">welfare chauvinism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anti-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-democratic">anti-democratic</a> and non-individualist traits (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchism">hierarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-particracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-particracy">anti-particracy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Organicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Organicist">organicist</a> view of the state), a <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditionalist</a> value system lamenting the disappearance of historic frames of reference (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>, the family, the ethnic, linguistic and religious community and nation as well as the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>) and a socioeconomic program associating <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, state control of certain sectors, <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a>, and a varying degree of belief in the free play of <a href="/wiki/Socially_Darwinistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially Darwinistic">socially Darwinistic</a> market forces. Mudde then proposes a subdivision of the far-right nebula into moderate and radical leanings, according to their degree of exclusionism and <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201744–45-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_and_comparative_analysis">Definition and comparative analysis</h3></div> The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right states that far-right politics include "persons or groups who hold extreme nationalist, xenophobic, homophobic, racist, religious fundamentalist, or other reactionary views." While the term far right is typically applied to <a href="/wiki/Fascists" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascists">fascists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>, it has also been used to refer to those to the right of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005694-11">[11]</a> According to political scientist Lubomír Kopeček, "[t]he best working definition of the contemporary far right may be the four-element combination of nationalism, xenophobia, law and order, and welfare chauvinism proposed for the Western European environment by Cas Mudde."<a href="#cite_note-Kopeček_2007-12">[12]</a> Relying on those concepts, far-right politics includes yet is not limited to aspects of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a><a href="#cite_note-Kopeček_2007-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilliardKeith199943-13">[13]</a> Claims that superior people should have greater rights than inferior people are often associated with the far right, as they have historically favored a social Darwinistic or <a href="/wiki/Elitist" class="mw-redirect" title="Elitist">elitist</a> hierarchy based on the belief in the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2008154–155-14">[14]</a> Regarding the socio-cultural dimension of nationality, culture and migration, one far-right position is the view that certain ethnic, racial or religious groups should stay separate, based on the belief that the interests of one's own group should be prioritized.<a href="#cite_note-Anders1-15">[15]</a> In western Europe, far right parties have been associated with <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">anti-immigrant</a> policies, as well as opposition to <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>. They often make nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> appeals which make allusions to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a> (or liberal nationalism). Some have at their core <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">illiberal policies</a> such as removing <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and Balances">checks on executive authority</a>, and protections for minorities from majority (<a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">multipluralism</a>). In the 1990s, the "winning formula" was often to attract anti-immigrant <a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">blue collar workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar workers</a> who wanted less state intervention in the economy, but in the 2000s, this switched to <a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">welfare chauvinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-art-16">[16]</a> In comparing the Western European and <a href="/wiki/Post-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Communist">post-Communist</a> Central European far-right, Kopeček writes that "[t]he Central European far right was also typified by a strong anti-Communism, much more markedly than in Western Europe", allowing for "a basic ideological classification within a unified party family, despite the heterogeneity of the far right parties." Kopeček concludes that a comparison of Central European far-right parties with those of Western Europe shows that "these four elements are present in Central Europe as well, though in a somewhat modified form, despite differing political, economic, and social influences."<a href="#cite_note-Kopeček_2007-12">[12]</a> In the American and more general Anglo-Saxon environment, the most common term is "<a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a>", which has a broader meaning than the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">European radical right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde200213-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kopeček_2007-12">[12]</a> Mudde defines the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">American radical right</a> as an "old school of nativism, populism, and hostility to central government [which] was said to have developed into the post-World War II combination of ultranationalism and anti-communism, Christian fundamentalism, militaristic orientation, and anti-alien sentiment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde200213-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Jodi Dean</a> argues that "the rise of far-right anti-communism in many parts of the world" should be interpreted "as a politics of fear, which utilizes the disaffection and anger generated by capitalism. [...] Partisans of far right-wing organizations, in turn, use anti-communism to challenge every political current which is not embedded in a clearly exposed nationalist and racist agenda. For them, both the USSR and the European Union, leftist liberals, ecologists, and supranational corporations – all of these may be called 'communist' for the sake of their expediency."<a href="#cite_note-Kuligowski,_Moll_&_Szadkowski_2019-18">[18]</a> In Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right, Cynthia Miller-Idriss examines the far-right as a global movement and representing a cluster of overlapping "<a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">antidemocratic</a>, antiegalitarian, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacist</a>" beliefs that are "embedded in solutions like <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> or ethnic migration, and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/White_ethnostate" title="White ethnostate">separate ethno-states or enclaves</a> along racial and ethnic lines".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_debates">Modern debates</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a>, the modern ambiguities in the definition of far-right politics lie in the fact that the concept is generally used by political adversaries to "disqualify and stigmatize all forms of partisan nationalism by reducing them to the historical experiments of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> [and] <a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German National Socialism">German National Socialism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20171–2-20">[20]</a> Mudde agrees and notes that "the term is not only used for scientific purposes but also for political purposes. Several authors define right-wing extremism as a sort of anti-thesis against their own beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde200210-21">[21]</a> While the existence of such a political position is widely accepted among scholars, figures associated with the far-right rarely accept this denomination, preferring terms like "national movement" or "national right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20171–2-20">[20]</a> There is also debate about how appropriate the labels <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> are. In the words of Mudde, "the labels Neo-Nazi and to a lesser extent neo-Fascism are now used exclusively for parties and groups that explicitly state a desire to restore the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> or quote historical National Socialism as their ideological influence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde200212-22">[22]</a> One issue is whether parties should be labelled radical or extreme, a distinction that is made by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court of Germany</a> when determining whether or not a party should be banned.<a href="#cite_note-23">[nb 1]</a> Within the broader family of the far right, the extreme right is revolutionary, opposing popular sovereignty and majority rule, and sometimes supporting violence, whereas the radical right is reformist, accepting free elections, but opposing fundamental elements of liberal democracy such as minority rights, rule of law, or separation of powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde201912-24">[23]</a> After a survey of the academic literature, Mudde concluded in 2002 that the terms "right-wing extremism", "<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>", "national populism", or "neo-populism" were often used as synonyms by scholars (or, nonetheless, terms with "striking similarities"), except notably among a few authors studying the extremist-theoretical tradition.<a href="#cite_note-25">[nb 2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_right-wing_politics">Relation to right-wing politics</h3></div> Italian philosopher and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Norberto Bobbio</a> argues that attitudes towards equality are primarily what distinguish <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>:<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> "the left considers the key inequalities between people to be artificial and negative, which should be overcome by an active state, whereas the right believes that inequalities between people are natural and positive, and should be either defended or left alone by the state."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde201911-27">[25]</a> Aspects of far-right ideology can be identified in the agenda of some contemporary right-wing parties: in particular, the idea that superior persons should dominate society while undesirable elements should be purged, which in extreme cases has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2008156-28">[26]</a> Charles Grant, director of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform" title="Centre for European Reform">Centre for European Reform</a> in London, distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and right-wing nationalist parties which are often described as far right such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-2016-29">[27]</a> Mudde notes that the most successful European far-right parties in 2019 were "former mainstream right-wing parties that have turned into populist radical right ones."&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-30">[28]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Mark Sedgwick</a>, "[t]here is no general agreement as to where the mainstream ends and the extreme starts, and if there ever had been agreement on this, the recent shift in the mainstream would challenge it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick2019xiii-31">[29]</a> Proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">horseshoe theory</a> interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> identify the <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a> and the far right as having more in common with each other as <a href="/wiki/Extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremists">extremists</a> than each of them has with <a href="/wiki/Centrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrists">centrists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moderate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate">moderates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> This theory has received criticism,<a href="#cite_note-Berlet_&_Lyons_2000,_p._342-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> including the argument that it has been centrists who have supported far-right and fascist regimes over socialist ones.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_support">Nature of support</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Jens_Rydgren" title="Jens Rydgren">Jens Rydgren</a> describes a number of theories as to why individuals support far-right political parties and the academic literature on this topic distinguishes between demand-side theories that have changed the "interests, emotions, attitudes and preferences of voters" and supply-side theories which focus on the programmes of parties, their organization and the opportunity structures within individual political systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERydgren2007241–263-37">[35]</a> The most common demand-side theories are the <a href="/wiki/Social_breakdown_thesis" title="Social breakdown thesis">social breakdown thesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative deprivation thesis">relative deprivation thesis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Modernization_losers_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization losers thesis">modernization losers thesis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_competition_thesis" title="Ethnic competition thesis">ethnic competition thesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERydgren2007247-38">[36]</a> The rise of far-right parties has also been viewed as a rejection of <a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">post-materialist</a> values on the part of some voters. This theory which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Reverse_post-material_thesis" title="Reverse post-material thesis">reverse post-material thesis</a> blames both left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> parties for embracing a post-material agenda (including <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>) that alienates traditional working class voters.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> Another study argues that individuals who join far-right parties determine whether those parties develop into major political players or whether they remain marginalized.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Early academic studies adopted psychoanalytical explanations for the far right's support. The 1933 publication <a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Wilhelm Reich</a> argued the theory that fascists came to power in Germany as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">sexual repression</a>. For some far-right parties in Western Europe, the issue of immigration has become the dominant issue among them, so much so that some scholars refer to these parties as "anti-immigrant" parties.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_history">Intellectual history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789 created a major shift in political thought by challenging the established ideas supporting hierarchy with new ones about universal <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiner201811-43">[41]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> also emerged during this period. Democrats and proponents of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> were located on the left side of the elected French Assembly, while monarchists seated farthest to the right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20171–2-20">[20]</a> The strongest opponents of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> during the 19th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, were highly critical of the French Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Those who advocated a return to the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> during the 19th century called themselves "ultra-monarchists" and embraced a "<a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Providentialism" title="Providentialism">providentialist</a>" vision of the world where royal dynasties were seen as the "repositories of divine will". The opposition to liberal modernity was based on the belief that hierarchy and rootedness are more important than equality and liberty, with the latter two being dehumanizing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiner201814-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp/159px-Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp/238px-Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp/317px-Leon_Trotsky_in_exile.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was an <a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">early observer</a> on the rise of far-right phenomenon such as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during his final years in exile<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> and advocated for the tactic of a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></figcaption></figure> In the French public debate following the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> of 1917, far right was used to describe the strongest opponents of the <a href="/wiki/Far_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">far left</a>, those who supported the events occurring in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201721-6">[6]</a> A number of thinkers on the far right nonetheless claimed an influence from an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Marxist">anti-Marxist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-egalitarian">anti-egalitarian</a> interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, based on a military comradeship that rejected <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_analysis" title="Class analysis">class analysis</a>, or what <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> had called a "socialism of the blood", which is sometimes described by scholars as a form of "<a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">socialist revisionism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Vandenhoeck-2011-48">[46]</a> They included <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Arthur Moeller van den Bruck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-woods-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-François-2009-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20177–8-51">[49]</a> Those thinkers eventually split along nationalist lines from the original <a href="/wiki/Communist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist movement">communist movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> contradicting <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> theories with the idea that "the working men [had] no country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20179–10-52">[50]</a> The main reason for that ideological confusion can be found in the consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870, which according to Swiss historian <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Burrin" title="Philippe Burrin">Philippe Burrin</a> had completely redesigned the political landscape in Europe by diffusing the idea of an anti-individualistic concept of "national unity" rising above the right and left division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20177–8-51">[49]</a> As the concept of "the masses" was introduced into the political debate through <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, a new right-wing founded on national and social ideas began to emerge, what <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Zeev Sternhell</a> has called the "revolutionary right" and a foreshadowing of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. The rift between the left and nationalists was furthermore accentuated by the emergence of anti-militarist and anti-patriotic movements like <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, which shared even fewer similarities with the far right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20179–10-52">[50]</a> The latter began to develop a "nationalist mysticism" entirely different from that on the left, and antisemitism turned into a credo of the far right, marking a break from the traditional economic "anti-Judaism" defended by parts of the far left, in favour of a racial and pseudo-scientific notion of <a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">alterity</a>. Various nationalist leagues began to form across Europe like the <a href="/wiki/Pan-German_League" title="Pan-German League">Pan-German League</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a>, with the common goal of a uniting the masses beyond social divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201711–12-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dupeux-1994-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Völkisch_and_revolutionary_right">Völkisch and revolutionary right</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_(33_de_40)_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/330px-Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/440px-Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Spanish <a href="/wiki/Falangist" class="mw-redirect" title="Falangist">Falangist</a> volunteer forces of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> entrain at <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> emerged in the late 19th century, drawing inspiration from <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a> and its fascination for a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">medieval Reich</a> supposedly organized into a harmonious hierarchical order. Erected on the idea of "<a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">blood and soil</a>", it was a <a href="/wiki/Racialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialism">racialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalist</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> movement from the 1900s onward as a consequence of a growing exclusive and racial connotation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201716–18-55">[53]</a> They idealized the myth of an "original nation", that still could be found at their times in the rural regions of Germany, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites."<a href="#cite_note-François-2009-50">[48]</a> Thinkers led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a> distorted <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">theory of evolution</a> to advocate a "race struggle" and an hygienist vision of the world. The purity of the bio-mystical and primordial nation theorized by the Völkischen then began to be seen as corrupted by foreign elements, Jewish in particular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201716–18-55">[53]</a> Translated in <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>' concept of "the earth and the dead", these ideas influenced the pre-fascist "revolutionary right" across Europe. The latter had its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a> intellectual crisis and it was, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern">Fritz Stern</a>, the deep "cultural despair" of thinkers feeling uprooted within the <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> of the modern world.<a href="#cite_note-Stern-1974-56">[54]</a> It was characterized by a rejection of the established social order, with revolutionary tendencies and anti-capitalist stances, a populist and <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">plebiscitary</a> dimension, the advocacy of violence as a means of action and a call for individual and collective <a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">palingenesis</a> ("regeneration, rebirth").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201719-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_thought">Contemporary thought</h3></div> The key thinkers of contemporary far-right politics are claimed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedgwick" title="Mark Sedgwick">Mark Sedgwick</a> to share four key elements, namely <a href="/wiki/Declinism" title="Declinism">apocalyptism</a>, fear of <a href="/wiki/Global_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Global elite">global elites</a>, belief in <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">friend–enemy distinction</a> and the idea of <a href="/wiki/Metapolitics" title="Metapolitics">metapolitics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick2019-58">[56]</a> The apocalyptic strain of thought begins in <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a> and is shared by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>. It continues in <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> as well as in fears over <a href="/wiki/Eurabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurabia">Islamization of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick2019-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a> was concerned about <a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">rootless cosmopolitan</a> elites while de Benoist and Buchanan oppose the <a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">managerial state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a> is against "the Cathedral".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick2019-58">[56]</a> Schmitt's friend–enemy distinction has inspired the French <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> idea of <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick2019-58">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestazione_Napoli_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Manifestazione_Napoli_2011.jpg/220px-Manifestazione_Napoli_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Manifestazione_Napoli_2011.jpg/330px-Manifestazione_Napoli_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Manifestazione_Napoli_2011.jpg/440px-Manifestazione_Napoli_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CasaPound" title="CasaPound">CasaPound</a> rally in Naples</figcaption></figure> In a 1961 book deemed influential in the European far-right at large, French neo-fascist writer <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Maurice Bardèche</a> introduced the idea that fascism could survive the 20th century under a new <a href="/wiki/Metapolitics" title="Metapolitics">metapolitical</a> guise adapted to the changes of the times. Rather than trying to revive doomed regimes with their <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">single party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a> or public display of <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a>, Bardèche argued that its theorists should promote the core philosophical idea of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> regardless of its framework,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii-7">[7]</a> i.e. the concept that only a minority, "the physically saner, the morally purer, the most conscious of national interest", can represent best the community and serve the less gifted in what Bardèche calls a new "<a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> contract".<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Another influence on contemporary far-right thought has been the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>, and has influenced <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>, advisors to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a> party in Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreux_conferenza.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montreux_conferenza.png/350px-Montreux_conferenza.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montreux_conferenza.png/525px-Montreux_conferenza.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Montreux_conferenza.png/700px-Montreux_conferenza.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>National origins of Fascist International Congress participants in 1934</figcaption></figure> During the rise of Nazi Germany, far-right international organizations began to emerge in the 1930s with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Conference_of_Fascist_Parties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Conference of Fascist Parties (page does not exist)">International Conference of Fascist Parties</a> in 1932 and the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_International_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist International Congress">Fascist International Congress</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-OUP-2018-61">[59]</a> During the 1934 Fascist International Conference, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comitati_d%27Azione_per_l%27Universalit%C3%A0_di_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalità di Roma (page does not exist)">Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalità di Roma</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitati_d%27Azione_per_l%27Universalit%C3%A0_di_Roma" class="extiw" title="it:Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalità di Roma">it</a>] (CAUR; English: Action Committees for the Universality of Rome), created by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Fascist Regime</a> to create a network for a "Fascist International", representatives from far-right groups gathered in <a href="/wiki/Montreux" title="Montreux">Montreux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española y de las JONS">Falange</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland's</a> <a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="União Nacional">União Nacional</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_G_page_105-63">[61]</a> However, no international group was fully established before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OUP-2018-61">[59]</a> Following World War II, other far-right organizations attempted to establish themselves, such as the European organizations of <a href="/wiki/Nouvel_Ordre_Europ%C3%A9en" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvel Ordre Européen">Nouvel Ordre Européen</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circulo_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_Amigos_de_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulo Español de Amigos de Europa">Circulo Español de Amigos de Europa</a> or the further-reaching <a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=League_for_Pan-Nordic_Friendship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="League for Pan-Nordic Friendship (page does not exist)">League for Pan-Nordic Friendship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TUC-2020-64">[62]</a> Beginning in the 1980s, far-right groups began to solidify themselves through official political avenues.<a href="#cite_note-TUC-2020-64">[62]</a> With the founding of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1993, far-right groups began to espouse <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a>, nationalist and anti-migrant beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-OUP-2018-61">[59]</a> By 2010, the Eurosceptic group <a href="/wiki/European_Alliance_for_Freedom" title="European Alliance for Freedom">European Alliance for Freedom</a> emerged and saw some prominence during the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election" title="2014 European Parliament election">2014 European Parliament election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OUP-2018-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-TUC-2020-64">[62]</a> The majority of far-right groups in the 2010s began to establish international contacts with right-wing coalitions to develop a solidified platform.<a href="#cite_note-OUP-2018-61">[59]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a> would create <a href="/wiki/The_Movement_(right-wing_populist_group)" title="The Movement (right-wing populist group)">The Movement</a>, an organization to create an international far-right group based on <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019 European Parliament election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-2019-66">[64]</a> The European Alliance for Freedom would also reorganize into <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a> for the 2019 European Parliament election.<a href="#cite_note-TUC-2020-64">[62]</a> The far-right Spanish party <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> initially introduced the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid Charter">Madrid Charter</a> project, a planned group to denounce left-wing groups in <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-America</a>, to the government of United States president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> while visiting the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in February 2019, with <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Abascal" title="Santiago Abascal">Santiago Abascal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Bardaj%C3%AD" title="Rafael Bardají">Rafael Bardají</a> using their good relations with the administration to build support within the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and establishing strong ties with American contacts.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobin-2019-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carvajal-2020-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-González-2021-68">[66]</a> In March 2019, Abascal tweeted an image of himself wearing a <a href="/wiki/Morion_(helmet)" title="Morion (helmet)">morion</a> similar to a <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a>, with <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a> writing in an article detailing the document that this event provided a narrative that "symbolizes in part the <a href="/wiki/Expansionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionist">expansionist</a> mood of Vox and its ideology far from Spain".<a href="#cite_note-ABC-2021-69">[67]</a> The charter subsequently grew to include signers that had little to no relation to Latin America and Spanish-speaking areas.<a href="#cite_note-Mitralias-2022-70">[68]</a> Vox has advised <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro family</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Kast" title="José Antonio Kast">José Antonio Kast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Nationalists from Europe and the United States met at a Holiday Inn in St. Petersburg on March 22, 2015, for first convention of the International Russian Conservative Forum organized by pro-Putin <a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a>-party. The event was attended by fringe right-wing extremists like <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a> from Scandinavia but also by more mainstream <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a>. In addition to Rodina, Russian neo-Nazis from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a> were also in attendance. The event was attended by several notable American white supremacists including <a href="/wiki/Jared_Taylor" title="Jared Taylor">Jared Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Russell" title="Brandon Russell">Brandon Russell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-forum-78">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_by_country">History by country</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Morocco">Morocco</h4></div> Morocco saw a spread of <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">antifeminism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">opposition to immigration</a> themes in digital spaces.<a href="#cite_note-s175-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rwanda">Rwanda</h4></div> A number of far-right extremist and paramilitary groups carried out the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Racial_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial supremacist">racial supremacist</a> ideology of <a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a>, developed by journalist and Hutu supremacist <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Hassan Ngeze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saha-80">[78]</a> On 5 July 1975, exactly two years after the <a href="/wiki/1973_Rwandan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Rwandan coup d'état">1973 Rwandan coup d'état</a>, the far right <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement_for_Democracy_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development">National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development</a> (MRND) was founded under president <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a>. Between 1975 and 1991, the MRND was the only legal political party in the country. It was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutus</a>, particularly from Habyarimana's home region of Northern Rwanda. An elite group of MRND party members who were known to have influence on the President and his wife <a href="/wiki/Agathe_Habyarimana" title="Agathe Habyarimana">Agathe Habyarimana</a> are known as the <a href="/wiki/Akazu" title="Akazu">akazu</a>, an informal organization of Hutu extremists whose members planned and lead the 1994 Rwandan genocide.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-82">[80]</a> Prominent Hutu businessman and member of the akazu, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Kabuga" title="Félicien Kabuga">Félicien Kabuga</a> was one of the genocides main financiers, providing thousands of machetes which were used to commit the genocide.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Kabuga also founded <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a>, used to broadcast propaganda and direct the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nocidaires" title="Génocidaires">génocidaires</a>. Kabuga was arrested in France on 16 May 2020, and charged with <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</h5></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></div> The Interahamwe was formed around 1990 as the <a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">youth wing</a> of the MRND and enjoyed the backing of the Hutu Power government. The Interahamwe were driven out of Rwanda after <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> victory in the Rwandan Civil War in July 1994 and are considered a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organisation">terrorist organisation</a> by many African and Western governments. The Interahamwe and splinter groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a> continue to wage an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> against Rwanda from neighboring countries, where they are also involved in local conflicts and terrorism. The Interahamwe were the main perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide, during which an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsi, <a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a> and moderate Hutus were killed from April to July 1994 and the term Interahamwe was widened to mean any civilian bands killing Tutsi.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></div> Other far-right groups and paramilitaries involved included the <a href="/wiki/Anti-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-democratic">anti-democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Segregationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregationist">segregationist</a> Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR), which called for complete segregation of Hutus from Tutsis. The CDR had a paramilitary wing known as the <a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a>. Together with the Interahamwe militia, the Impuzamugambi played a central role in the Rwandan genocide.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saha-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Herstigte_Nasionale_Party">Herstigte Nasionale Party</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">Herstigte Nasionale Party</a></div> The far right in South Africa emerged as the Herstigte Nasionale Party (HNP) in 1969, formed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Hertzog" title="Albert Hertzog">Albert Hertzog</a> as breakaway from the predominant right-wing South African <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalist">ethno-nationalist</a> party that implemented the racist, segregationist program of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>, the legal system of political, economic and social separation of the races intended to maintain and extend political and economic control of South Africa by the White minority.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The HNP was formed after the South African National Party re-established diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> and legislated to allow <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> players and spectators to enter the country during the 1970 <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand rugby union team">New Zealand rugby union team</a> tour in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The HNP advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>, racially segregated and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>-speaking nation.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></div> In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Eugène Terre'Blanche</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police" title="South African Police">police officer</a> founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a South African <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> paramilitary organisation, often described as a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Since its founding in 1973 by Eugène Terre'Blanche and six other far-right Afrikaners, it has been dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a> Afrikaner nationalism and the creation of an independent <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boer</a>-Afrikaner republic in part of South Africa. During <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa</a> in the early 1990s, the organization terrorized and killed black South Africans.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Togo">Togo</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Togo" title="Human rights in Togo">Human rights in Togo</a></div> Togo has been ruled by members of the Gnassingbé family and the far-right <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_the_Togolese_People" title="Rally of the Togolese People">Rally of the Togolese People</a> since 1969. Despite the legalisation of political parties in 1991 and the ratification of a democratic constitution in 1992, the regime continues to be regarded as oppressive. In 1993, the European Union cut off aid in reaction to the regime's human-rights offenses. After's Eyadema's death in 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbe took over, then stood down and was re-elected in elections that were widely described as fraudulent and occasioned violence that resulted in as many as 600 deaths and the flight from Togo of 40,000 refugees.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In 2012, Faure Gnassingbe dissolved the RTP and created the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Republic_(Togo)" title="Union for the Republic (Togo)">Union for the Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Throughout the reign of the Gnassingbé family, Togo has been extremely oppressive. According to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> report based on conditions in 2010, human rights abuses are common and include "security force use of excessive force, including <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedoms of press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Assembly">assembly</a>, and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including female genital mutilation (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with <a href="/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a>; and forced labor, including by children."<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">Fascism in South America</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crian%C3%A7as_Juventude_Hitlerista_-_Pres._Bernardes,_c._1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Crian%C3%A7as_Juventude_Hitlerista_-_Pres._Bernardes%2C_c._1930.jpg/220px-Crian%C3%A7as_Juventude_Hitlerista_-_Pres._Bernardes%2C_c._1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Crian%C3%A7as_Juventude_Hitlerista_-_Pres._Bernardes%2C_c._1930.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Children make the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Presidente_Bernardes,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo">Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo</a>, circa 1935.</figcaption></figure> During the 1920s and 1930s, a local brand of religious fascism appeared known as <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a>, coalescing around the party known as <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a>. It adopted many characteristics of European fascist movements, including a green-shirted <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organization with <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniformed</a> ranks, highly regimented street demonstrations and rhetoric against <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Prior to World War II, the Nazi Party had been making and distributing propaganda among ethnic Germans in Brazil. The Nazi regime built close ties with Brazil through the estimated 100 thousand native Germans and 1 million German descendants living in Brazil at the time.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> In 1928, the Brazilian section of the Nazi Party was founded in Timbó, Santa Catarina. This section reached 2,822 members and was the largest section of the Nazi Party outside Germany.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> About 100 thousand born Germans and about one million descendants lived in Brazil at that time.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> After Germany's defeat in World War II, many Nazi war criminals fled to Brazil and hid among the German-Brazilian communities. The most notable example of this was <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, a Nazi SS officer and physician known as the "Angel of Death" for his deadly experiments on prisoners at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II_(Birkenau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II (Birkenau)">Auschwitz II (Birkenau)</a> concentration camp, who fled first to Argentina, then Paraguay, before finally settling in Brazil in 1960. Mengele eventually drowned in 1979 in <a href="/wiki/Bertioga" title="Bertioga">Bertioga</a>, on the coast of São Paulo state, without ever having been recognized in his 19 years in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The far right has continued to operate throughout Brazil<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> and a number of far-right parties existed in the modern era including <a href="/wiki/Patriota" title="Patriota">Patriota</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Renewal_Party" title="Brazilian Labour Renewal Party">Brazilian Labour Renewal Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Reconstruction_of_the_National_Order" title="Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order">Party of the Reconstruction of the National Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_Alliance" title="National Renewal Alliance">National Renewal Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Liberal Party (Brazil)">Social Liberal Party</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Death_squads" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads">death squads</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Command_for_Hunting_Communists" title="Command for Hunting Communists">Command for Hunting Communists</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Brazil" title="Alliance for Brazil">Alliance for Brazil</a>, a far-right nationalist political group that aimed to become a political party, until 2022, when the party was disbanded. Since 2022, he is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_2006)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)">Liberal Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Bolsonaro has been widely described by numerous media organizations as far right.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guatemala">Guatemala</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)</a></div> In Guatemala, the far-right<a href="#cite_note-Forsythe_2009-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartrop_2014-114">[112]</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Carlos Castillo Armas</a> utilized <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squads</a> after coming to power in the <a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forsythe_2009-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartrop_2014-114">[112]</a> Along with other far-right extremists, Castillo Armas started the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a> (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, or MLN). The founders of the party described it as the "party of organized violence".<a href="#cite_note-Levenson-Estrada-115">[113]</a> The new government promptly reversed the democratic reforms initiated during the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> program (<a href="/wiki/Decree_900" title="Decree 900">Decree 900</a>) that was the main project of president <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz_Guzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobo Arbenz Guzman">Jacobo Arbenz Guzman</a> and which directly impacted the interests of both the <a href="/wiki/United_Fruit_Company" title="United Fruit Company">United Fruit Company</a> and the Guatemalan landowners.<a href="#cite_note-Bonpane-116">[114]</a> Mano Blanca, otherwise known as the Movement of Organized Nationalist Action, was set up in 1966 as a front for the MLN to carry out its more violent activities,<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grandin-118">[116]</a> along with many other similar groups, including the New Anticommunist Organization and the Anticommunist Council of Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-Levenson-Estrada-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Mano Blanca was active during the governments of colonel <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Arana_Osorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Arana Osorio">Carlos Arana Osorio</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Laugerud_Garc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjell Laugerud García">Kjell Laugerud García</a> and was dissolved by general <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Romeo_Lucas_Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia">Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia</a> in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Armed with the support and coordination of the Guatemalan Armed Forces, Mano Blanca began a campaign described by the United States Department of State as one of "kidnappings, torture, and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Grandin-118">[116]</a> One of the main targets of Mano Blanca was the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_(Guatemala)" title="Revolutionary Party (Guatemala)">Revolutionary Party</a>, an anti-communist group that was the only major reform oriented party allowed to operate under the military-dominated regime. Other targets included the banned leftist parties.<a href="#cite_note-Grandin-118">[116]</a> Human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Blase_Bonpane" title="Blase Bonpane">Blase Bonpane</a> described the activities of Mano Blanca as being an integral part of the policy of the Guatemalan government and by extension the policy of the United States government and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bonpane-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Overall, Mano Blanca was responsible for thousands of murders and kidnappings, leading travel writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a> to refer to them as "Guatemala's version of a volunteer Gestapo unit".<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinochet_Aylwin_Bush.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pinochet_Aylwin_Bush.png/220px-Pinochet_Aylwin_Bush.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pinochet_Aylwin_Bush.png/330px-Pinochet_Aylwin_Bush.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pinochet_Aylwin_Bush.png/440px-Pinochet_Aylwin_Bush.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Dictator of Chile</a> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> in 1990</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a> (MNSCH) was created in the 1930s with the funding from the German population in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Payne-123">[121]</a> In 1938, the MNSCH was dissolved after <a href="/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre" title="Seguro Obrero massacre">it attempted a coup</a> and recreated itself as the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a> party, later merging with the Agrarian Party to create the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a> (PAL).<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> PAL would go through various mergers to become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_People%27s_Party_(Chile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National People's Party (Chile) (page does not exist)">Partido Nacional Popular (Chile)</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(Chile)" class="extiw" title="es:National People's Party (Chile)">es</a>], then <a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Chile,_1963)" title="National Action (Chile, 1963)">National Action</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Chile,_1966)" title="National Party (Chile, 1966)">National Party</a>. Following the fall of Nazi Germany, many Nazis fled to Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Levenda-2002-125">[123]</a> The National Party supported the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a> that established the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">military dictatorship of</a> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> with many members assuming positions in Pinochet's government. Pinochet headed a far-right dictatorship in Chile from 1973 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Leal-2020-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> According to author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Levenda" title="Peter Levenda">Peter Levenda</a>, Pinochet was "openly pro-Nazi" and used former <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> members to train his own <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional</a> (DINA) personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Levenda-2002-125">[123]</a> Pinochet's DINA sent political prisoners to the Chilean-German town of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Dignidad" title="Colonia Dignidad">Colonia Dignidad</a>, with the town's actions being defended by the Pinochet government.<a href="#cite_note-Levenda-2002-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falconer-2008-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Infield-1981-129">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a> also provided evidence of <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a> – the infamous Nazi <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> doctor known as the "Angel of Death" for his lethal <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">experiments on human subjects</a> – being present in <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Dignidad" title="Colonia Dignidad">Colonia Dignidad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levenda-2002-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Infield-1981-129">[127]</a> Former DINA member <a href="/wiki/Michael_Townley" title="Michael Townley">Michael Townley</a> also stated that <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> weapons experiments occurred at the colony.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Following the end of Pinochet's government, the National Party would split to become the more centrist <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_(Chile)" title="National Renewal (Chile)">National Renewal</a> (RN), while individuals who supported Pinochet organized <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Union" title="Independent Democratic Union">Independent Democratic Union</a> (UDI). UDI is a far-right political party that was formed by former Pinochet officials.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> In 2019, the far-right <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Chile,_2019)" title="Republican Party (Chile, 2019)">Republican Party</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Kast" title="José Antonio Kast">José Antonio Kast</a>, a UDI politician who believed his former party criticized Pinochet too often.<a href="#cite_note-URU-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Funk-2021-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> According to Cox and Blanco, the Republican Party appeared in Chilean politics in a similar manner to Spain's <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> party, with both parties splitting off from an existing right wing party to collect disillusioned voters.<a href="#cite_note-Dávila-2020-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_squads_in_El_Salvador" title="Death squads in El Salvador">Death squads in El Salvador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masakro-%C4%89e-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Masakro-%C4%89e-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg/220px-Masakro-%C4%89e-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Masakro-%C4%89e-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg/330px-Masakro-%C4%89e-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Masakro-%C4%89e-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg/440px-Masakro-%C4%89e-Suchitoto-Salvadoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>A billboard serving as a reminder of one of many <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_El_Salvador" title="List of massacres in El Salvador">massacres in El Salvador</a> that occurred during the civil war</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a>, far-right death squads known in Spanish by the name of Escuadrón de la Muerte, literally "Squadron of Death, achieved notoriety when a <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> assassinated Archbishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a> while he was saying <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">mass</a> in March 1980. In December 1980, <a href="/wiki/1980_murders_of_U.S._missionaries_in_El_Salvador" title="1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador">three American nuns and a lay worker</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gangrape" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangrape">gangraped</a> and murdered by a military unit later found to have been acting on specific orders. Death squads were instrumental in killing thousands of peasants and activists. Funding for the squads came primarily from right-wing Salvadoran businessmen and landowners.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> El Salvadorian death squads indirectly received arms, funding, training and advice during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> administrations.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Some death squads such as <a href="/wiki/Sombra_Negra" title="Sombra Negra">Sombra Negra</a> are still operating in El Salvador.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honduras">Honduras</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_squads_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Death squads in Honduras">Death squads in Honduras</a></div> Honduras also had far-right death squads active through the 1980s, the most notorious of which was <a href="/wiki/Battalion_3-16_(Honduras)" title="Battalion 3-16 (Honduras)">Battalion 3–16</a>. Hundreds of people, teachers, politicians and union bosses were assassinated by government-backed forces. Battalion 316 received substantial support and training from the United States through the Central Intelligence Agency.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> At least nineteen members were <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation" title="Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation">School of the Americas</a> graduates.<a href="#cite_note-republic_SOA_nonstop-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-derechos_316_soa-145">[143]</a> As of mid-2006, seven members, including <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joya" title="Billy Joya">Billy Joya</a>, later played important roles in the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zelaya" title="Manuel Zelaya">Manuel Zelaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mesoamerica_200606-146">[144]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2009_Honduran_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Honduran constitutional crisis">2009 Honduran constitutional crisis</a>, former Battalion 3–16 member <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Willy_Mej%C3%ADa_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Nelson Willy Mejía Mejía">Nelson Willy Mejía Mejía</a> became Director-General of Immigration<a href="#cite_note-NCR_NWMejiaMejia-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-cofadeh_NMWW-148">[146]</a> and Billy Joya was de facto President <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Micheletti" title="Roberto Micheletti">Roberto Micheletti</a>'s security advisor.<a href="#cite_note-DemocNow_Zelaya-149">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Napole%C3%B3n_Nassar_Herrera" title="Napoleón Nassar Herrera">Napoleón Nassar Herrera</a>, another former Battalion 3–16 member,<a href="#cite_note-mesoamerica_200606-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-nizkor_nassar-150">[148]</a> was high Commissioner of Police for the north-west region under Zelaya and under Micheletti, even becoming a Secretary of Security spokesperson "for dialogue" under Micheletti.<a href="#cite_note-elnuevo_nazar-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-mines_nassar-152">[150]</a> Zelaya claimed that Joya had reactivated the death squad, with dozens of government opponents having been murdered since the ascent of the Michiletti and Lobo governments.<a href="#cite_note-DemocNow_Zelaya-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="National_Synarchist_Union">National Synarchist Union</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></div> The largest far-right party in Mexico is the National Synarchist Union. It was historically a movement of the Roman Catholic extreme right, in some ways akin to <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">clerical fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a>, strongly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularist">secularist</a> policies of the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> and its predecessors that governed Mexico from 1929 to 2000 and 2012 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Fujimori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al_Fujimori.jpg/170px-Al_Fujimori.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al_Fujimori.jpg/255px-Al_Fujimori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Al_Fujimori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>, the creator of <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">internal conflict in Peru</a> and a struggling presidency of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Peruvian Armed Forces</a> created <a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a>, initially a coup plan that involved establishing a government that would carry out the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> of impoverished and indigenous Peruvians, the control or <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of media and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economy controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-Rospigliosi-1996b-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burt-1998-157">[155]</a> Military planners also decided against the coup as they expected <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, a neoliberal candidate, to be elected in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">1990 Peruvian general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avilés-2009-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rospigliosi-1996-159">[157]</a> Vargas Llosa later reported that <a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._E._Quainton" title="Anthony C. E. Quainton">Anthony C. E. Quainton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Peru">United States Ambassador to Peru</a>, personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) purportedly being supportive of his opponent <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> were authentic, reportedly due to Fujimori's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)" title="National Intelligence Service (Peru)">National Intelligence Service (SIN)</a> officer who was tasked with spying on the Peruvian military for the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-REND12-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo2-161">[159]</a> An agreement was ultimately adopted between the armed forces and Fujimori after he was inaugurated president,<a href="#cite_note-Avilés-2009-158">[156]</a> with the Fujimori implementing many of the objectives outlined in Plan Verde.<a href="#cite_note-Alfredo2-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Avilés-2009-158">[156]</a> Fujimori then established <a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a>, an ideology with authoritarian<a href="#cite_note-PROFE12-162">[160]</a> and conservative traits<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> that is still prevalent throughout Peru's institutions,<a href="#cite_note-Villalba-2022-165">[163]</a> leading Peru through the <a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian coup d'état">1992 Peruvian coup d'état</a> until he fled to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 2000 during the <a href="/wiki/Vladivideos" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladivideos">Vladivideos</a> scandal. Following <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori%27s_arrest_and_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial">Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial</a>, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Keiko_Fujimori" title="Keiko Fujimori">Keiko Fujimori</a> assumed leadership of the Fujimorist movement and established <a href="/wiki/Popular_Force" title="Popular Force">Popular Force</a>, a far-right political party.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2016_Peruvian_general_election" title="2016 Peruvian general election">2016 Peruvian general election</a> resulted with the party holding the most power in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Peru">Congress of Peru</a> from 2016 to 2019, marking the beginning of a <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%93present_Peruvian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–present Peruvian political crisis">political crisis</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Peruvian_general_election" title="2021 Peruvian general election">2021 Peruvian general election</a>, far-right politician <a href="/wiki/Rafael_L%C3%B3pez_Aliaga" title="Rafael López Aliaga">Rafael López Aliaga</a> and his party <a href="/wiki/Popular_Renewal" title="Popular Renewal">Popular Renewal</a> rose in popularity<a href="#cite_note-EFE-2021-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-aldia-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-LAHT-2021-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> and a far-right Congress – with the body's largest far-right bloc being Popular Force, Popular Renewal and <a href="/wiki/Advance_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance Country">Advance Country</a><a href="#cite_note-FAR-175">[173]</a> – was elected into office.<a href="#cite_note-:21-176">[174]</a> Following the election, <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia (page does not exist)">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neofascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofascist">neofascist</a> militant organization would promote Fujimorism and oppose President <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in the United States">Fascism in the United States</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">United States politics</a>, the terms "extreme right", "far-right", and "ultra-right" are labels used to describe "militant forms of insurgent revolutionary right ideology and separatist ethnocentric nationalism", according to <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Eye_(magazine)" title="The Public Eye (magazine)">The Public Eye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">[178]</a> The terms are used for groups and movements such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">[178]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">[178]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">[178]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-SPLCenter-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL_2020-182">[180]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">[178]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">Joy of Satan Ministries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SPLCenter-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-ADL_2020-182">[180]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Upchurch_2021-183">[181]</a> These far-right groups share <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracist views</a> of power which are overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> and reject <a href="/wiki/Pluralist_democracy" title="Pluralist democracy">pluralist democracy</a> in favour of an <a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> that would unite the perceived homogeneously racial <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkish</a> nation.<a href="#cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Upchurch_2021-183">[181]</a> The far-right in the United States is composed of various <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacism">white supremacist</a> organizations and networks who have been known to refer to an "<a href="/wiki/Accelerationism#Far-right_accelerationist_terrorism" title="Accelerationism">acceleration</a>" of racial conflict through violent means such as <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a>, in order to achieve the building of a <a href="/wiki/White_ethnostate" title="White ethnostate">white ethnostate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Radical_right">Radical right</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ku_Klux_Klan_parade7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ku_Klux_Klan_parade7.jpg/220px-Ku_Klux_Klan_parade7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ku_Klux_Klan_parade7.jpg/330px-Ku_Klux_Klan_parade7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ku_Klux_Klan_parade7.jpg/440px-Ku_Klux_Klan_parade7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> parade in Washington, D.C., September 1926</figcaption></figure> Starting in the 1870s and continuing through the late 19th century, numerous <a href="/wiki/White_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacism">white supremacist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary group">paramilitary groups</a> operated in <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>, with the goal of organizing against and intimidating supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. Examples of such groups included the <a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Ku_Klux_Klan" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Ku Klux Klan">Second Ku Klux Klan</a>, which was formed in 1915, combined <a href="/wiki/Protestant_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant fundamentalism">Protestant fundamentalism</a> and moralism with right-wing extremism. Its major support came from the urban South, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">the Midwest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973116-185">[183]</a> While the Klan initially drew <a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">upper middle class</a> support, its bigotry and violence alienated these members and it came to be dominated by less educated and poorer members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973125-186">[184]</a> Between the 1920s and the 1930s, the Ku Klux Klan developed an explicitly <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#United_States" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a>, pro-<a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">anti-Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">anti-Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish sentiment">anti-Jewish</a> stance in relation to the growing political, economic, and social uncertainty related to the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">arrival of European immigrants on the American soil</a>, predominantly composed of <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_of_Eastern_European_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration of Eastern European Jews">Eastern European Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman_1999-187">[185]</a> The Ku Klux Klan claimed that there was a secret Catholic army within the United States loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, that one million <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> were arming themselves, and that <a href="/wiki/Irish-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-American">Irish-American</a> policemen would shoot <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a> as heretics. Their sensationalistic claims eventually developed into full-blown <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">political conspiracy theories</a>, to the point that the Klan claimed that <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">Roman Catholics were planning to take Washington and put the Vatican in power</a> and that <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_assassination_attempts_and_plots" title="List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots">all presidential assassinations</a> had been carried out by Roman Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The prominent Klan leader <a href="/wiki/D._C._Stephenson" title="D. C. Stephenson">D. C. Stephenson</a> believed in the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic canard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_control_of_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish control of finance">Jewish control of finance</a>, claiming that international Jewish bankers were behind the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and planned to destroy economic opportunities for Christians. Other Klansmen believed in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> conspiracy theory and claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> were orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. They frequently reprinted parts of <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> was condemned as an evil city controlled by Jews and Roman Catholics. The objects of the Klan fear tended to vary by locale and included <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> as well as American <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">labour unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">liquor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Orientals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Wobblies</a>. They were also anti-elitist and attacked "the intellectuals", seeing themselves as egalitarian defenders of the common man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973138–139-190">[188]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, there were a large number of small nativist groups, whose ideologies and bases of support were similar to those of earlier nativist groups. However, proto-fascist movements such as <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth" title="Share Our Wealth">Share Our Wealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Union_for_Social_Justice_(organization)" title="National Union for Social Justice (organization)">National Union for Social Justice</a> emerged which differed from other right-wing groups by attacking big business, calling for economic reforms, and rejecting nativism. Coughlin's group later developed a <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racist</a> ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973152-191">[189]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scares</a>, the far right "saw spies and communists influencing government and entertainment. Thus, despite bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Anticommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">anticommunism</a> in the United States, it was the right that mainly fought the great ideological battle against the communists."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005588-192">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>, founded in 1958, is a prominent example of a far-right organization mainly concerned with <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> and the perceived threat of communism. Neo-Nazi militant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Matthews" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Jay Matthews">Robert Jay Matthews</a> of the White supremacist group <a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a> came to support the John Birch Society, especially when <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> icon <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> from Arizona ran for the presidency on the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ticket. Far-right conservatives consider <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_(missionary)" title="John Birch (missionary)">John Birch</a> to be the first casualty of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005557-193">[191]</a> In the 1990s, many conservatives turned against then-President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, who pleasured neither the Republican Party's more moderate and far-right wings. As a result, Bush was primared by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a>. In the 2000s, critics of President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s conservative unilateralism argued it can be traced to both Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> who embraced the policy since the early 1990s and to far-right Congressmen who won their seats during the conservative revolution of 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Kopeček_2007-12">[12]</a> Although small voluntary militias had existed in the United States throughout the latter half of the 20th century, the groups became more popular during the early 1990s, after a series of standoffs between armed citizens and federal government agents, such as the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Ridge">Ruby Ridge</a> siege and 1993 <a href="/wiki/Waco_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Waco Siege">Waco Siege</a>. These groups expressed concern for what they perceived as government tyranny within the United States and generally held <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">constitutionalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-libertarian">right-libertarian</a> political views, with a strong focus on the Second Amendment gun rights and tax protest. They also embraced many of the same conspiracy theories as predecessor groups on the radical right, particularly the <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a> conspiracy theory. Examples of such groups are the patriot and militia movements <a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a>. A minority of militia groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Posse_Comitatus_(organization)" title="Posse Comitatus (organization)">Posse Comitatus</a>, were <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalists</a> and saw militia and patriot movements as a form of White resistance against what they perceived to be a <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiculturalist">multiculturalist</a> government. Militia and patriot organizations were involved in the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Bundy_standoff" title="Bundy standoff">Bundy standoff</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> and the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Malheur_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge">occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Socialist_Movement_Rally_US_Capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/National_Socialist_Movement_Rally_US_Capitol.jpg/220px-National_Socialist_Movement_Rally_US_Capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/National_Socialist_Movement_Rally_US_Capitol.jpg/330px-National_Socialist_Movement_Rally_US_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/National_Socialist_Movement_Rally_US_Capitol.jpg/440px-National_Socialist_Movement_Rally_US_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a> rally on the west lawn of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">US Capitol</a>, Washington, DC, 2008</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">counter-jihad</a> movement, supported by groups such as <a href="/wiki/Stop_Islamization_of_America" title="Stop Islamization of America">Stop Islamization of America</a> and individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gaffney" title="Frank Gaffney">Frank Gaffney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Geller" title="Pamela Geller">Pamela Geller</a>, began to gain traction among the American right. The counter-jihad members were widely dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Islamophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamophobic">Islamophobic</a>" for their <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">vocal criticism of the Islamic religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">its founder Muhammad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cimino_2005-198">[196]</a> and their belief that there was a significant threat posed by Muslims living in America.<a href="#cite_note-Cimino_2005-198">[196]</a> Its proponents believed that the United States was under threat from "Islamic supremacism", accusing the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_American-Islamic_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on American-Islamic Relations">Council on American-Islamic Relations</a> and even prominent conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Suhail_A._Khan" title="Suhail A. Khan">Suhail A. Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a> of supporting <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> groups and organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> emerged during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> cycle in support of the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">presidential campaign</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a>). It draws influence from <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">paleolibertarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">manosphere</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoreactionary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoreactionary movement">neoreactionary</a> movements. The alt-right differs from previous radical right movements due to its heavy internet presence on websites such as <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Chetan Bhatt, in White Extinction: Metaphysical Elements of Contemporary Western Fascism, says that "The 'fear of white extinction', and related ideas of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">population eugenics</a>, have travelled far and represent a wider political anxiety about 'white displacement' in the US, UK, and Europe that has fuelled the right-wing phenomena referred to by that sanitizing word '<a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>', a term that neatly evades attention to the racism and white majoritarianism that energizes it."<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Fascism in Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> In the 21st century, far-right <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> has been criticized for being used to justify oppression of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> region and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights</a> improvement,<a href="#cite_note-The_Diplomat-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> but full-scale ultranationalism is deemed to be unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and its <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> have also tolerated or moved closer toward ultraconservative<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han-centric</a> values.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang Shigong</a> is considered a major promoter of the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">neoauthoritarianism in China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Some intellectuals "flirted" with neoconservatism and its "fascistic-like characteristics", but they have not gained wide appeal.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> in India has been claimed to combine economic nationalism with <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">religious nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-y707-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">islamists</a> in Indonesia are far-right.<a href="#cite_note-k356-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Israel" title="Far-right politics in Israel">Far-right politics in Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach (political party)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kach_and_Kahane_Chai.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Kach_and_Kahane_Chai.svg/220px-Flag_of_Kach_and_Kahane_Chai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Kach_and_Kahane_Chai.svg/330px-Flag_of_Kach_and_Kahane_Chai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Kach_and_Kahane_Chai.svg/440px-Flag_of_Kach_and_Kahane_Chai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Kach, used by Kahanists</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a> was a radical <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">religious Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Israel" title="List of political parties in Israel">political party in Israel</a>, existing from 1971 to 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Weinblum2015-211">[209]</a> Founded by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a> in 1971, based on his Jewish-Orthodox-nationalist ideology subsequently known as <a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a>, which held the view that most <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> living in Israel are enemies of Jews and Israel itself, and believed that a <a href="/wiki/Halakhic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic state">Jewish theocratic state</a>, where non-Jews have no voting rights, should be created.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The party secured a single seat in the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1984 Israeli legislative election">1984 election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Knesset-213">[211]</a> but was subsequently barred from standing in elections, and both it and Kahanism organisations were banned outright in 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Israeli cabinet</a> under 1948 anti-<a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> laws,<a href="#cite_note-treas.gov-214">[212]</a> following statements by it in support of the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a> by a Kach supporter.<a href="#cite_note-cdi.org-215">[213]</a> In 2015, the Kach party and Kahanist movement were believed to have an overlapping membership of fewer than 100 people,<a href="#cite_note-cfr-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-START-kach-217">[215]</a> with links to the modern party <a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a> (Jewish Power) party,<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-TachlesJP-219">[217]</a> which, running on a <a href="/wiki/Kahanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahanist">Kahanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arab">anti-Arab</a> platform,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-221">[219]</a> won six seats in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2022 Israeli legislative election">2022 Israeli legislative election</a>, having run jointly with fellow far-right parties <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-seventh government of Israel">thirty-seventh government of Israel</a> which formed after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2022 Israeli legislative election">2022 Israeli legislative election</a> as subsequently been critiqued as Israel's most hardline and far-right government to date.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-225">[223]</a> The coalition government consists of six parties: <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam</a>, so having half of its coalition partners hailing from the far-right. The government has been noted for its significant shift towards far-right policies, and the appointment of controversial far-right politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Itamar Ben-Gvir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich" title="Bezalel Smotrich">Bezalel Smotrich</a>, to positions of considerable influence.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Ultranationalism (Japan)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Japan" title="Racism in Japan">Racism in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaisen_Uyoku-P1020165.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gaisen_Uyoku-P1020165.JPG/220px-Gaisen_Uyoku-P1020165.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gaisen_Uyoku-P1020165.JPG/330px-Gaisen_Uyoku-P1020165.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gaisen_Uyoku-P1020165.JPG/440px-Gaisen_Uyoku-P1020165.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Gaisen Uyoku (街宣右翼), a Japanese far-right group, holding an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">anti-China speech</a> at the square of <a href="/wiki/Kinshich%C5%8D_Station" title="Kinshichō Station">Kinshichō Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumida,_Tokyo" title="Sumida, Tokyo">Sumida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (2010)</figcaption></figure> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">National Police Agency</a> estimated that there were over 1,000 extremist right-wing groups in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with about 100,000 members in total. These groups are known in Japanese as Uyoku dantai. While there are political differences among the groups, they generally carry a philosophy of anti-leftism, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Japan" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan">hostility towards China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">North Korea and South Korea</a>, and justification of <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan's role</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war crimes</a> in World War II. Uyoku dantai groups are well known for their highly visible <a href="/wiki/Sound_trucks_in_Japan" title="Sound trucks in Japan">propaganda vehicles fitted with loudspeakers</a> and prominently marked with the name of the group and propaganda slogans. The vehicles play patriotic or wartime-era Japanese songs. Activists affiliated with such groups have used <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_bomb" title="Time bomb">time bombs</a> to intimidate moderate Japanese politicians and public figures, including former Deputy Foreign Minister Hitoshi Tanaka and <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Xerox" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuji Xerox">Fuji Xerox</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Yotaro_Kobayashi" title="Yotaro Kobayashi">Yotaro Kobayashi</a>. An ex-member of a right-wing group set fire to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Kato_(politician,_born_1939)" title="Koichi Kato (politician, born 1939)">Koichi Kato</a>'s house. Koichi Kato and Yotaro Kobayashi had spoken out against Koizumi's visits to <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> Openly revisionist, <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a> is considered "the biggest right-wing organization in Japan."<a href="#cite_note-Narusawa-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4></div> Far-right <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> have been appropriating <a href="/wiki/Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human rights</a> language in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-c820-230">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan_(Republic_of_China)">Taiwan (Republic of China)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror (Taiwan)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Concentric_Patriotism_Alliance_(Party).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Concentric_Patriotism_Alliance_%28Party%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Concentric_Patriotism_Alliance_%28Party%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Concentric_Patriotism_Alliance_%28Party%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Concentric_Patriotism_Alliance_%28Party%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Concentric_Patriotism_Alliance_%28Party%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Concentric_Patriotism_Alliance_%28Party%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Party flag of <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Alliance_Association" title="Patriot Alliance Association">Patriot Alliance Association</a> (PAA)</figcaption></figure> The far-right <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">New Party</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> supports the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a> as proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Most politicians in the conservative <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> reject <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Fascism in Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenia">Armenia</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Armenian-Aryan Racialist Political Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adequate_Party" title="Adequate Party">Adequate Party</a> are the main far-right political movements in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Croatia" title="Far-right politics in Croatia">Far-right politics in Croatia</a></div> Individuals and groups in Croatia that employ far-right politics are most often associated with the historical <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> movement, hence they have connections to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascism</a>. That World War II political movement was an extremist organization at the time supported by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">German Nazis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Italian Fascists</a>. The association with the Ustaše has been called neo-Ustashism by <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Goldstein" title="Slavko Goldstein">Slavko Goldstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Most active far-right political parties in Croatia openly state their continuity with the Ustaše.<a href="#cite_note-Eremina_&_Seredenko-239">[237]</a> These include the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authentic_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentic Croatian Party of Rights">Authentic Croatian Party of Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eremina_&_Seredenko-239">[237]</a> Croatia's far-right often advocates the false theory that the <a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac concentration camp</a> was a "labour camp" where mass murder did not take place.<a href="#cite_note-Milekic-240">[238]</a> The coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Miroslav_%C5%A0koro" title="Miroslav Škoro">Miroslav Škoro</a>'s far-right <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Movement_(Croatia)" title="Homeland Movement (Croatia)">Homeland Movement</a> came third at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Croatian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a>, winning 10.9% of the vote and 16 seats.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_League_of_Freedom_Fighters_-_Vaps_Movement_-_Roman_salute_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Estonian_League_of_Freedom_Fighters_-_Vaps_Movement_-_Roman_salute_1.jpg/220px-Estonian_League_of_Freedom_Fighters_-_Vaps_Movement_-_Roman_salute_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Estonian_League_of_Freedom_Fighters_-_Vaps_Movement_-_Roman_salute_1.jpg/330px-Estonian_League_of_Freedom_Fighters_-_Vaps_Movement_-_Roman_salute_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Estonian_League_of_Freedom_Fighters_-_Vaps_Movement_-_Roman_salute_1.jpg/440px-Estonian_League_of_Freedom_Fighters_-_Vaps_Movement_-_Roman_salute_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Andres_Larka" title="Andres Larka">Andres Larka</a> speaking in 1933</figcaption></figure> Estonia's most significant far-right movement was the <a href="/wiki/Vaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaps">Vaps</a> movement. Its ideological predecessor Valve Liit was founded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Johan_Pitka" title="Johan Pitka">Johan Pitka</a> and later banned for maligning the government. The organization became politicized quickly Vaps soon turned into a mass fascist movement.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> In 1933, Estonians voted on Vaps' proposed changes to the constitution and the party later won a large proportion of the vote. However, the State Elder Konstantin Päts declared state of emergency and imprisoned the leadership of the Vaps. In 1935, all political parties were banned. In 1935, a Vaps coup attempt was discovered, which led to the banning of the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blues-and-Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Blues-and-Blacks">youth wing</a> that had been secretly aiding and arming them.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%B5rvikurongk%C3%A4ik_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/T%C3%B5rvikurongk%C3%A4ik_2018.jpg/220px-T%C3%B5rvikurongk%C3%A4ik_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/T%C3%B5rvikurongk%C3%A4ik_2018.jpg/330px-T%C3%B5rvikurongk%C3%A4ik_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/T%C3%B5rvikurongk%C3%A4ik_2018.jpg/440px-T%C3%B5rvikurongk%C3%A4ik_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Far-right torch march in Tallinn</figcaption></figure> During World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Self-Administration" title="Estonian Self-Administration">Estonian Self-Administration</a> was a collaborationist pro-Nazi government set up in Estonia, headed by Vaps member <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_M%C3%A4e" title="Hjalmar Mäe">Hjalmar Mäe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> In the 21st century, the coalition-governing <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party of Estonia</a> been described as far right.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> The neo-Nazi terrorist organization <a href="/wiki/Feuerkrieg_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Feuerkrieg Division">Feuerkrieg Division</a> was found and operates in the country, with some members of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party of Estonia</a> having been linked to the Feuerkrieg Division.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> The party's youth organisation <a href="/wiki/Blue_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Awakening">Blue Awakening</a> organises an annual torchlight march through <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> on Estonia's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Estonia)" title="Independence Day (Estonia)">Independence Day</a>. The event has been harshly criticized by the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a> that described it as "Nuremberg-esque" and likened the ideology of the participants to that of the <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#Estonia" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Estonian Nazi collaborators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Finland" title="Far-right politics in Finland">Far-right politics in Finland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talonpoikaismarssi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Talonpoikaismarssi.jpg/220px-Talonpoikaismarssi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Talonpoikaismarssi.jpg/330px-Talonpoikaismarssi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Talonpoikaismarssi.jpg/440px-Talonpoikaismarssi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a>, a show of force in Helsinki by the <a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a> on 7 July 1930</figcaption></figure> In Finland, support for the far right was most widespread between 1920 and 1940 when the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vientirauha" title="Vientirauha">Vientirauha</a> operated in the country and had hundreds of thousands of members.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Far-right groups exercised considerable political power during this period, pressuring the government to outlaw communist parties and newspapers and expel <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> from the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> During the Cold War, all parties deemed fascist were banned according to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Treaties">Paris Peace Treaties</a> and all former fascist activists had to find new political homes.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a>, many continued in public life. Three former members of the Waffen SS served as ministers of defense; <a href="/wiki/Sulo_Suorttanen" title="Sulo Suorttanen">Sulo Suorttanen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pekka_Malinen" title="Pekka Malinen">Pekka Malinen</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mikko_Laaksonen" title="Mikko Laaksonen">Mikko Laaksonen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arvi_kalsta_skj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arvi_kalsta_skj.jpg/220px-Arvi_kalsta_skj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arvi_kalsta_skj.jpg/330px-Arvi_kalsta_skj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Arvi_kalsta_skj.jpg/440px-Arvi_kalsta_skj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Arvi Kalsta</a> addressing an <a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">SKJ</a> meeting</figcaption></figure> The skinhead culture gained momentum during the late 1980s and peaked during the late 1990s. Numerous hate crimes were committed against refugees, including a number of racially motivated murders.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> Today, the most prominent neo-Nazi group is the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a>, which is tied to multiple murders, attempted murders and assaults of political enemies was found in 2006 and proscribed in 2019. Prominent far-right parties include the <a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Blue-and-Black Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_Belongs_to_the_People" title="Power Belongs to the People">Power Belongs to the People</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> The second biggest Finnish party, the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>, has been described as far right.<a href="#cite_note-finns-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> The former leader of the Finns party and current speaker of the Parliament <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Halla-aho" title="Jussi Halla-aho">Jussi Halla-aho</a>, has been convicted of hate speech due to his comments stating that, "Prophet Muhammad was a pedophile and Islam justifies pedophilia and Pedophilia was Allah's will." Finns Party members have frequently supported far-right and neo-Nazi movements such as the Finnish Defense League, Soldiers of Odin, Nordic Resistance Movement, Rajat Kiinni (Close the Borders), and Suomi Ensin (Finland First). "<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> In the 1990s and 2000s, before the breakthrough of the Finns Party, a few openly neo-Nazi candidates enjoyed success, like Janne Kujala of <a href="/wiki/Finland_-_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland - Fatherland">Finland - Fatherland</a> (founded as Aryan Germanic Brotherhood) and <a href="/wiki/Jouni_Lanam%C3%A4ki" title="Jouni Lanamäki">Jouni Lanamäki</a> who was previously associated with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Reich_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Reich Party">Nordic Reich Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hs2017-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> The NRM and Finns party and other far-right groups organize an annual torch march demonstration in Helsinki in memory of the Finnish SS-battalion on the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Finland)" title="Independence Day (Finland)">Finnish independence day</a> which ends at the <a href="/wiki/Hietaniemi_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hietaniemi cemetery">Hietaniemi cemetery</a> where members visit the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a> and the monument to the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_SS_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish SS Battalion">Finnish SS Battalion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The event is protested by antifascists, leading to counterdemonstrators being violently assaulted by NRM members who act as security. The demonstration attracts close to 3,000 participants according to the estimates of the police and hundreds of officers patrol Helsinki to prevent violent clashes.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-holappa-274">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_far-right_movements_in_France" title="History of far-right movements in France">History of far-right movements in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generation-identitaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Generation-identitaire.jpg/220px-Generation-identitaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Generation-identitaire.jpg/330px-Generation-identitaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Generation-identitaire.jpg/440px-Generation-identitaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires#Youth_wing" title="Les Identitaires">Génération Identitaire</a> demonstration in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> The largest far-right party in Europe is the French anti-immigration party <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a>, formally known as the National Front.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> The party was founded in 1972, uniting a variety of French far-right groups under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> Since 1984, it has been the major force of <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-279">[277]</a> Jean-Marie Le Pen's daughter <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> was elected to succeed him as party leader in 2012. Under Jean-Marie Le Pen's leadership, the party sparked outrage for hate speech, including <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbeit_familie_vaterland_transparent_sachsenmut_stoppt_moslemflut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arbeit_familie_vaterland_transparent_sachsenmut_stoppt_moslemflut.jpg/220px-Arbeit_familie_vaterland_transparent_sachsenmut_stoppt_moslemflut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arbeit_familie_vaterland_transparent_sachsenmut_stoppt_moslemflut.jpg/330px-Arbeit_familie_vaterland_transparent_sachsenmut_stoppt_moslemflut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Arbeit_familie_vaterland_transparent_sachsenmut_stoppt_moslemflut.jpg/440px-Arbeit_familie_vaterland_transparent_sachsenmut_stoppt_moslemflut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Right-wing populists protesting against Islam in Germany, 2008</figcaption></figure> In 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a> took control of Germany and banned the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and the publication of <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>. Explicitly <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> organizations are banned in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-naziban-282">[280]</a> In 1960, the West German parliament voted unanimously to "make it illegal to incite hatred, to provoke violence, or to insult, ridicule or defame 'parts of the population' in a manner apt to breach the peace." German law outlaws anything that "approves of, glorifies or justifies the violent and despotic rule of the National Socialists."<a href="#cite_note-naziban-282">[280]</a> Section 86a of the <a href="/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch" title="Strafgesetzbuch">Strafgesetzbuch</a> (Criminal Code) outlaws any "use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations" outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law primarily outlaws the use of Nazi symbols, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting.<a href="#cite_note-iuscomp-283">[281]</a> In the 21st century, the German far right consists of various small parties and two larger groups, namely <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) and <a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">Pegida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naziban-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Virchow-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> In March 2021, the Germany domestic intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a> placed the AfD under surveillance, the first time in the post-war period that a main opposition party had been subjected to such scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Metaxism">Metaxism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioannis_Metaxas_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ioannis_Metaxas_1937.jpg/170px-Ioannis_Metaxas_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ioannis_Metaxas_1937.jpg/255px-Ioannis_Metaxas_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ioannis_Metaxas_1937.jpg/340px-Ioannis_Metaxas_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a></figcaption></figure> The far right in Greece first came to power under the ideology of Metaxism, a <a href="/wiki/Proto-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-fascist">proto-fascist</a> ideology developed by dictator <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Ioannis Metaxas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stanpayne-288">[286]</a> Metaxism called for the regeneration of the Greek nation and the establishment of an ethnically homogeneous state.<a href="#cite_note-Sorensen-289">[287]</a> Metaxism disparaged <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, and held individual interests to be subordinate to those of the nation, seeking to mobilize the Greek people as a disciplined mass in service to the creation of a "new Greece".<a href="#cite_note-Sorensen-289">[287]</a> The Metaxas government and its official doctrines are often compared to conventional totalitarian-conservative dictatorships such as <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stanpayne-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-European_Dictatorships,_1918–1945-290">[288]</a> The Metaxist government derived its authority from the conservative establishment and its doctrines strongly supported traditional institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Royal Family">Greek Royal Family</a>; essentially <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a>, it lacked the radical theoretical dimensions of ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">German Nazism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stanpayne-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-European_Dictatorships,_1918–1945-290">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Axis_occupation_of_Greece_and_aftermath">Axis occupation of Greece and aftermath</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Axis occupation of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A,_Athen,_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-164-0389-23A%2C_Athen%2C_Hissen_der_Hakenkreuzflagge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers in 1941 raising the <a href="/wiki/Reichskriegsflagge" title="Reichskriegsflagge">German War Flag</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis</a> which would be taken down by <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Glezos" title="Manolis Glezos">Manolis Glezos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolos_Santas" title="Apostolos Santas">Apostolos Santas</a> in one of the first acts of resistance</figcaption></figure> The Metaxis regime came to an end after the Axis powers invaded Greece. The Axis occupation of Greece began in April 1941.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> The occupation ruined the Greek economy and brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> The Jewish population of Greece was nearly eradicated. Of its pre-war population of 75–77,000, only around 11–12,000 survived, either by joining the resistance or being hidden.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> Following the short-lived interim government of <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou" title="Georgios Papandreou">Georgios Papandreou</a>, the military seized power in Greece during the <a href="/wiki/1967_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Greek coup d'état">1967 Greek coup d'état</a>, replacing the interim government with the right-wing United States-backed <a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a>. The Junta was a series of <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military juntas</a> that ruled Greece from 1967 to 1974. The <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> was characterised by right-wing cultural policies, restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a> and the imprisonment, torture and exile of <a href="/wiki/Greek_anti-junta_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek anti-junta movement">political opponents</a>. The junta's rule ended on 24 July 1974 under the pressure of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a> ("regime change") to democracy and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" title="Third Hellenic Republic">Third Hellenic Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> Until 2019, the dominant far-right party in Greece in the 21st century was the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a> and Mataxist inspired<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Dawn (political party)">Golden Dawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/May_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="May 2012 Greek legislative election">May 2012 Greek legislative election</a>, Golden Dawn won 21 seats in the Hellenic Parliament, receiving 6.97% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> It became the third largest party in the Greek Parliament with 17 seats after the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">January 2015 election</a>, winning 6.28% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Nikolaos Michaloliakos</a>, Golden Dawn had its origins in the movement that worked towards a return to right-wing military dictatorship in Greece. Following an investigation into the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Pavlos_Fyssas" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Pavlos Fyssas">murder of Pavlos Fyssas</a>, an anti-fascist rapper, by a supporter of the party,<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> Michaloliakos and several other Golden Dawn parliamentarians and members were arrested and held in <a href="/wiki/Pre-trial_detention" title="Pre-trial detention">pre-trial detention</a> on suspicion of forming a criminal organization.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> The trial began on 20 April 2015<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> and eventually led to the conviction of 7 of its leaders for heading a criminal organisation and 61 other defendants for participating in a criminal organisation.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> Guilty verdicts on charges of murder, attempted murder, and violent attacks on immigrants and left-wing political opponents were also delivered and prison sentences of a combined total of over 500 years were handed out. Golden Dawn later lost all of its remaining seats in the Greek Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">2019 Greek legislative election</a>, and<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> a 2020 survey showed the party's popularity plummeting to just 1.5%, down from 2.9% in previous year's elections.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> This means that the largest party in Greece that is considered right wing to far right is <a href="/wiki/Greek_Solution" title="Greek Solution">Greek Solution</a>, which has been described as ideologically <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalist">ultranationalist</a><a href="#cite_note-PoliticoUnorthodox-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> The party garnered 3.7% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">2019 Greek legislative election</a>, winning 10 out of the 300 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> and 4.18% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece" title="2019 European Parliament election in Greece">2019 European Parliament election in Greece</a>, winning one seat in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed,_far-right_organizations_in_Italy" title="Armed, far-right organizations in Italy">Armed, far-right organizations in Italy</a></div> The far right has maintained a continuous political presence in Italy since the fall of Mussolini. The <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> party <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (1946–1995), influenced by the previous <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (1943–1945), became one of the chief reference points for the European far-right from the end of World War II until the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnazi200351-326">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> party dominated politics from 1994. According to some scholars, it gave neo-fascism a new respectability.<a href="#cite_note-BBCMuss-327">[325]</a> Caio Giulio Cesare Mussolini, great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, stood for the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2019 European Parliament election in Italy">2019 European Parliament election</a> as a member of the far right <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> party.<a href="#cite_note-BBCMuss-327">[325]</a> In 2011, it was estimated that the neo-fascist <a href="/wiki/CasaPound" title="CasaPound">CasaPound</a> party had 5,000 members.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> The name is derived from the fascist poet <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>. It has also been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona_(1943)" title="Congress of Verona (1943)">Manifesto of Verona</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Charter_of_1927" title="Labour Charter of 1927">Labour Charter of 1927</a> and social legislation of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> There has been collaboration between CasaPound and the <a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">identitarian movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> has become an increasingly divisive issue in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a> has been courting far-right voters. His <a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (Italy)">Northern League</a> party has become an <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant">anti-immigrant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> movement. Both parties are using Mussolini nostalgia to further their aims.<a href="#cite_note-BBCMuss-327">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Fascism in the Netherlands</a></div> Despite being neutral, the Netherlands was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on 10 May 1940 as part of <a href="/wiki/Fall_Gelb" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Gelb">Fall Gelb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> About 70% of the country's Jewish population were killed during the occupation, a much higher percentage than comparable countries such as Belgium and France.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> Most of the south of the country was liberated in the second half of 1944. The rest, especially the west and north of the country still under occupation, suffered from a famine at the end of 1944 known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944">Hunger Winter</a>. On 5 May 1945, the whole country was finally liberated by the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">total surrender of all German forces</a>. Since the end of World War II, the Netherlands has had a number of small far-right groups and parties, the largest and most successful being the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Geert Wilders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> Other far-right Dutch groups include the neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union" title="Dutch People's Union">Dutch People's Union</a> (1973–present),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2002118–122-335">[333]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Party (Netherlands)">Centre Party</a> (1982–1986), the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a> (1986–1998), the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Block" title="Dutch Block">Dutch Block</a> (1992–2000), <a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(Netherlands)" title="New National Party (Netherlands)">New National Party</a> (1998–2005) and the ultranationalist <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Netherlands)" title="National Alliance (Netherlands)">National Alliance</a> (2003–2007).&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-336">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Poland" title="Far-right politics in Poland">Far-right politics in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onr_krak%C3%B3w_2007_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Onr_krak%C3%B3w_2007_04.jpg/220px-Onr_krak%C3%B3w_2007_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Onr_krak%C3%B3w_2007_04.jpg/330px-Onr_krak%C3%B3w_2007_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Onr_krak%C3%B3w_2007_04.jpg/440px-Onr_krak%C3%B3w_2007_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp (1993)">National Radical Camp</a> march in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, July 2007</figcaption></figure> Following the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Poland">Communist Poland</a>, a number of far-right groups came to prominence including The <a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="European National Front">European National Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Tradition_and_Culture_%22Niklot%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Association for Tradition and Culture "Niklot"">Association for Tradition and Culture "Niklot"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/All-Polish_Youth" title="All-Polish Youth">All-Polish Youth</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp (1993)">National Radical Camp</a> were recreated in 1989 and 1993, respectively becoming Poland's most prominent far-right organizations. In 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> estimated the number of far-right and <a href="/wiki/White_power" class="mw-redirect" title="White power">white power</a> skinheads in Poland at 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> Since late 2000s smaller fascist groups have merged to form the neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a>. A number of far-right parties have run candidates in elections including the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families" title="League of Polish Families">League of Polish Families</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_(Poland)" title="National Movement (Poland)">National Movement</a> with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation Liberty and Independence</a> had the best performance of any far-right coalition to date, earning 1,256,953 votes which was 6.81% of the total vote in an election that saw a historically high turnout. Members of far-right groups make up a significant portion of those taking part in the annual Independence March in central Warsaw which started in 2009 to mark <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day (Poland)">Independence Day</a>. About 60,000 were in the 2017 march marking the 99th anniversary of independence, with placards such as "Clean Blood" seen on the march.<a href="#cite_note-wp-20171113-341">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a></div> The preeminent far-right party in Romania is the Greater Romania Party, founded in 1991 by Tudor, who was formerly known as a "<a href="/wiki/Poet_laureate" title="Poet laureate">court poet</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Communist</a> dictator <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> and his literary mentor, the writer <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Barbu" title="Eugen Barbu">Eugen Barbu</a>, one year after Tudor launched the România Mare weekly magazine, which remains the most important propaganda tool of the PRM. Tudor subsequently launched a companion daily newspaper called Tricolorul. The historical expression <a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a> refers to the idea of recreating the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a> which existed during the interwar period. Having been the largest entity to bear the name of Romania, the frontiers were marked with the intent of uniting most territories inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">ethnic Romanians</a> into a single country and it is now a rallying cry for <a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian nationalists">Romanian nationalists</a>. Due to internal conditions under <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a> after World War II, the expression's use was forbidden in publications until after the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> in 1989. The party's initial success was partly attributed to the deep rootedness of Ceaușescu's <a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">national communism</a> in Romania.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> Both the ideology and the main political focus of the Greater Romania Party are reflected in frequently strongly nationalistic articles written by Tudor. The party has called for the outlawing of the ethnic Hungarian party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_of_Hungarians_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania">Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania</a>, for allegedly plotting the secession of Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a></div> The period of development of Russian fascism in the 1930s–1940s was characterized by sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and pronounced <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F._Russian_Fascist_Party.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F._Russian_Fascist_Party.jpg/280px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F._Russian_Fascist_Party.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F._Russian_Fascist_Party.jpg/420px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F._Russian_Fascist_Party.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F._Russian_Fascist_Party.jpg/560px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83._%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F._Russian_Fascist_Party.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a> in the first half of the 20th century. The slogan "Let's get our homeland!" is also used by the modern far-right in Russia.</figcaption></figure> Russian fascism has its roots in the movements known in history as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>. It was distributed among <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">white émigré</a> circles living in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, and the United States. In Germany and the United States (unlike Manchukuo), they practically did not conduct political activity, limiting themselves to the publication of newspapers and brochures. Some ideologues of the white movement, such as <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Shulgin" title="Vasily Shulgin">Vasily Shulgin</a>, welcomed the coming to power of Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany, offering their comrades-in-arms the fascist "method" as a way to fight socialism, communism, and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">godlessness</a>. At the same time, they did not deny fascist <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> and antisemitism and even justified them.<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> With the outbreak of World War II, Russian fascists in Germany supported Nazi Germany and joined the ranks of Russian collaborators. Some Russian neo-Nazi organizations are part of the international <a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a> (WUNS, founded in 1962). As of 2012, six Russian organizations are among the officially registered members of the union: National Resistance, National Socialist Movement – Russian Division, All-Russian Public Patriotic Movement "<a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a>", National Socialist Movement "<a href="/wiki/Slavic_Union_(Russia)" title="Slavic Union (Russia)">Slavic Union</a>" (prohibited by a court decision in June 2010), and others. The following organizations are not included in WUNS: the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a> (banned by a court decision in 2010), the <a href="/wiki/Russian_All-National_Union" title="Russian All-National Union">Russian All-National Union</a> (banned in September 2011), and others, such as skinheads: "Legion" Werewolf "" (liquidated in 1996), "Schultz-88" (liquidated in 2006), "White Wolves" (liquidated in 2008–2010), "New Order" (ceased to exist), " Russian goal "(ceased to exist), and others. Some of the more radical neo-Nazi organizations, using terrorist methods, belonged to skinhead groups such as the Werewolf Legion (liquidated in 1996), Schultz-88 (liquidated in 2006), White Wolves (liquidated in 2008— 2010), New Order (ceased to exist), "Russian Goal" (ceased to exist), and others.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> Until the end of the 1990s, one of the largest parties of Russian national extremists was the neo-Nazi socio-political movement "Russian National Unity" (RNE), founded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Alexander Barkashov</a> in 1990. At the end of 1999, the RNE made an unsuccessful attempt to take part in the elections to the State Duma. Barkashov considered "true Orthodoxy" as a fusion of Christianity with paganism and advocated the "Russian God" and the "Aryan swastika" allegedly associated with it. He wrote about the Atlanteans, the Etruscans, and the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a>" civilization as the direct predecessors of the Russian nation, in a centuries-old struggle with the "Semites", the "<a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">world Jewish conspiracy</a>", and the "dominance of the Jews in Russia". The symbol of the movement was a modified swastika. Barkashov was a parishioner of the "<a href="/wiki/Russian_True_Orthodox_Church_(Lazar_Zhurbenko)" title="Russian True Orthodox Church (Lazar Zhurbenko)">True Orthodox ("Catacomb") Church</a>", and the first cells of the RNE were formed as brotherhoods and communities of the RTOC.<a href="#cite_note-Schnirelmann2012-347">[345]</a> The ideology of Russian neo-Nazism is closely connected with the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic neo-paganism (rodnovery)</a>. In a number of cases, there are also organizational ties between neo-Nazis and neo-pagans. One of the founders of Russian neo-paganism, the former dissident <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Dobrovolsky" title="Alexey Dobrovolsky">Alexey Dobrovolsky</a> (pagan name – Dobroslav) shared the ideas of Nazism and transferred them to his neo-pagan teaching.<a href="#cite_note-Schnirelmann2012-347">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schnirelmann2015-348">[346]</a> Modern Russian neo-paganism took shape in the second half<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> of the 1970s and is associated with the activities of Dobrovolsky and Moscow Arabist <a href="/wiki/Valery_Yemelyanov" title="Valery Yemelyanov">Valery Yemelyanov</a> (neo-pagan name – Velemir),<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schnirelmann2015-348">[346]</a> both supporters of antisemitism. Rodnoverie is a popular religion among Russian <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">skinheads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> These skinheads, however, do not usually practice their religion.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> Historian Dmitry Shlapentokh wrote that, as in Europe, neo-paganism in Russia pushes some of its adherents to antisemitism. This antisemitism is closely related to negative attitudes towards Asians, and this emphasis on racial factors can lead neo-pagans to neo-Nazism. The tendency of neo-pagans to antisemitism is a logical development of the ideas of neo-paganism and imitation of the Nazis, and is also a consequence of a number of specific conditions of modern Russian politics. Unlike previous regimes, the modern Russian political regime, as well as the ideology of the middle class, combines support for Orthodoxy with <a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">philosemitism</a> and a positive attitude towards Muslims. These features of the regime contributed to the formation of specific views of neo-Nazi neo-pagans, which are represented to a large extent among the socially unprotected and marginalized <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian youth (page does not exist)">Russian youth</a>. In their opinion, power in Russia was usurped by a cabal of conspirators, including hierarchs of the Orthodox Church, Jews, and Muslims. Contrary to external differences, it is believed that these forces have united in their desire to maintain power over the Russian "Aryans".<a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Serbia" title="Far-right politics in Serbia">Far-right politics in Serbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chetniks_in_Belgrade,_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chetniks_in_Belgrade%2C_1920.jpg/220px-Chetniks_in_Belgrade%2C_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chetniks_in_Belgrade%2C_1920.jpg/330px-Chetniks_in_Belgrade%2C_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chetniks_in_Belgrade%2C_1920.jpg/440px-Chetniks_in_Belgrade%2C_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> in Belgrade, 1920</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, multiple far-right organizations and parties operated during the late <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">Yugoslav National Movement</a> (Zbor), <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a> (JRZ) and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Yugoslav_Nationalists" title="Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists">Organization of Yugoslav Nationalists</a> (ORJUNA). Zbor was headed by <a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Dimitrije Ljotić</a>, who during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> Ljotić was a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006-356">[354]</a> and he advocated for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralized Yugoslav state</a> that would be dominated by Serbs, and a return to Christian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> Zbor was the only registered political party in Yugoslavia that openly promoted <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a> JRZ was registered as a political party in 1934 by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Milan Stojadinović</a>, a right-wing politician who expressed his support towards Italian fascism during his premiership.<a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a> JRZ was initially a coalition made up of Stojadinović's, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Koro%C5%A1ec" title="Anton Korošec">Anton Korošec</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Spaho" title="Mehmed Spaho">Mehmed Spaho</a>'s supporters, and the party was the main stronghold for <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav ethnic nationalists</a> and supporters of <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karađorđević dynasty">Karađorđević dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> ORJUNA was a prominent organization in the 1920s that was influenced by fascism.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006-356">[354]</a> During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic ultranationalist</a> movement rose to prominence.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a> Chetniks were staunchly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> and they supported <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a> and the creation of a Greater Serbian state.<a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> They, including their leader <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>, extensively collaborated with the Axis powers in the second half of the World War II against their common enemy, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> After the re-establishment of the multi-party system in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1990, multiple right-wing movements and parties began getting popularity from which the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a> was the most successful.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006-356">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a>, who founded the party, promoted popular notions of "international conspiracy against the Serbs" during the 1990s which gained him popularity in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Serbian_general_election" title="1992 Serbian general election">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/1997_Serbian_general_election" title="1997 Serbian general election">1997 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a> During the 1990s, SRS has been also described as <a href="/wiki/Neofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofascism">neofascist</a> due to their vocal support of <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ethnic ultranationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian irredentism">irredentism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a> Its popularity went into decline after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Serbian_parliamentary_election" title="2008 Serbian parliamentary election">2008 election</a> when its acting leader <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Tomislav Nikolić">Tomislav Nikolić</a> seceded from the party to form the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Progressive_Party" title="Serbian Progressive Party">Serbian Progressive Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> Besides SRS, during the 2000s multiple neofascist and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a> movements began getting popular, such as <a href="/wiki/Nacionalni_stroj" title="Nacionalni stroj">Nacionalni stroj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/1389_Movement" title="1389 Movement">1389 Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dveri" title="Dveri">Dveri</a>, an organization turned political party, was also a prominent promoter of far-right content, and they were mainly known for their <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">clerical-fascist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western</a> stances.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a> Since 2019, the far-right <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Party_Oathkeepers" title="Serbian Party Oathkeepers">Serbian Party Oathkeepers</a> has gained popularity mainly due to their ultranationalist views,<a href="#cite_note-372">[370]</a> including the openly neofascist <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_Movement" title="Leviathan Movement">Leviathan Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Slovenia" title="Far-right politics in Slovenia">Far-right politics in Slovenia</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Slovenia&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> There are multiple groups and organisations within <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> which are or have been engaged in far-right political activity, and <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">right-wing extremism</a>. Their political activity has traditionally opposed and targeted socially progressive policies, and minorities (in particular; the LGBT community, and ethnic minorities like the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and immigrants (particularly those from the Southern Balkans),<a href="#cite_note-Kosak_Jul_12-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-Far-right_politics_in_Slovenia_:13-376">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-borut_jul_09-377">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> and espoused traditional ultraconservative and reactionary views and values.<a href="#cite_note-Kosak_Jul_12-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-borut_jul_09-377">[375]</a> More recently, a rise in new, incipient alt-right groups has been noted, particularly as a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While far-right actors have been responsible for multiple acts of violent extremism in Slovenia<a href="#cite_note-Far-right_politics_in_Slovenia_:13-376">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-borut_jul_09-377">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-delo_sep_14-379">[377]</a> it is a relatively minor issue in the country.<a href="#cite_note-not_enough-380">[378]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_far-right_in_Spain" title="History of the far-right in Spain">History of the far-right in Spain</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_far-right_in_Spain&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_far-right_in_Spain" title="History of the far-right in Spain">history of the far-right in Spain</a> dates back to at least the 1800s and refers to any manifestation of far-right politics in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Individuals and organizations associated with the far-right in Spain often employ <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">traditionalism</a>, religious <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>, corporate <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> in their ideological practice. In the case of Spain, according to historian Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, the predominance of Catholicism played an essential role in the suppression of external political innovations such as <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a> in Spanish far-right politics.<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-right politics in the United Kingdom">Far-right politics in the United Kingdom</a></div> The British far-right rose out of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> movement. In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> (BUF) which was banned during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> Founded in 1954 by <a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">A. K. Chesterton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Empire_Loyalists" title="League of Empire Loyalists">League of Empire Loyalists</a> became the main British far-right group at the time. It was a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure group">pressure group</a> rather than a political party, and did not contest elections. Most of its members were part of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> and were known for politically embarrassing stunts at party conferences.<a href="#cite_note-383">[381]</a> Other fascist parties included the <a href="/wiki/White_Defence_League" title="White Defence League">White Defence League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(UK_1950s)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labour Party (UK 1950s)">National Labour Party</a> who merged in 1960 to form the second <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960s)" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Party (1960s)">British National Party</a> (BNP).<a href="#cite_note-384">[382]</a> With the decline of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> becoming inevitable, British far-right parties turned their attention to internal matters. The 1950s had seen an increase in immigration to the UK from its former colonies, particularly India, Pakistan, the Caribbean and Uganda. Led by <a href="/wiki/John_Bean_(politician)" title="John Bean (politician)">John Bean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fountaine" title="Andrew Fountaine">Andrew Fountaine</a>, the BNP opposed the admittance of these people to the UK. A number of its rallies such as one in 1962 in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> ended in <a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riots</a>. After a few early successes, the party got into difficulties and was destroyed by internal arguments. In 1967 it joined forces with <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tyndall (politician)">John Tyndall</a> and the remnants of Chesterton's League of Empire Loyalists to form Britain's largest far-right organisation, the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Front">National Front</a> (NF).<a href="#cite_note-385">[383]</a> The BNP and the NF supported extreme <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and attracted Conservative Party members who had become disillusioned after <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> had recognised the right to independence of the African colonies and had criticised <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">Apartheid</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a> Some Northern Irish <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_paramilitaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalist paramilitaries">loyalist paramilitaries</a> have links with far-right and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> groups in Britain, including <a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke200345-387">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a> the <a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British National Socialist Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke200340–41-389">[387]</a> and the NF.<a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that loyalist paramilitaries had been responsible for numerous racist attacks in loyalist areas.<a href="#cite_note-391">[389]</a> During the 1970s, the NF's rallies became a regular feature of British politics. Election results remained strong in a few <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> urban areas, with a number of local council seats won, but the party never came anywhere near winning representation in parliament. Since the 1970s, the NF's support has been in decline whilst <a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Nick Griffin</a> and the current <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a> (BNP) grew in popularity. Around the turn of the 21st century, the BNP won a number of council seats. At its peak in the late 2000s, the party had 54 local council seats, one seat in the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>, two seats in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, and were the official opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Barking_and_Dagenham_London_Borough_Council" title="Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council">Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council</a>. The party received almost a million votes in the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 European Parliament elections">2009 European Parliament elections</a>, and contested the majority of UK parliamentary seats in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a>. The party's membership was 12,632 and its financial resources were an estimated £1,983,947.<a href="#cite_note-Vandenhoeck-2011-48">[46]</a> By the early 2010s the BNP saw its support and membership quickly collapse due to internal divisions caused by a disappointing performance in the 2010 elections. Griffin was ousted as leader in 2014 after losing his European Parliament seat, and since then the party has been in terminal decline under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Walker_(British_politician)" title="Adam Walker (British politician)">Adam Walker</a>. A number of breakaway groups have been established by former members of the BNP, such as <a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a> by ex-councillor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Golding" title="Paul Golding">Paul Golding</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="British Democrats">British Democrats</a> by ex-MEP and <a href="/wiki/2011_British_National_Party_leadership_election" title="2011 British National Party leadership election">leadership candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brons" title="Andrew Brons">Andrew Brons</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Collett" title="Mark Collett">Mark Collett</a>. <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP) leader <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> claimed that his party absorbed much of the BNP's former voters during their electoral peak in the early 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a> The party was accused of shifting towards far-right, anti-Islam politics under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nuttall" title="Paul Nuttall">Paul Nuttall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Batten" title="Gerard Batten">Gerard Batten</a> during its decline in the late 2010s. Anti-Islam activist and former UKIP <a href="/wiki/2017_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election" title="2017 UK Independence Party leadership election">leadership candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Waters" title="Anne Marie Waters">Anne Marie Waters</a> established the far-right <a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a>, which gained a small number of ex-BNP councillors. It was deregistered in 2022, and subsequently a large portion of prominent far-right activists began coalescing around the British Democrats, which (following UKIP's loss of its few councillors on 4 May 2023, leaving it with only a few parish and town councillors) quickly established itself as the UK's only far-right party with any electoral representation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right politics in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg/220px-De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg/330px-De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg/440px-De_Groot_cutting_the_ribbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4818" data-file-height="3603" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Francis de Groot</a> declares the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge" title="Sydney Harbour Bridge">Sydney Harbour Bridge</a> open in March 1932.</figcaption></figure> Coming to prominence in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a> (1931) and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a> (1933), the far right has played a part in Australian political discourse since the second world war.<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Proto-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-fascist">proto-fascist</a> groups were <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> in nature. Early far-right groups were followed by the explicitly fascist <a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a> (1941).<a href="#cite_note-naa-394">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-NLA-395">[393]</a> The far right in Australia went on to acquire more explicitly racial connotations during the 1960s and 1970s, morphing into self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> movements, organisations that opposed non-white and non-Christian immigration such as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a> (1967) and the militant white supremacist group <a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action</a> (1982).<a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saleam-397">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-auslander-398">[396]</a> Since the 1980s, the term has mainly been used to describe those who express the wish to preserve what they perceive to be <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Australian">Anglo-Australian</a> culture and those who campaign against <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_land_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal land rights">Aboriginal land rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">multiculturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigration_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Australia">immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">asylum seekers</a>. Since 2001, Australia has seen the development of modern neo-Nazi, <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Anning%27s_Conservative_National_Party" title="Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party">Fraser Anning's Conservative National Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-399">[397]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_New_Zealand" title="Far-right politics in New Zealand">Far-right politics in New Zealand</a></div> A small number of far-right organisations have existed in New Zealand since World War II, including the Conservative Front, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Front" title="New Zealand National Front">New Zealand National Front</a> and the National Democrats Party.<a href="#cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2389206-400">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_3603497-401">[399]</a> Far-right parties in New Zealand lack significant support, with their protests often dwarfed by counter protest.<a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> in 2019, the National Front "publicly shut up shop"<a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> and largely went underground like other far-right groups.<a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji">Fiji</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nationalist_Vanua_Tako_Lavo_Party">Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Vanua_Tako_Lavo_Party" title="Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party">Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party</a></div> The Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party was a far-right political party which advocated Fijian <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a> In 2009, party leader <a href="/wiki/Iliesa_Duvuloco" title="Iliesa Duvuloco">Iliesa Duvuloco</a> was arrested for breaching the military regime's emergency laws by distributing pamphlets calling for an uprising against the military regime.<a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a> In January 2013, the military regime introduced regulations that essentially de-registered the party.<a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pan-national">Pan-national</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4></div> The development of an pan-European identity among far-right members of the European parliament has been claimed.<a href="#cite_note-g182-409">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_extremism">Islamic extremism</h4></div> Some <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a> view Islam superior to all other ideologies and <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">non-Muslims</a> as inferior.<a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> Some Islamic extremism can be seen as far-right,<a href="#cite_note-k356-210">[208]</a> and can have some social acceptance in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-c820-230">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a> refers to the inferior status of non-Muslims in some historic Islamic states.<a href="#cite_note-Campo-411">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online">Online</h2></div> A number of far-right internet pages and forums are focused on and frequented by the far right. These include Stormfront and Iron March. Far-right internet movements gained popularity and notoriety online in 2012, and this has not stopped.<a href="#cite_note-:0-412">[410]</a> In the United States, they gained many followers during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, the time after the election during Obama's last months in office in 2016, and in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:0-412">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stormfront">Stormfront</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront (website)</a></div> Stormfront is the oldest and most prominent <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> website,<a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a> described by the Southern Poverty Law Center and other media organizations as the "murder capital of the internet".<a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a> In August 2017, Stormfront was taken offline for just over a month when its <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">registrar</a> seized its domain name due to complaints that it promoted <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a> and that some of its members were linked to <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Committee_for_Civil_Rights_Under_Law" title="Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law">Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law</a> claimed credit for the action after advocating for Stormfront's web host, <a href="/wiki/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a>, to enforce its Terms of Service agreement which prohibits users from using its services to incite violence.<a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_March">Iron March</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_March" title="Iron March">Iron March</a></div> Iron March was a fascist web forum founded in 2011 by Russian nationalist Alexander "Slavros" Mukhitdinov. An unknown individual uploaded a database of Iron March users to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> in November 2019 and multiple neo-Nazi users were identified, including an <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a> detention center captain and several active members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian-Nov2019-LeakIdentify-416">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a> As of mid 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> linked Iron March to nearly 100 murders.<a href="#cite_note-Vice-Mar2018-WaveOfTerror-418">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian-Nov2019-LeakIdentify-416">[414]</a> Mukhitdinov remained a murky figure at the time of the leaks.<a href="#cite_note-Bellingcat-Dec2019-ExplosingNetworks-419">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></div> The Terrorgram community on <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> is a network of Telegram channels and accounts that subscribe to and promote militant <a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">accelerationism</a>. Terrorgram channels are <a href="/wiki/Neofascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofascist">neofascist</a> in ideology, and regularly share instructions and manuals on how to carry out acts of racially-motivated violence and anti-government, anti-authority terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-GNET-420">[418]</a> In 2021, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), an international think-tank, exposed more than two hundred neo-Nazi pro-terrorism telegram channels that make up the Terrorgram network, many of which contained instructions to build weapons and bombs.<a href="#cite_note-Bratislava-421">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Right-wing_terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stragedibologna-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stragedibologna-2.jpg/220px-Stragedibologna-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Stragedibologna-2.jpg/330px-Stragedibologna-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Stragedibologna-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>The 1980 <a href="/wiki/Bologna_massacre" title="Bologna massacre">Bologna massacre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nuclei_Armati_Rivoluzionari" title="Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari">Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari</a></figcaption></figure> Right-wing terrorism is <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> motivated by a variety of far right ideologies and beliefs, including <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">opposition to immigration</a>. This type of terrorism has been sporadic, with little or no international cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-Aubrey,_p._45-424">[422]</a> Modern right-wing terrorism first appeared in western Europe in the 1980s and it first appeared in Eastern Europe following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moghadam,_pp._57-58-425">[423]</a> Right-wing terrorists aim to overthrow governments and replace them with nationalist or fascist-oriented governments.<a href="#cite_note-Aubrey,_p._45-424">[422]</a> The core of this movement includes <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">neo-fascist skinheads</a>, far-right <a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">hooligans</a>, youth sympathisers and intellectual guides who believe that the state must rid itself of foreign elements in order to protect rightful citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Moghadam,_pp._57-58-425">[423]</a> However, they usually lack a rigid ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Moghadam,_pp._57-58-425">[423]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Cas Mudde</a>, far-right terrorism and violence in the West have been generally perpetrated in recent times by individuals or groups of individuals "who have at best a peripheral association" with politically relevant organizations of the far right. Nevertheless, Mudde follows, "in recent years far-right violence has become more planned, regular, and lethal, as terrorists attacks in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch</a> (2019), <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh</a> (2018), and <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">Norway</a> (2011) show."&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Antifeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_far-right_in_Spain" title="History of the far-right in Spain">History of the far-right in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manosphere" title="Manosphere">Manosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Religious exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnostate" title="White ethnostate">White ethnostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power" class="mw-redirect" title="White power">White power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_anti-Southern_sentiment_during_the_Third_Republic" title="French anti-Southern sentiment during the Third Republic">French anti-Southern sentiment during the Third Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Other names: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, p. 11)</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFIgnazi2003">Ignazi 2003</a>)</li></ul> Nationalism: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFBaker2016">Baker 2016</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFAubrey2004">Aubrey 2004</a>)</li></ul> Anti-communism: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFKopeček2007">Kopeček 2007</a>)</li></ul> Nativism and authoritarianism: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 21)</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFHilliardKeith1999">Hilliard & Keith 1999</a>, p. 43)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Ethnic persecution, forced assimilation, cleansing, etc.: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFGolder2016">Golder 2016</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFHilliardKeith1999">Hilliard & Keith 1999</a>, p. 38)</li></ul> Traditional social institutions: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFGolder2016">Golder 2016</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFDaviesLynch2002">Davies & Lynch 2002</a>, p. 264)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Fascism and Nazism: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/blob/189776/01b7ea57531a60126da86e2d5c5dbb78/parties_weimar_republic-data.pdf">"Historical Exhibition Presented by the German Bundestag"</a> (PDF). Administration of the German Bundestag, Research Section. March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107225223/https://www.bundestag.de/blob/189776/01b7ea57531a60126da86e2d5c5dbb78/parties_weimar_republic-data.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Exhibition+Presented+by+the+German+Bundestag&rft.pub=Administration+of+the+German+Bundestag%2C+Research+Section&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fblob%2F189776%2F01b7ea57531a60126da86e2d5c5dbb78%2Fparties_weimar_republic-data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Alt-right, white supremacy: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lyons, Matthew N. (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicalresearch.org/2017/01/20/ctrl-alt-delete-report-on-the-alternative-right#sthash.pyfXkALX.uO2xtz0b.dpbs">"Ctrl-Alt-Delete: The origins and ideology of the Alternative Right"</a>. Political Research Associates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015180058/https://www.politicalresearch.org/2017/01/20/ctrl-alt-delete-report-on-the-alternative-right#sthash.pyfXkALX.uO2xtz0b.dpbs">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Associates&rft.atitle=Ctrl-Alt-Delete%3A+The+origins+and+ideology+of+the+Alternative+Right&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Matthew+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicalresearch.org%2F2017%2F01%2F20%2Fctrl-alt-delete-report-on-the-alternative-right%23sthash.pyfXkALX.uO2xtz0b.dpbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Ultranationalist, racist, homophobic, xenophobic etc.: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFCarlisle2005">Carlisle 2005</a>, p. 693)</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFPhipps2019">Phipps 2019</a>)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Ethnic persecution, forced assimilation, cleansing, etc. (<a href="#CITEREFGolder2016">Golder 2016</a>)(<a href="#CITEREFHilliardKeith1999">Hilliard & Keith 1999</a>, p. 38) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201722-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201722_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201722_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201722_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201721-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201721_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201721_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBar-On2016xiii_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBar-On2016">Bar-On 2016</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryantFarrell2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bryant, Jesse Callahan; Farrell, Justin (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-083023-035225">"Conservatism, the Far Right, and the Environment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Sociology" title="Annual Review of Sociology">Annual Review of Sociology</a>. 50: 273–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-083023-035225">10.1146/annurev-soc-083023-035225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Conservatism%2C+the+Far+Right%2C+and+the+Environment&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=273-296&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-083023-035225&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Jesse+Callahan&rft.au=Farrell%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-soc-083023-035225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Mudde, Cas</a>. "The Extreme Right Party Family: An Ideological Approach" (PhD diss., <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>, 1998). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201744–45-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201744–45_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005694-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005694_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlisle2005">Carlisle 2005</a>, p. 694. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kopeček_2007-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kopeček_2007_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopeček_2007_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopeček_2007_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopeček_2007_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kopeček_2007_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopeček2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kopeček, Lubomír (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=104934">"The Far Right in Europe"</a>. Středoevropské politické studie. IX (4). International Institute of Political Science, Masaryk University in Brno: 280–293. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207015307/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=104934">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2020 – via Central and Eastern European Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St%C5%99edoevropsk%C3%A9+politick%C3%A9+studie&rft.atitle=The+Far+Right+in+Europe&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=280-293&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kope%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Lubom%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D104934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilliardKeith199943-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilliardKeith199943_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilliardKeith1999">Hilliard & Keith 1999</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2008154–155-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2008154–155_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoshinsky2008">Woshinsky 2008</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anders1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Anders1_15-0">^</a> Widfeldt, Anders, "A fourth phase of the extreme right? Nordic immigration-critical parties in a comparative context". In: NORDEUROPAforum (2010:1/2), 7–31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2010-1/widfeldt-anders-7/XML/">Edoc.hu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224161441/https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/8689">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-art-16"><a href="#cite_ref-art_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt2011" class="citation book cs1">Art, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/727944932">Inside the Radical Right : the Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-07710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-07710-1"><bdi>978-1-139-07710-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/727944932">727944932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825213809/https://www.worldcat.org/title/727944932">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Radical+Right+%3A+the+Development+of+Anti-Immigrant+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10-29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F727944932&rft.isbn=978-1-139-07710-1&rft.aulast=Art&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F727944932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde200213-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde200213_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde200213_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuligowski,_Moll_&_Szadkowski_2019-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuligowski,_Moll_&_Szadkowski_2019_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuligowskiMollSzadkowski2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kuligowski, Piotr; Moll, Łukasz; Szadkowski, Krystian (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=788051">"Anti-Communisms: Discourses of Exclusion"</a>. Praktyka Teoretyczna. 1 (31). Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań: 7–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125193912/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=788051">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2020 – via Central and Eastern European Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Praktyka+Teoretyczna&rft.atitle=Anti-Communisms%3A+Discourses+of+Exclusion&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kuligowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Moll%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft.au=Szadkowski%2C+Krystian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D788051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller-Idriss2020" class="citation book cs1">Miller-Idriss, Cynthia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKbgDwAAQBAJ">Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-20589-2"><bdi>978-0-691-20589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hate+in+the+Homeland%3A+The+New+Global+Far+Right&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-20589-2&rft.aulast=Miller-Idriss&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKbgDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20171–2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20171–2_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20171–2_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg20171–2_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde200210-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde200210_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde200212-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde200212_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde201912-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde201912_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2019">Mudde 2019</a>, p. 12: "The extreme right rejects the essence of democracy, that is, popular sovereignty and majority rule. The most infamous example of the extreme right is fascism, which brought to power German Führer Adolf Hitler and Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, and was responsible for the most destructive war in world history. The radical right accepts the essence of democracy, but opposes fundamental elements of liberal democracy, most notably minority rights, rule of law, and separation of powers. Both subgroups oppose the postwar liberal democratic consensus, but in fundamentally different ways. While the extreme right is revolutionary, the radical right is more reformist. In essence, the radical right trusts the power of the people, the extreme right does not." </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobbio1997" class="citation book cs1">Bobbio, Norberto (1997). <a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_The_Significance_of_a_Political_Distinction" title="Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction">Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction</a>. Translated by Cameron, Allan. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226062465" title="Special:BookSources/0226062465"><bdi>0226062465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left+and+Right%3A+The+Significance+of+a+Political+Distinction&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0226062465&rft.aulast=Bobbio&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde201911-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde201911_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2019">Mudde 2019</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2008156-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2008156_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoshinsky2008">Woshinsky 2008</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-2016-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker-2016_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2016" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (28 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/world/europe/rise-of-donald-trump-tracks-growing-debate-over-global-fascism.html">"Rise of Donald Trump Tracks Growing Debate Over Global Fascism"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311045813/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/world/europe/rise-of-donald-trump-tracks-growing-debate-over-global-fascism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rise+of+Donald+Trump+Tracks+Growing+Debate+Over+Global+Fascism&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F29%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frise-of-donald-trump-tracks-growing-debate-over-global-fascism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde2019[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2019">Mudde 2019</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedgwick2019xiii-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedgwick2019xiii_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedgwick2019">Sedgwick 2019</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> William Safire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt3QCwAAQBAJ">Safire's Political Dictionary</a>. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 385. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlet_&_Lyons_2000,_p._342-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Berlet_&_Lyons_2000,_p._342_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerletLyons2000" class="citation book cs1">Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightwingpopulis00berlrich">Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort</a>. New York: Guilford Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rightwingpopulis00berlrich/page/342">342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Populism+in+America%3A+Too+Close+for+Comfort&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Berlet&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Matthew+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frightwingpopulis00berlrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilipovićĐorić2010" class="citation journal cs1">Filipović, Miroslava; Đorić, Marija (2010). "The Left or the Right: Old Paradigms and New Governments". 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Politics, economics, and the far right in Europe: a social psychological perspective. The Challenge of the Extreme Right in Europe: Past, Present, Future. Birkbeck: University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+economics%2C+and+the+far+right+in+Europe%3A+a+social+psychological+perspective&rft.place=Birkbeck&rft.series=The+Challenge+of+the+Extreme+Right+in+Europe%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Future&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.aulast=Pavlopoulos&rft.aufirst=Vassilis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Choat, Simon (12 May 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/horseshoe-theory-is-nonsense-the-far-right-and-far-left-have-little-in-common-77588">"'Horseshoe theory' is nonsense – the far right and far left have little in common"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619000828/http://theconversation.com/horseshoe-theory-is-nonsense-the-far-right-and-far-left-have-little-in-common-77588">Archived</a> 19 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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(2004) Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century, Frank Cass Publishers: London, pp. 52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt2011" class="citation book cs1">Art, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dUTXJakqLoC">Inside the Radical Right</a>. 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Party Politics. 23 (3): 274–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354068815593457">10.1177/1354068815593457</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-0688">1354-0688</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147793242">147793242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Party+Politics&rft.atitle=All+in+the+party+family%3F+Comparing+far+right+voters+in+Western+and+Post-Communist+Europe&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-285&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147793242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1354-0688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354068815593457&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Trevor+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiner201811-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeiner201811_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeiner2018">Beiner 2018</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeiner2018">Beiner 2018</a>, p. 8: "It’s not an accident that the most virulent enemies of modern liberalism and modern democracy—such as Joseph de Maistre in the early nineteenth century and Nietzsche in the late nineteenth century—directed their most intense polemical energies against the French Revolution." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiner201814-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeiner201814_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeiner2018">Beiner 2018</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> "Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1986" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Edward Hallett (1986). The twilight of Comintern 1930–1935. Macmillan. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-40455-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-40455-3"><bdi>978-0-333-40455-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+twilight+of+Comintern+1930%E2%80%931935&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-333-40455-3&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTicktin1992" class="citation book cs1">Ticktin, Hillel (1992). Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). 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Fragments sur les Temps Présents (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113023300/https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. 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Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine (in French). 37 (1): 148–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frhmc.1990.1531">10.3406/rhmc.1990.1531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-8003">0048-8003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20529642">20529642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27histoire+moderne+et+contemporaine&rft.atitle=Maurice+Bard%C3%A8che%2C+%C3%A9crivain+et+th%C3%A9oricien+fasciste%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=148-159&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0048-8003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20529642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frhmc.1990.1531&rft.aulast=Desbuissons&rft.aufirst=Ghislaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitelbaum2020" class="citation book cs1">Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. 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Penguin Books Limited. pp. 2–3, 11, 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-199204-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-199204-4"><bdi>978-0-14-199204-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+for+Eternity%3A+The+Return+of+Traditionalism+and+the+Rise+of+the+Populist+Right&rft.pages=2-3%2C+11%2C+58&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-14-199204-4&rft.aulast=Teitelbaum&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1WaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OUP-2018-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OUP-2018_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OUP-2018_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OUP-2018_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OUP-2018_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OUP-2018_61-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2018. pp. 394–411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027455-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027455-9"><bdi>978-0-19-027455-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Radical+Right&rft.pages=394-411&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027455-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Bingham, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1">Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France</a>". Canadian Journal of History, Dec. 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_G_page_105-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_G_page_105_63-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922–1945". Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898, Raanan Rein, ed. p. 105. London, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-TUC-2020-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TUC-2020_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUC-2020_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUC-2020_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TUC-2020_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The rise of the far right: Building a trade union response. 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Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Alt-Right+Rasputin+Says+He%27s+Steve+Bannon%27s+Ideological+Soul+Mate&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.aulast=Nemtsova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F04%2F24%2Frussia-s-alt-right-rasputin-says-he-s-steve-bannon-s-ideological-soul-mate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobin-2019-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin-2019_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobin-2019_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2019/04/vox-party-far-right-spanish-election">"The Worrying Rise of Spain's Far Right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 28 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630111639/https://jacobin.com/2019/04/vox-party-far-right-spanish-election">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022. 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Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Vox+abre+otro+frente+de+disputa+con+el+PP+en+Latinoam%C3%A9rica&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft.aulast=Carvajal&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fespana%2F2020%2F12%2F27%2F5fe73d2c21efa06e428b45a0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-González-2021-68"><a href="#cite_ref-González-2021_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzálezGalarraga_GortázarRivas_Molina2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González, Miguel; Galarraga Gortázar, Naiara; Rivas Molina, Federico (18 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-10-18/vox-teje-una-alianza-anticomunista-en-america-latina.html">"Vox teje una alianza anticomunista en América Latina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003155912/https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-10-18/vox-teje-una-alianza-anticomunista-en-america-latina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Vox+teje+una+alianza+anticomunista+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft.au=Galarraga+Gort%C3%A1zar%2C+Naiara&rft.au=Rivas+Molina%2C+Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Finternacional%2F2021-10-18%2Fvox-teje-una-alianza-anticomunista-en-america-latina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-2021-69"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC-2021_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-ultima-cruzada-combatir-comunismo-iberoamerica-202109262153_noticia.html">"La última cruzada de Vox: combatir el comunismo en Iberoamérica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a> (in Spanish). 26 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928204404/https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-ultima-cruzada-combatir-comunismo-iberoamerica-202109262153_noticia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. 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Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resumen.cl&rft.atitle=Las+instrucciones+que+recibe+Kast+desde+Espa%C3%B1a+%7C+Resumen.cl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresumen.cl%2Farticulos%2Flas-instrucciones-que-recibe-kast-desde-espana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/a-hateful-sort-of-love">"A Hateful Sort of Love"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. 5 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712190811/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/a-hateful-sort-of-love">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022. 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Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+far+right+flocks+to+Russia+International+conservative+forum+held+in+St.+Petersburg&rft.date=2022-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Fen%2Ffeature%2F2015%2F03%2F24%2Feurope-s-far-right-flocks-to-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32009360">"Europe far-right parties meet in St Petersburg, Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 5 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831235548/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-32009360">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Europe+far-right+parties+meet+in+St+Petersburg%2C+Russia&rft.date=2022-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-32009360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/world/europe/right-wing-groups-find-a-haven-for-a-day-in-russia.html">"Right-Wing Groups Find a Haven, for a Day, in Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. 5 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616155319/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/world/europe/right-wing-groups-find-a-haven-for-a-day-in-russia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Right-Wing+Groups+Find+a+Haven%2C+for+a+Day%2C+in+Russia&rft.date=2022-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F23%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fright-wing-groups-find-a-haven-for-a-day-in-russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://malcontentment.com/washingtons-defunct-atomwaffen-division-had-deep-ties-to-the-terrorist-org-russia-imperialist-movement/">"Washington's Defunct Atomwaffen Division had Deep Ties to the Terrorist Org, Russia Imperialist Movement"</a>. Malcontent News. 6 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817000943/https://malcontentment.com/washingtons-defunct-atomwaffen-division-had-deep-ties-to-the-terrorist-org-russia-imperialist-movement/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022. <q>In 2015 while in St. Petersburg, [Russell] met with Taylor of American Renaissance and the leaders of the Nordic Resistance Movement of Sweden, the National Action group of Germany, CasPound of Italy, and Golden Dawn of Greece.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malcontent+News&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Defunct+Atomwaffen+Division+had+Deep+Ties+to+the+Terrorist+Org%2C+Russia+Imperialist+Movement&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmalcontentment.com%2Fwashingtons-defunct-atomwaffen-division-had-deep-ties-to-the-terrorist-org-russia-imperialist-movement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/TSC-Report-Inside-the-Russian-Imperial-Movement-Practical-Implications-of-U.S.-Sanctions.pdf">"Inside The Russian Imperial Movement Practical Implications Of U.s. Sanctions"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Soufan_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Soufan Center">Soufan Center</a>. 23 November 2024. <q>In March 2015, several well-known American white supremacists, including Jared Taylor, spoke at the International Russian Conservative Forum in St. Petersburg. The event was organized by the Rodina party and heavily attended by RIM.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soufan+Center&rft.atitle=Inside+The+Russian+Imperial+Movement+Practical+Implications+Of+U.s.+Sanctions&rft.date=2024-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesoufancenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F06%2FTSC-Report-Inside-the-Russian-Imperial-Movement-Practical-Implications-of-U.S.-Sanctions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-forum-78"><a href="#cite_ref-forum_78-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-s175-79"><a href="#cite_ref-s175_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno-AlmeidaGerbaudo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Moreno-Almeida, Cristina; Gerbaudo, Paolo (2021). "Memes and the Moroccan Far-Right". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 26 (4): 882–906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1940161221995083">10.1177/1940161221995083</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-1612">1940-1612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Press%2FPolitics&rft.atitle=Memes+and+the+Moroccan+Far-Right&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=882-906&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1940161221995083&rft.issn=1940-1612&rft.aulast=Moreno-Almeida&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft.au=Gerbaudo%2C+Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saha-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saha_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saha_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaha2008" class="citation book cs1">Saha, Santosh C, ed. (2008). Ethnicity and sociopolitical change in Africa and other developing countries: a constructive discourse in state building (first ed.). Lexington Books. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-2332-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-2332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+sociopolitical+change+in+Africa+and+other+developing+countries%3A+a+constructive+discourse+in+state+building&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-2332-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspegren2006" class="citation book cs1">Aspegren, Lennart (2006). "Never again?: Rwanda and the World". Human Rights Law: From Dissemination to Application – Essays in Honour of Göran Melander. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. Vol. 26. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004151818" title="Special:BookSources/9004151818"><bdi>9004151818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Never+again%3F%3A+Rwanda+and+the+World&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Law%3A+From+Dissemination+to+Application+%E2%80%93+Essays+in+Honour+of+G%C3%B6ran+Melander&rft.series=The+Raoul+Wallenberg+Institute+human+rights+library&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9004151818&rft.aulast=Aspegren&rft.aufirst=Lennart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-82"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDes_Forges1999" class="citation book cs1">Des Forges, Alison (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm">Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – History → The Army, the Church and the Akazu</a>. New York: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-171-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-171-1"><bdi>1-56432-171-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308034642/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. 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United Nations International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. 11 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126063529/https://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-13-38">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. 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A reply to "38 scholars, scientists, researchers, journalists and historians""</a>. African Arguments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725222106/http://africanarguments.org/2014/10/21/rwandas-untold-story-a-reply-to-38-scholars-scientists-researchers-journalists-and-historians-by-filip-reyntjens/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-171-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-171-1"><bdi>1-56432-171-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307213656/https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno4-7-03.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021. 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CVET – Community Video Education Trust. 2 February 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815221554/http://www.cvet.org.za/displayvideo.php?vid=2D-F5-64">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2020. <q>Organizations: Nationalist Party</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cvet.org.za&rft.atitle=The+prohibition+of+the+African+National+Congress%2C+the+Pan-Africanist+Congress%2C+the+South+African+Communist+Party+and+a+number+of+subsidiary+organizations+is+being+rescinded&rft.date=1990-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvet.org.za%2Fdisplayvideo.php%3Fvid%3D2D-F5-64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/national-party-np">"National Party"</a>. 30 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617133131/http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/national-party-np">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Party&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Ftopic%2Fnational-party-np&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotz1977" class="citation book cs1">Brotz, Howard (1977). The Politics of South Africa: Democracy and Racial Diversity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-215671-6"><bdi>978-0-19-215671-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+South+Africa%3A+Democracy+and+Racial+Diversity&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-19-215671-6&rft.aulast=Brotz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Toit1991" class="citation journal cs1">Du Toit, Brian M. (1991). "The Far Right in Current South African Politics". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Modern African Studies">The Journal of Modern African Studies</a>. 29 (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 627–667. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00005693">10.1017/S0022278X00005693</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7777">1469-7777</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161141">161141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154640869">154640869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Far+Right+in+Current+South+African+Politics&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=627-667&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=1469-7777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154640869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F161141%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00005693&rft.aulast=Du+Toit&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpin-Petrosino2013" class="citation book cs1">Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VFasBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181">The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists</a>. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01424-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-01424-8"><bdi>978-1-134-01424-8</bdi></a>. <q>There are hate groups in South Africa. Perhaps among the most organized is the Afrikaner Resistance Movement or AWB (Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging). Included in its ideological platform are neo-Nazism and White supremacy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beast+Reawakens%3A+Fascism%27s+Resurgence+from+Hitler%27s+Spymasters+to+Today%27s+Neo-Nazi+Groups+and+Right-Wing+Extremists&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-01424-8&rft.aulast=Turpin-Petrosino&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVFasBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobyn_CurnowNkepile_Mabuse2010" class="citation web cs1">Robyn Curnow; Nkepile Mabuse (5 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/04/05/south.africa.terreblanche/">"South Africa's neo-Nazis drop revenge vow"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206053338/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/04/05/south.africa.terreblanche/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+neo-Nazis+drop+revenge+vow&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft.au=Robyn+Curnow&rft.au=Nkepile+Mabuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F04%2F05%2Fsouth.africa.terreblanche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkWorger2013" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Nancy; Worger, William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRqBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR20">South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid</a>. Routledge. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86165-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86165-2"><bdi>978-1-317-86165-2</bdi></a>. <q>Terre'Blanche, Eugene (1941–2010): Began career in the South African police. In 1973 founded the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging as a Nazi-inspired militant right-wing movement upholding white supremacy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Apartheid&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86165-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Worger%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZRqBAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/1999/ac990221.htm">"Amnesty decision"</a>. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323031110/http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/1999/ac990221.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+decision&rft.pub=Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doj.gov.za%2Ftrc%2Fdecisions%2F1999%2Fac990221.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781">"Togo profile"</a>. BBC News. 11 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013061606/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Togo+profile&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-14106781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120415-togo-le-rpt-est-mort-vive-unir">"Togo : le RPT est mort, que vive l'Unir"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a>. 15 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306121744/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20120415-togo-le-rpt-est-mort-vive-unir">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Togo+%3A+le+RPT+est+mort%2C+que+vive+l%27Unir&rft.pub=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fafrique%2F20120415-togo-le-rpt-est-mort-vive-unir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYvette_Attiogbé2012" class="citation web cs1">Yvette Attiogbé (14 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809045100/http://www.togo-online.co.uk/politics-and-society/the-dissolution-of-the-rpt-%E2%80%93-it-is-official">"The Dissolution of the RPT – It is Official"</a>. togo-online.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.togo-online.co.uk/politics-and-society/the-dissolution-of-the-rpt-%E2%80%93-it-is-official">the original</a> on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dissolution+of+the+RPT+%E2%80%93+It+is+Official&rft.pub=togo-online.co.uk&rft.date=2012-04-14&rft.au=Yvette+Attiogb%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.togo-online.co.uk%2Fpolitics-and-society%2Fthe-dissolution-of-the-rpt-%25E2%2580%2593-it-is-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolly_Mozolla2012" class="citation web cs1">Folly Mozolla (15 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807092924/http://www.togo-online.co.uk/political-party-news/faure-gnassingbe-has-created-his-party-union-pour-la-republique-unir-in-atakpame">"Faure Gnassingbé has created his party Union pour la République (UNIR) in Atakpamé"</a>. togo-online.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.togo-online.co.uk/political-party-news/faure-gnassingbe-has-created-his-party-union-pour-la-republique-unir-in-atakpame">the original</a> on 7 August 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faure+Gnassingb%C3%A9+has+created+his+party+Union+pour+la+R%C3%A9publique+%28UNIR%29+in+Atakpam%C3%A9&rft.pub=togo-online.co.uk&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft.au=Folly+Mozolla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.togo-online.co.uk%2Fpolitical-party-news%2Ffaure-gnassingbe-has-created-his-party-union-pour-la-republique-unir-in-atakpame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm">"2010 Human Rights Report: Togo"</a>. US Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017055530/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2010+Human+Rights+Report%3A+Togo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2010%2Faf%2F154374.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenzaquém_de_Araújo1988" class="citation book cs1">Benzaquém de Araújo, Ricardo (1988). Totalitarismo e Revolução: o Integralismo de Plínio Salgado. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor. pp. 30–33, 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8585061839" title="Special:BookSources/8585061839"><bdi>8585061839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarismo+e+Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%3A+o+Integralismo+de+Pl%C3%ADnio+Salgado&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pages=30-33%2C+46-48&rft.pub=Jorge+Zahar+Editor&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=8585061839&rft.aulast=Benzaqu%C3%A9m+de+Ara%C3%BAjo&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_E._Gertz1996" class="citation journal cs1">René E. Gertz (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604141132/http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/VII_1/gertz.htm">"Influencia política alemã no Brasil na década DE 1930"</a>. Estudios Interdisciplinarios de America Latina y el Caribe (E.I.A.L). 7 (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/VII_1/gertz.htm">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+Interdisciplinarios+de+America+Latina+y+el+Caribe+%28E.I.A.L%29&rft.atitle=Influencia+pol%C3%ADtica+alem%C3%A3+no+Brasil+na+d%C3%A9cada+DE+1930&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1996-06&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+E.+Gertz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Feial%2FVII_1%2Fgertz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcelo_Carneiro2001" class="citation web cs1">Marcelo Carneiro (14 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318124058/http://veja.abril.com.br/141101/p_081.html">"Heil, Hitler – Novos documentos contam a história do Partido Nazista no Brasil de Vargas"</a>. VEJA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/141101/p_081.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VEJA&rft.atitle=Heil%2C+Hitler+%E2%80%93+Novos+documentos+contam+a+hist%C3%B3ria+do+Partido+Nazista+no+Brasil+de+Vargas&rft.date=2001-11-14&rft.au=Marcelo+Carneiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2F141101%2Fp_081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietrich2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Dietrich, Ana Maria (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-10072007-113709/">Nazismo tropical? O partido Nazista no Brasil</a>. Teses.usp.br (Thesis). Universidade de São Paulo. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11606%2FT.8.2007.tde-10072007-113709">10.11606/T.8.2007.tde-10072007-113709</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828110445/http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-10072007-113709/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Nazismo+tropical%3F+O+partido+Nazista+no+Brasil&rft.inst=Universidade+de+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11606%2FT.8.2007.tde-10072007-113709&rft.aulast=Dietrich&rft.aufirst=Ana+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teses.usp.br%2Fteses%2Fdisponiveis%2F8%2F8138%2Ftde-10072007-113709%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304095834/http://www.outrostempos.uema.br/curso/poder/42.pdf">"Extrema Direita E Questão Nacional: o nazismo no Brasil dos anos 30"</a> (PDF). 4 March 2009. 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Debate Over Describing Brazil's Bolsonaro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025031328/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/10/24/world/americas/ap-lt-brazil-election-describing-bolsonaro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fascist%3F+Populist%3F+Debate+Over+Describing+Brazil%27s+Bolsonaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2018%2F10%2F24%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fap-lt-brazil-election-describing-bolsonaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaral2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amaral, Luciana (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/11/12/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-confirma-partido-alianca-pelo-brasil.htm">"Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e confirma novo partido: Aliança pelo Brasil"</a> (in Portuguese). Uol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053852/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/11/12/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-confirma-partido-alianca-pelo-brasil.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolsonaro+anuncia+sa%C3%ADda+do+PSL+e+confirma+novo+partido%3A+Alian%C3%A7a+pelo+Brasil&rft.pub=Uol&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Amaral&rft.aufirst=Luciana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.uol.com.br%2Fpolitica%2Fultimas-noticias%2F2019%2F11%2F12%2Fbolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-confirma-partido-alianca-pelo-brasil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolasco2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nolasco, Thiago (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.r7.com/prisma/r7-planalto/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-criacao-do-alianca-pelo-brasil-12112019">"Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e criança do Aliança pelo Brasil"</a> (in Portuguese). R7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112203739/https://noticias.r7.com/prisma/r7-planalto/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-criacao-do-alianca-pelo-brasil-12112019">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolsonaro+anuncia+sa%C3%ADda+do+PSL+e+crian%C3%A7a+do+Alian%C3%A7a+pelo+Brasil&rft.pub=R7&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Nolasco&rft.aufirst=Thiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.r7.com%2Fprisma%2Fr7-planalto%2Fbolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-criacao-do-alianca-pelo-brasil-12112019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazuiRodrigues2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mazui, Guilherme; Rodrigues, Paloma (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/11/12/deputados-do-psl-dizem-que-bolsonaro-decidiu-deixar-partido-e-criar-nova-legenda.ghtml">"Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e criação de novo partido"</a> (in Portuguese). G1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225195149/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/11/12/deputados-do-psl-dizem-que-bolsonaro-decidiu-deixar-partido-e-criar-nova-legenda.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolsonaro+anuncia+sa%C3%ADda+do+PSL+e+cria%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+novo+partido&rft.pub=G1&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Mazui&rft.aufirst=Guilherme&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Paloma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fpolitica%2Fnoticia%2F2019%2F11%2F12%2Fdeputados-do-psl-dizem-que-bolsonaro-decidiu-deixar-partido-e-criar-nova-legenda.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Far-right Bolsonaro: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Blunck, Julia (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2018/10/why-brazil-s-far-right-challenger-jair-bolsonaro-has-already-won">"Why Brazil's far-right challenger Jair Bolsonaro has already won"</a>. New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013924/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2018/10/why-brazil-s-far-right-challenger-jair-bolsonaro-has-already-won">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Why+Brazil%27s+far-right+challenger+Jair+Bolsonaro+has+already+won&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Blunck&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2F10%2Fwhy-brazil-s-far-right-challenger-jair-bolsonaro-has-already-won&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom; Phillips, Dom (7 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/07/brazil-presidential-election-far-right-populist-jair-bolsonaro">"Far-right populist Jair Bolsonaro leads as Brazil goes to vote"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013924/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/07/brazil-presidential-election-far-right-populist-jair-bolsonaro">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Far-right+populist+Jair+Bolsonaro+leads+as+Brazil+goes+to+vote&rft.date=2018-10-07&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Dom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Foct%2F07%2Fbrazil-presidential-election-far-right-populist-jair-bolsonaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44919769">"Brazil far-right politician enters presidential race"</a>. BBC News. 23 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321163758/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44919769">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brazil+far-right+politician+enters+presidential+race&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-44919769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Londoño, Ernesto; Darlington, Shasta (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html">"Jair Bolsonaro Wins Brazil's Presidency, in a Shift to the Far Right"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013923/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jair+Bolsonaro+Wins+Brazil%27s+Presidency%2C+in+a+Shift+to+the+Far+Right&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Darlington%2C+Shasta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fjair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Cuadros, Alex (8 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/brazil-election-democracy-jair-bolsonaro-lula-haddad/572470/">"Brazil Turns Its Back on Democracy"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012407/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/brazil-election-democracy-jair-bolsonaro-lula-haddad/572470/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Brazil+Turns+Its+Back+on+Democracy&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.aulast=Cuadros&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2018%2F10%2Fbrazil-election-democracy-jair-bolsonaro-lula-haddad%2F572470%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Frederowski, Bruno; Mandl, Carolina (8 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election/brazils-far-right-bolsonaro-no-coalition-politics-in-cabinet-picks-idUSKCN1MJ27U">"Brazil's far-right Bolsonaro: No coalition politics in cabinet picks"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013922/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election/brazils-far-right-bolsonaro-no-coalition-politics-in-cabinet-picks-idUSKCN1MJ27U">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+far-right+Bolsonaro%3A+No+coalition+politics+in+cabinet+picks&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.aulast=Frederowski&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Mandl%2C+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-brazil-election%2Fbrazils-far-right-bolsonaro-no-coalition-politics-in-cabinet-picks-idUSKCN1MJ27U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Meredith, Sam (9 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/09/brazil-election-all-you-need-to-know-about-jair-bolsonaro.html">"Who is the 'Trump of the Tropics?': All you need to know about Brazil's presidential frontrunner"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025053004/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/09/brazil-election-all-you-need-to-know-about-jair-bolsonaro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+%27Trump+of+the+Tropics%3F%27%3A+All+you+need+to+know+about+Brazil%27s+presidential+frontrunner&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F10%2F09%2Fbrazil-election-all-you-need-to-know-about-jair-bolsonaro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Romero, Luiz (6 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1412604/polls-show-brazilians-are-leaning-toward-a-trump-of-their-own/">"Brazilians are so averse to the Workers' Party they're willing to elect a radical far-right populist"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105745/https://qz.com/1412604/polls-show-brazilians-are-leaning-toward-a-trump-of-their-own/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Brazilians+are+so+averse+to+the+Workers%27+Party+they%27re+willing+to+elect+a+radical+far-right+populist&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Luiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1412604%2Fpolls-show-brazilians-are-leaning-toward-a-trump-of-their-own%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forsythe_2009-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_2009_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forsythe_2009_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2009" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, David P (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&q=National+Liberation+Movement+%22far-right%22+guatemala">Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1</a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533402-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533402-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 June 2020. <q>The far-right National Liberation Movement (MLN), led by Mario Sandoval Alarcon, became an important political player; after 1969 it was responsible for the first death-squad killings of activists and regime opponents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Human+Rights%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533402-9&rft.aulast=Forsythe&rft.aufirst=David+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QbX90fmCVUC%26q%3DNational%2BLiberation%2BMovement%2B%2522far-right%2522%2Bguatemala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartrop_2014-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrop_2014_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrop_2014_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartropLeonard_Jacobs2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R.; Leonard Jacobs, Steven (2014). Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-364-6"><bdi>978-1-61069-364-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Genocide%3A+The+Definitive+Resource+and+Document+Collection&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=970&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-364-6&rft.aulast=Bartrop&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Leonard+Jacobs%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levenson-Estrada-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson-Estrada_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenson-Estrada_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson-Estrada2003" class="citation journal cs1">Levenson-Estrada, Deborah (Winter 2003). "The Life That Makes Us Die/The Death That Makes Us Live: Facing Terrorism in Guatemala City". Radical History Review. 2003 (85): 94–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01636545-2003-85-94">10.1215/01636545-2003-85-94</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143353418">143353418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radical+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Life+That+Makes+Us+Die%2FThe+Death+That+Makes+Us+Live%3A+Facing+Terrorism+in+Guatemala+City&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=2003&rft.issue=85&rft.pages=94-104&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F01636545-2003-85-94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143353418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Levenson-Estrada&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonpane-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonpane_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonpane_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonpane2000" class="citation book cs1">Bonpane, Blase (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Icjfs1xG6JkC">Guerrillas of Peace: Liberation Theology and the Central American Revolution</a>. iUniverse. pp. 30–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-00418-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-00418-8"><bdi>978-0-595-00418-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrillas+of+Peace%3A+Liberation+Theology+and+the+Central+American+Revolution&rft.pages=30-50&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-595-00418-8&rft.aulast=Bonpane&rft.aufirst=Blase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIcjfs1xG6JkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothenburg2012" class="citation book cs1">Rothenburg, David, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQzHAAAAQBAJ">Memory of Silence: The Guatemalan Truth Commission Report</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-01114-5"><bdi>978-1-137-01114-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+of+Silence%3A+The+Guatemalan+Truth+Commission+Report&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-01114-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQzHAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Grandin-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grandin_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grandin_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grandin_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrandinKlein2011" class="citation book cs1">Grandin, Greg; Klein, Naomi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FivSpNY2fkC">The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War</a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 87–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30690-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-30690-2"><bdi>978-0-226-30690-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Colonial+Massacre%3A+Latin+America+in+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=87-89&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-30690-2&rft.aulast=Grandin&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Klein%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FivSpNY2fkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatz2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Batz, Giovanni (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbPQAQAAQBAJ">"Military Factionalism and the Consolidation of Power in 1960s Guatemala"</a>. In Garrard-Burnett, Virginia; Lawrence, Mark Atwood; Moreno, Julia E. (eds.). Beyond the Eagle's Shadow: New Histories of Latin America's Cold War. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5369-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-5369-6"><bdi>978-0-8263-5369-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+Factionalism+and+the+Consolidation+of+Power+in+1960s+Guatemala&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Eagle%27s+Shadow%3A+New+Histories+of+Latin+America%27s+Cold+War&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-5369-6&rft.aulast=Batz&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbPQAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanda1980" class="citation book cs1">Janda, Kenneth (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080419/http://janda.org/icpp/ICPP1980/Book/PART2/4-CentralAmerica/44-Guatemala/Guatemala.htm">"Guatemala: The Party System in 1950–1954 and 1953–1962"</a>. Political Parties: A Cross-National Survey. New York: The Free Press. pp. 635–636. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janda.org/icpp/ICPP1980/Book/PART2/4-CentralAmerica/44-Guatemala/Guatemala.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007 – via janda.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Guatemala%3A+The+Party+System+in+1950%E2%80%931954+and+1953%E2%80%931962&rft.btitle=Political+Parties%3A+A+Cross-National+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=635-636&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Janda&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanda.org%2Ficpp%2FICPP1980%2FBook%2FPART2%2F4-CentralAmerica%2F44-Guatemala%2FGuatemala.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2003" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pdfy-q0ULBH2DJICRS3Vg">Killing Hope: US Military and CIA interventions since World War II</a>. Zed Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pdfy-q0ULBH2DJICRS3Vg/page/n232">233</a>–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-369-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-369-7"><bdi>978-1-84277-369-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Hope%3A+US+Military+and+CIA+interventions+since+World+War+II&rft.pages=233-234&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-369-7&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpdfy-q0ULBH2DJICRS3Vg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheroux2014" class="citation book cs1">Theroux, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDJIBQAAQBAJ">The Old Patagonian Express</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 100–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-52400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-52400-9"><bdi>978-0-547-52400-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Patagonian+Express&rft.pages=100-103&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-547-52400-9&rft.aulast=Theroux&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDJIBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Payne_123-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, A History of Fascism: 1914–1945, London: Routledge, 2001, p. 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Garay, Cristián. 1990. El Partido Agrario Laborista. 1945–1958. Editorial Andrés Bello. Santiago. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25534586">25534586</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-13-0889-3" title="Special:BookSources/956-13-0889-3">956-13-0889-3</a> (pp. 133–135) </li> <li id="cite_note-Levenda-2002-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levenda-2002_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenda-2002_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenda-2002_125-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levenda-2002_125-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenda2002" class="citation book cs1">Levenda, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unholyalliancehi00leve">Unholy Alliance: A History of Nazi Involvement in the Occult</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1409-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1409-5"><bdi>0-8264-1409-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Alliance%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Involvement+in+the+Occult&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-1409-5&rft.aulast=Levenda&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funholyalliancehi00leve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leal-2020-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Leal-2020_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeal2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leal, Rene (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci9120230">"The Rise of Fascist Formations in Chile and in the World"</a>. Social Sciences. 9 (12): 230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsocsci9120230">10.3390/socsci9120230</a>. <q>the 'West' and the 'Rest', considering the hegemony of neoliberalism in current global capitalism and the relevance of its ideology in the emergence of the far right. Among the 'Rest' who live in Latin America, and in particular in Chile, fascism is no stranger: Chile was a battlefield falling to the dictatorship of the far-right Pinochet regime</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Fascist+Formations+in+Chile+and+in+the+World&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=230&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsocsci9120230&rft.aulast=Leal&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsocsci9120230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2006" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Julie (14 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233">"A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920122655/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Dictator%27s+Legacy+of+Economic+Growth&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D6069233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falconer-2008-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Falconer-2008_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconer2008" class="citation news cs1">Falconer, Bruce (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theamericanscholar.org/the-torture-colony/">"The Torture Colony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Scholar_(magazine)" title="The American Scholar (magazine)">The American Scholar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008095002/https://theamericanscholar.org/the-torture-colony/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20050330/pags/20050330114755.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Cooperativa&rft.atitle=Michael+Townley+fue+interrogado+por+muerte+de+Frei+Montalva&rft.date=2005-03-30&rft.au=Staff+writers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativa.cl%2Fp4_noticias%2Fsite%2Fartic%2F20050330%2Fpags%2F20050330114755.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, Wendy (1997). "Continuity or Change? 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Retrieved 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=U.S.+continues+to+train+Honduran+soldiers&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Linda+Cooper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fglobal%2Fus-continues-train-honduran-soldiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cofadeh_NMWW-148"><a href="#cite_ref-cofadeh_NMWW_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofadeh.org/html/noticias/golpe_estado_comunicado.html">"Comunicado"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_de_Familiares_de_Detenidos_Desaparecidos_en_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras">COFADEH</a>. 3 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227065104/http://www.cofadeh.org/html/noticias/golpe_estado_comunicado.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comunicado&rft.pub=COFADEH&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofadeh.org%2Fhtml%2Fnoticias%2Fgolpe_estado_comunicado.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DemocNow_Zelaya-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DemocNow_Zelaya_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DemocNow_Zelaya_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2009" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Amy (31 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112717/http://www.zcommunications.org/znet/viewArticle/22175">"Zelaya Speaks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Z_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Z Communications">Z Communications</a>. 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MAC: Mines and Communities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917130401/http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=2064">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pobladores+Exigen+Nueva+Ley+De+Miner%C3%ADa%3A+71+Detenidos+Y+12+Heridos+En+Batalla+Campal&rft.pub=MAC%3A+Mines+and+Communities&rft.date=2009-07-18&rft.aulast=Mej%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rft.au=Mauricio+P%C3%A9rez&rft.au=Carlos+Gir%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minesandcommunities.org%2Farticle.php%3Fa%3D2064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammett1999" class="citation book cs1">Hammett, Brian (1999). A Concise History of Mexico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Mexico&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hammett&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Benjamin T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pistolerospopula00smit">Pistoleros and Popular Movements: The Politics of State Formation in Postrevolutionary Oaxaca</a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pistolerospopula00smit/page/n305">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2280-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-2280-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pistoleros+and+Popular+Movements%3A+The+Politics+of+State+Formation+in+Postrevolutionary+Oaxaca&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2280-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpistolerospopula00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rospigliosi-1996b-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Rospigliosi-1996b_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 46–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Fuerzas+Armadas+y+el+5+de+abril%3A+la+percepci%C3%B3n+de+la+amenaza+subversiva+como+una+motivaci%C3%B3n+golpista&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rospigliosi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CANbio-156"><a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaussens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gaussens, Pierre (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="Canadian Journal of Bioethics">Canadian Journal of Bioethics</a>. 3 (3): 180+. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">10.7202/1073797ar</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234586692">234586692</a>. <q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=The+forced+serilization+of+indigenous+population+in+Mexico+in+the+1990s&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180%2B&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1073797ar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234586692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gaussens&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1073797ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burt-1998-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Burt-1998_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). "Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru". NACLA Report on the Americas. 32 (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657">10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657</a>. <q>the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NACLA+Report+on+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Unsettled+accounts%3A+militarization+and+memory+in+postwar+Peru&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=1998-09%2F1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Jo-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avilés-2009-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés-2009_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés-2009_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés-2009_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés2009" class="citation journal cs1">Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru". <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Politics_and_Society" title="Latin American Politics and Society">Latin American Politics and Society</a>. 51 (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 57–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x">10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154153310">154153310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Despite+Insurgency%3A+Reducing+Military+Prerogatives+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-85&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154153310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rospigliosi-1996-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Rospigliosi-1996_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. pp. 28–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Fuerzas+Armadas+y+el+5+de+abril%3A+la+percepci%C3%B3n+de+la+amenaza+subversiva+como+una+motivaci%C3%B3n+golpista&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=28-40&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rospigliosi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-REND12-160"><a href="#cite_ref-REND12_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendón2013" class="citation book cs1">Rendón, Silvio (2013). La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú. Editorial Sur. pp. 145–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6124574139" title="Special:BookSources/978-6124574139"><bdi>978-6124574139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+intervenci%C3%B3n+de+los+Estados+Unidos+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=145-150&rft.pub=Editorial+Sur&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-6124574139&rft.aulast=Rend%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Silvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfredo2-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo2_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo2_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Schulte-Bockholt2006" class="citation book cs1">Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power. Lexington Books. pp. 114–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5</bdi></a>. <q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the 'Plan Verde,' and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The autogolpe, or self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the 'Plan Verde.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Elites%2C+Cocaine%2C+and+Power+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+organized+crime+and+the+organized+crime+of+politics%3A+a+study+in+criminal+power&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5&rft.au=Alfredo+Schulte-Bockholt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PROFE12-162"><a href="#cite_ref-PROFE12_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsensioCamachoGonzálezGrompone2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabriela; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramón; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación</a> (in Spanish) (1 ed.). Lima: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Peruvian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Peruvian Studies (page does not exist)">Institute of Peruvian Studies</a>. pp. 13–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6123260842" title="Special:BookSources/978-6123260842"><bdi>978-6123260842</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/">the original</a> on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2021. <q>Fujimorism was an unprecedented authoritarian political regime</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Profe%3A+C%C3%B3mo+Pedro+Castillo+se+convirti%C3%B3+en+presidente+del+Per%C3%BA+y+qu%C3%A9+pasar%C3%A1+a+continuaci%C3%B3n&rft.place=Lima&rft.pages=13-24&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Institute+of+Peruvian+Studies&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-6123260842&rft.aulast=Asensio&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Camacho%2C+Gabriela&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Grompone%2C+Romeo&rft.au=Pajuelo+Teves%2C+Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a+Jimenez%2C+Omayra&rft.au=Moscoso%2C+Macarena&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Yerel&rft.au=Sosa+Villagarcia%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffondoeditorial.iep.org.pe%2Fproducto%2Fel-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuijano1995" class="citation journal cs1">Quijano, Aníbal (1995). "Fujimorism and Peru". <a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Socialism and Democracy">Socialism and Democracy</a>. 9 (2): 45–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08854309508428165">10.1080/08854309508428165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialism+and+Democracy&rft.atitle=Fujimorism+and+Peru&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-63&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08854309508428165&rft.aulast=Quijano&rft.aufirst=An%C3%ADbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2009" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez, José Honorio (15 June 2009). "Neoliberalismo y genocidio en el régimen fujimorista". Historia Actual Online. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Actual+Online&rft.atitle=Neoliberalismo+y+genocidio+en+el+r%C3%A9gimen+fujimorista&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Honorio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villalba-2022-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Villalba-2022_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalba2022" class="citation journal cs1">Villalba, Fernando Velásquez (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022">"A Totalidade Neoliberal-Fujimorista: Estigmatização e Colonialidade No Peru Contemporâneo"</a>. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais. 37 (109): e3710906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022">10.1590/3710906/2022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251877338">251877338</a>. <q>Fujimorism has hegemonic characteristics in Peru. This means that, although it has not governed since November 2000, its political practice is still in force, to the extent that the structures that Alberto Fujimori created have been partially updated or have not been updated in the last two decades. This context, let's call it structural, creates scenarios in which the democratization process faces institutional challenges</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Ci%C3%AAncias+Sociais&rft.atitle=A+Totalidade+Neoliberal-Fujimorista%3A+Estigmatiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Colonialidade+No+Peru+Contempor%C3%A2neo&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=109&rft.pages=e3710906&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F3710906%2F2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251877338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Villalba&rft.aufirst=Fernando+Vel%C3%A1squez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252F3710906%252F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larepublica.pe/politica/2020/01/11/tiene-futuro-nuestra-extrema-derecha-el-diario-negro-raul-tola/">"¿Tiene futuro nuestra extrema derecha?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Rep%C3%BAblica_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="La República (Peru)">La Republica</a> (in Spanish). 11 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615194952/https://larepublica.pe/politica/2020/01/11/tiene-futuro-nuestra-extrema-derecha-el-diario-negro-raul-tola/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Republica&rft.atitle=%C2%BFTiene+futuro+nuestra+extrema+derecha%3F&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarepublica.pe%2Fpolitica%2F2020%2F01%2F11%2Ftiene-futuro-nuestra-extrema-derecha-el-diario-negro-raul-tola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/es/am%C3%A9ricas/20200501-tribunal-peruano-ordena-liberar-a-keiko-fujimori">"Tribunal peruano ordena liberar a Keiko Fujimori"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a>. 1 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610100122/https://www.rfi.fr/es/am%C3%A9ricas/20200501-tribunal-peruano-ordena-liberar-a-keiko-fujimori">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.atitle=Tribunal+peruano+ordena+liberar+a+Keiko+Fujimori&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fes%2Fam%25C3%25A9ricas%2F20200501-tribunal-peruano-ordena-liberar-a-keiko-fujimori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiménez2011" class="citation web cs1">Jiménez, Beatriz (14 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/america/2011/04/14/noticias/1302782249.html">"El voto de Keiko | elmundo.es"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614153641/https://www.elmundo.es/america/2011/04/14/noticias/1302782249.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=El+voto+de+Keiko+%7C+elmundo.es&rft.date=2011-04-14&rft.aulast=Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Famerica%2F2011%2F04%2F14%2Fnoticias%2F1302782249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFE-2021-169"><a href="#cite_ref-EFE-2021_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/per%C3%BA-elecciones_candidato-de-la-ultraderecha-peruana-es-acusado-de-golpista-por-sus-oponentes/46428694">"Candidato de la ultraderecha peruana es acusado de golpista por sus oponentes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EFE" title="EFE">EFE</a> (in Spanish). 8 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150242/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/per%C3%BA-elecciones_candidato-de-la-ultraderecha-peruana-es-acusado-de-golpista-por-sus-oponentes/46428694">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EFE&rft.atitle=Candidato+de+la+ultraderecha+peruana+es+acusado+de+golpista+por+sus+oponentes&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fspa%2Fper%25C3%25BA-elecciones_candidato-de-la-ultraderecha-peruana-es-acusado-de-golpista-por-sus-oponentes%2F46428694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20210311-campa%C3%B1a-sin-favoritos-eleva-incertidumbre-en-per%C3%BA-a-un-mes-de-las-presidenciales">"Campaña sin favoritos eleva incertidumbre en Perú a un mes de las presidenciales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 11 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226195245/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20210311-campa%C3%B1a-sin-favoritos-eleva-incertidumbre-en-per%C3%BA-a-un-mes-de-las-presidenciales">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Campa%C3%B1a+sin+favoritos+eleva+incertidumbre+en+Per%C3%BA+a+un+mes+de+las+presidenciales&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fes%2Fminuto-a-minuto%2F20210311-campa%25C3%25B1a-sin-favoritos-eleva-incertidumbre-en-per%25C3%25BA-a-un-mes-de-las-presidenciales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aldia-171"><a href="#cite_ref-aldia_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavero2021" class="citation web cs1">Cavero, Natalia Puertas (10 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aldianews.com/articles/culture/social/uncle-porky-ultra-conservative-right-wing-businessman-second-peruvian">"'Uncle Porky,' the conservative, right-wing businessman is second in Peruvian election polls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_D%C3%ADa_(Philadelphia)" title="Al Día (Philadelphia)">Al Día</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210011708/https://aldianews.com/articles/culture/social/uncle-porky-ultra-conservative-right-wing-businessman-second-peruvian">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2021. 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Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticieros+Televisa&rft.atitle=Candidato+ultraconservador+peruano+pide+destituir+al+presidente+Sagasti&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticieros.televisa.com%2Fultimas-noticias%2Fcandidato-ultraconservador-peruano-pide-destituir-presidente-sagasti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquino2021" class="citation news cs1">Aquino, Marco (18 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/crime-pmn/perus-bolsonaro-the-opus-dei-ultra-conservative-who-would-kick-out-odebrecht">"Peru's Bolsonaro? The Opus Dei ultra-conservative who would kick out Odebrecht"</a>. National Post. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227224022/https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/crime-pmn/perus-bolsonaro-the-opus-dei-ultra-conservative-who-would-kick-out-odebrecht">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Bolsonaro%3F+The+Opus+Dei+ultra-conservative+who+would+kick+out+Odebrecht&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft.aulast=Aquino&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fpmn%2Fnews-pmn%2Fcrime-pmn%2Fperus-bolsonaro-the-opus-dei-ultra-conservative-who-would-kick-out-odebrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAR-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FAR_175-0">^</a>  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OXAN-DB272027/full/html">"Peru's Castillo will struggle to stay in office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Analytica" title="Oxford Analytica">Oxford Analytica</a>. Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 11 August 2022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FOXAN-DB272027">10.1108/OXAN-DB272027</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029160612/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OXAN-DB272027/full/html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>The far-right parties in Congress -- Renovacion Popular (Popular Renewal) and Avanza Pais (Forward Country)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Analytica&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+Castillo+will+struggle+to+stay+in+office&rft.volume=oxan-db&rft.issue=oxan%E2%80%93db&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FOXAN-DB272027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FOXAN-DB272027%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.es/internacional/caos-apodera-peru-veintena-muertos-presidenta-cuerda-floja.html">"El caos se apodera de Perú, con una veintena de muertos y una presidenta en la cuerda floja"</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAblico_(Spain)" title="Público (Spain)">Público</a>. 17 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117155425/https://www.publico.es/internacional/caos-apodera-peru-veintena-muertos-presidenta-cuerda-floja.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>partido ultraderechista Avanza País</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P%C3%BAblico&rft.atitle=El+caos+se+apodera+de+Per%C3%BA%2C+con+una+veintena+de+muertos+y+una+presidenta+en+la+cuerda+floja&rft.date=2022-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.es%2Finternacional%2Fcaos-apodera-peru-veintena-muertos-presidenta-cuerda-floja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVásquez2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vásquez, Jorge Rendón (10 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elbuho.pe/2022/04/desmanes-en-las-calles-la-ultraderecha-esta-jugando-con-la-gasolina-y-con-el-fuego/">"Desmanes en las calles: la ultraderecha está jugando con la gasolina... y con el fuego"</a>. El Búho (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430235529/https://elbuho.pe/2022/04/desmanes-en-las-calles-la-ultraderecha-esta-jugando-con-la-gasolina-y-con-el-fuego/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023. <q>The far right, personified in Congress by 43 representatives of the groups Fuerza Popular, Renovación Popular and Avanza País and some of their center allies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+B%C3%BAho&rft.atitle=Desmanes+en+las+calles%3A+la+ultraderecha+est%C3%A1+jugando+con+la+gasolina...+y+con+el+fuego&rft.date=2022-04-10&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1squez&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Rend%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felbuho.pe%2F2022%2F04%2Fdesmanes-en-las-calles-la-ultraderecha-esta-jugando-con-la-gasolina-y-con-el-fuego%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redaccion.lamula.pe/2022/03/09/asi-se-movieron-los-votos-en-el-congreso-para-darle-la-ajustada-confianza-al-gabinete-de-anibal-torres/lumasap/">"Así se movieron los votos en el Congreso para darle la ajustada confianza al gabinete de Aníbal Torres"</a>. LaMula (in Spanish). 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430235529/https://redaccion.lamula.pe/2022/03/09/asi-se-movieron-los-votos-en-el-congreso-para-darle-la-ajustada-confianza-al-gabinete-de-anibal-torres/lumasap/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023. <q>Far-right: Fuerza Popular since then marked its line of voting against all the cabinets that Pedro Castillo names from now on. ... To these votes against were added those of Popular Renewal and Avanza País</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LaMula&rft.atitle=As%C3%AD+se+movieron+los+votos+en+el+Congreso+para+darle+la+ajustada+confianza+al+gabinete+de+An%C3%ADbal+Torres&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredaccion.lamula.pe%2F2022%2F03%2F09%2Fasi-se-movieron-los-votos-en-el-congreso-para-darle-la-ajustada-confianza-al-gabinete-de-anibal-torres%2Flumasap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagina12.com.ar/504082-peru-nuevo-intento-destituyente-contra-pedro-castillo">"Perú: nuevo intento destituyente en contra de Pedro Castillo | El Congreso aprobó una moción para derrocarlo, la tercera en 16 meses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pagina_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagina 12">Pagina 12</a> (in Spanish). 2 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117155425/https://www.pagina12.com.ar/504082-peru-nuevo-intento-destituyente-contra-pedro-castillo">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023. <q>tres partidos de derecha radical -Fuerza Popular, Renovación Popular y Avanza País</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pagina+12&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+nuevo+intento+destituyente+en+contra+de+Pedro+Castillo+%7C+El+Congreso+aprob%C3%B3+una+moci%C3%B3n+para+derrocarlo%2C+la+tercera+en+16+meses&rft.date=2022-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2F504082-peru-nuevo-intento-destituyente-contra-pedro-castillo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/features/2022/12/22/killing-protesters-sparks-early-elections-peru">"Killing of protesters sparks early elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a>. 22 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117155426/https://newint.org/features/2022/12/22/killing-protesters-sparks-early-elections-peru">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023. <q>the far-right Avanza País</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=Killing+of+protesters+sparks+early+elections&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewint.org%2Ffeatures%2F2022%2F12%2F22%2Fkilling-protesters-sparks-early-elections-peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-176"><a href="#cite_ref-:21_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegel2023" class="citation web cs1">Tegel, Simeon (27 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/27/perus-first-female-president-has-blood-on-her-hands/">"Peru's First Female President Has Blood on Her Hands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606151842/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/27/perus-first-female-president-has-blood-on-her-hands/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023. <q>social conservatism, which has been one of the few areas of common ground between Free Peru's presidential administrations and the hard-right congressional majority</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+First+Female+President+Has+Blood+on+Her+Hands&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft.aulast=Tegel&rft.aufirst=Simeon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F03%2F27%2Fperus-first-female-president-has-blood-on-her-hands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-177"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publico.es/internacional/extrema-derecha-emerge-crispada-coyuntura-politica-peru.html">"La extrema derecha emerge en la crispada coyuntura política de Perú"</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAblico_(Spain)" title="Público (Spain)">Público</a>. 25 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521044503/https://www.publico.es/internacional/extrema-derecha-emerge-crispada-coyuntura-politica-peru.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=P%C3%BAblico&rft.atitle=La+extrema+derecha+emerge+en+la+crispada+coyuntura+pol%C3%ADtica+de+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=2021-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publico.es%2Finternacional%2Fextrema-derecha-emerge-crispada-coyuntura-politica-peru.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-178"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/la-pestilencia-por-dentro-2/">"'La Pestilencia' por dentro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IDL-Reporteros" title="IDL-Reporteros">IDL-Reporteros</a> (in Spanish). 20 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521044458/https://www.idl-reporteros.pe/la-pestilencia-por-dentro-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IDL-Reporteros&rft.atitle=%27La+Pestilencia%27+por+dentro&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idl-reporteros.pe%2Fla-pestilencia-por-dentro-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-179"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/es/am%C3%A9rica-latina/20211105-peru-ultraderechismo-vacancia-polarizacion-castillo">"Perú: ultraderechismo y pedidos de "vacancia" a poco de iniciar el Gobierno de Pedro Castillo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 5 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403213216/https://www.france24.com/es/am%C3%A9rica-latina/20211105-peru-ultraderechismo-vacancia-polarizacion-castillo">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA%3A+ultraderechismo+y+pedidos+de+%22vacancia%22+a+poco+de+iniciar+el+Gobierno+de+Pedro+Castillo&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fes%2Fam%25C3%25A9rica-latina%2F20211105-peru-ultraderechismo-vacancia-polarizacion-castillo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Political_Research_Assoc-2011-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Research_Assoc-2011_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Research_Assoc-2011_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Research_Assoc-2011_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Research_Assoc-2011_180-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Research_Assoc-2011_180-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Research_Assoc-2011_180-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Political_Research_Assoc-2011_180-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/research/chart_of_sectors.html">"Sectors of the U.S. Right Active in the Year 2011"</a>. The Public Eye. <a href="/wiki/Political_Research_Associates" title="Political Research Associates">Political Research Associates</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416073521/http://www.publiceye.org/research/chart_of_sectors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2004. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Eye&rft.atitle=Sectors+of+the+U.S.+Right+Active+in+the+Year+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publiceye.org%2Fresearch%2Fchart_of_sectors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPLCenter-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPLCenter_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPLCenter_181-1">b</a>  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaitchik2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zaitchik" title="Alexander Zaitchik">Zaitchik, Alexander</a> (19 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/national-socialist-movement-implodes">"The National Socialist Movement Implodes"</a>. SPLCenter.org. <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919115024/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/national-socialist-movement-implodes">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2020. <q>The party's problems began last June, when Citizens Against Hate discovered that <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">NSM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a> post office box was shared by <a href="/wiki/Joy_of_Satan_Ministries" title="Joy of Satan Ministries">The Joy of Satan Ministry</a>, in which the wife of NSM chairman emeritus Clifford Herrington is High Priestess. [...] Within NSM ranks, meanwhile, a bitter debate was sparked over the propriety of Herrington's Joy of Satan connections. [...] <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Schoep" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Schoep">Schoep</a> moved ahead with damage-control operations by nudging chairman emeritus Herrington from his position under the cover of "attending to personal matters." But it was too late to stop NSM Minister of Radio and Information Michael Blevins, aka Vonbluvens, from following <a href="/wiki/Bill_White_(neo-Nazi)" title="Bill White (neo-Nazi)">White</a> out of the party, citing disgust with Herrington's Joy of Satan ties. "Satanism," declared Blevins in his resignation letter, "affects the whole prime directive guiding the [NSM] – SURVIVAL OF THE WHITE RACE." [...] NSM was now a Noticeably Smaller Movement, one trailed in extremist circles by a strong whiff of Satanism and related charges of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">sexual impropriety</a> associated with Joy of Satan initiation rites and curiously strong teen recruitment efforts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPLCenter.org&rft.atitle=The+National+Socialist+Movement+Implodes&rft.date=2006-10-19&rft.aulast=Zaitchik&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2006%2Fnational-socialist-movement-implodes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/national-socialist-movement">"National Socialist Movement"</a>. SPLCenter.org. <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908010431/https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/national-socialist-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2020. <q>The NSM has had its share of movement scandal. In July 2006, it was rocked by revelations that co-founder and chairman emeritus Cliff Herrington's wife was the "High Priestess" of the Joy of Satan Ministry, and that her satanic church shared an address with the <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Okla.</a>, NSM chapter. The exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanist connections caused quite a stir, particularly among those NSM members who adhered to a racist (and heretical) variant of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a>. Before the dust settled, both Herringtons were forced out of NSM. <a href="/wiki/Bill_White_(neo-Nazi)" title="Bill White (neo-Nazi)">Bill White</a>, the neo-Nazi group's energetic spokesman, also quit, taking several NSM officials with him to create a new group, the American National Socialist Workers Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPLCenter.org&rft.atitle=National+Socialist+Movement&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Fgroup%2Fnational-socialist-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADL_2020-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_2020_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADL_2020_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/national-socialist-movement">"The National Socialist Movement"</a>. Adl.org. New York: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922205137/https://www.adl.org/education/resources/profiles/national-socialist-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adl.org&rft.atitle=The+National+Socialist+Movement&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fprofiles%2Fnational-socialist-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upchurch_2021-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Upchurch_2021_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Upchurch_2021_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpchurch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Upchurch, H. E. (22 December 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf">"The Iron March Forum and the Evolution of the "Skull Mask" Neo-Fascist Network"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/CTC_Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="CTC Sentinel">CTC Sentinel</a>. 14 (10). <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Combating Terrorism Center</a>: 27–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227044425/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/CTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022. <q>The skull mask network's ideology is a political-religious hybrid based in large part on the work of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>. Evola mixed <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> with "Traditionalism," a syncretic 20th century religious movement that combines <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology#Time" title="Hindu cosmology">cyclical time</a> and a belief in a now-lost primordial <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">European paganism</a>. Adherents of this blend of doctrines, which can be termed "Traditionalist fascism" believe that a <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purity_of_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Purity of race">racially pure</a> <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">"organic" society</a> will be restored after what they believe to be an ongoing age of corruption, the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>, is swept away in an apocalyptic war, and that it is their role to hasten the end of the Kali Yuga by generating chaos and violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=The+Iron+March+Forum+and+the+Evolution+of+the+%22Skull+Mask%22+Neo-Fascist+Network&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=27-37&rft.date=2021-12-22&rft.aulast=Upchurch&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.usma.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F12%2FCTC-SENTINEL-102021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzaniKoblenz-StenzlerAtiyas-LvovskyGanor2020" class="citation book cs1">Azani, Eitan; Koblenz-Stenzler, Liram; Atiyas-Lvovsky, Lorena; Ganor, Dan; Ben-Am, Arie; Meshulam, Delilah (2020). "The Development and Characterization of Far-Right Ideologies". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30906.6">The Far Right — Ideology, Modus Operandi and Development Trends</a>. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. pp. 13–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+and+Characterization+of+Far-Right+Ideologies&rft.btitle=The+Far+Right+%E2%80%94+Ideology%2C+Modus+Operandi+and+Development+Trends&rft.pages=13-36&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Counter-Terrorism&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Azani&rft.aufirst=Eitan&rft.au=Koblenz-Stenzler%2C+Liram&rft.au=Atiyas-Lvovsky%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Ganor%2C+Dan&rft.au=Ben-Am%2C+Arie&rft.au=Meshulam%2C+Delilah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep30906.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973116-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973116_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipsetRaab1973">Lipset & Raab 1973</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973125-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973125_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipsetRaab1973">Lipset & Raab 1973</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldman_1999-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Feldman_1999_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1999" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Glenn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=giv2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">"Chapter 9: Race over Rum, Romans, and Republicans"</a>. Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949. Tuscaloosa: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. pp. 160–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-8950-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-8950-5"><bdi>978-0-8173-8950-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40830038">40830038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Race+over+Rum%2C+Romans%2C+and+Republicans&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Society%2C+and+the+Klan+in+Alabama%2C+1915%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pages=160-192&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40830038&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-8950-5&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgiv2CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2020" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Brianne (2020) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/kkk_wot.htm">"Watcher on the Tower and the Washington State Ku Klux Klan"</a>. depts.washington.edu. <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Civil_Rights_and_Labor_History_Project" title="Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project">Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122124048/https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/kkk_wot.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=depts.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Watcher+on+the+Tower+and+the+Washington+State+Ku+Klux+Klan&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Brianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fcivilr%2Fkkk_wot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorain2020" class="citation news cs1">Morain, Tom (4 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.desmoinesregister.com/story/life/2020/03/04/history-of-ku-klux-klan-in-iowa-iowa-history-month/4858805002/">"Iowa History Month: The history of the Ku Klux Klan in Iowa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Des_Moines_Register" title="The Des Moines Register">The Des Moines Register</a>. <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324150921/https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/life/2020/03/04/history-of-ku-klux-klan-in-iowa-iowa-history-month/4858805002/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Des+Moines+Register&rft.atitle=Iowa+History+Month%3A+The+history+of+the+Ku+Klux+Klan+in+Iowa&rft.date=2020-03-04&rft.aulast=Morain&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.desmoinesregister.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2F2020%2F03%2F04%2Fhistory-of-ku-klux-klan-in-iowa-iowa-history-month%2F4858805002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973138–139-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973138–139_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipsetRaab1973">Lipset & Raab 1973</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973152-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipsetRaab1973152_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipsetRaab1973">Lipset & Raab 1973</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005588-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005588_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlisle2005">Carlisle 2005</a>, p. 588. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005557-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlisle2005557_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlisle2005">Carlisle 2005</a>, p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140502161959/http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/examining-sovereign-citizen-movement-obama-era">"Examining the Sovereign Citizen Movement in the Obama Era"</a>. Politics & Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/examining-sovereign-citizen-movement-obama-era">the original</a> on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Examining+the+Sovereign+Citizen+Movement+in+the+Obama+Era&rft.pub=Politics+%26+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticsandpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fexamining-sovereign-citizen-movement-obama-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/sovereign-citizens-a-growing-domestic-threat-to-law-enforcement">"Sovereign Citizens: A Growing Domestic Threat to Law Enforcement"</a>. FBI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103027/https://leb.fbi.gov/articles/featured-articles/sovereign-citizens-a-growing-domestic-threat-to-law-enforcement">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Citizens%3A+A+Growing+Domestic+Threat+to+Law+Enforcement&rft.pub=FBI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleb.fbi.gov%2Farticles%2Ffeatured-articles%2Fsovereign-citizens-a-growing-domestic-threat-to-law-enforcement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Karina (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courthousenews.com/2016/05/10/bundy-filing-shows-intent-behind-refuge-takeover.htm">"Bundy Filing Shows Intent Behind Refuge Takeover"</a>. Pasadena, California. <a href="/wiki/Courthouse_News_Service" title="Courthouse News Service">Courthouse News Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512112700/http://www.courthousenews.com/2016/05/10/bundy-filing-shows-intent-behind-refuge-takeover.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bundy+Filing+Shows+Intent+Behind+Refuge+Takeover&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courthousenews.com%2F2016%2F05%2F10%2Fbundy-filing-shows-intent-behind-refuge-takeover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseyArnold2016" class="citation web cs1">Casey, Lissa; Arnold, Michael (9 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.oregonlive.com/oregon-standoff/other/2016/05/09/ABmotiondismiss.pdf">"Defendant Ammon Bundy's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227082520/http://media.oregonlive.com/oregon-standoff/other/2016/05/09/ABmotiondismiss.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defendant+Ammon+Bundy%27s+Motion+to+Dismiss+for+Lack+of+Subject+Matter+Jurisdiction&rft.date=2016-05-09&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Lissa&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.oregonlive.com%2Foregon-standoff%2Fother%2F2016%2F05%2F09%2FABmotiondismiss.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cimino_2005-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cimino_2005_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cimino_2005_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimino2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cimino, Richard P. (December 2005). ""No God in Common": American Evangelical Discourse on Islam after 9/11". <a href="/wiki/Review_of_Religious_Research" title="Review of Religious Research">Review of Religious Research</a>. 47 (2). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Research_Association" title="Religious Research Association">Religious Research Association</a>: 162–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512048">10.2307/3512048</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-4866">2211-4866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512048">3512048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143510803">143510803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religious+Research&rft.atitle=%22No+God+in+Common%22%3A+American+Evangelical+Discourse+on+Islam+after+9%2F11&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-174&rft.date=2005-12&rft.issn=2211-4866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143510803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512048&rft.aulast=Cimino&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermanssonLawrenceMulhallMurdoch2020" class="citation book cs1">Hermansson, Patrik; Lawrence, David; Mulhall, Joe; Murdoch, Simon (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43fNDwAAQBAJ">The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century?</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62709-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-62709-5"><bdi>978-0-429-62709-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725005054/https://books.google.com/books?id=43fNDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Alt-Right%3A+Fascism+for+the+21st+Century%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-429-62709-5&rft.aulast=Hermansson&rft.aufirst=Patrik&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+David&rft.au=Mulhall%2C+Joe&rft.au=Murdoch%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43fNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatt2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatt, Chetan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276420925523">"White Extinction: Metaphysical Elements of Contemporary Western Fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theory,_Culture_%26_Society" title="Theory, Culture & Society">Theory, Culture & Society</a>. 38. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276420925523">10.1177/0263276420925523</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-2764">0263-2764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=White+Extinction%3A+Metaphysical+Elements+of+Contemporary+Western+Fascism&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263276420925523&rft.issn=0263-2764&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Chetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0263276420925523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Diplomat-201"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Diplomat_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2022/04/the-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda/">"The Great Translation Movement Shines a Spotlight on China's Propaganda"</a>. The Diplomat. 5 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+Great+Translation+Movement+Shines+a+Spotlight+on+China%27s+Propaganda&rft.date=2022-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2022%2F04%2Fthe-great-translation-movement-shines-a-spotlight-on-chinas-propaganda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2022/05/19/a-new-twitter-account-shows-how-the-chinese-communist-party-stirs-up-ultra-nationalism/">"A new Twitter account shows how the Chinese Communist Party stirs up ultra-nationalism"</a>. The Economist. 19 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+new+Twitter+account+shows+how+the+Chinese+Communist+Party+stirs+up+ultra-nationalism&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2022%2F05%2F19%2Fa-new-twitter-account-shows-how-the-chinese-communist-party-stirs-up-ultra-nationalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_N._WasserstromMaura_Elizabeth_Cunningham2018" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom; Maura Elizabeth Cunningham (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBQDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22CCP%22+%22extreme+nationalist%22&pg=PT185">China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065910-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-065910-3"><bdi>978-0-19-065910-3</bdi></a>. <q>There is very little likelihood of this happening.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+the+21st+Century%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know%3F&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-065910-3&rft.au=Jeffrey+N.+Wasserstrom&rft.au=Maura+Elizabeth+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBBQDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522CCP%2522%2B%2522extreme%2Bnationalist%2522%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing_Kwan_LeeMing_Sing2019" class="citation book cs1">Ching Kwan Lee; Ming Sing (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B72tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22ultraconservative%22+Hong+Kong&pg=PA155">Take Back Our Future: An Eventful Sociology of the Hong Kong Umbrella Movement</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4093-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4093-0"><bdi>978-1-5017-4093-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+Back+Our+Future%3A+An+Eventful+Sociology+of+the+Hong+Kong+Umbrella+Movement&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-4093-0&rft.au=Ching+Kwan+Lee&rft.au=Ming+Sing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB72tDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522ultraconservative%2522%2BHong%2BKong%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris_MylonasMaya_Tudor2023" class="citation book cs1">Harris Mylonas; Maya Tudor (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2XOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22han-centric%22+xi+jinping&pg=PT10">Varieties of Nationalism: Communities, Narratives, Identities</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-96835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-96835-5"><bdi>978-1-108-96835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Nationalism%3A+Communities%2C+Narratives%2C+Identities&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-108-96835-5&rft.au=Harris+Mylonas&rft.au=Maya+Tudor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2XOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522han-centric%2522%2Bxi%2Bjinping%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTina_BurrettJeff_Kingston2023" class="citation book cs1">Tina Burrett; Jeff Kingston (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aI-rEAAAQBAJ&dq=conservative+Han+chauvinism&pg=PA200">Routledge Handbook of Trauma in East Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85939-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85939-3"><bdi>978-1-000-85939-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Trauma+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-85939-3&rft.au=Tina+Burrett&rft.au=Jeff+Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaI-rEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dconservative%2BHan%2Bchauvinism%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChe2020" class="citation news cs1">Che, Chang (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/">"The Nazi Inspiring China's Communists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201204916/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+Inspiring+China%27s+Communists&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Che&rft.aufirst=Chang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2020%2F12%2Fnazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt%2F617237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L_Shambaugh2008" class="citation book cs1">David L Shambaugh (2 April 2008). China's Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. University of California Press. p. 177. <q>Some intellectuals flirt with so-called neoconservatism (xinbaoshouzhuyi), which embodies fascistic-like characteristics, but it has not gained wide appeal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Communist+Party%3A+Atrophy+and+Adaptation&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.au=David+L+Shambaugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y707-209"><a href="#cite_ref-y707_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajpeyi2020" class="citation book cs1">Vajpeyi, Ananya (2020). "Minorities and Populism in Modi's India: The Mirror Effect". Minorities and Populism – Critical Perspectives from South Asia and Europe. Philosophy and Politics - Critical Explorations. Vol. 10. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 17–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-34098-8_2">10.1007/978-3-030-34098-8_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34097-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34097-1"><bdi>978-3-030-34097-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minorities+and+Populism+in+Modi%E2%80%99s+India%3A+The+Mirror+Effect&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+Populism+%E2%80%93+Critical+Perspectives+from+South+Asia+and+Europe&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Philosophy+and+Politics+-+Critical+Explorations&rft.pages=17-28&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-34098-8_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-34097-1&rft.aulast=Vajpeyi&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k356-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k356_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k356_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonYilmazMorieson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, Greg; Yilmaz, Ihsan; Morieson, Nicholas (29 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12060397">"Religious and Pro-Violence Populism in Indonesia: The Rise and Fall of a Far-Right Islamist Civilisationist Movement"</a>. Religions. 12 (6): 397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel12060397">10.3390/rel12060397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Religious+and+Pro-Violence+Populism+in+Indonesia%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Far-Right+Islamist+Civilisationist+Movement&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=397&rft.date=2021-05-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel12060397&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Yilmaz%2C+Ihsan&rft.au=Morieson%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel12060397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinblum2015-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Weinblum2015_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon_Weinblum2015" class="citation book cs1">Sharon Weinblum (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DtyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR10">Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse</a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-58450-6"><bdi>978-1-317-58450-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+and+Defensive+Democracy+in+Israel%3A+A+Critical+Approach+to+Political+Discourse&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-58450-6&rft.au=Sharon+Weinblum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DtyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219141224/http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm">"God's Law: an Interview with Rabbi Meir Kahane"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God%27s+Law%3A+an+Interview+with+Rabbi+Meir+Kahane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkahane.org%2Fmeir%2Finterview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988">: "Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don’t differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. He can have civil rights, social rights, but he cannot be a citizen; he won’t have the right to vote. Again, whether he’s Arab or not." </li> <li id="cite_note-Knesset-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Knesset_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=41">"Knesset Records of Kach Activity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815195918/http://knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=41">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knesset+Records+of+Kach+Activity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Ffaction%2Feng%2FFactionPage_eng.asp%3FPG%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-treas.gov-214"><a href="#cite_ref-treas.gov_214-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/key-issues/protecting/fto_aliases.shtml">Key Issues: Protecting Charitable organizations</a> U.S. Department of the Treasury <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214183300/http://www.treas.gov/offices/enforcement/key-issues/protecting/fto_aliases.shtml">Archived</a> 14 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdi.org-215"><a href="#cite_ref-cdi.org_215-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/kach.cfm">In the Spotlight: Kach and Kahane Chai</a> Center for Defense Information, 1 October 2002 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061122094511/http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/kach.cfm">Archived</a> 22 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfr-216"><a href="#cite_ref-cfr_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604062238/http://www.cfr.org/israel/kach-kahane-chai-israel-extremists/p9178?breadcrumb=%2Fabout%2Fnewsletters%2Feditorial_detail%3Fid%3D1332">"Kach, Kahane Chai (Israel, extremists)"</a>. Council for Foreign Relations. 20 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfr.org/israel/kach-kahane-chai-israel-extremists/p9178?breadcrumb=%2Fabout%2Fnewsletters%2Feditorial_detail%3Fid%3D1332">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kach%2C+Kahane+Chai+%28Israel%2C+extremists%29&rft.pub=Council+for+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fisrael%2Fkach-kahane-chai-israel-extremists%2Fp9178%3Fbreadcrumb%3D%252Fabout%252Fnewsletters%252Feditorial_detail%253Fid%253D1332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-START-kach-217"><a href="#cite_ref-START-kach_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624042648/http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections710000000000/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=61">"Terrorist Organization Profile: Kach"</a>. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. 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Retrieved 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Jewish+Home+party%2C+far-right+Otzma+Yehudit+reunite+ahead+of+third+elections&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=staff%2C+T.+O.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fjewish-home-party-far-right-otzma-yehudit-reunite-ahead-of-third-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TachlesJP-219"><a href="#cite_ref-TachlesJP_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Sharon2019" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Sharon (25 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/What-does-Otzma-Yehudit-and-its-leaders-stand-for-581765">"What do Otzma Yehudit and its leaders stand for?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226064534/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/What-does-Otzma-Yehudit-and-its-leaders-stand-for-581765">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. 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The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093425/http://www.timesofisrael.com/surprise-arab-town-doesnt-love-anti-arab-party/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015. 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Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=The+extremist+who+could+bring+Kahanism+back+to+the+Knesset&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft.au=Raphael+Ahren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-extremist-who-could-bring-kahanism-back-to-the-knesset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-222"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63942616">"Israel moves sharply to right as Netanyahu forms new coalition"</a>. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WiuHDAAAQBAJ&q=taiwan+New+Party+far-right&pg=PA129">Working Women and State Policies in Taiwan: A Study in Political Economy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230508873" title="Special:BookSources/9780230508873"><bdi>9780230508873</bdi></a>. <q>The New Party, which split from the KMT in 1994, is a conservative party and on the far Right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Women+and+State+Policies+in+Taiwan%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780230508873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWiuHDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtaiwan%2BNew%2BParty%2Bfar-right%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hk.crntt.com/doc/1055/1/7/5/105517599_2.html">"新黨公布"一國兩制台灣方案" (全文)"</a> [New Party Announces "One Country, Two Systems Taiwan Proposal" (Full Text)]. 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Retrieved 18 October 2023. <q>For Taiwan though, the proposal has never been an option. Even the Kuomintang — a vestige of the losing side in China's civil war and the main force backing eventual unification with the mainland, has rejected the model</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Xi%27s+suppression+of+Hong+Kong+democracy+pushes+Taiwan+further+from+China&rft.date=2022-07-04&rft.au=Samson+Ellis+and+Adrian+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2022%2F07%2F04%2Fasia-pacific%2Fxi-suppression-hong-kong-taiwan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicah_McCartney2022" class="citation web cs1">Micah McCartney (15 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/taiwans-kmt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/">"Taiwan's KMT: Between a Rock and a Hard Place"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2023. <q>On August 10, a white paper published by China's Taiwan Affairs Office, the first such document released on Xi Jinping's watch, confirmed that "One Country, Two Systems" is fundamental to Beijing's vision of unification with Taiwan. This makes a rapprochement with a KMT, or indeed any Taiwanese administration, more difficult to achieve given how "One Country, Two Systems" played out in Hong Kong. Even pro-China former President <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma</a> has declared the framework "dead".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+KMT%3A+Between+a+Rock+and+a+Hard+Place&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.au=Micah+McCartney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2022%2F08%2Ftaiwans-kmt-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/277417/Far_right_groups_imposing_agendas_on_society_in_Armenia_Freedom_House">"Far right groups imposing agendas on society in Armenia: Freedom House"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PanARMENIAN.Net&rft.atitle=Far+right+groups+imposing+agendas+on+society+in+Armenia%3A+Freedom+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panarmenian.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2F277417%2FFar_right_groups_imposing_agendas_on_society_in_Armenia_Freedom_House&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/3633204">"בעיר הבירה: תנועה אנטישמית ארמנית צעדה עם דגלי נאצים - וואלה! יהדות"</a>. וואלה!. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113211051/https://judaism.walla.co.il/item/3633204">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2024. 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Palgrave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Interwar+Estonia%C2%BB&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Schulbach1934" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnold Schulbach (April 1934). "Vabside elu keskvanglas" [Free communication life in the central prison]. Vaba Maa (in Estonian). Vol. 6, no. 79. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaba+Maa&rft.atitle=Vabside+elu+keskvanglas&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1934-04&rft.au=Arnold+Schulbach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Voldemar Pinn. Kahe mehe saatus: Johannes Vares, Hjalmar Mäe. Haapsalu, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2019" class="citation web cs1">Tanner, Jari (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/8ce513cec1e14ba98990d14dfd05d38c">"Far right gains in Estonia eyed for clues to EU-wide vote"</a>. AP News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304103929/https://apnews.com/8ce513cec1e14ba98990d14dfd05d38c">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Far+right+gains+in+Estonia+eyed+for+clues+to+EU-wide+vote&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Jari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F8ce513cec1e14ba98990d14dfd05d38c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Suso2022" class="citation web cs1">Roger Suso (31 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directa.cat/com-un-nen-de-tretze-anys-ha-pogut-dirigir-des-destonia-una-organitzacio-internacional-neonazi/">"COM UN NEN DE TRETZE ANYS HA POGUT DIRIGIR DES D'ESTÒNIA UNA ORGANITZACIÓ INTERNACIONAL NEONAZI?"</a>. <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directa" class="extiw" title="ca:Directa">ca:Directa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305230258/https://directa.cat/com-un-nen-de-tretze-anys-ha-pogut-dirigir-des-destonia-una-organitzacio-internacional-neonazi/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <q>According to the Eesti Ekspress newspaper , Commander had a contact with the deputy of the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) and head of the youth section of the formation Ruuben Kaalep.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%3Aca%3ADirecta&rft.atitle=COM+UN+NEN+DE+TRETZE+ANYS+HA+POGUT+DIRIGIR+DES+D%27EST%C3%92NIA+UNA+ORGANITZACI%C3%93+INTERNACIONAL+NEONAZI%3F&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft.au=Roger+Suso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirecta.cat%2Fcom-un-nen-de-tretze-anys-ha-pogut-dirigir-des-destonia-una-organitzacio-internacional-neonazi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2020" class="citation news cs1">Silver, Tambur (10 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://estonianworld.com/security/a-global-neo-nazi-organisation-led-by-a-13-year-old-estonian-schoolboy/">"A global neo-Nazi organisation led by a 13-year-old Estonian schoolboy"</a>. Estonian World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512122848/https://estonianworld.com/security/a-global-neo-nazi-organisation-led-by-a-13-year-old-estonian-schoolboy/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estonian+World&rft.atitle=A+global+neo-Nazi+organisation+led+by+a+13-year-old+Estonian+schoolboy&rft.date=2020-08-10&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Tambur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Festonianworld.com%2Fsecurity%2Fa-global-neo-nazi-organisation-led-by-a-13-year-old-estonian-schoolboy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/grupuote-kurios-narys-planavo-ispuoli-lietuvoje-itraukti-siekiama-net-ir-vaikus.d?id=84628759">"Grupuotė, kurios narys planavo išpuolį Lietuvoje: įtraukti siekiama net ir vaikus (The group whose member planned the attack in Lithuania: even children are sought in involvement)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Delfi_(web_portal)" title="Delfi (web portal)">Delfi (web portal)</a>. 26 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627140746/https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/grupuote-kurios-narys-planavo-ispuoli-lietuvoje-itraukti-siekiama-net-ir-vaikus.d?id=84628759">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delfi+%28web+portal%29&rft.atitle=Grupuot%C4%97%2C+kurios+narys+planavo+i%C5%A1puol%C4%AF+Lietuvoje%3A+%C4%AFtraukti+siekiama+net+ir+vaikus+%28The+group+whose+member+planned+the+attack+in+Lithuania%3A+even+children+are+sought+in+involvement%29&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.delfi.lt%2Fnews%2Fdaily%2Flithuania%2Fgrupuote-kurios-narys-planavo-ispuoli-lietuvoje-itraukti-siekiama-net-ir-vaikus.d%3Fid%3D84628759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.err.ee/926367/weekly-ekre-mp-ruuben-kaalep-has-long-history-of-neo-nazi-activity">"EKRE MP Ruuben Kaalep has long history of neo-Nazi activity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">Eesti Rahvusringhääling</a>. 10 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103640/https://news.err.ee/926367/weekly-ekre-mp-ruuben-kaalep-has-long-history-of-neo-nazi-activity">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eesti+Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling&rft.atitle=EKRE+MP+Ruuben+Kaalep+has+long+history+of+neo-Nazi+activity&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.err.ee%2F926367%2Fweekly-ekre-mp-ruuben-kaalep-has-long-history-of-neo-nazi-activity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/wiesenthal-center-criticizes-6.html">"Wiesenthal Center Criticizes Extreme Right March to Mark Estonian Independence Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a>. 5 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008120058/http://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/wiesenthal-center-criticizes-6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiesenthal+Center+Criticizes+Extreme+Right+March+to+Mark+Estonian+Independence+Day&rft.pub=Simon+Wiesenthal+Center&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiesenthal.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fwiesenthal-center-criticizes-6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nazi-hunter-even-putin-would-condemn-nuremberg-esque-parades-estonia-1490259">"Nazi Hunter: Nuremberg-esque march no way to celebrate Estonian independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>. 5 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125020217/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nazi-hunter-even-putin-would-condemn-nuremberg-esque-parades-estonia-1490259">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Nazi+Hunter%3A+Nuremberg-esque+march+no+way+to+celebrate+Estonian+independence&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fnazi-hunter-even-putin-would-condemn-nuremberg-esque-parades-estonia-1490259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Vares, Vesa & Uola, Mikko & Majander, Mikko: Kansanvalta koetuksella. Sarjassa Suomen eduskunta 100 vuotta, Osa 3. Helsinki: Edita, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9513745430" title="Special:BookSources/9513745430">9513745430</a> pp. 248, 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Iltalehti Teema Historia: Lapuan liike, Alma Media, 2015, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Jussi Niinistö">L. J. Niinistö</a>; "Paavo Susitaival 1896–1993. Aktivismi elämänasenteena", 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorma_O._Tiainen1987" class="citation book cs1">Jorma O. Tiainen; et al., eds. (1987). Vuosisatamme Kronikka. Jyväskylä: Gummerus. p. 668. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951202893X" title="Special:BookSources/951202893X"><bdi>951202893X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vuosisatamme+Kronikka&rft.place=Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4&rft.pages=668&rft.pub=Gummerus&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=951202893X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Westerlund2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lars Westerlund, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143130/https://www.arkisto.fi/fi/kansallisarkisto/julkaisut/b-monografiat">Sotavangit ja internoidut</a> [Prisoners of war and internees] (in Finnish, English, and Swedish). Helsinki: Kansallisarkisto [National Archives]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9515331397" title="Special:BookSources/978-9515331397"><bdi>978-9515331397</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arkisto.fi/fi/kansallisarkisto/julkaisut/b-monografiat">the original</a> on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sotavangit+ja+internoidut&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Kansallisarkisto+%5BNational+Archives%5D&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9515331397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkisto.fi%2Ffi%2Fkansallisarkisto%2Fjulkaisut%2Fb-monografiat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.kirjastot.fi/kysy/arkistohaku/kysymys/?ID=e5a28990-6bcf-4d52-a597-bdae00af97bd">"Palveliko entinen puolustusministeri Arvo Pentti (s.13.2.1915 – k. 1.2.1986) suomalaisessa SS-Pataljoonassa 2.Maailmansodan aikana – jos palveli, kauanko, missä ja millä sotilasarvolla?"</a> [Did former Minister of Defense Arvo Pentti (b. 13 February 1915 – d. 1.2.1986) serve in the Finnish SS Battalion during World War II – if so, for how long, where and with what military rank?]. Kysy kirjastonhoitajalta [Ask your librarian] (in Finnish). Kirjastot.fi. 31 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213251/http://www2.kirjastot.fi/kysy/arkistohaku/kysymys/?ID=e5a28990-6bcf-4d52-a597-bdae00af97bd">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kysy+kirjastonhoitajalta+%5BAsk+your+librarian%5D&rft.atitle=Palveliko+entinen+puolustusministeri+Arvo+Pentti+%28s.13.2.1915+%E2%80%93+k.+1.2.1986%29+suomalaisessa+SS-Pataljoonassa+2.Maailmansodan+aikana+%E2%80%93+jos+palveli%2C+kauanko%2C+miss%C3%A4+ja+mill%C3%A4+sotilasarvolla%3F&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.kirjastot.fi%2Fkysy%2Farkistohaku%2Fkysymys%2F%3FID%3De5a28990-6bcf-4d52-a597-bdae00af97bd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/elama/art-2000002681558.html">Seitsemän vuotta uusnatsina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227180948/http://www.hs.fi/elama/a1381948605154">Archived</a> 27 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Helsingin sanomat 17.10.2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavndal2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ravndal, Jacob Aasland (3 September 2018). "Right-wing Terrorism and Militancy in the Nordic Countries: A Comparative Case Study". Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (5): 772–792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2018.1445888">10.1080/09546553.2018.1445888</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F64981">10852/64981</a>. <q>One particularly severe episode happened in 1997, when a group of about 50 skinheads attacked Somali youths playing football in the Helsinki suburb Kontula. The violence did not stop before the police started shooting warning shots, and 22 skinheads were sentenced for the attack. Pekonen et al. also mention a number of other violent events from the 1990s, including ten particularly severe events from 1995 (not included in the RTV dataset because sufficient event details are lacking): a racist murder, an immigrant stabbed by a skinhead, four attacks on immigrants using explosives, and another four immigrants beaten severely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=Right-wing+Terrorism+and+Militancy+in+the+Nordic+Countries%3A+A+Comparative+Case+Study&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=772-792&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F64981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2018.1445888&rft.aulast=Ravndal&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Aasland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/64981/Ravndal_with+title+page.pdf?sequence=2">Free version</a> available via the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326170854/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/64981/Ravndal_with+title+page.pdf?sequence=2">Archived</a> 26 March 2021). </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yle.fi/uutiset/extreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland/6478162">"Extreme right radicals seeking more visible presence in Finland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Broadcasting_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Broadcasting Company">Finnish Broadcasting Company</a>. 2 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505122827/http://yle.fi/uutiset/extreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland/6478162">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+right+radicals+seeking+more+visible+presence+in+Finland&rft.pub=Finnish+Broadcasting+Company&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fextreme_right_radicals_seeking_more_visible_presence_in_finland%2F6478162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-finns-263"><a href="#cite_ref-finns_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190531-finnish-centre-left-parties-agree-form-government">"Finnish centre-left parties agree to form government"</a>. FRANCE 24. 31 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404014405/https://www.france24.com/en/20190531-finnish-centre-left-parties-agree-form-government">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2020. <q>Rinne led his party to a razor-thin victory in last month's general election, holding off the far-right Finns Party which surged into second place on an anti-immigration agenda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRANCE+24&rft.atitle=Finnish+centre-left+parties+agree+to+form+government&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190531-finnish-centre-left-parties-agree-form-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/14/finland-s-social-democrats-win-first-place-in-advance-voting">"Finland's Social Democrats win razor-thin victory against far-right party"</a>. euronews. 15 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930092347/https://www.euronews.com/2019/04/14/finland-s-social-democrats-win-first-place-in-advance-voting">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020. <q>Finland's leftist Social Democrats won first place in Sunday's general election with 17.7% of the votes, avoiding a near defeat by the far-right Finns Party, which rose in the ranks with an anti-immigration agenda.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Finland%27s+Social+Democrats+win+razor-thin+victory+against+far-right+party&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2019%2F04%2F14%2Ffinland-s-social-democrats-win-first-place-in-advance-voting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926060716/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/05/21/world/politics-diplomacy-world/look-euroskeptic-populist-forces-european-union/">"A look at euroskeptic and populist forces in the European Union"</a>. The Japan Times. 21 May 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/05/21/world/politics-diplomacy-world/look-euroskeptic-populist-forces-european-union/">the original</a> on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2020. <q>Finland's far-right, anti-immigration Finns Party more than doubled its seats in April national elections, closely tailing the leftist Social Democrats who won only narrowly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=A+look+at+euroskeptic+and+populist+forces+in+the+European+Union&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2019%2F05%2F21%2Fworld%2Fpolitics-diplomacy-world%2Flook-euroskeptic-populist-forces-european-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/six-mps-far-right-finns-party-criminal-record/">"Six MPs of the far-right Finns Party with a criminal record"</a>. European Interest. 19 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928083555/https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/six-mps-far-right-finns-party-criminal-record/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Interest&rft.atitle=Six+MPs+of+the+far-right+Finns+Party+with+a+criminal+record&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeaninterest.eu%2Farticle%2Fsix-mps-far-right-finns-party-criminal-record%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-the-finns-party/">"FactSheet: The Finns Party"</a>. Bridge Initiative. Georgetown University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122025209/https://bridge.georgetown.edu/research/factsheet-the-finns-party/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bridge+Initiative&rft.atitle=FactSheet%3A+The+Finns+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbridge.georgetown.edu%2Fresearch%2Ffactsheet-the-finns-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hs2017-268"><a href="#cite_ref-hs2017_268-0">^</a> Juho Jokinen: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000005394328.html">Jouni Lanamäki kuohutti 1990-luvulla rasismilla, vetäytyi julkisuudesta ja loi kaikessa hiljaisuudessa karaokebaarien imperiumin Helsinkiin – Nyt hän avaa suunsa 25 vuoden jälkeen</a> (vain tilaajille) Helsingin Sanomat 4.10.2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Turun_Sanomat" title="Turun Sanomat">Turun Sanomat</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ts.fi/uutiset/1074034457">Suomi-Isänmaalle ensimmäinen valtuutettu</a>, 30.3.2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/427922/neo-nazis-marching-on-the-streets-in-european-cities-despite-eu-bans">"Neo-Nazis marching on the streets in European cities despite EU bans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Times">Brussels Times</a>. 28 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328161859/https://www.brusselstimes.com/427922/neo-nazis-marching-on-the-streets-in-european-cities-despite-eu-bans">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023. <q>Helsinki, Finland, 'Towards Freedom' and '612 for freedom' march' in memory of the Finnish SS-battalion which fought with Nazi Germany</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brussels+Times&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazis+marching+on+the+streets+in+European+cities+despite+EU+bans&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselstimes.com%2F427922%2Fneo-nazis-marching-on-the-streets-in-european-cities-despite-eu-bans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnaibrith.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/AnnualMarchesGlorifyingNazism_Z105c.pdf">"On Europe's Streets:Annual Marches Glorifying Nazism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a>. 25 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326132318/https://www.bnaibrith.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/AnnualMarchesGlorifyingNazism_Z105c.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023. <q>the main organizers and guests of the event have been drawn from either non-party-affiliated far-right-activists or members of the right-wing populist Finns Party (Perussuomalaiset), its youth organization Finns Party Youth (Perussuomalaiset Nuoret)...the 612-march is a torchlight procession from central Helsinki to the Hietaniemi war cemetery, where members visit the tomb of World War II-era President Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim and the monument to the Finnish SS-Battalion. There are speeches at both the assembly point and at the cemetery, eulogizing the Battle for Helsinki, depicted by speakers as the occasion "when Germans and Finns marched side by side and liberated the city from the communists."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%27nai+B%27rith%2C+Amadeu+Antonio+Foundation%2C+Federal+Foreign+Office&rft.atitle=On+Europe%27s+Streets%3AAnnual+Marches+Glorifying+Nazism&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnaibrith.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F03%2FAnnualMarchesGlorifyingNazism_Z105c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000006334051.html?share=f6b9cc465a58c4b97bd69ce71733f9eb">"Äärioikeistolaisten hihamerkit ja anarkistiliput vilahtelivat Helsingissä, kun tuhannet marssivat itsenäisyyspäivän mielenosoituksissa – Poliisi otti kiinni 13 ihmistä"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a>. 7 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213300/https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000006334051.html?share=f6b9cc465a58c4b97bd69ce71733f9eb">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%84%C3%A4rioikeistolaisten+hihamerkit+ja+anarkistiliput+vilahtelivat+Helsingiss%C3%A4%2C+kun+tuhannet+marssivat+itsen%C3%A4isyysp%C3%A4iv%C3%A4n+mielenosoituksissa+%E2%80%93+Poliisi+otti+kiinni+13+ihmist%C3%A4&rft.pub=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkaupunki%2Fart-2000006334051.html%3Fshare%3Df6b9cc465a58c4b97bd69ce71733f9eb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201712082200589810">"Pohjoismainen vastarintaliike joukkonujakassa itsenäisyyspäivänä – uusnatsit naureskelivat väkivallalle: "Hauskaa!""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iltasanomat" class="mw-redirect" title="Iltasanomat">Iltasanomat</a>. 7 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019223439/https://www.iltalehti.fi/kotimaa/a/201712082200589810">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pohjoismainen+vastarintaliike+joukkonujakassa+itsen%C3%A4isyysp%C3%A4iv%C3%A4n%C3%A4+%E2%80%93+uusnatsit+naureskelivat+v%C3%A4kivallalle%3A+%22Hauskaa%21%22&rft.pub=Iltasanomat&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iltalehti.fi%2Fkotimaa%2Fa%2F201712082200589810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holappa-274"><a href="#cite_ref-holappa_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/05/15/nain-toimii-suomen-vastarintaliike">"Näin toimii Suomen Vastarintaliike"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a>. 15 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923224412/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2016/05/15/nain-toimii-suomen-vastarintaliike">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N%C3%A4in+toimii+Suomen+Vastarintaliike&rft.pub=Yle&rft.date=2016-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Faihe%2Fartikkeli%2F2016%2F05%2F15%2Fnain-toimii-suomen-vastarintaliike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/a/3-10535875">"Finnish neo-Nazi group diversifies, seeks alliances as ban closes in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yleisradio" class="mw-redirect" title="Yleisradio">Yleisradio</a>. 21 September 2024. <q>Last year's right-wing 612 torchlight procession on Independence Day attracted about 3,000 people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yleisradio&rft.atitle=Finnish+neo-Nazi+group+diversifies%2C+seeks+alliances+as+ban+closes+in&rft.date=2024-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fa%2F3-10535875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215151555/http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4821&title=The-French-National-Front-On-its-way-to-power">"The French National Front: On its way to power?"</a>. Policy Network. 22 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4821&title=The-French-National-Front-On-its-way-to-power">the original</a> on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+National+Front%3A+On+its+way+to+power%3F&rft.pub=Policy+Network&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policy-network.net%2Fpno_detail.aspx%3FID%3D4821%26title%3DThe-French-National-Front-On-its-way-to-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2015" class="citation news cs1">Lichfield, John (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/rise-of-the-french-far-right-front-national-party-could-make-sweeping-gains-at-this-months-local-elections-10078824.html">"Rise of the French far right: Front National party could make sweeping gains at this month's local elections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925191526/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/rise-of-the-french-far-right-front-national-party-could-make-sweeping-gains-at-this-months-local-elections-10078824.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Rise+of+the+French+far+right%3A+Front+National+party+could+make+sweeping+gains+at+this+month%27s+local+elections&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.aulast=Lichfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frise-of-the-french-far-right-front-national-party-could-make-sweeping-gains-at-this-months-local-elections-10078824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2012" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter (2012). The National Front in France: Ideology, Discourse and Power. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72530-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72530-4"><bdi>978-1-134-72530-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Front+in+France%3A+Ideology%2C+Discourse+and+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72530-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCamusLebourg2017">Camus & Lebourg 2017</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/06/jean-marie-le-pen-fined-again-dismissing-holocaust-detail">"Jean-Marie Le Pen fined again for dismissing Holocaust as 'detail'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 6 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323040033/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/06/jean-marie-le-pen-fined-again-dismissing-holocaust-detail">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jean-Marie+Le+Pen+fined+again+for+dismissing+Holocaust+as+%27detail%27&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fapr%2F06%2Fjean-marie-le-pen-fined-again-dismissing-holocaust-detail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2005/02/24/jean-marie-le-pen-condamne-pour-incitation-a-la-haine-raciale_399429_3224.html">"Jean-Marie Le Pen condamné pour incitation à la haine raciale"</a>. Le Monde. 24 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225013204/https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2005/02/24/jean-marie-le-pen-condamne-pour-incitation-a-la-haine-raciale_399429_3224.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Jean-Marie+Le+Pen+condamn%C3%A9+pour+incitation+%C3%A0+la+haine+raciale&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fsociete%2Farticle%2F2005%2F02%2F24%2Fjean-marie-le-pen-condamne-pour-incitation-a-la-haine-raciale_399429_3224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naziban-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naziban_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naziban_282-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naziban_282-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildman2017" class="citation web cs1">Wildman, Sarah (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world/2017/8/16/16152088/nazi-swastikas-germany-charlottesville">"Why you see swastikas in America but not Germany"</a>. Vox. Vox Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193155/https://www.vox.com/world/2017/8/16/16152088/nazi-swastikas-germany-charlottesville">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+you+see+swastikas+in+America+but+not+Germany&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Wildman&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2F8%2F16%2F16152088%2Fnazi-swastikas-germany-charlottesville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iuscomp-283"><a href="#cite_ref-iuscomp_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a">"Section 86a Use of Symbols of Unconstitutional Organizations"</a>. Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB). German Law Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010426054458/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2001. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Code+%28Strafgesetzbuch%2C+StGB%29&rft.atitle=Section+86a+Use+of+Symbols+of+Unconstitutional+Organizations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iuscomp.org%2Fgla%2Fstatutes%2FStGB.htm%2386a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virchow-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Virchow_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirchow2016" class="citation cs2">Virchow, Fabian (2016), "PEGIDA: Understanding the Emergence and Essence of Nativist Protest in Dresden", Journal of Intercultural Studies, 37 (6): 541–555, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07256868.2016.1235026">10.1080/07256868.2016.1235026</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151752919">151752919</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intercultural+Studies&rft.atitle=PEGIDA%3A+Understanding+the+Emergence+and+Essence+of+Nativist+Protest+in+Dresden&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=541-555&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07256868.2016.1235026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151752919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Virchow&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.colgate.edu/keck/2015/03/pegida-in-germany.html">"PEGIDA in Germany"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224060525/http://blogs.colgate.edu/keck/2015/03/pegida-in-germany.html">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/55598/ssoar-politicquarterly-2015-4-dostal-The_Pegida_Movement_and_German.pdf?sequence=1">"The Pegida Movement and German Political Culture: Is Right-Wing Populism Here to Stay?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309040238/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/55598/ssoar-politicquarterly-2015-4-dostal-The_Pegida_Movement_and_German.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennhold2021" class="citation news cs1">Bennhold, Katrin (3 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/world/europe/germany-afd-surveillance-extremism.html">"Germany Places Far-Right AfD Party Under Surveillance for Extremism"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323164145/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/03/world/europe/germany-afd-surveillance-extremism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Germany+Places+Far-Right+AfD+Party+Under+Surveillance+for+Extremism&rft.date=2021-03-03&rft.aulast=Bennhold&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F03%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fgermany-afd-surveillance-extremism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanpayne-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanpayne_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanpayne_288-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanpayne_288-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&q=A+History+of+Fascism+payne">A History of Fascism, 1914–45</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-14874-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-14874-2"><bdi>0-299-14874-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-299-14874-2&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLiFIEdI1V4C%26q%3DA%2BHistory%2Bof%2BFascism%2Bpayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorensen-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorensen_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorensen_289-1">b</a> Gert Sørensen, Robert Mallett. International fascism, 1919–45. London; Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers, 2002. p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Dictatorships,_1918–1945-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-European_Dictatorships,_1918–1945_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-European_Dictatorships,_1918–1945_290-1">b</a> Lee, Stephen J. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnvJO9yfvEAC">European Dictatorships, 1918–1945</a> Routledge; 2 edition (2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415230462" title="Special:BookSources/0415230462">0415230462</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Mazower, Mark Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001 pages 22 & 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> Martin Seckendorf; Günter Keber; u.a.; Bundesarchiv (Hrsg.): Die Okkupationspolitik des deutschen Faschismus in Jugoslawien, Griechenland, Albanien, Italien und Ungarn (1941–1945) Hüthig, Berlin 1992; Decker/ Müller, Heidelberg 2000. Reihe: Europa unterm Hakenkreuz Band 6, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822618926" title="Special:BookSources/3822618926">3822618926</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2018" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Antonio J. (2018). The German Secret Field Police in Greece, 1941–1944. Jefferson, NC: MacFarland & Company. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6784-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6784-3"><bdi>978-1-4766-6784-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Secret+Field+Police+in+Greece%2C+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=MacFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-6784-3&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Antonio+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Kassimeris, Christos (2006). "Causes of the 1967 Greek Coup". Democracy and Security. 2(1), 61–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-nov-21-mn-35991-story.html">"Clinton Says U.S. Regrets Aid to Junta in Cold War"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 21 November 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025547/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-nov-21-mn-35991-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Clinton+Says+U.S.+Regrets+Aid+to+Junta+in+Cold+War&rft.date=1999-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-nov-21-mn-35991-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wodak, Ruth (2015), The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean, Sage, <q>However, Golden Dawn's neo-Nazi profile is clearly visible in the party's symbolism, with its flag resembling a swastika, Nazi salutes and chant of 'Blood and Honour' encapsulating its xenophobic and racist ideology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Fear%3A+What+Right-Wing+Populist+Discourses+Mean&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wodak&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Vasilopoulou; Halikiopoulou (2015), The Golden Dawn's 'Nationalist Solution', p. 32, <q>The extremist character of the Golden Dawn, its neo-Nazi principles, racism and ultranationalism, as well as its violence, render the party a least likely case of success [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Dawn%27s+%27Nationalist+Solution%27&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Vasilopoulou&rft.au=Halikiopoulou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3073037">"Neo-Nazism and neoliberalism: A Few Comments on Violence in Athens At the Time of Crisis"</a>, WorkingUSA, 16 (2): 283–292, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fwusa.12044">10.1111/wusa.12044</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2F89a5fc47-6409-46d0-8d9b-343f7567f73d">1871.1/89a5fc47-6409-46d0-8d9b-343f7567f73d</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326170930/https://www.academia.edu/3073037/Neo_Nazism_and_Neoliberalism_A_few_Comments_on_Violence_in_Athens_at_the_time_of_Crisis">archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2021, retrieved 5 June 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WorkingUSA&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazism+and+neoliberalism%3A+A+Few+Comments+on+Violence+in+Athens+At+the+Time+of+Crisis&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-292&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871.1%2F89a5fc47-6409-46d0-8d9b-343f7567f73d&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fwusa.12044&rft.aulast=Dalakoglou&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3073037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miliopoulos, Lazaros (2011), "Extremismus in Griechenland", Extremismus in den EU-Staaten (in German), VS Verlag, p. 154, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-531-92746-6_9">10.1007/978-3-531-92746-6_9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-17065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-17065-7"><bdi>978-3-531-17065-7</bdi></a>, <q>...mit der seit 1993 als Partei anerkannten offen neonationalsozialistischen Gruppierung Goldene Mörgenröte (Chryssi Avgí, Χρυσή Αυγή) kooperierte... 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Change and Continuity in Political Violence in Greece", Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (3): 437–464, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2011.633133">10.1080/09546553.2011.633133</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145624655">145624655</a>, <q>...Nikolaos Michaloliakos, who established the fascistic far-right party Chrysi Avgi ("Golden Dawn") in the early 1980s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=A+New+Dawn%3F+Change+and+Continuity+in+Political+Violence+in+Greece&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-464&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2011.633133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145624655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xenakis&rft.aufirst=Sappho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Kravva, Vasiliki (2003), "The Construction of Otherness in Modern Greece", The Ethics of Anthropology: Debates and dilemmas, Routledge, p. 169, <q>For example, during the summer of 2000 members of Chryssi Avgi, the most widespread fascist organization in Greece, destroyed part of the third cemetery in Athens...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ethics+of+Anthropology%3A+Debates+and+dilemmas&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+Otherness+in+Modern+Greece&rft.pages=169&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kravva&rft.aufirst=Vasiliki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Gemenis, Kostas; Nezi, Roula (January 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.utwente.nl/79515/1/Expert_survey_report_DANS.pdf">The 2011 Political Parties Expert Survey in Greece</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Twente" title="University of Twente">University of Twente</a>, p. 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615200922/http://doc.utwente.nl/79515/1/Expert_survey_report_DANS.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2013, retrieved 5 June 2020, <q>Interestingly, the placement of the extreme right Chrysi Avyi does not seem to be influenced by this bias, although this has more do with the lack of variance in the data (32 out of 33 experts placed the party on 10)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+2011+Political+Parties+Expert+Survey+in+Greece&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Twente&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Gemenis&rft.aufirst=Kostas&rft.au=Nezi%2C+Roula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.utwente.nl%2F79515%2F1%2FExpert_survey_report_DANS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Repoussi, Maria (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.auth.gr/~marrep/PS_REPOUSI/ENG/PUBLICATIONS/battles%20for%20the%20national%20past.pdf">"Battles over the national past of Greeks: The Greek History Textbook Controversy 2006–2007"</a> (PDF), Geschichte für Heute. 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Retrieved 28 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO.eu&rft.atitle=The+unorthodox+Greek&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fgreek-solution-far-right-kyriakos-velopoulos-unorthodox-migration-votes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> Harris Mylonas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/07/14/greece-just-threw-out-its-leftist-government-voted-conservatives-heres-what-you-need-know/">After a decade of crisis, Greek politics are turning normal and more technocratic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922225918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/07/14/greece-just-threw-out-its-leftist-government-voted-conservatives-heres-what-you-need-know/">Archived</a> 22 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Washington Post (14 July 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulianello2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zulianello, Mattia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7CB95AE2CA7274D5F4716EC11708ACD8/S0017257X19000216a.pdf/varieties_of_populist_parties_and_party_systems_in_europe_from_stateoftheart_to_the_application_of_a_novel_classification_scheme_to_66_parties_in_33_countries.pdf">"Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries"</a> (PDF). Government and Opposition: 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200816002402/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/7CB95AE2CA7274D5F4716EC11708ACD8/S0017257X19000216a.pdf/varieties_of_populist_parties_and_party_systems_in_europe_from_stateoftheart_to_the_application_of_a_novel_classification_scheme_to_66_parties_in_33_countries.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Varieties+of+Populist+Parties+and+Party+Systems+in+Europe%3A+From+State-of-the-Art+to+the+Application+of+a+Novel+Classification+Scheme+to+66+Parties+in+33+Countries&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Zulianello&rft.aufirst=Mattia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F7CB95AE2CA7274D5F4716EC11708ACD8%2FS0017257X19000216a.pdf%2Fvarieties_of_populist_parties_and_party_systems_in_europe_from_stateoftheart_to_the_application_of_a_novel_classification_scheme_to_66_parties_in_33_countries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europawahlergebnis.eu/nationale-ergebnisse/griechenland/2019-2024/">"Nationale Ergebnisse Griechenland| Wahlergebnisse 2019 | 2019 Ergebnisse der Europawahl 2019 | Europäisches Parlament"</a>. europawahlergebnis.eu/ (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620225115/https://europawahlergebnis.eu/nationale-ergebnisse/griechenland/2019-2024/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019. <q>ΕΛ/EL – Ελληνική Λύση / Greek Solution 4.18</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europawahlergebnis.eu%2F&rft.atitle=Nationale+Ergebnisse+Griechenland%7C+Wahlergebnisse+2019+%7C+2019+Ergebnisse+der+Europawahl+2019+%7C+Europ%C3%A4isches+Parlament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropawahlergebnis.eu%2Fnationale-ergebnisse%2Fgriechenland%2F2019-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnazi200351-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIgnazi200351_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIgnazi2003">Ignazi 2003</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCMuss-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCMuss_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCMuss_327-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCMuss_327-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantesso2019" class="citation news cs1">Mantesso, Sean (26 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-26/ghost-of-benito-mussolini-lingers-as-far-right-popularity-surges/11131398">"The ghost of Benito Mussolini lingers as far-right popularity surges in Italy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="ABC News (Australian TV channel)">ABC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222102128/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-26/ghost-of-benito-mussolini-lingers-as-far-right-popularity-surges/11131398">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+ghost+of+Benito+Mussolini+lingers+as+far-right+popularity+surges+in+Italy&rft.date=2019-05-26&rft.aulast=Mantesso&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-05-26%2Fghost-of-benito-mussolini-lingers-as-far-right-popularity-surges%2F11131398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Kington2011" class="citation news cs1">Tom Kington (6 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/06/italy-fascists-true-mussolini-ideology">"Italy's fascists stay true to Mussolini's ideology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203102737/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/06/italy-fascists-true-mussolini-ideology">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+fascists+stay+true+to+Mussolini%27s+ideology&rft.date=2011-11-06&rft.au=Tom+Kington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fnov%2F06%2Fitaly-fascists-true-mussolini-ideology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_Berizzi2017" class="citation news cs1">Paolo Berizzi (21 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2017/06/21/saluti-romani-e-un-tocco-di-glamour-ecco-la-casapound10.html">"Saluti romani e un tocco di glamour ecco la nuova strategia di CasaPound"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">la Repubblica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114418/https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2017/06/21/saluti-romani-e-un-tocco-di-glamour-ecco-la-casapound10.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=la+Repubblica&rft.atitle=Saluti+romani+e+un+tocco+di+glamour+ecco+la+nuova+strategia+di+CasaPound&rft.date=2017-06-21&rft.au=Paolo+Berizzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricerca.repubblica.it%2Frepubblica%2Farchivio%2Frepubblica%2F2017%2F06%2F21%2Fsaluti-romani-e-un-tocco-di-glamour-ecco-la-casapound10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Eleonora Vio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagospia.com/rubrica-3/politica/arrivano-nazi-pop-austria-movimento-ultradestra-identitare-129453.htm">"Arrivano i Nazi-Pop"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172508/https://www.dagospia.com/rubrica-3/politica/arrivano-nazi-pop-austria-movimento-ultradestra-identitare-129453.htm">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dagospia.com, 26 July 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomerville2019" class="citation news cs1">Somerville, Ewan (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italy-migrant-rescue-boats-turn-away-salvini-boycott-europe-meeting-a9016111.html">"Italy's populist government to continue turning refugee rescue boats away as they boycott European crisis meeting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126154829/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italy-migrant-rescue-boats-turn-away-salvini-boycott-europe-meeting-a9016111.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+populist+government+to+continue+turning+refugee+rescue+boats+away+as+they+boycott+European+crisis+meeting&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft.aulast=Somerville&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fitaly-migrant-rescue-boats-turn-away-salvini-boycott-europe-meeting-a9016111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Warmbrunn1963" class="citation book cs1">Werner Warmbrunn (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6">The Dutch Under German Occupation, 1940–1945</a>. Stanford UP. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0152-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0152-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-0152-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121035102/https://books.google.com/books?id=ykWfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024. 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Research and Documentation Center of the Netherlands Ministry of Justice: 474–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcl022">10.1093/hgs/dcl022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37573804">37573804</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/languages/dutch/pdf/article_croes.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+in+the+Netherlands+and+the+Rate+of+Jewish+Survival&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=474-499&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcl022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37573804%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Croes&rft.aufirst=Marnix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fyv%2Fen%2Feducation%2Flanguages%2Fdutch%2Fpdf%2Farticle_croes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaalStokmans2009" class="citation news cs1">Staal, Herman; Stokmans, Derk (12 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc.nl/international/Features/article2239723.ece/The_importance_of_not_courting_Wilders">"The importance of not courting Wilders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517000309/http://www.nrc.nl/international/Features/article2239723.ece/The_importance_of_not_courting_Wilders">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NRC+Handelsblad&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+not+courting+Wilders&rft.date=2009-05-12&rft.aulast=Staal&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Stokmans%2C+Derk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.nl%2Finternational%2FFeatures%2Farticle2239723.ece%2FThe_importance_of_not_courting_Wilders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2002118–122-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde2002118–122_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, pp. 118–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScimone2009" class="citation news cs1">Scimone, Frank (8 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607055115/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/press-review-tuesday-8-september-2009">"Press Review Tuesday 8 September 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide" title="Radio Netherlands Worldwide">Radio Netherlands Worldwide</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/press-review-tuesday-8-september-2009">the original</a> on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Netherlands+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Press+Review+Tuesday+8+September+2009&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.aulast=Scimone&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnw.nl%2Fenglish%2Farticle%2Fpress-review-tuesday-8-september-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang2007" class="citation book cs1">Liang, Christina Schori, ed. (2007). Europe for the Europeans: the foreign and security policy of neo-populist parties. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 265f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4851-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4851-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-4851-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+for+the+Europeans%3A+the+foreign+and+security+policy+of+neo-populist+parties&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=265f&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4851-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuall1995" class="citation book cs1">Suall, Irwin; et al. 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Anti-Defamation League. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88464-166-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88464-166-X"><bdi>0-88464-166-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skinhead+International%3A+A+worldwide+survey+of+Neo-Nazi+skinheads&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-88464-166-X&rft.aulast=Suall&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskinheadinternat00sual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520123251/http://www.rp.pl/Kukiz15/160519151-Powstalo-Stowarzyszenie-Endecja-z-udzialem-poslow-Kukiza.html">"Powstało stowarzyszenie Endecja z udziałem posłów Kukiza"</a> [The Endecja Association was established with the participation of Kukiz MPs]. rp.pl (in Polish). 19 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp.pl/Kukiz15/160519151-Powstalo-Stowarzyszenie-Endecja-z-udzialem-poslow-Kukiza.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rp.pl&rft.atitle=Powsta%C5%82o+stowarzyszenie+Endecja+z+udzia%C5%82em+pos%C5%82%C3%B3w+Kukiza&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2FKukiz15%2F160519151-Powstalo-Stowarzyszenie-Endecja-z-udzialem-poslow-Kukiza.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wp-20171113-341"><a href="#cite_ref-wp-20171113_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoack2017" class="citation news cs1">Noack, Rick (13 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/13/how-poland-became-a-breeding-ground-for-europes-far-right/">"How Poland became a breeding ground for Europe's far right"</a>. Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113154143/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/11/13/how-poland-became-a-breeding-ground-for-europes-far-right/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+Poland+became+a+breeding+ground+for+Europe%27s+far+right&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.aulast=Noack&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2017%2F11%2F13%2Fhow-poland-became-a-breeding-ground-for-europes-far-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbeeckHausleitner2011" class="citation book cs1">Verbeeck, Georgi; Hausleitner, Mariana (2011). "Cultural Memory and Legal Responses: Holocaust Denial in Belgium and Romania". Facing the Catastrophe: Jews and Non-Jews in Europe During World War II. Berg. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-825-7"><bdi>978-1-84520-825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Memory+and+Legal+Responses%3A+Holocaust+Denial+in+Belgium+and+Romania&rft.btitle=Facing+the+Catastrophe%3A+Jews+and+Non-Jews+in+Europe+During+World+War+II&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-825-7&rft.aulast=Verbeeck&rft.aufirst=Georgi&rft.au=Hausleitner%2C+Mariana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir2004" class="citation book cs1">Shafir, Michael (2004). "Memories, Memorials and Membership: Romanian Utilitarian Anti-Semitism and Marshal Antonescu". Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society. Lexington Books. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0592-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0592-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-0592-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memories%2C+Memorials+and+Membership%3A+Romanian+Utilitarian+Anti-Semitism+and+Marshal+Antonescu&rft.btitle=Romania+Since+1989%3A+Politics%2C+Economics%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0592-4&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> Cinpoeș, Radu (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09408.pdf">"The Extreme Right in Contemporary Romania"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224072158/http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09408.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. p. 5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3864983344" title="Special:BookSources/978-3864983344">978-3864983344</a>. Retrieved 30 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabkov2008" class="citation book cs1">Babkov, D. (2008). Политическая деятельность и взгляды В. В. Шульгина в 1917—1939 гг.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%92.+%D0%92.+%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+1917%E2%80%941939+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Babkov&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavasila2013" class="citation book cs1">Kavasila, Nikolai (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/world_history/text/2260142">Неонацизм</a>. <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a>. Большая Российская энциклопедия. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85270-358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-85270-358-3"><bdi>978-5-85270-358-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212045821/https://old.bigenc.ru/world_history/text/2260142">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC&rft.series=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-5-85270-358-3&rft.aulast=Kavasila&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.bigenc.ru%2Fworld_history%2Ftext%2F2260142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnirelmann2012-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schnirelmann2012_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnirelmann2012_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Schnirelmann, Victor</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bdgBwAAQBAJ">Russian Rodnoverie: Neopaganism and Nationalism in Modern Russia</a> (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Theological_Institute_of_St._Andrew_the_Apostle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblical Theological Institute of St. Andrew the Apostle (page does not exist)">Biblical Theological Institute of St. Andrew the Apostle</a>. p. xiv + 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89647-291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89647-291-9"><bdi>978-5-89647-291-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121034944/https://books.google.com/books?id=9bdgBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Rodnoverie%3A+Neopaganism+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Russia&rft.pages=xiv+%2B+302&rft.pub=Biblical+Theological+Institute+of+St.+Andrew+the+Apostle&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-5-89647-291-9&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bdgBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnirelmann2015-348">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schnirelmann2015_348-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schnirelmann2015_348-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnirelmann2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Schnirelmann, Victor</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8qCwAAQBAJ">Aryan myth in the modern world</a> (in Russian). New literary review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785444804223" title="Special:BookSources/9785444804223"><bdi>9785444804223</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121035011/https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa8qCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aryan+myth+in+the+modern+world&rft.pub=New+literary+review&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9785444804223&rft.aulast=Schnirelmann&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAa8qCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhensky2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shizhensky, Roman (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ndN7PUGBnw&feature=emb_title">"Современное "родноверие": реперные точки"</a> (in Russian). Доклад на круглом столе: «Славянское язычество XXI века: проблемы генезиса и развития», прошедшем 15 февраля 2020 года в Нижегородском государственном педагогическом университете имени Козьмы Минина. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106131831/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ndN7PUGBnw&feature=emb_title">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%22%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%22%3A+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%3A+%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+XXI+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%C2%BB%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC+15+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Shizhensky&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0ndN7PUGBnw%26feature%3Demb_title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhensky2021" class="citation web cs1">Shizhensky, Roman (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=AO0ZxGNkYXE">"Neopaganism and the middle class"</a>. Lecture hall "Krapivensky 4". 03/02/2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106131822/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=AO0ZxGNkYXE">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neopaganism+and+the+middle+class&rft.pub=Lecture+hall+%22Krapivensky+4%22.+03%2F02%2F2021&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Shizhensky&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fapp%3Ddesktop%26v%3DAO0ZxGNkYXE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Айтамурто" class="citation web cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525163841/https://pantheon.today/paganka/rodnoverie-sovremennoe-slavyanskoe-yazychestvo-i-slozhnosti-opredeleniya-religii/">"Родноверие, современное славянское язычество и сложности определения "религии""</a>. Доклад, октябрь 2018 года, Второй Конгресс Русского религиоведческого общества «Понимание религии : исторические и современные аспекты». Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pantheon.today/paganka/rodnoverie-sovremennoe-slavyanskoe-yazychestvo-i-slozhnosti-opredeleniya-religii/">the original</a> on 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%22&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%C2%BB&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpantheon.today%2Fpaganka%2Frodnoverie-sovremennoe-slavyanskoe-yazychestvo-i-slozhnosti-opredeleniya-religii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkofievFilatovKoskello2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prokofiev, A.; Filatov, Sergey; Koskello, Anastasia (2006). Slavic and Scandinavian paganism. Wicca (in Russian). Moscow: University book, Logos. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-98704-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-98704-057-4"><bdi>5-98704-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic+and+Scandinavian+paganism.+Wicca&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=University+book%2C+Logos&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=5-98704-057-4&rft.aulast=Prokofiev&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Filatov%2C+Sergey&rft.au=Koskello%2C+Anastasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitamurto2018" class="citation web cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525163841/https://pantheon.today/paganka/rodnoverie-sovremennoe-slavyanskoe-yazychestvo-i-slozhnosti-opredeleniya-religii/">"Родноверие, современное славянское язычество и сложности определения "религии""</a>. Доклад, октябрь 2018 года, Второй Конгресс Русского религиоведческого общества «Понимание религии : исторические и современные аспекты». Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pantheon.today/paganka/rodnoverie-sovremennoe-slavyanskoe-yazychestvo-i-slozhnosti-opredeleniya-religii/">the original</a> on 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8%22&rft.pub=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%2C+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%2C+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%C2%BB&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpantheon.today%2Fpaganka%2Frodnoverie-sovremennoe-slavyanskoe-yazychestvo-i-slozhnosti-opredeleniya-religii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlapentokh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shlapentokh, Dmitry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/antisemitizm-istorii-variant-russkih-neoyazychnikov">"Антисемитизм истории: вариант русских неоязычников"</a>. Colloquium Heptaplomeres (1). Nizhy Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University named after Kozma Minin. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2312-1696">2312-1696</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100051/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/antisemitizm-istorii-variant-russkih-neoyazychnikov">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Heptaplomeres&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2312-1696&rft.aulast=Shlapentokh&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fantisemitizm-istorii-variant-russkih-neoyazychnikov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHehn1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hehn, Paul N. (1971). "Serbia, Croatia and Germany 1941–1945: Civil War and Revolution in the Balkans". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 13 (4). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>: 344–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1971.11091249">10.1080/00085006.1971.11091249</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40866373">40866373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Serbia%2C+Croatia+and+Germany+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Civil+War+and+Revolution+in+the+Balkans&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=344-373&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1971.11091249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40866373%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hehn&rft.aufirst=Paul+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet2006-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006_356-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2006_356-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-Building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByford2011" class="citation book cs1">Byford, Jovan (2011). "Willing Bystanders: Dimitrije Ljotić, "Shield Collaboration" and the Destruction of Serbia's Jews". In Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (eds.). In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe. London: I.B. 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Vucinich">Vucinich, Wayne S.</a> (1969). "Interwar Yugoslavia". 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Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=No+Apology+For+White+Australia+Policy&rft.date=2004-02-29&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fno-apology-for-white-australia-policy%2F2008%2F01%2F11%2F1199988590134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auslander-398"><a href="#cite_ref-auslander_398-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreason1994" class="citation cs2">Greason, David (1994), I was a teenage fascist, pp. 283, 284, 289, McPhee Gribble</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+was+a+teenage+fascist%2C+pp.+283%2C+284%2C+289&rft.pub=McPhee+Gribble&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Greason&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-399"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_399-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmee2019" class="citation news cs1">Smee, Ben (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/may/04/quite-frightening-the-far-right-fringe-of-the-election-campaign-is-mobilising">"'Quite frightening': the far-right fringe of the election campaign is mobilising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 4 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Quite+frightening%27%3A+the+far-right+fringe+of+the+election+campaign+is+mobilising&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft.aulast=Smee&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2019%2Fmay%2F04%2Fquite-frightening-the-far-right-fringe-of-the-election-campaign-is-mobilising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuff.co.nz_2389206-400"><a href="#cite_ref-Stuff.co.nz_2389206_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeems,_Jeff2009" class="citation news cs1">Neems, Jeff (6 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120910164445/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/2389206/Former-leaders-move-may-irk-right-wing">"Former leader's move may irk National Front"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Waikato_Times" title="Waikato Times">Waikato Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/2389206/Former-leaders-move-may-irk-right-wing">the original</a> on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waikato+Times&rft.atitle=Former+leader%27s+move+may+irk+National+Front&rft.date=2009-05-06&rft.au=Neems%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2F2389206%2FFormer-leaders-move-may-irk-right-wing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_Herald_3603497-401"><a href="#cite_ref-NZ_Herald_3603497_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3603497">"Two groups poles apart to rally at Parliament"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. <a href="/wiki/NZPA" class="mw-redirect" title="NZPA">NZPA</a>. 23 October 2004. Retrieved 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Two+groups+poles+apart+to+rally+at+Parliament&rft.date=2004-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D3603497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNightingale,_Melissa2017" class="citation news cs1">Nightingale, Melissa (28 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c_id=280&objectid=11937772">"Clashes outside parliament as protesters face National Front"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. Retrieved 28 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Clashes+outside+parliament+as+protesters+face+National+Front&rft.date=2017-10-28&rft.au=Nightingale%2C+Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D280%26objectid%3D11937772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaalder2019" class="citation web cs1">Daalder, Mike (10 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201903/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/10/747406?slug=white-supremacists-still-active-in-new-zealand">"White supremacists still active in New Zealand"</a>. Newsroom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/10/747406?slug=white-supremacists-still-active-in-new-zealand">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsroom&rft.atitle=White+supremacists+still+active+in+New+Zealand&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft.aulast=Daalder&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsroom.co.nz%2F2019%2F08%2F10%2F747406%3Fslug%3Dwhite-supremacists-still-active-in-new-zealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettkelly2019" class="citation web cs1">Brettkelly, Sharon (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110609/https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/04/29/555933?slug=alt-right-underground-for-now">"Alt-right: underground – for now"</a>. Newsroom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2019/04/29/555933?slug=alt-right-underground-for-now">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsroom&rft.atitle=Alt-right%3A+underground+%E2%80%93+for+now&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.aulast=Brettkelly&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsroom.co.nz%2F2019%2F04%2F29%2F555933%3Fslug%3Dalt-right-underground-for-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/another-poll-another-possible-coup-20060506-gdnhsg.html">"Another poll, another possible coup"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax. 6 May 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2020. <q>When Viliame Savu, leader of the far-right Nationalist Tako Lavo Party, said the country would not tolerate a "foreigner", meaning Chaudhry, as prime minister, Bainimarama threatened him with arrest. Qarase said this week that if Chaudhry returned to power he believed another coup was likely. Bainimarama's response was to threaten Qarase with arrest for inciting violence, along with his party director, Jale Baba.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Another+poll%2C+another+possible+coup&rft.date=2006-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fanother-poll-another-possible-coup-20060506-gdnhsg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Field2009" class="citation web cs1">Michael Field (28 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/2368718/Fiji-coup-plotter-in-custody">"Fiji coup plotter in custody"</a>. Stuff. Retrieved 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiji+coup+plotter+in+custody&rft.pub=Stuff&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.au=Michael+Field&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fsouth-pacific%2F2368718%2FFiji-coup-plotter-in-custody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Field2013" class="citation web cs1">Michael Field (16 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/south-pacific/8184406/Fiji-regime-cracks-down-on-political-parties">"Fiji regime cracks down on political parties"</a>. Stuff. Retrieved 28 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiji+regime+cracks+down+on+political+parties&rft.pub=Stuff&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.au=Michael+Field&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fsouth-pacific%2F8184406%2FFiji-regime-cracks-down-on-political-parties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/program/pacific-beat/just-two-fiji-parties-apply-for-election-registration/1089060">"Just two Fiji parties apply for election registration"</a>. Radio Australia. 15 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Just+two+Fiji+parties+apply+for+election+registration&rft.pub=Radio+Australia&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioaustralia.net.au%2Finternational%2Fradio%2Fprogram%2Fpacific-beat%2Fjust-two-fiji-parties-apply-for-election-registration%2F1089060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g182-409"><a href="#cite_ref-g182_409-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafez2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hafez, Farid (20 October 2014). "Shifting borders: Islamophobia as common ground for building pan-European right-wing unity". Patterns of Prejudice. 48 (5): 479–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.965877">10.1080/0031322X.2014.965877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Shifting+borders%3A+Islamophobia+as+common+ground+for+building+pan-European+right-wing+unity&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=479-499&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2014.965877&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft.aulast=Hafez&rft.aufirst=Farid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2015" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David (2015). Understanding Jihad. University of California Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520287327" title="Special:BookSources/9780520287327"><bdi>9780520287327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jihad&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780520287327&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo-411"><a href="#cite_ref-Campo_411-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Eduardo_Campo210" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Juan Eduardo Campo, ed. (210). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&dq=%22non-Muslims+who+live+within+Islamdom+and+have+a+regulated+and+protected+status.%22+%22Encyclopedia+of+Islam%22&pg=PA194">"dhimmi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>. <q>Dhimmis are non-Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status. ... In the modern period, this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated, but it is generally obsolete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=dhimmi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=210&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26dq%3D%2522non-Muslims%2Bwho%2Blive%2Bwithin%2BIslamdom%2Band%2Bhave%2Ba%2Bregulated%2Band%2Bprotected%2Bstatus.%2522%2B%2522Encyclopedia%2Bof%2BIslam%2522%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-412">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_412-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_412-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeran2019" class="citation book cs1">Beran, Dale (30 July 2019). It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump into Office (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/All_Points_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="All Points Books">All Points Books</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21947-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-21947-3"><bdi>978-1-250-21947-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Came+from+Something+Awful%3A+How+a+Toxic+Troll+Army+Accidentally+Memed+Donald+Trump+into+Office&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=All+Points+Books&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1-250-21947-3&rft.aulast=Beran&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> Sources which consider Stormfront a Neo-Nazi website include: <ul><li>(<a href="#CITEREFKim2005">Kim 2005</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFKaplanLööw2002">Kaplan & Lööw 2002</a>, p. 224). "Also, Web Pages such as ...'Stormfront'... in addition to racist, anti-Semitic, and neo-Nazi messages and illustrations, provide links..."</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFGorenfeld2008">Gorenfeld 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/badmoonrisinghow00gore/page/68">68</a>). "She has even written in to neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront, geeking out together on Peter Jackson's film adaptation;..."</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFFriedman2002">Friedman 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realitysquaredte0000unse/page/163">163</a>). "Stormfront provides its viewers with... a general store stocked with Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and neo-Nazi literature and music..."</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFKatel2010">Katel 2010</a>, p. 79). "...a March 13 Web post by Poplawski to the neo-Nazi Web site Stormfront."</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFMoulitsas2010">Moulitsas 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantalibanh0000moul/page/56">56</a>). "Poplawski was active on white supremacist and neo-Nazi Stormfront internet forums."</li> <li>(<a href="#CITEREFMartinPetro2006">Martin & Petro 2006</a>, p. 174). "...9/11 Internet chat-room discussions, including radical hate-group sites like the neo-Nazi Stormfront.org."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHern2017" class="citation web cs1">Hern, Alex (29 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/29/stormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action">"Stormfront: 'murder capital of internet' pulled offline after civil rights action"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stormfront%3A+%27murder+capital+of+internet%27+pulled+offline+after+civil+rights+action&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Hern&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2017%2Faug%2F29%2Fstormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-415"><a href="#cite_ref-415">^</a> Stormfront taken down: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/29/worlds-oldest-neo-nazi-website-stormfront-shut/">"World's oldest neo-Nazi website Stormfront shut down"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 29 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829195521/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/29/worlds-oldest-neo-nazi-website-stormfront-shut/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+neo-Nazi+website+Stormfront+shut+down&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fworlds-oldest-neo-nazi-website-stormfront-shut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Hern, Alex (29 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/29/stormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action">"Stormfront: 'murder capital of internet' pulled offline after civil rights action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921103636/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/29/stormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stormfront%3A+%27murder+capital+of+internet%27+pulled+offline+after+civil+rights+action&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Hern&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2017%2Faug%2F29%2Fstormfront-neo-nazi-hate-site-murder-internet-pulled-offline-web-com-civil-rights-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheGuardian-Nov2019-LeakIdentify-416">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheGuardian-Nov2019-LeakIdentify_416-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheGuardian-Nov2019-LeakIdentify_416-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Jason (7 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/07/neo-nazi-site-iron-march-materials-leak">"Leak from neo-Nazi site could identify hundreds of extremists worldwide"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Leak+from+neo-Nazi+site+could+identify+hundreds+of+extremists+worldwide&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2019%2Fnov%2F07%2Fneo-nazi-site-iron-march-materials-leak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-417"><a href="#cite_ref-417">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/y3mg9x/ice-detention-center-captain-was-on-a-neo-nazi-website-and-wanted-to-start-a-white-nationalist-group">"ICE Detention Center Captain Was on a Neo-Nazi Website and Wanted to Start a White Nationalist Group"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICE+Detention+Center+Captain+Was+on+a+Neo-Nazi+Website+and+Wanted+to+Start+a+White+Nationalist+Group&rft.pub=Vice+News&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fy3mg9x%2Fice-detention-center-captain-was-on-a-neo-nazi-website-and-wanted-to-start-a-white-nationalist-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vice-Mar2018-WaveOfTerror-418"><a href="#cite_ref-Vice-Mar2018-WaveOfTerror_418-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulter2018" class="citation news cs1">Poulter, James (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/437pkd/the-obscure-neo-nazi-forum-linked-to-a-wave-of-terror">"The Obscure Neo-Nazi Forum Linked to a Wave of Terror"</a>. Vice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=The+Obscure+Neo-Nazi+Forum+Linked+to+a+Wave+of+Terror&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Poulter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_uk%2Farticle%2F437pkd%2Fthe-obscure-neo-nazi-forum-linked-to-a-wave-of-terror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellingcat-Dec2019-ExplosingNetworks-419"><a href="#cite_ref-Bellingcat-Dec2019-ExplosingNetworks_419-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossBevensee2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Reid_Ross" title="Alexander Reid Ross">Ross, Alexander Reid</a>; Bevensee, Emmi (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/12/19/transnational-white-terror-exposing-atomwaffen-and-the-iron-march-networks/">"Transnational White Terror: Exposing Atomwaffen And The Iron March Networks"</a>. Bellingcat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bellingcat&rft.atitle=Transnational+White+Terror%3A+Exposing+Atomwaffen+And+The+Iron+March+Networks&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Reid&rft.au=Bevensee%2C+Emmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellingcat.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F19%2Ftransnational-white-terror-exposing-atomwaffen-and-the-iron-march-networks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNET-420"><a href="#cite_ref-GNET_420-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnet-research.org/2022/09/12/analysing-terrorgram-publications-a-new-digital-zine/">"Analysing Terrorgram Publications: A New Digital Zine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Network_on_Extremism_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Network on Extremism and Technology">Global Network on Extremism and Technology</a>. 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Network+on+Extremism+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Analysing+Terrorgram+Publications%3A+A+New+Digital+Zine&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgnet-research.org%2F2022%2F09%2F12%2Fanalysing-terrorgram-publications-a-new-digital-zine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bratislava-421"><a href="#cite_ref-Bratislava_421-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itstime.it/w/terrorgram-from-buffalo-to-bratislava-by-federico-borgonovo-e-ali-fisher/">"TERRORGRAM: from Buffalo to Bratislava"</a>. Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues & Managing Emergencies. 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Team+for+Security%2C+Terroristic+Issues+%26+Managing+Emergencies&rft.atitle=TERRORGRAM%3A+from+Buffalo+to+Bratislava&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itstime.it%2Fw%2Fterrorgram-from-buffalo-to-bratislava-by-federico-borgonovo-e-ali-fisher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/epdxnp/telegram-is-leaving-a-terrorist-bomb-making-channel-online">"Telegram Is Leaving a Terrorist Bomb-Making Channel Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice+News&rft.atitle=Telegram+Is+Leaving+a+Terrorist+Bomb-Making+Channel+Online&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fepdxnp%2Ftelegram-is-leaving-a-terrorist-bomb-making-channel-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-423"><a href="#cite_ref-423">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/13/telegram-channels-banned-violent-threats-capitol/?guccounter=1">"Telegram blocks 'dozens' of hardcore hate channels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. 23 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Telegram+blocks+%27dozens%27+of+hardcore+hate+channels&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2Ftelegram-channels-banned-violent-threats-capitol%2F%3Fguccounter%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aubrey,_p._45-424">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aubrey,_p._45_424-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aubrey,_p._45_424-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubrey2004" class="citation book cs1">Aubrey, Stefan M. (2004). The New Dimension of International Terrorism. Zurich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7281-2949-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7281-2949-6"><bdi>3-7281-2949-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Dimension+of+International+Terrorism&rft.place=Zurich&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=vdf+Hochschulverlag+AG&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-7281-2949-6&rft.aulast=Aubrey&rft.aufirst=Stefan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moghadam,_pp._57-58-425">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moghadam,_pp._57-58_425-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moghadam,_pp._57-58_425-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moghadam,_pp._57-58_425-2">c</a> Moghadam, Assaf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQdgnRgXeiUC&dq=The%20roots%20of%20terrorism&pg=PA58">The Roots of Terrorism</a>. pp. 57–58. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791083071" title="Special:BookSources/0791083071">0791083071</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-On2016" class="citation book cs1">Bar-On, Tamir (2016). 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Polipoint Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9794822-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9794822-3-6"><bdi>978-0-9794822-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+Moon+Rising%3A+How+Reverend+Moon+Created+the+Washington+Times%2C+Seduced+the+Religious+Right%2C+and+Built+an+American+Kingdom&rft.pub=Polipoint+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9794822-3-6&rft.aulast=Gorenfeld&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbadmoonrisinghow00gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliardKeith1999" class="citation book cs1">Hilliard, Robert L.; Keith, Michael C. (1999). Waves of Rancor: Tuning in the Radical Right. Armonk, NY: M.E. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829325-5"><bdi>978-0-19-829325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Right+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829325-5&rft.aulast=Ignazi&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanLööw2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Jeffrey; Lööw, Heléne, eds. (2002). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0204-0"><bdi>978-0-7591-0204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultic+Milieu%3A+Oppositional+Subcultures+in+an+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0204-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatel2010" class="citation book cs1">Katel, Peter (2010). "Hate Groups: Is Extremism on the Rise in the United States?". Issues in Terrorism and Homeland Security: selections from <a href="/wiki/CQ_Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="CQ Researcher">CQ Researcher</a> (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9201-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-9201-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-9201-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hate+Groups%3A+Is+Extremism+on+the+Rise+in+the+United+States%3F&rft.btitle=Issues+in+Terrorism+and+Homeland+Security%3A+selections+from+CQ+Researcher&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-9201-5&rft.aulast=Katel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, T.K. 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Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3830-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3830-3"><bdi>978-0-8135-3830-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Global+Security%3A+Media%2C+Popular+Culture%2C+and+the+%22War+on+terror%22&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3830-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulitsas2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Markos_Moulitsas" title="Markos Moulitsas">Moulitsas, Markos</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americantalibanh0000moul">American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right</a>. Polipoint Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936227-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936227-02-0"><bdi>978-1-936227-02-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Taliban%3A+How+War%2C+Sex%2C+Sin%2C+and+Power+Bind+Jihadists+and+the+Radical+Right&rft.pub=Polipoint+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-936227-02-0&rft.aulast=Moulitsas&rft.aufirst=Markos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericantalibanh0000moul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudde2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Mudde, Cas</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spT-NgRm3f8C">The Ideology of the Extreme Right</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-3685-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-3685-6"><bdi>978-1-5095-3685-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Far+Right+Today&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-3685-6&rft.aulast=Mudde&rft.aufirst=Cas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhipps2019" class="citation journal cs1">Phipps, Alison (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/lwish/sou/2019/00000071/00000071/art00006">"The Fight Against Sexual Violence"</a>. Soundings. 71 (71): 62–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3898%2FSOUN.71.05.2019">10.3898/SOUN.71.05.2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150487619">150487619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soundings&rft.atitle=The+Fight+Against+Sexual+Violence&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=62-74&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3898%2FSOUN.71.05.2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150487619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Flwish%2Fsou%2F2019%2F00000071%2F00000071%2Fart00006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydgren2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rydgren, J. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-087760-6"><bdi>978-0-19-087760-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1060182005">1060182005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+thinkers+of+the+radical+right+%3A+behind+the+new+threat+to+liberal+democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1060182005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-087760-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoshinsky2008" class="citation book cs1">Woshinsky, Oliver H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explainingpoliti0000wosh">Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-90134-9"><bdi>978-1-135-90134-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Politics%3A+Culture%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Political+Behavior&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-135-90134-9&rft.aulast=Woshinsky&rft.aufirst=Oliver+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexplainingpoliti0000wosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, p. 12: "Simply stated, the difference between radicalism and extremism is that the former is verfassungswidrig (opposed to the constitution), whereas the latter is verfassungsfeindlich (hostile towards the constitution). This difference is of the utmost practical importance for the political parties involved, as extremist parties are extensively watched by the (federal and state) Verfassungsschutz and can even be banned, whereas radical parties are free from this control." </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMudde2002">Mudde 2002</a>, p. 13: "All in all, most definitions of (whatever) populism do not differ that much in content from the definitions of right-wing extremism. [...] When the whole range of different terms and definitions used in the field is surveyed, there are striking similarities, with the various terms often being used synonymously and without any clear intention. Only a few authors, most notably those working within the extremist-theoretical tradition, clearly distinguish between the various terms." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Akkerman, Tjitske, Sarah L. de Lange and Matthijs Rooduijn, eds. Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe (2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArzheimer2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Arzheimer" title="Kai Arzheimer">Arzheimer, Kai</a> (11 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kai-arzheimer.com/extreme-right-western-europe-bibliography">"The Eclectic, Erratic Bibliography on the Extreme Right in Western Europe"</a>. kai arzheimer website. Retrieved 29 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kai+arzheimer+website&rft.atitle=The+Eclectic%2C+Erratic+Bibliography+on+the+Extreme+Right+in+Western+Europe&rft.date=2012-03-11&rft.aulast=Arzheimer&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kai-arzheimer.com%2Fextreme-right-western-europe-bibliography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Davies, Peter, and Derek Lynch, eds. The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right (Psychology Press, 2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgren,_TorstenManninen,_MerjaUkkonen,_Jari2003" class="citation book cs1">Edgren, Torsten; Manninen, Merja; Ukkonen, Jari (2003). Eepos, Suomen historian käsikirja. WSOY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9510276510" title="Special:BookSources/9510276510"><bdi>9510276510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eepos%2C+Suomen+historian+k%C3%A4sikirja&rft.pub=WSOY&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9510276510&rft.au=Edgren%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Manninen%2C+Merja&rft.au=Ukkonen%2C+Jari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHainsworth2000" class="citation book cs1">Hainsworth, Paul (2000). The Politics of the Extreme Right: From the Margins to the Mainstream. Pinter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+the+Extreme+Right%3A+From+the+Margins+to+the+Mainstream&rft.pub=Pinter&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hainsworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kundnani, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144625/http://www.icct.nl/publications/icct-papers/blind-spot-security-narratives-and-far-right-violence-in-europe">Blind Spot? Security Narratives and Far-Right Violence in Europe (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, 2012)</a></li> <li>Lazaridis, Gabriella, Giovanna Campani, and Annie Benveniste (eds.) The Rise of the Far Right in Europe: Populist Shifts and 'Othering' (2016)</li> <li>Macklin, Graham. "Transnational networking on the far right: The case of Britain and Germany." West European Politics 36.1 (2013): 176–198.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerklWeinberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard (2003). Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century. Frank Cass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5182-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-5182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-wing+Extremism+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5182-8&rft.aulast=Merkl&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mieriņa, Inta, and Ilze Koroļeva. "Support for far right ideology and anti‐migrant attitudes among youth in Europe: A comparative analysis." Sociological Review 63 (2015): 183–205. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:2zQ0zPtAaxoJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&scillfp=1921358098721912650&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li>Mudde, Cas. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe (2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsonsSmeedling2006" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Craig; Smeedling, Timothy M. (2006). Immigration and the transformation of Europe. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45880-1"><bdi>978-1-139-45880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+the+transformation+of+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-139-45880-1&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Smeedling%2C+Timothy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydgren2018" class="citation book cs1">Rydgren, Jens, ed. (2018). The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064418-5"><bdi>978-0-19-064418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Radical+Right&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-064418-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwist2019" class="citation book cs1">Twist, Kimberly A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9zy-DwAAQBAJ">Partnering with Extremists: Coalitions between Mainstream and Far-Right Parties in Western Europe</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-13134-1"><bdi>978-0-472-13134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partnering+with+Extremists%3A+Coalitions+between+Mainstream+and+Far-Right+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-472-13134-1&rft.aulast=Twist&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zy-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-right+politics" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Far-right_politics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Political positions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Political ideologies <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Religious politics <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Political pejoratives <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Models <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See also <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_nationalism" title="Template:White nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_nationalism" title="Template talk:White nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Foundations and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Anti-Mexican sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Words" title="Fourteen Words">Fourteen Words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_skin" title="Ghost skin">Ghost skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinism" title="Kinism">Kinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confederate">Neo-Confederate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">Race and intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">Racism against African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_student_unions" title="White student unions">White student unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">White power skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="White separatism">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Wotanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Celtic_cross.svg/80px-Celtic_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Celtic_cross.svg/120px-Celtic_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Celtic_cross.svg/160px-Celtic_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_nationalist_organizations" title="List of white nationalist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_and_White_Front" title="Blue and White Front">Blue and White Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_18" title="Combat 18">Combat 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union" title="Dutch People's Union">Dutch People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Comtois" title="Front Comtois">Front Comtois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">Human Diversity Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Movement of Denmark">National Socialist Movement of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Union_(Russia)" title="Slavic Union (Russia)">Slavic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-National_Assembly" title="Social-National Assembly">Social-National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_Odin" title="Soldiers of Odin">Soldiers of Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Sonnenkrieg Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voorpost" title="Voorpost">Voorpost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Hour_Remnant_Messenger" title="11th Hour Remnant Messenger">11th Hour Remnant Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Freedom_Network" title="Aryan Freedom Network">Aryan Freedom Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Nationalist_Party_(2017)" title="Canadian Nationalist Party (2017)">Canadian Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European-American_Unity_and_Rights_Organization" title="European-American Unity and Rights Organization">European-American Unity and Rights Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Lobby" title="Liberty Lobby">Liberty Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_White_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of White People">NAAWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Citizens_Alliance" title="National Citizens Alliance">National Citizens Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Justice_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Justice Party (United States)">National Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement" title="Nationalist Movement">Nationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Canada" title="Nationalist Party of Canada">Nationalist Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO_(1972)" title="NSDAP/AO (1972)">NSDAP/AO (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Shop" title="Redneck Shop">Redneck Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Order_of_Thule" title="White Order of Thule">White Order of Thule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Front" title="New Zealand National Front">New Zealand National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">South Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">Afrikaner Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandokorps" title="Kommandokorps">Kommandokorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">South African National Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/White_power_music" title="White power music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave#Fashwave" title="Vaporwave">Fashwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonight#Moon_Man" title="Mac Tonight">Moon Man rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Print media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktos_Media" title="Arktos Media">Arktos Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (publication)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Occidental_Quarterly" title="The Occidental Quarterly">The Occidental Quarterly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Summit_Publishers" title="Washington Summit Publishers">Washington Summit Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Radio shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">America First with Nicholas J. Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">/pol/</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">Occidental Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDARE" title="VDARE">VDARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:White_nationalism" title="Category:White nationalism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204481#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204481#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204481#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1097938/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048829-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh95005687">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133186377">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133186377">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX548868">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629044705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551497105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027439232">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027495">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics&oldid=1259098465">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics&oldid=1259098465</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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Template:Cite_news"," 6.25% 318.244 45 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.62% 286.201 2 Template:Excerpt"," 3.02% 153.899 1 Template:Party_politics"," 2.96% 150.923 1 Template:Politics_series_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.564","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19979344,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaron_Kelman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAitamurto2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlfredo_Schulte-Bockholt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmaral2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAquino2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold_Schulbach1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArt2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArzheimer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsensioCamachoGonzálezGrompone2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAspegren2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAubrey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvilés2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzaniKoblenz-StenzlerAtiyas-LvovskyGanor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabkov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBar-On2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBar-On2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarberisMcHughTyldesley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartonYilmazMorieson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartropLeonard_Jacobs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeiner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennhold2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenzaquém_de_Araújo1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeran2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerletLyons2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatt2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlofieldHaas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBobbio1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonpane2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBornschier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBresnahan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrettkelly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrotz1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantFarrell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchenau2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurt1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamusLebourg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlisle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrie_Keller-Lynn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvajal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaseyArnold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavero2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChing_Kwan_LeeMing_Sing2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCimino2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkWorger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemons2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComité_de_Familiares_de_Detenidos_Desaparecidos_en_Honduras2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaalder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalakoglou2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_L_Shambaugh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesLynch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDes_Forges1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDesbuissons1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietrich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonadioKitsantonis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrago_Hedl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_Toit1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupeux1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDávila2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgren,_TorstenManninen,_MerjaUkkonen,_Jari2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEreminaSeredenko2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalconer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFen-ling_Chen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilipovićĐorić2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolly_Mozolla2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsythe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrançois2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGatopoulosBecatoros2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaussens2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolder2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzálezGalarraga_GortázarRivas_Molina2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorenfeld2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandinKlein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreason1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHainsworth2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris_MylonasMaya_Tudor2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHehn1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenleyDavies2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermanssonLawrenceMulhallMurdoch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHern2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilliardKeith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoare2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgeLinda_Cooper2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnazi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImermanHeather_Dean2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanda1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_N._WasserstromMaura_Elizabeth_Cunningham2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Sharon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiménez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorma_O._Tiainen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_Eduardo_Campo210\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanLööw2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasekamp1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasekamp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavasila2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopeček2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuligowskiMollSzadkowski2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLars_Westerlund2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeal2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeiva2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenda2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevenson-Estrada2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichfield2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipsetRaab1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagidstaff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalikovićRastovićŠuvaković2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMantesso2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcelo_Carneiro2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinPetro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínez2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazuiRodrigues2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGowan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMejíaMauricio_PérezCarlos_Girón2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerklWeinberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicah_McCartney2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Field2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Field2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilekic2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller-Idriss2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitralias2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolloy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorain2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno-AlmeidaGerbaudo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoulitsas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudde2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudde2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunoz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeems,_Jeff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemtsova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNightingale,_Melissa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoack2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolasco2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttaway1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaolo_Berizzi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsonsSmeedling2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlopoulos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhipps2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPichetaGoldTal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPribićević1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProkofievFilatovKoskello2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuijano1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphael_Ahren2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavndal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedžić2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRendón2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRené_E._Gertz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyntjens2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobyn_CurnowNkepile_Mabuse2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Suso2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRospigliosi1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRossBevensee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothenburg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRydgren2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRydgren2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaha2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamson_Ellis_and_Adrian_Kennedy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnirelmann2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnirelmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScimone2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedgwick2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevers2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafir2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon_Weinblum2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShizhensky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShizhensky2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlapentokh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomerville2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaalStokmans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_writers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStern1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuall1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeitelbaum2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheroux2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTicktin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTina_BurrettJeff_Kingston2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Kington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraynor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurpin-Petrosino2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwist2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpchurch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVajpeyi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerbeeckHausleitner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillalba2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirchow2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVucinich1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVásquez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner_Warmbrunn1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoods1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoshinsky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXypolia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYvette_Attiogbé2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaitchik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZulianello2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĐokić2011\"] = 1,\n [\"Айтамурто\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bullet\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 109,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 130,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Far Right\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harv\"] = 22,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Listed Invalid ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 33,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Party politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Political spectrum\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 53,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 4,\n [\"Toc limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"White nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"•\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","17.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","12.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","240","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","180","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","2.3"],["[others]","980","28.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-5pvph","timestamp":"20241127132647","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Far-right politics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Far-right_politics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q204481","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q204481","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to 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