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(PDF) Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and democracy | Tiago Santos Pereira and Paulo Fonseca - Academia.edu
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The analysis focuses on the dictatorial regime of the New State (from the beginning of the nuclear program in 1951 until" /> <title>(PDF) Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and democracy | Tiago Santos Pereira and Paulo Fonseca - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/37403280/Imaginaries_of_nuclear_energy_in_the_Portuguese_parliament_Between_promise_risk_and_democracy" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732451645000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732451645000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article explores the evolution of the nuclear energy debate and its associated controversies in the Portuguese parliament. The analysis focuses on the dictatorial regime of the New State (from the beginning of the nuclear program in 1951 until the 1974 revolution) and on the democratic period (post-1974). Portugal, as an exporting country of uranium minerals, significantly invested in the development of a national capacity in nuclear research, but never developed an endogenous nuclear power infrastructure. Through the analysis of parliamentary debates, this article characterizes the dynamic evolution of the Portuguese sociotechnical imaginary on nuclear energy and technology interlinked with ambivalent representations, including the promise of nuclear energy as key for the constitution of a technological Nation or as prompting new sociotechnical risks.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Tiago Santos Pereira"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Paulo Fonseca"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Paulo Fonseca"}],"dateCreated":"2018-09-13","dateModified":null,"datePublished":null,"headline":"Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and 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The analysis focuses on the dictatorial regime of the New State (from the beginning of the nuclear program in 1951 until the 1974 revolution) and on the democratic period (post-1974). Portugal, as an exporting country of uranium minerals, significantly invested in the development of a national capacity in nuclear research, but never developed an endogenous nuclear power infrastructure. Through the analysis of parliamentary debates, this article characterizes the dynamic evolution of the Portuguese sociotechnical imaginary on nuclear energy and technology interlinked with ambivalent representations, including the promise of nuclear energy as key for the constitution of a technological Nation or as prompting new sociotechnical risks."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and democracy","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2389110,827446]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":57366890,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and democracy”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/57366890/mini_magick20190110-8966-13vje43.png?1547181203" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and democracy</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2389110" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/PauloFonseca"><img alt="Profile image of Paulo Fonseca" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2389110/749343/932005/s65_paulo.fonseca.jpg" />Paulo Fonseca</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="827446" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/TiagoSantosPereira"><img alt="Profile image of Tiago Santos Pereira" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Tiago Santos Pereira</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article explores the evolution of the nuclear energy debate and its associated controversies in the Portuguese parliament. The analysis focuses on the dictatorial regime of the New State (from the beginning of the nuclear program in 1951 until the 1974 revolution) and on the democratic period (post-1974). Portugal, as an exporting country of uranium minerals, significantly invested in the development of a national capacity in nuclear research, but never developed an endogenous nuclear power infrastructure. Through the analysis of parliamentary debates, this article characterizes the dynamic evolution of the Portuguese sociotechnical imaginary on nuclear energy and technology interlinked with ambivalent representations, including the promise of nuclear energy as key for the constitution of a technological Nation or as prompting new sociotechnical risks.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":57366890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37403280/Imaginaries_of_nuclear_energy_in_the_Portuguese_parliament_Between_promise_risk_and_democracy"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":57366890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/37403280/Imaginaries_of_nuclear_energy_in_the_Portuguese_parliament_Between_promise_risk_and_democracy"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="57366890" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/37403280/Imaginaries_of_nuclear_energy_in_the_Portuguese_parliament_Between_promise_risk_and_democracy" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="52015283" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52015283/Imaginaries_of_nuclear_energy_in_the_Portuguese_parliament_Between_promise_risk_and_democrac">Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and democrac</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="342117" href="https://lisboa.academia.edu/PauloEmanuelFonseca">Paulo Emanuel T F Fonseca</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Public Understanding of Science, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article explores the evolution of the nuclear energy debate and its associated controversies in the Portuguese parliament. 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Through the analysis of parliamentary debates, this article characterizes the dynamic evolution of the Portuguese sociotechnical imaginary on nuclear energy and technology interlinked with ambivalent representations, including the promise of nuclear energy as key for the constitution of a technological Nation or as prompting new sociotechnical risks.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imaginaries of nuclear energy in the Portuguese parliament: Between promise, risk, and democrac","attachmentId":69475426,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52015283/Imaginaries_of_nuclear_energy_in_the_Portuguese_parliament_Between_promise_risk_and_democrac","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52015283/Imaginaries_of_nuclear_energy_in_the_Portuguese_parliament_Between_promise_risk_and_democrac"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="37403281" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37403281/Carnation_Atoms_A_History_of_Nuclear_Energy_in_Portugal">Carnation Atoms? A History of Nuclear Energy in Portugal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="827446" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/TiagoSantosPereira">Tiago Santos Pereira</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2389110" href="https://coimbra.academia.edu/PauloFonseca">Paulo Fonseca</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Drawing upon the concepts of civic epistemologies and sociotechnical imaginaries, this article delves into the history of nuclear energy in Portugal, analyzing the ways in which the nuclear endeavor was differently enacted by various sociopolitical collectives – the Fascist State, post-revolutionary governments and the public. Following the 1974 revolution-known as the Carnation Revolution-this paper analyzes how the nuclear project was fiercely contested by a vibrant anti-nuclear movement assembled against the construction of the Ferrel Nuclear Plant, the first sociotechnical controversy in Portugal, paving the way for the emergence of a combative civic epistemology. Supported by semi-structured interviews with scientists, activists and local residents of Ferrel and the analysis of historical material, this article presents the failed Portuguese nuclear endeavor as an emblematic case study to explore the co-production of science and society, in particular the role of revolutionary processes in the unfolding of sociotechnical controversies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Carnation Atoms? 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In order to understand the evolution of Brazil’s nuclear activities, the article addresses the dynamics within this technopolitical regime and its interactions with policy actors and other groups in society. This analysis is useful to identify aspects that have characterized Brazilian nuclear policy since the 1980s, such as: the promotion of self-regulation as the primary nonproliferation commitment, the crucial role played by the navy in the development of nuclear technology, the fluctuation of financial resources allocated to the nuclear program, and the difficulties of relying on public funds for a long-term technological project.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"We will not make the bomb because we do not want to make the bomb\": understanding the technopolitical regime that drives the Brazilian nuclear program","attachmentId":61185232,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40897568/_We_will_not_make_the_bomb_because_we_do_not_want_to_make_the_bomb_understanding_the_technopolitical_regime_that_drives_the_Brazilian_nuclear_program","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40897568/_We_will_not_make_the_bomb_because_we_do_not_want_to_make_the_bomb_understanding_the_technopolitical_regime_that_drives_the_Brazilian_nuclear_program"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="23402191" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23402191/STATES_AND_THE_NUCLEAR_POWER_AN_INTERNATIONAL_PERSPECTIVE_2012_">STATES AND THE NUCLEAR POWER: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (2012)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="319040" href="https://unex.academia.edu/ArtemioBaigorriAgoiz">Artemio Baigorri Agoiz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A versión of this paper has been published in International Review of Sociology: Revue Internationale de Sociologie, Volume 22, Issue 3, 2012 This paper analyzes the evolution of public policies on nuclear energy from an international perspective highlighting an interesting sociological paradox: the opposition to the nuclear power contributed to the development of the environmental movement; and at present, the promoters of this kind of energy are including environmental arguments in their discourses: the fear of climate change and the reduction of CO2. Despite Kyoto Protocol does not accept this kind of energy as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), its promotion is carried out on the basis of environment objectives, so that the nuclear lobby is obtaining more social acceptation thanks to the environmental discourse in the last four decades. For the carrying out this research, the nuclear policies from an international level are analyzed inside a wider research about the Nuclear Debate financed by Encuentro Foundation (Spain). Resumen El artículo analiza la evolución de las políticas, a nivel planetario, sobre la energía nuclear, a partir de una interesante paradoja sociológica: siendo uno de los componentes de la Sociedad Industrial madura que más ha contribuido al crecimiento del ecologismo y el ambientalismo, por oposición, hoy las corporaciones que la promueven vienen incorporando como base argumental fundamental los propios logros del movimiento ambientalista: el miedo al cambio climático y el objetivo de reducción del CO2. Aunque el protocolo de Kyoto no acepta esa energía como Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), paradójicamente se asiste su promoción a nivel planetario en base a los principios de sostenibilidad. Lo que se define como lobby nuclear consigue pues, paradójicamente, más aceptación que nunca en las últimos cuatro décadas, gracias al discurso ambientalista. Para la realización del estudio se analizaron las políticas nucleares a nivel planetario, dentro de una investigación más amplia sobre el Debate Nuclear financiada por la Fundación Encuentro (España).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"STATES AND THE NUCLEAR POWER: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (2012)","attachmentId":43849088,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23402191/STATES_AND_THE_NUCLEAR_POWER_AN_INTERNATIONAL_PERSPECTIVE_2012_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23402191/STATES_AND_THE_NUCLEAR_POWER_AN_INTERNATIONAL_PERSPECTIVE_2012_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="40056295" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40056295/Origins_and_evolution_of_the_nuclear_program_in_Brazil_The_alliance_between_scientists_and_militaries_for_the_institutionalization_of_Science_and_Technology_towards_the_nuclear_technology_development">Origins and evolution of the nuclear program in Brazil - The alliance between scientists and militaries for the institutionalization of Science & Technology towards the nuclear technology development</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15577305" href="https://usp-br1.academia.edu/MarlyIyoKamioji">Marly Iyo Kamioji</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista Tecnologia e Sociedade online (ISSN: 1984-3526), 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since the world's first nuclear reactor Chicago Pile-1 went critical many countries have developed their civil nuclear power. And yet some countries such as Iran, Syria and North Korea have faced strong opposition to build their civil nuclear reactor. The Western countries expressed their concern that the enrichment process could lead to a nuclear weapon. As for Brazil, due to its huge hydro electrical potential, nuclear energy program in Brazil was not implemented because of electrical source needs in the beginning. Neither was for military purposes. It started exploring the nuclear area in the search for nuclear scientific and technological knowledge facing opposition too. This paper is a case study about the origins of the development of nuclear energy in Brazil.The facts about that history based on secondary sources will be presented following a chronological order. The historical facts are analysed in multiple dimensions under the hindsight light of the medium run duration (1946-2006). We will start from the struggles of the admiral Álvaro Alberto to create the National Research Council (CNPq) and go through the 1975 agreement with Germany until the achievement of the enrichment of uranium technology and the other stages of the fuel cycle. KEY WORDS: History of nuclear energy. Nuclear reactor for electricity. Uranium enrichment technology. Brazilian nuclear program. Página | 105</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Origins and evolution of the nuclear program in Brazil - The alliance between scientists and militaries for the institutionalization of Science \u0026 Technology towards the nuclear technology development","attachmentId":60256831,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40056295/Origins_and_evolution_of_the_nuclear_program_in_Brazil_The_alliance_between_scientists_and_militaries_for_the_institutionalization_of_Science_and_Technology_towards_the_nuclear_technology_development","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40056295/Origins_and_evolution_of_the_nuclear_program_in_Brazil_The_alliance_between_scientists_and_militaries_for_the_institutionalization_of_Science_and_Technology_towards_the_nuclear_technology_development"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="109380150" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109380150/Nuclear_fission_technology_in_Spain_History_and_social_concerns">Nuclear fission technology in Spain: History and social concerns</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3232022" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/JulianGarrido">Julian Garrido</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Public Understanding of Science, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nuclear fission technology in Spain: History and social concerns","attachmentId":107523149,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109380150/Nuclear_fission_technology_in_Spain_History_and_social_concerns","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109380150/Nuclear_fission_technology_in_Spain_History_and_social_concerns"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="5946758" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5946758/NUCLEAR_ENERGY_IN_SPAIN_A_RESEARCH_AGENDA_FOR_ECONOMIC_HISTORIANS">NUCLEAR ENERGY IN SPAIN. A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR ECONOMIC HISTORIANS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8555162" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/MarRubio">Mar Rubio</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NUCLEAR ENERGY IN SPAIN. A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR ECONOMIC HISTORIANS","attachmentId":33052482,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5946758/NUCLEAR_ENERGY_IN_SPAIN_A_RESEARCH_AGENDA_FOR_ECONOMIC_HISTORIANS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5946758/NUCLEAR_ENERGY_IN_SPAIN_A_RESEARCH_AGENDA_FOR_ECONOMIC_HISTORIANS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="76023382" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76023382/The_French_exception_The_French_nuclear_power_industry_and_its_influence_on_political_plans_to_transition_to_a_new_energy_system">The French exception: The French nuclear power industry and its influence on political plans to transition to a new energy system</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="147730280" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristinaSTUART4">Christina STUART</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Learning from Fukushima: Nuclear power in East Asia, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The French exception: The French nuclear power industry and its influence on political plans to transition to a new energy system","attachmentId":83706973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76023382/The_French_exception_The_French_nuclear_power_industry_and_its_influence_on_political_plans_to_transition_to_a_new_energy_system","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76023382/The_French_exception_The_French_nuclear_power_industry_and_its_influence_on_political_plans_to_transition_to_a_new_energy_system"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="20378403" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20378403/Nuclear_Power_for_a_Dictatorship_State_and_Business_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Atomic_Program_1950_85">Nuclear Power for a Dictatorship: State and Business involvement in the Spanish Atomic Program, 1950–85</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8555162" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/MarRubio">Mar Rubio</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1896889" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/JosebaDelaTorre">Joseba De la Torre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Spain was the first developing country to exploit a nuclear power plant commercially. By the early 1970s Spain had become the major nuclear client of the USA, the world’s largest reactor exporter. Despite its importance, historians are just beginning to revisit and establish the sequence of the events that make up Spain’s nuclear history. This article analyses the role played by the state in enabling one of Western Europe’s poorest countries to join the exclusive nuclear power club. In a departure from the techno- logical approach used in previous literature, the history of Spain’s progress in the nuclear power field is retraced against the background of its political and economic evolution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nuclear Power for a Dictatorship: State and Business involvement in the Spanish Atomic Program, 1950–85","attachmentId":41325753,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20378403/Nuclear_Power_for_a_Dictatorship_State_and_Business_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Atomic_Program_1950_85","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20378403/Nuclear_Power_for_a_Dictatorship_State_and_Business_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Atomic_Program_1950_85"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57366890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":57366890,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_57366890" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99835830/Technological_Politics_in_the_Nuclear_Age">Technological Politics in the Nuclear Age</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="264918210" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CeciliaMartinez442">Cecilia Martinez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 1988</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Technological Politics in the Nuclear Age","attachmentId":100818333,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99835830/Technological_Politics_in_the_Nuclear_Age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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