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A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR ECONOMIC HISTORIANS</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8555162" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/MarRubio"><img alt="Profile image of Mar Rubio" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/8555162/2992789/3513392/s65_mar.rubio.jpg" />Mar Rubio</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":33052482,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/5946758/NUCLEAR_ENERGY_IN_SPAIN_A_RESEARCH_AGENDA_FOR_ECONOMIC_HISTORIANS"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":33052482,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/5946758/NUCLEAR_ENERGY_IN_SPAIN_A_RESEARCH_AGENDA_FOR_ECONOMIC_HISTORIANS"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="33052482" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/5946758/NUCLEAR_ENERGY_IN_SPAIN_A_RESEARCH_AGENDA_FOR_ECONOMIC_HISTORIANS" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="108815847" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108815847/The_Economic_History_of_Nuclear_Energy_in_Spain">The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1896889" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/JosebaDelaTorre">Joseba De la Torre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Springer eBooks, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Economic History of Nuclear Energy in Spain","attachmentId":107106488,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108815847/The_Economic_History_of_Nuclear_Energy_in_Spain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108815847/The_Economic_History_of_Nuclear_Energy_in_Spain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="20378403" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20378403/Nuclear_Power_for_a_Dictatorship_State_and_Business_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Atomic_Program_1950_85">Nuclear Power for a Dictatorship: State and Business involvement in the Spanish Atomic Program, 1950–85</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8555162" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/MarRubio">Mar Rubio</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1896889" href="https://unavarra.academia.edu/JosebaDelaTorre">Joseba De la Torre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Spain was the first developing country to exploit a nuclear power plant commercially. By the early 1970s Spain had become the major nuclear client of the USA, the world’s largest reactor exporter. Despite its importance, historians are just beginning to revisit and establish the sequence of the events that make up Spain’s nuclear history. This article analyses the role played by the state in enabling one of Western Europe’s poorest countries to join the exclusive nuclear power club. In a departure from the techno- logical approach used in previous literature, the history of Spain’s progress in the nuclear power field is retraced against the background of its political and economic evolution.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nuclear Power for a Dictatorship: State and Business involvement in the Spanish Atomic Program, 1950–85","attachmentId":41325753,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20378403/Nuclear_Power_for_a_Dictatorship_State_and_Business_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Atomic_Program_1950_85","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20378403/Nuclear_Power_for_a_Dictatorship_State_and_Business_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Atomic_Program_1950_85"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="9737315" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9737315/A_Renaissance_in_Nuclear_Power">A Renaissance in Nuclear Power</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9491854" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioCarlosFel%C3%ADcioLambertini">Antonio C F Lambertini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents an analysis of the worldwide evolution of the fleet of nuclear power plants until the 1980s; the reasons why in the same era this contingent was rejected in various developed countries due to a complete lack of public acceptance, being condemned to a phaseout planned to eliminate more than half of the operating power plants by 2020; and finally, what are the reasons for this competent base load power source to silently resist for more than a quarter of a century, having been the focus of studies and improvements in the most renowned research centers in the world and the most traditional universities of the developed countries, resurging as one of the main allies of worldwide sustainable development, even with all the difficulties of deployment, ecological risks, and nuclear proliferation. However, after more than 30 years of intense debates involving a wide variety of interrelated problems, scientists have collected irrefutable proof that the actions of humankind have caused climate changes that represent an imminent threat to the survival of the human species on Earth, requiring coordinated international action that seeks to determine the economic aspects of the stabilization of levels of GHGs (greenhouse gases) in the atmosphere. The transition to a worldwide low-carbon economy presents political challenges, where, the most complex political question, is the supply of energy which would depends on a change in the supply of energy from fossil fuels to renewable, hydro and nuclear. Undoubtedly the nuclear power plants are, by far, the most controversial.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Renaissance in Nuclear Power","attachmentId":35921992,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9737315/A_Renaissance_in_Nuclear_Power","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9737315/A_Renaissance_in_Nuclear_Power"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="23402191" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23402191/STATES_AND_THE_NUCLEAR_POWER_AN_INTERNATIONAL_PERSPECTIVE_2012_">STATES AND THE NUCLEAR POWER: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (2012)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="319040" href="https://unex.academia.edu/ArtemioBaigorriAgoiz">Artemio Baigorri Agoiz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A versión of this paper has been published in International Review of Sociology: Revue Internationale de Sociologie, Volume 22, Issue 3, 2012 This paper analyzes the evolution of public policies on nuclear energy from an international perspective highlighting an interesting sociological paradox: the opposition to the nuclear power contributed to the development of the environmental movement; and at present, the promoters of this kind of energy are including environmental arguments in their discourses: the fear of climate change and the reduction of CO2. Despite Kyoto Protocol does not accept this kind of energy as Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), its promotion is carried out on the basis of environment objectives, so that the nuclear lobby is obtaining more social acceptation thanks to the environmental discourse in the last four decades. For the carrying out this research, the nuclear policies from an international level are analyzed inside a wider research about the Nuclear Debate financed by Encuentro Foundation (Spain). Resumen El artículo analiza la evolución de las políticas, a nivel planetario, sobre la energía nuclear, a partir de una interesante paradoja sociológica: siendo uno de los componentes de la Sociedad Industrial madura que más ha contribuido al crecimiento del ecologismo y el ambientalismo, por oposición, hoy las corporaciones que la promueven vienen incorporando como base argumental fundamental los propios logros del movimiento ambientalista: el miedo al cambio climático y el objetivo de reducción del CO2. Aunque el protocolo de Kyoto no acepta esa energía como Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), paradójicamente se asiste su promoción a nivel planetario en base a los principios de sostenibilidad. Lo que se define como lobby nuclear consigue pues, paradójicamente, más aceptación que nunca en las últimos cuatro décadas, gracias al discurso ambientalista. Para la realización del estudio se analizaron las políticas nucleares a nivel planetario, dentro de una investigación más amplia sobre el Debate Nuclear financiada por la Fundación Encuentro (España).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"STATES AND THE NUCLEAR POWER: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (2012)","attachmentId":43849088,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23402191/STATES_AND_THE_NUCLEAR_POWER_AN_INTERNATIONAL_PERSPECTIVE_2012_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23402191/STATES_AND_THE_NUCLEAR_POWER_AN_INTERNATIONAL_PERSPECTIVE_2012_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="45603157" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45603157/REGULATORY_CAPTURE_OF_THE_FIRST_SPANISH_NUCLEAR_PROGRAM">REGULATORY CAPTURE OF THE FIRST SPANISH NUCLEAR PROGRAM</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3338642" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/JuanARubioMond%C3%A9jar">Juan A. Rubio Mondéjar</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="186909340" href="https://granada.academia.edu/httpswwwugresjgarrues">Josean Garrues Irurzun</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Documentos de Trabajo AEHE, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The commercial use of nuclear electricity represented an economic opportunity that adopted different national varieties. In Spain, the change from an “autarchic” to a “liberal” model of nuclear management consolidated the old interests of the national electric oligopoly. The objective of this article is to explain this process through a mesoeconomic perspective (inter-institutional dialectic). The main conclusion reached is that, in the face of a general hypothesis that defends the existence of a weak “reciprocal instrumentation” between political and economic interests during the transition from Francoist autarky to developmentalism, the theory of the regulatory capture is more convincing. That is, the capture of the State by the electric companies. Finally, the article should induce reflection regarding the importance that the assumption of past risks by Governments and companies may have in the assumption of current responsibilities (moratorium, dismantling, etc.).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"REGULATORY CAPTURE OF THE FIRST SPANISH NUCLEAR PROGRAM","attachmentId":66087600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45603157/REGULATORY_CAPTURE_OF_THE_FIRST_SPANISH_NUCLEAR_PROGRAM","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45603157/REGULATORY_CAPTURE_OF_THE_FIRST_SPANISH_NUCLEAR_PROGRAM"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="27461680" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27461680/The_nuclear_business_and_the_Spanish_electric_banking_oligopoly_First_World_Congress_of_Business_History_The_20th_Congress_of_the_European_Business_History_Association">The nuclear business and the Spanish electric-banking oligopoly, First World Congress of Business History/The 20th Congress of the European Business History Association</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3338642" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/JuanARubioMond%C3%A9jar">Juan A. Rubio Mondéjar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Political and economic factors, both national and international, played a major role in implementing the Spanish nuclear program. Among the elements that the literature of the subject has explained in detail one can find the US policy for the marketing of nuclear reactors, the financial facilities by the Export-Import Bank and the wishes of the Franco regime to break the international isolation and economic backwardness of Spain. However, in the end the electricity companies built the nuclear power plants privately, although heavily regulated by the State. Therefore, understanding the Spanish nuclear business requires disentangle the companies and entrepreneurs involved and their logic of action within the Spanish industrial fabric from the 1950s through to the 1960s, which is the aim of this paper. The high fixed capital required by utility companies, coupled with the limitations of the Spanish financial system, demanded the participation of banks, which monitored their investments from their own executive teams. Nuclear investment elevated the long existing symbiotic relationship between electric utilities and banks to a new level, strengthening the electric-banking oligopoly.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The nuclear business and the Spanish electric-banking oligopoly, First World Congress of Business History/The 20th Congress of the European Business History Association","attachmentId":47766428,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27461680/The_nuclear_business_and_the_Spanish_electric_banking_oligopoly_First_World_Congress_of_Business_History_The_20th_Congress_of_the_European_Business_History_Association","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27461680/The_nuclear_business_and_the_Spanish_electric_banking_oligopoly_First_World_Congress_of_Business_History_The_20th_Congress_of_the_European_Business_History_Association"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="1392077" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1392077/Nuclear_Power_for_Catalonia_The_Role_of_the_Official_Chamber_of_Industry_of_Barcelona_1953_1962">Nuclear Power for Catalonia: The Role of the Official Chamber of Industry of Barcelona, 19531962</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="569083" href="https://upcbarcelona.academia.edu/francescBarca">Francesc X. Barca-Salom</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Minerva, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nuclear Power for Catalonia: The Role of the Official Chamber of Industry of Barcelona, 19531962","attachmentId":50991206,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1392077/Nuclear_Power_for_Catalonia_The_Role_of_the_Official_Chamber_of_Industry_of_Barcelona_1953_1962","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1392077/Nuclear_Power_for_Catalonia_The_Role_of_the_Official_Chamber_of_Industry_of_Barcelona_1953_1962"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="32427362" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32427362/An_Overview_of_the_Historical_Experience_of_Nuclear_Energy_and_Society_in_20_countries">An Overview of the Historical Experience of Nuclear Energy and Society in 20 countries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48502301" href="https://independent.academia.edu/karlerikmichelsen">karl-erik michelsen</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31982702" href="https://upf.academia.edu/HoNEStHistoryofNuclearEnergyandSociety">HoNESt History of Nuclear Energy and Society</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62122" href="https://sciencemuseum.academia.edu/RobertBud">Robert Bud</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4707979" href="https://upf.academia.edu/MarkkuLehtonen">Markku Lehtonen</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7539470" href="https://rg-mpg.academia.edu/JanHenrikMeyer">Jan-Henrik Meyer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The relationship between nuclear energy and society in European countries has been fraught with controversy and mutual miscomprehension. In the majority of countries the controversy remains unresolved and the positions of those supporting nuclear power and those against it seem entrenched. A view into the history of the conflict offers the chance to learn what motivates these people, facilitate mutual comprehension and to improve societal engagement with this technology – and with modern technologies more generally. This brochure offers for the first time a comparative overview of the diverse national histories of nuclear energy and societies in 22 countries in Europe – North and South, East and West – and overseas. The short presentations assembled in this brochure are based on more substantive short country reports on the issue. This brochure presents the first results of the three year international, interdisciplinary Horizon 2020 research project "HoNESt - History of Nuclear Energy and Society" (www.honest2020.eu). It is funded by the Euratom Research and Training Programme 2014-2018 and started in September 2015. Its ambition is threefold: First, to provide an analytic overview of the rich and diverse historical experience of the relations between the nuclear energy sector and society in the past 60 years across 20 countries. Second, to draw more systematic conclusions on the mechanisms of successful public engagement between the nuclear sector and society. Finally, HoNESt’s research is not for the ivory tower. Indeed, HoNESt researchers will share and discuss their findings with the many stakeholders involved in this issue – from the nuclear sector, industry, associations, and civil society. 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