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class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Hofstadter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ريتشارد هوفستاتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد هوفستاتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%ED%98%B8%ED%94%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%9C%ED%84%B0" title="리처드 호프스태터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 호프스태터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ريتشارد هوفستاتر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد هوفستاتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%95%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="リチャード・ホフスタッター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・ホフスタッター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Хофштадтер, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хофштадтер, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Hofstadter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" title="理查德·霍夫施塔特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查德·霍夫施塔特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American historian and public intellectual (1916–1970)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Hofstadter</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Hofstadter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Richard_Hofstadter.jpg/220px-Richard_Hofstadter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Richard_Hofstadter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="320" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hofstadter circa 1970</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-08-06</span>)</span>August 6, 1916<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 24, 1970<span style="display:none">(1970-10-24)</span> (aged 54)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">New York City, New York, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Felice Swados</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936; died 1945)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Beatrice Kevitt</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1947)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> (1956, 1964)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Parrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernon L. Parrington">Vernon L. Parrington</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Julius_W._Pratt" title="Julius W. Pratt">Julius W. Pratt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a> </li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">History</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_S._Fass" title="Paula S. Fass">Paula S. Fass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_L._Graham" title="Otis L. Graham">Otis L. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_K._Kerber" title="Linda K. Kerber">Linda K. Kerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_W._Levine" title="Lawrence W. Levine">Lawrence W. Levine</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rosenberg" title="Charles E. Rosenberg">Charles E. Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ross_(historian)" title="Dorothy Ross (historian)">Dorothy Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terence_E._Carroll" title="Terence E. Carroll">Terence E. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Stanley Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gutman" title="Herbert Gutman">Herbert Gutman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heffner" title="Richard Heffner">Richard Heffner</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Katznelson" title="Ira Katznelson">Ira Katznelson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Katznelson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katznelson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_McKitrick" title="Eric McKitrick">Eric McKitrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Remini" title="Robert V. Remini">Robert V. Remini</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace_(historian)" title="Mike Wallace (historian)">Mike Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data">History of <a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_the_United_States" title="Political culture of the United States">American political culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reform" title="The Age of Reform">The Age of Reform</a></i> (1955)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism_in_American_Life" title="Anti-intellectualism in American Life">Anti-intellectualism in American Life</a></i> (1963)</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Paranoid_Style_in_American_Politics" title="The Paranoid Style in American Politics">The Paranoid Style in American Politics</a>" (1964)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Robert Dallek</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Jacoby" title="Susan Jacoby">Susan Jacoby</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/David_W._Noble" title="David W. Noble">David W. Noble</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">David M. Potter</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur Schlesinger Jr.</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace_(historian)" title="Mike Wallace (historian)">Mike Wallace</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Hofstadter</b> (August 6, 1916 – October 24, 1970) was an American historian and public intellectual of the mid-20th century. Hofstadter was the DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Rejecting his earlier <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialist</a> approach to history, in the 1950s he came closer to the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">consensus history</a>", and was epitomized by some of his admirers as the "iconic historian of postwar liberal consensus."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others see in his work an early critique of the <a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">one-dimensional society</a>, as Hofstadter was equally critical of socialist and capitalist models of society, and bemoaned the "consensus" within the society as "bounded by the horizons of property and entrepreneurship",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticizing the "hegemonic liberal capitalist culture running throughout the course of American history".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His most widely read works are <i>Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915</i> (1944); <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Political_Tradition" title="The American Political Tradition">The American Political Tradition</a></i> (1948); <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reform" title="The Age of Reform">The Age of Reform</a></i> (1955); <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism_in_American_Life" title="Anti-intellectualism in American Life">Anti-intellectualism in American Life</a></i> (1963); and the essays collected in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paranoid_Style_in_American_Politics" title="The Paranoid Style in American Politics">The Paranoid Style in American Politics</a></i> (1964). He was twice awarded the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>: in 1956 for <i>The Age of Reform</i>, an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">populism movement in the 1890s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">progressive movement of the early 20th century</a>; and in 1964 for the cultural history <i>Anti-intellectualism in American Life</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofstadter was born in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, in 1916 to a Jewish father, Emil A. Hofstadter, and a <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-American</a> Lutheran mother, Katherine (née Hill), who died when Richard was ten.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Fosdick-Masten_Park_High_School" title="Fosdick-Masten Park High School">Fosdick-Masten Park High School</a> in Buffalo. Hofstadter then studied philosophy and history at the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo</a>, from 1933, under the <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">diplomatic historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_W._Pratt" title="Julius W. Pratt">Julius W. Pratt</a>. Despite opposition from both families, he married Felice Swados (whose brother was <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Swados" title="Harvey Swados">Harvey Swados</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20069_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20069-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1936 after he and Felice spent several summers at Hunter Colony, New York, run by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Lefranc" title="Margaret Lefranc">Margaret Lefranc</a>, their close friend for years; they had one child, Dan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200618–19_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200618–19-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hofstadter was raised as an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Episcopalian</a> but later identified more with his Jewish roots. <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> may have cost him fellowships at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> and attractive professorships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200612,_21,_38,_53_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200612,_21,_38,_53-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Jewish_Hall_of_Fame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buffalo Jewish Hall of Fame (page does not exist)">Buffalo Jewish Hall of Fame</a> lists him as one of the "Jewish Buffalonians who have made a lasting contribution to the world."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Hofstadter entered the doctoral program in history at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> where his advisor <a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> was demonstrating how to synthesize intellectual, social, and political history based upon secondary sources rather than primary-source archival research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200622,_29_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200622,_29-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a>, but soon became disillusioned by the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">party discipline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a>. After withdrawing from the party in August 1939 following the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Hitler–Stalin Pact</a>, he retained a critical left-wing perspective that was still obvious in <i>American Political Tradition</i> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hofstadter earned his PhD in 1942. In 1944, he published his dissertation <i>Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915</i>. It was a commercially successful (200,000 copies) critique of late-19th-century American capitalism and its ruthless "dog-eat-dog" economic competition and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinian</a> self-justification. Conservative critics, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irwin_G._Wylie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irwin G. Wylie (page does not exist)">Irwin G. Wylie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Bannister" title="Robert C. Bannister">Robert C. Bannister</a>, disagreed with his interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200630–37_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200630–37-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sharpest criticism of the book focused on Hofstadter's weakness as a researcher: "he did little or no research into manuscripts, newspapers, <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archival</a>, or unpublished sources, relying instead primarily on secondary sources augmented by his lively style and wide-ranging interdisciplinary readings, thereby producing well-written arguments based on scattered evidence he found by reading other historians."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200638,_113_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200638,_113-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1942 to 1946, Hofstadter taught history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>, where he became a close friend of the popular sociologist <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a> and read extensively in the fields of sociology and psychology, absorbing ideas of <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>. His later books frequently refer to behavioral concepts such as "status anxiety".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1985184_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1985184-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200690–94_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200690–94-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_as_a_"consensus_historian""><span id="Assessment_as_a_.22consensus_historian.22"></span>Assessment as a "consensus historian"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assessment as a "consensus historian""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946, Hofstadter joined <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s faculty, and in 1959 he succeeded <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> as the DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History, where he played a major role in directing Ph.D. dissertations. According to his biographer David Brown, after 1945 Hofstadter philosophically "broke" with <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> and moved to the right, becoming leader of the "consensus historians," a term Hofstadter disapproved of, but that was widely applied to his apparent rejection of the Beardian idea that the sole basis for understanding American history is the fundamental conflict between economic classes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a widely held revision of this view, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Christopher Lasch</a> wrote that, unlike the "consensus historians" of the 1950s, Hofstadter saw the consensus of classes on behalf of business interests not as a strength but "as a form of intellectual bankruptcy and as a reflection, moreover, not of a healthy sense of the practical but of the domination of American political thought by popular mythologies."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as his <i>American Political Tradition</i> (1948), while still viewing politics from a critical left-wing perspective, Hofstadter rejected black-and-white polarization between pro-business and anti-business politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making explicit reference to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>, Hofstadter made a statement on the consensus in the American political tradition that has been seen as "ironic". He said:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fierceness of the political struggles has often been misleading: for the range of vision embraced by the primary contestants in the major parties has always been bounded by the horizons of property and enterprise. However much at odds on specific issues, the major political traditions have shared a belief in the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of property">rights of property</a>, the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Economic_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic individualism">economic individualism</a>, the value of competition; they have accepted the economic virtues of capitalist culture as necessary qualities of man.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Hofstadter later complained that this remark in a hastily written preface requested by the editor had been the reason for "lumping him" unfairly into the category of "consensus historians" like <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a>, who celebrated this kind of ideological consensus as an achievement, whereas Hofstadter deplored it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofstadter expressed his dislike of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Consensus_history" title="Consensus history">consensus historian</a></i> several times,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and criticized Boorstin for overusing the consensus and ignoring the essential conflicts in history.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an earlier draft of the preface, he wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>American politics has always been an arena in which conflicts of interests have been fought out, compromised, adjusted. Once these interests were sectional; now they tend more clearly to follow class lines; but from the beginning American political parties, instead of representing single sections or classes clearly and forcefully, have been intersectional and interclass parties, embracing a jumble of interests which often have reasons for contesting among themselves.</p></blockquote> <p>Hofstadter rejected Beard's interpretation of history as a succession of exclusively economically motivated group conflicts and financial interests of politicians. He thought that most of the periods of US history, except the <a href="/wiki/United_States_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil war">Civil War</a>, could be fully understood only by taking into account an implicit consensus, shared by all groups across the conflict lines. He criticized the generation of Beard and <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Louis_Parrington" title="Vernon Louis Parrington">Vernon Louis Parrington</a> because they had </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>put such an excessive emphasis on conflict, that an antidote was needed.... It seems to me to be clear that a political society cannot hang together, at all, unless there is some kind of consensus running through it, and yet that no society has such a total consensus as to be devoid of significant conflict. It is all a matter of proportion and emphasis, which is terribly important in history. Of course, obviously, we have had one total failure of consensus, which led to the Civil War. One could use that as the extreme case in which consensus breaks down.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1948 he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Political_Tradition" title="The American Political Tradition">The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It</a></i>, interpretive studies of 12 major American political leaders from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The book was a critical success and sold nearly a million copies at university campuses, where it was used as a history textbook; critics found it "skeptical, fresh, <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionary</a>, occasionally ironical, without being harsh or merely destructive."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each chapter title illustrated a paradox: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> is "The Aristocrat as Democrat"; <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> is the "Marx of the Master Class"; and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> is "The Patrician as Opportunist".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In writing the book, Hofstadter was influenced by literary figures as well as historians: two key influences on him were the critic Edmund Wilson and the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofstadter's style was so powerful and engrossing that professors kept assigning the book long after scholars had revised or rejected its main points.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 13, 1970, less than a year before his death, Hofstadter wrote historian <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a>, expressing concerns about scholarly depictions of recent studies by both of them as "consensus." Bailyn's response has not yet been examined by third-party sources.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_works">Later works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a historian, Hofstadter's groundbreaking work came in using social psychology concepts to explain political history.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explored subconscious motives such as <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a>, irrational fear, and paranoia as they propel political discourse and action in politics. Historian <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a> wrote that "in later essays Hofstadter specifically ruled out the possibility of a Leninist interpretation of American imperialism."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_ethos">Rural ethos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rural ethos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reform" title="The Age of Reform">The Age of Reform</a></i> (1955) analyzes the <a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman</a> ideal in America's sentimental attachment to <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a> and the farm's moral superiority to the city. Hofstadter—himself very much a big-city person—noted the agrarian ethos was "a kind of homage that Americans have paid to the fancied innocence of their origins; however, to call it a myth does not imply falsity, because it effectively embodies the rural values of the American people, profoundly influencing their perception of the correct values, hence their political behavior." In this matter, the stress is on the importance of Jefferson's writings, and of his followers, in the development of agrarianism in the US, as establishing the agrarian myth, and its importance, in American life and politics—despite the rural and urban industrialization that rendered the myth moot.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (June 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism_in_American_Life" title="Anti-intellectualism in American Life"><i>Anti-intellectualism in American Life</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-intellectualism+in+American+Life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span> (1963) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/The_Paranoid_Style_in_American_Politics" title="The Paranoid Style in American Politics"><i>The Paranoid Style in American Politics</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span> (1965) describe American <a href="/wiki/Provincialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincialism">provincialism</a>, warning against anti-intellectual fear of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> city, presented as wicked by the <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populists</a> of the 1890s. They trace the direct political and ideological lineage between the Populists and <a href="/wiki/Anticommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">anti-communist</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>, the political paranoia manifest in his time. Hofstadter's dissertation director <a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> wrote that Hofstadter's "position is as biased, by his urban background... as the work of older historians was biased by their rural background and traditional agrarian sympathies.”<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrational_fear">Irrational fear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Irrational fear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Idea of a Party System</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+a+Party+System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span> (1969) describes the origins of the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a> as reflecting fears that the (other) political party threatened to destroy the republic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Progressive+Historians%3A+Turner%2C+Beard%2C+Parrington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span> (1968) systematically analyzes and criticizes the intellectual foundations and historical validity of Beard's <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> and revealed Hofstadter's increasing inclination toward <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>. Privately, Hofstadter said that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> was no longer a useful guide to history, because he was too obsessed with the frontier and his ideas too often had "a pound of falsehood for every few ounces of truth."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Howe and Finn argue that, rhetorically, Hofstadter's cultural interpretation repeatedly drew upon concepts from literary criticism ("irony," "paradox," "anomaly"), anthropology ("myth," "tradition," "legend," "folklore"), and social psychology ("projection," "unconsciously," "identity," "anxiety," "paranoid"). He artfully employed their explicit scholarly meanings and their informal prejudicial connotations. His goal, they argue, was "destroying certain cherished American traditions and myths derived from his conviction that they provided no trustworthy guide for action in the present."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Hofstadter argued, "The application of depth psychology to politics, chancy though it is, has at least made us acutely aware that politics can be a projective arena for feelings and impulses that are only marginally related to the manifest issues."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> wrote that Hofstadter seemed "to have a solid understanding, if not a private affection" for "the odd, the warped, the 'zanies' and the crazies of American life—left, right and middle."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Influenced by his wife, Hofstadter was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Communist_League" title="Young Communist League">Young Communist League</a> in college, and in April 1938 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a>; he quit in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker198589–90_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker198589–90-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofstadter had been reluctant to join, knowing the orthodoxy it imposed on intellectuals, telling them what to believe and what to write. He was disillusioned by the spectacle of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Show_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Show Trials">Moscow Show Trials</a>, but wrote: "I join without enthusiasm but with a sense of obligation.... [M]y fundamental reason for joining is that I don't like capitalism and want to get rid of it."<sup id="cite_ref-Foner-38_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner-38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a>, writing, "I hate capitalism and everything that goes with it," but was similarly disillusioned with <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, finding the Soviet Union "essentially undemocratic" and the Communist Party rigid and doctrinaire. In the 1940s, Hofstadter abandoned political causes, feeling that intellectuals were no more likely to "find a comfortable home" under socialism than they were under capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Foner-38_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foner-38-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer <a href="/wiki/Susan_Baker" title="Susan Baker">Susan Baker</a> writes that Hofstadter "was profoundly influenced by the political Left of the 1930s.... The philosophical impact of Marxism was so intense and direct during Hofstadter's formative years that it formed a major part of his identity crisis.... The impact of these years created his orientation to the American past, accompanied as it was by marriage, establishment of life-style, and choice of profession."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geary concludes that, "To Hofstadter, radicalism always offered more of a critical intellectual stance than a commitment to political activism. Although Hofstadter quickly became disillusioned with the Communist Party, he retained an independent left-wing standpoint well into the 1940s. His first book, <i>Social Darwinism in American Thought</i> (1944), and <i>The American Political Tradition</i> (1948) had a radical point of view."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s, Hofstadter cited Beard as "the exciting influence on me".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofstadter specifically responded to Beard's social-conflict model of U.S. history, which emphasized the struggle among competing economic groups (primarily farmers, Southern slavers, Northern industrialists, and workers) and discounted abstract political rhetoric that rarely translated into action. Beard encouraged historians to search for economic belligerents' hidden self-interest and financial goals. By the 1950s and 1960s, Hofstadter had a strong reputation in liberal circles. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cremin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Cremin">Lawrence Cremin</a> wrote that "Hofstadter's central purpose in writing history ... was to reformulate American liberalism so that it might stand more honestly and effectively against attacks from both left and right in a world which had accepted the essential insights of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kazin" title="Alfred Kazin">Alfred Kazin</a> identified his use of parody: "He was a derisive critic and parodist of every American Utopia and its wild prophets, a natural oppositionist to fashion and its satirist, a creature suspended between gloom and fun, between disdain for the expected and mad parody."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, conservative commentator <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a> called Hofstadter "the iconic public intellectual of liberal condescension" who "dismissed conservatives as victims of character flaws and psychological disorders—a 'paranoid style' of politics rooted in 'status anxiety.' etc. Conservatism rose on a tide of votes cast by people irritated by the liberalism of condescension."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Angered by the radical politics of the 1960s, and especially by the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">student occupation and temporary closure of Columbia University in 1968</a>, Hofstadter began to criticize student activist methods. His friend <a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Herbert Donald</a> said, "as a liberal who criticized the liberal tradition from within, he was appalled by the growing radical, even revolutionary, sentiment that he sensed among his colleagues and his students. He could never share their simplistic, moralistic approach."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brick says he regarded them as "simple-minded, moralistic, ruthless, and destructive."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he was "extremely critical of student tactics, believing that they were based on irrational romantic ideas, rather than sensible plans for achievable change, that they undermined the unique status of the university, as an institutional bastion of free thought, and that they were bound to provoke a political reaction from the right."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coates argues that his career saw a steady move from left to right, and that his 1968 Columbia <a href="/wiki/Commencement_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Commencement address">commencement address</a> "represented the completion of his conversion to conservatism".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite strongly disagreeing with their political methods, he invited his radical students to discuss goals and strategy with him. He even employed one, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace_(historian)" title="Mike Wallace (historian)">Mike Wallace</a>, to collaborate with him on <i>American Violence: A Documentary History</i> (1970); Hofstadter student <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> said the book "utterly contradicted the consensus vision of a nation placidly evolving without serious disagreements."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hofstadter planned to write a three-volume history of American society. At his death, he had only completed the first volume, <i>America at 1750: A Social Portrait</i> (1971). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofstadter died of <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> on October 24, 1970, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Hospital_(Manhattan)" title="Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)">Mount Sinai Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, at age 54.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed more interest in his research than in his teaching. In undergraduate classes, he read aloud the draft of his next book.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofstadter directed more than 100 finished <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral dissertation">doctoral dissertations</a> but gave his graduate students only cursory attention; he believed this academic latitude enabled them to find their own models of history. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gutman" title="Herbert Gutman">Herbert Gutman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_W._Levine" title="Lawrence W. Levine">Lawrence W. Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Kerber" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda Kerber">Linda Kerber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paula_S._Fass" title="Paula S. Fass">Paula S. Fass</a>. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Eric_McKitrick" title="Eric McKitrick">Eric McKitrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Stanley Elkins</a>, were more conservative than he; Hofstadter had few disciples and founded no school of history writing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Hofstadter's death, Columbia dedicated a locked bookcase of his works in <a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a> to him.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the library's physical conditions deteriorated, his widow Beatrice asked that it be removed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hofstadter married Beatrice Kevitt in 1947. She taught American history at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> in the 1960s. After his passing, she married the journalist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore White">Theodore White</a> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War," <i>The American Historical Review</i> Vol. 44, No. 1 (Oct. 1938), pp. 50–55 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1840850">full text in JSTOR</a></li> <li>"William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinist," <i>The New England Quarterly</i> Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep. 1941), pp. 457–77 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/360486">online at JSTOR</a></li> <li>"Parrington and the Jeffersonian Tradition," <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> Vol. 2, No. 4 (Oct. 1941), pp. 391–400 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707018">JSTOR</a></li> <li>"William Leggett, Spokesman of Jacksonian Democracy," <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> Vol. 58, No. 4 (Dec. 1943), pp. 581–94 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2144949">JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1944" class="citation cs2">Hofstadter, Richard (April 1944), "UB Phillips and The Plantation Legend", <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>, <b>29</b> (2): 109–24, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2715306">10.2307/2715306</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715306">2715306</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150112096">150112096</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=UB+Phillips+and+The+Plantation+Legend&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109-24&rft.date=1944-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150112096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2715306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2715306&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1992" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8aEmWc_ekC"><i>Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915</i></a>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992 [1944], <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5503-8"><bdi>978-0-8070-5503-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+American+Thought%2C+1860%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5503-8&rft.au=Hofstadter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy8aEmWc_ekC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinismi00rich">online</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Political_Tradition" title="The American Political Tradition">The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It</a></i> (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpolitica00hofs">online</a></li> <li>"Beard and the Constitution: The History of an Idea," <i>American Quarterly</i> (1950) 2#3 pp. 195–213 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031337">JSTOR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reform" title="The Age of Reform">The Age of Reform</a>: from Bryan to FDR</i> (New York: Knopf, 1955).</li> <li><i>The Development of Academic Freedom in the United States</i> (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955) with Walter P. Metzger <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/175391">175391</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofaca00hofs">online</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Hofstadter's contribution was published separately as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jesexvV2GWYC"><i>Academic Freedom in the Age of the College</i></a>, Columbia University Press, [1955] 1961.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>The United States: the History of a Republic</i> (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1957), college textbook; several editions; coauthored with Daniel Aaron and William Miller</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism_in_American_Life" title="Anti-intellectualism in American Life">Anti-intellectualism in American Life</a></i> (New York: Knopf, 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antiintellectual000187mbp/page/n8/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li><i>The Progressive Movement, 1900–1915</i> (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963). edited excerpts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/265628">265628</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1964" class="citation journal cs1">Hofstadter, Richard (October 8, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1964/10/08/a-long-view-goldwater-in-history/">"A Long View: Goldwater in History"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <b>3</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=A+Long+View%3A+Goldwater+in+History&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1964-10-08&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1964%2F10%2F08%2Fa-long-view-goldwater-in-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays</i> (New York: Knopf, 1965). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34817-9">978-0-226-34817-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paranoidstyleofa00rich">online</a> <ul><li>includes "<a href="/wiki/The_Paranoid_Style_in_American_Politics" title="The Paranoid Style in American Politics">The Paranoid Style in American Politics</a>", <i>Harper's Magazine</i> (1964)</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington</i> (New York: Knopf, 1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.118327/2015.118327.The-Progressive-Historians.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><i>The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.148237/2015.148237.The-Idea-Of-A-Party-System.pdf">online</a></li> <li><i>American Violence: A Documentary History</i>, co-edited with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace_(historian)" title="Mike Wallace (historian)">Mike Wallace</a> (1970) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41486-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-41486-7">978-0-394-41486-7</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/america-gun-culture">America As A Gun Culture"</a> <i>American Heritage</i>, 21 (October 1970), 4–10, 82–85.</li> <li><i>America at 1750: A Social Portrait</i> (1971)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Ward_(professor)" title="John William Ward (professor)">John William Ward</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> He was influenced by his friend sociologist <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The private letter was written to <a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a>, probably in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/may-2007/in-memoriam-lawrence-w-levine">"Lawrence W. Levine (1933-2006) | Perspectives on History | AHA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawrence+W.+Levine+%281933-2006%29+%26%23124%3B+Perspectives+on+History+%26%23124%3B+AHA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fpublications-and-directories%2Fperspectives-on-history%2Fmay-2007%2Fin-memoriam-lawrence-w-levine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college.columbia.edu/cct/archive/spring14/obituaries2">"Richard D. Heffner '46, '47 GSAS, Host of Public Television's Open Mind | Columbia College Today"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+D.+Heffner+%2746%2C+%2747+GSAS%2C+Host+of+Public+Television%27s+Open+Mind+%26%23124%3B+Columbia+College+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcct%2Farchive%2Fspring14%2Fobituaries2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katznelson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katznelson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatznelson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Katznelson, Ira (May 11, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219">"Measuring Liberalism, Confronting Evil: A Retrospective"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219">10.1146/annurev-polisci-042219-030219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-2939">1094-2939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Measuring+Liberalism%2C+Confronting+Evil%3A+A+Retrospective&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219&rft.issn=1094-2939&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-042219-030219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItalie2013" class="citation news cs1">Italie, Hillel (April 6, 2013). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Latest-News-Wires/2013/0406/Robert-Remini-dies-leaves-legacy-as-Andrew-Jackson-scholar">"Robert Remini Dies, Leaves Legacy as Andrew Jackson Scholar"</a></span>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>. Boston, Massachusetts: Christian Science Publishing Society. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Robert+Remini+Dies%2C+Leaves+Legacy+as+Andrew+Jackson+Scholar&rft.date=2013-04-06&rft.aulast=Italie&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FThe-Culture%2FLatest-News-Wires%2F2013%2F0406%2FRobert-Remini-dies-leaves-legacy-as-Andrew-Jackson-scholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geary (2007), p. 429</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2009" class="citation book cs1">Geary, Dan (April 14, 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalambitionc0000gear_2009"><i>Radical Ambition: C. Wright Mills, the Left, and American Social Thought</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalambitionc0000gear_2009/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520943445" title="Special:BookSources/9780520943445"><bdi>9780520943445</bdi></a>. <q>C. Wright Mills, the Left, and American Social Thought, which sharply criticized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Ambition%3A+C.+Wright+Mills%2C+the+Left%2C+and+American+Social+Thought&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft.isbn=9780520943445&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradicalambitionc0000gear_2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenét1996" class="citation cs2">Benét (1996), <i>Reader's Encyclopedia</i> (4th ed.), p. 478</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=478&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Ben%C3%A9t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/richard-hofstadter">"Richard Hofstadter"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Richard+Hofstadter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Frichard-hofstadter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Richard+Hofstadter&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRichard%2BHofstadter%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhlesOhlesOhlesRamsay1997" class="citation cs2">Ohles, Frederik; Ohles, Shirley G.; Ohles, Shirley M.; Ramsay, John G. (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBj5-zHEMvoC&q=Richard+Hofstadter+Emil,+Katherine&pg=PA162"><i>Books</i></a>, Bloomsbury Academic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313291333" title="Special:BookSources/9780313291333"><bdi>9780313291333</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780313291333&rft.aulast=Ohles&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rft.au=Ohles%2C+Shirley+G.&rft.au=Ohles%2C+Shirley+M.&rft.au=Ramsay%2C+John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBj5-zHEMvoC%26q%3DRichard%2BHofstadter%2BEmil%2C%2BKatherine%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown20069-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown20069_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2006">Brown 2006</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200618–19-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200618–19_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2006">Brown 2006</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200612,_21,_38,_53-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200612,_21,_38,_53_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2006">Brown 2006</a>, pp. 12, 21, 38, 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbuff.com/hall.htm">Buffalo Jewish Hall of Fame</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200622,_29-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200622,_29_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2006">Brown 2006</a>, pp. 22, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reviewed Work: Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography by David S. Brown. Review by: Daniel Geary, Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sept. 2007), pp. 425–431 (7 pages) Published by: The Johns Hopkins University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200630–37-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200630–37_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2006">Brown 2006</a>, pp. 30–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylie1959" class="citation cs2">Wylie, Irwin G (1959), "Social Darwinism and the Businessmen", <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>, <b>103</b>: 629–35</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Social+Darwinism+and+the+Businessmen&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=629-35&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Wylie&rft.aufirst=Irwin+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannister1989" class="citation cs2">Bannister, Robert C (1989), <i>Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo–American Social Thought</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism%3A+Science+and+Myth+in+Anglo%E2%80%93American+Social+Thought&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bannister&rft.aufirst=Robert+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200638,_113-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200638,_113_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2006">Brown 2006</a>, pp. 38, 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1985184-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker1985184_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1985">Baker 1985</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200690–94-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200690–94_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2006">Brown 2006</a>, pp. 90–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2006), p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasch1973" class="citation news cs1">Lasch, Christopher (March 8, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1973/03/08/on-richard-hofstadter/">"On Richard Hofstadter"</a>. <i>The New York Review of Books</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=On+Richard+Hofstadter&rft.date=1973-03-08&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Lasch&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1973%2F03%2F08%2Fon-richard-hofstadter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Jumonville, <i>Henry Steele Commager : Midcentury Liberalism and the History of the Present</i> (1999) pp. 232–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausJoyce1990" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Michael; Joyce, Davis D. (January 1, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPQSU37xB74C&q=consensus&pg=PA336"><i>The Writing of American History</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806122342" title="Special:BookSources/9780806122342"><bdi>9780806122342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+of+American+History&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=9780806122342&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Davis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPQSU37xB74C%26q%3Dconsensus%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Hofstadter1948" class="citation book cs1">Richard Hofstadter (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6k_G670uhZsC&pg=PR35"><i>The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it</i></a>. Knopf. pp. xxxvi–xxxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307809667" title="Special:BookSources/9780307809667"><bdi>9780307809667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Political+Tradition%3A+And+the+Men+Who+Made+it&rft.pages=xxxvi-xxxvii&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9780307809667&rft.au=Richard+Hofstadter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6k_G670uhZsC%26pg%3DPR35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2015" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, William (January 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcseBgAAQBAJ&q=hofstadter+&pg=PA330"><i>Engagement with the Past: The Lives and Works of the World War II Generation of Historians</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813159270" title="Special:BookSources/9780813159270"><bdi>9780813159270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engagement+with+the+Past%3A+The+Lives+and+Works+of+the+World+War+II+Generation+of+Historians&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft.isbn=9780813159270&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcseBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhofstadter%2B%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushdy1999" class="citation book cs1">Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. (November 4, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdburCkrc3wC&q=hoftsadter+consensus&pg=PA29"><i>Neo-slave Narratives: Studies in the Social Logic of a Literary Form</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198029007" title="Special:BookSources/9780198029007"><bdi>9780198029007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-slave+Narratives%3A+Studies+in+the+Social+Logic+of+a+Literary+Form&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11-04&rft.isbn=9780198029007&rft.aulast=Rushdy&rft.aufirst=Ashraf+H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdburCkrc3wC%26q%3Dhoftsadter%2Bconsensus%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausJoyce1990" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Michael; Joyce, Davis D. (January 1, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPQSU37xB74C&q=hoftsadter+consensus&pg=PA336"><i>The Writing of American History</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806122342" title="Special:BookSources/9780806122342"><bdi>9780806122342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+of+American+History&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=9780806122342&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Davis+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPQSU37xB74C%26q%3Dhoftsadter%2Bconsensus%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806153205/https://s3.amazonaws.com/omeka-net/25551/archive/files/d459004645c1e5cef1e0e2b47b442aa8.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAI3ATG3OSQLO5HGKA&Expires=1546673088&Signature=QlGbpWTMfBYbocz3axnu19u5t1I=">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Pole (2000), pp. 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pole (2000), p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuklick2006" class="citation cs2">Kuklick, Bruce (2006), "Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography (review)", <i>Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society</i>, <b>42</b> (4): 574–77, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcsp.2007.0005">10.1353/csp.2007.0005</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162307620">162307620</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Charles+S.+Peirce+Society&rft.atitle=Richard+Hofstadter%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography+%28review%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=574-77&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcsp.2007.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162307620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuklick&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitham2023" class="citation book cs1">Witham, Nick (2023). <i>Popularizing the Past: Historians, Publishers, and Readers in Postwar America</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 42–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226826998" title="Special:BookSources/9780226826998"><bdi>9780226826998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popularizing+the+Past%3A+Historians%2C+Publishers%2C+and+Readers+in+Postwar+America&rft.pages=42-3&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780226826998&rft.aulast=Witham&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pole (2000), pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammen1987" class="citation book cs1">Kammen, Michael G. (1987). <i>Selvages & Biases: The Fabric of History in American Culture</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801494048" title="Special:BookSources/9780801494048"><bdi>9780801494048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selvages+%26+Biases%3A+The+Fabric+of+History+in+American+Culture&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780801494048&rft.aulast=Kammen&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2006), p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd C. Gardner, "Consensus history and foreign policy." in Alexander DeConde, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy</i> (1978) 1:159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1955" class="citation cs2">Hofstadter, Richard (1955), <i>The Age of Reform</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reform&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Brown (2006), p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2003), p. 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweFinn" class="citation cs2">Howe; Finn, <i>Richard Hofstadter: The Ironies of an American Historian</i>, pp. 3–5, 6</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Hofstadter%3A+The+Ironies+of+an+American+Historian&rft.pages=3-5%2C+6&rft.au=Howe&rft.au=Finn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadterWilentz2008" class="citation book cs1">Hofstadter, Richard; Wilentz, Sean (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbRN-7uyqAwC&pg=PR33"><i>The Paranoid Style in American Politics</i></a>. Random House Digital. p. xxxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307388445" title="Special:BookSources/9780307388445"><bdi>9780307388445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Style+in+American+Politics&rft.pages=xxxiii&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780307388445&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Wilentz%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbRN-7uyqAwC%26pg%3DPR33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in John Wakeman, <i>World Authors 1950–1970 : A Companion Volume to Twentieth Century Authors</i>. New York : H.W. Wilson Company, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824204190" title="Special:BookSources/0824204190">0824204190</a>. (pp. 658–60).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker198589–90-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker198589–90_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1985">Baker 1985</a>, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foner-38-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foner-38_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foner-38_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3I-Z8KW5REC&pg=PT38"><i>Who Owns History?: Rethinking the Past in a Changing World</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429923927" title="Special:BookSources/9781429923927"><bdi>9781429923927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Owns+History%3F%3A+Rethinking+the+Past+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781429923927&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3I-Z8KW5REC%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geary (2007), p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1982" class="citation cs2">Baker, Susan Stout (1982), <i>Out of the Engagement: Richard Hofstadter, the Genesis of a Historian</i> (PhD dissertation), Case Western Reserve U, p. xiv, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10169852">10169852</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Engagement%3A+Richard+Hofstadter%2C+the+Genesis+of+a+Historian&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+U&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10169852&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Susan+Stout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geary (2007), p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Arthur_Cremin1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Arthur_Cremin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Arthur Cremin">Lawrence Arthur Cremin</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L8iAAAAMAAJ&q=central"><i>Richard Hofstadter (1916–1970): a biographical memoir</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Education" title="National Academy of Education">National Academy of Education</a>. p. x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Hofstadter+%281916%E2%80%931970%29%3A+a+biographical+memoir&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Education&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Lawrence+Arthur+Cremin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L8iAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dcentral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Kazin2013" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Kazin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MU3XAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25"><i>New York Jew</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804151269" title="Special:BookSources/9780804151269"><bdi>9780804151269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Jew&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780804151269&rft.au=Alfred+Kazin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMU3XAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/04/obamas_condescension.html">Candidate on a High Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</a>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, April 15, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Brown (2006), p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard Brick, "The End of Ideology Thesis." in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies</i> (2013) p 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geary (2007), p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan Coates, "The Conservatism of Richard Hofstadter," <i>History in the Making</i> (2013) 2#1 pp 45–51 quote at p 50 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyitm.org/index.php/hitm/article/view/125/35">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608054412/http://www.historyitm.org/index.php/hitm/article/view/125/35">Archived</a> June 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner" class="citation cs2">Foner, Eric, <i>Introduction</i>, p. xxv</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pages=xxv&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>, in <a href="#CITEREFHofstadter1992">Hofstadter 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlden_Whitman1970" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alden_Whitman" title="Alden Whitman">Alden Whitman</a> (October 25, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E02E1DD1F3AEF31A25756C2A9669D946190D6CF">"Richard Hofstadter, Pulitzer Historian, 54, Dies. Author of 13 Books Received Prizes for '55 and '64"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Richard Hofstadter, one of the leading historians of American affairs, died yesterday of leukemia at Mount Sinai Hospital at the age of 54. He was DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History at Columbia University and twice a Pulitzer Prize-winner. He lived at 1125 Park Avenue.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+Hofstadter%2C+Pulitzer+Historian%2C+54%2C+Dies.+Author+of+13+Books+Received+Prizes+for+%2755+and+%2764&rft.date=1970-10-25&rft.au=Alden+Whitman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9E02E1DD1F3AEF31A25756C2A9669D946190D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2006), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2006), pp. 66–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin (1999), p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/19/archives/hofstadter-room-set-for-columbia.html">"Hofstadter Room Set For Columbia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 19, 1971. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hofstadter+Room+Set+For+Columbia&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1971-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F01%2F19%2Farchives%2Fhofstadter-room-set-for-columbia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzGerald2012" class="citation web cs1">FitzGerald, Eileen (November 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstimes.com/local/article/beatrice-white-filled-long-life-with-spirit-4010590.php">"Beatrice White filled long life with spirit"</a>. <i>News-Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News-Times&rft.atitle=Beatrice+White+filled+long+life+with+spirit&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstimes.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2Fbeatrice-white-filled-long-life-with-spirit-4010590.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers,_David_F.1945" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frederick_Bowers" title="David Frederick Bowers">Bowers, David F.</a> (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/4054248ef1727ac09dd09aca50d856f1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1818230">"<i>Social Darwnism in American Thought, 1860-1915</i> (Book Review)"</a>. <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3634537">10.2307/3634537</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634537">3634537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Social+Darwnism+in+American+Thought%2C+1860-1915+%28Book+Review%29.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3634537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3634537%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bowers%2C+David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F4054248ef1727ac09dd09aca50d856f1%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1818230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1985" class="citation cs2">Baker, Susan Stout (1985), <i>Radical Beginnings: Richard Hofstadter and the 1930s</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Beginnings%3A+Richard+Hofstadter+and+the+1930s&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Susan+Stout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Brick, Howard. "The End of Ideology Thesis." in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies</i> (2013) pp: 90+</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley1985" class="citation journal cs1">Brinkley, Alan (September 1985). "Richard Hofstadter's <i>The Age of Reform</i>: A Reconsideration". <i>Reviews in American History</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 462–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2702106">10.2307/2702106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2702106">2702106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=Richard+Hofstadter%27s+The+Age+of+Reform%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=462-80&rft.date=1985-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2702106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2702106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Brown" title="David S. Brown">Brown, David S</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Dv0GUqMPkC"><i>Richard Hofstadter: An Intellectual Biography</i></a> (biography), U. of Chicago, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226076379" title="Special:BookSources/9780226076379"><bdi>9780226076379</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Hofstadter%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pub=U.+of+Chicago&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780226076379&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3Dv0GUqMPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Brown" title="David S. Brown">Brown, David S.</a> (August 2003). "Redefining American History: Ethnicity, Progressive Historiography and the Making of Richard Hofstadter". <i>The History Teacher</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 527–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1555578">10.2307/1555578</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1555578">1555578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=Redefining+American+History%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Progressive+Historiography+and+the+Making+of+Richard+Hofstadter&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=527-48&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1555578&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1555578%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaussen2004" class="citation cs2">Claussen, Dane S (2004), <i>Anti-Intellectualism in American Media</i>, New York: Peter Lang</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Intellectualism+in+American+Media&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Dane+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1989" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Robert M. (June 1989). 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New York: Oxford University Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wiener" title="Jon Wiener">Wiener, Jon</a> (October 5, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20061023/wiener">"America, Through A Glass Darkly"</a>, <i>The Nation</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=America%2C+Through+A+Glass+Darkly&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F20061023%2Fwiener&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Hofstadter" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Witham, Nick (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tmq0EAAAQBAJ">Popularizing the Past: Historians, Publishers, and Readers in Postwar America</a>. University of Chicago Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1951–1975"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1951–1975"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1951–1975"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_History_(1951–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History" title="Pulitzer Prize for History">History</a> (1951–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._Carlyle_Buley" title="R. Carlyle Buley">R. Carlyle Buley</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Oscar Handlin</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Dangerfield" title="George Dangerfield">George Dangerfield</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Bruce Catton</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Horgan" title="Paul Horgan">Paul Horgan</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Hofstadter</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George F. Kennan</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bray_Hammond" title="Bray Hammond">Bray Hammond</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_D._White" title="Leonard D. White">Leonard D. White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Schneider" title="Jean Schneider">Jean Schneider</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leech" title="Margaret Leech">Margaret Leech</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._Gipson" title="Lawrence H. Gipson">Lawrence H. Gipson</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constance_McLaughlin_Green" title="Constance McLaughlin Green">Constance McLaughlin Green</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sumner_Chilton_Powell" title="Sumner Chilton Powell">Sumner Chilton Powell</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Unger" title="Irwin Unger">Irwin Unger</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Miller" title="Perry Miller">Perry Miller</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Goetzmann" title="William H. Goetzmann">William H. Goetzmann</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Levy">Leonard Levy</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Neumann_Degler" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Neumann Degler">Carl Neumann Degler</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kammen" title="Michael Kammen">Michael Kammen</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Dumas Malone</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Prizes_(medal).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/60px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/90px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/120px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_History" title="Template:PulitzerPrize History">Complete list</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1917–1925">1917–1925</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1926–1950">1926–1950</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 2001–2025">2001–2025</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Template:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Template talk:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_General_Nonfiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction">Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1962–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_President_1960" title="The Making of the President 1960">The Making of the President 1960</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._White" title="Theodore H. White">Theodore White</a> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guns_of_August" title="The Guns of August">The Guns of August</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism_in_American_Life" title="Anti-intellectualism in American Life">Anti-intellectualism in American Life</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Hofstadter</a> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Strange_New_World" title="O Strange New World">O Strange New World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Mumford_Jones" title="Howard Mumford Jones">Howard Mumford Jones</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wandering_Through_Winter" title="Wandering Through Winter">Wandering Through Winter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Way_Teale" title="Edwin Way Teale">Edwin Way Teale</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Slavery_in_Western_Culture" title="The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture">The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_and_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau and Revolution">Rousseau and Revolution</a></i>, vol. 10 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Durant" title="Ariel Durant">Ariel Durant</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Human_an_Animal" title="So Human an Animal">So Human an Animal</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Dubos" title="René Dubos">René Dubos</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Armies_of_the_Night" title="The Armies of the Night">The Armies of the Night</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%27s_Truth" title="Gandhi's Truth">Gandhi's Truth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Sun" title="The Rising Sun">The Rising Sun</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Toland_(historian)" title="John Toland (historian)">John Toland</a> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stilwell_and_the_American_Experience_in_China,_1911%E2%80%9345" title="Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45">Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_in_the_Lake" title="Fire in the Lake">Fire in the Lake</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frances_FitzGerald_(journalist)" title="Frances FitzGerald (journalist)">Frances FitzGerald</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Crisis" title="Children of Crisis">Children of Crisis</a></i> vols. 2 and 3 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coles_(psychiatrist)" title="Robert Coles (psychiatrist)">Robert Coles</a> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Denial_of_Death" title="The Denial of Death">The Denial of Death</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_at_Tinker_Creek" title="Pilgrim at Tinker Creek">Pilgrim at Tinker Creek</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Dillard" title="Annie Dillard">Annie Dillard</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Survive%3F_Being_Old_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Why Survive? Being Old in America">Why Survive?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Butler" title="Robert N. Butler">Robert N. Butler</a> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Swimmers" title="Beautiful Swimmers">Beautiful Swimmers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_W._Warner" title="William W. Warner">William W. Warner</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dragons_of_Eden" title="The Dragons of Eden">The Dragons of Eden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Human_Nature" title="On Human Nature">On Human Nature</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fin-de-si%C3%A8cle_Vienna" title="Fin-de-siècle Vienna">Fin-de-siècle Vienna</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Emil_Schorske" title="Carl Emil Schorske">Carl Emil Schorske</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_of_a_New_Machine" title="The Soul of a New Machine">The Soul of a New Machine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Kidder" title="Tracy Kidder">Tracy Kidder</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Is_There_No_Place_on_Earth_for_Me%3F" title="Is There No Place on Earth for Me?">Is There No Place on Earth for Me?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sheehan" title="Susan Sheehan">Susan Sheehan</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Transformation_of_American_Medicine" title="The Social Transformation of American Medicine">The Social Transformation of American Medicine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Starr" title="Paul Starr">Paul Starr</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_War" title="The Good War">The Good War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Studs_Terkel" title="Studs Terkel">Studs Terkel</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_(Lukas_book)" title="Common Ground (Lukas book)">Common Ground</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._Anthony_Lukas" title="J. Anthony Lukas">J. Anthony Lukas</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Move_Your_Shadow" title="Move Your Shadow">Move Your Shadow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld" title="Joseph Lelyveld">Joseph Lelyveld</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arab_and_Jew:_Wounded_Spirits_in_a_Promised_Land" title="Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land">Arab and Jew</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_K._Shipler" title="David K. Shipler">David K. Shipler</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Richard Rhodes</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bright_Shining_Lie" title="A Bright Shining Lie">A Bright Shining Lie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Sheehan" title="Neil Sheehan">Neil Sheehan</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/And_Their_Children_After_Them_(Maharidge_and_Williamson_book)" title="And Their Children After Them (Maharidge and Williamson book)">And Their Children After Them</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dale_Maharidge" title="Dale Maharidge">Dale Maharidge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Williamson_(photographer)" title="Michael Williamson (photographer)">Michael Williamson</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prize:_The_Epic_Quest_for_Oil,_Money,_and_Power" title="The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power">The Prize</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Daniel Yergin</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_at_Gettysburg" title="Lincoln at Gettysburg">Lincoln at Gettysburg</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Garry Wills</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Tomb:_The_Last_Days_of_the_Soviet_Empire" title="Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire">Lenin's Tomb</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beak_of_the_Finch" title="The Beak of the Finch">The Beak of the Finch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Weiner" title="Jonathan Weiner">Jonathan Weiner</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Land" title="The Haunted Land">The Haunted Land</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tina_Rosenberg" title="Tina Rosenberg">Tina Rosenberg</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_(Kluger_book)" title="Ashes to Ashes (Kluger book)">Ashes to Ashes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kluger" title="Richard Kluger">Richard Kluger</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guns,_Germs,_and_Steel" title="Guns, Germs, and Steel">Guns, Germs, and Steel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Former_World" title="Annals of the Former World">Annals of the Former World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_McPhee" title="John McPhee">John McPhee</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Embracing_Defeat" title="Embracing Defeat">Embracing Defeat</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2025</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan">Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Herbert P. Bix</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carry_Me_Home_(book)" title="Carry Me Home (book)">Carry Me Home</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Problem_from_Hell" title="A Problem from Hell">"A Problem from Hell"</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulag:_A_History" title="Gulag: A History">Gulag: A History</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reckoning" title="Imperial Reckoning">Imperial Reckoning</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Caroline Elkins</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Looming_Tower" title="The Looming Tower">The Looming Tower</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wright" title="Lawrence Wright">Lawrence Wright</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Years_of_Extermination" title="The Years of Extermination">The Years of Extermination</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slavery_by_Another_Name" title="Slavery by Another Name">Slavery by Another Name</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Blackmon" title="Douglas A. Blackmon">Douglas A. Blackmon</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Hand" title="The Dead Hand">The Dead Hand</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_E._Hoffman" title="David E. Hoffman">David E. Hoffman</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_All_Maladies" title="The Emperor of All Maladies">The Emperor of All Maladies</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Mukherjee" title="Siddhartha Mukherjee">Siddhartha Mukherjee</a> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Swerve" title="The Swerve">The Swerve</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_the_Grove" title="Devil in the Grove">Devil in the Grove</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_King_(author)" title="Gilbert King (author)">Gilbert King</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toms_River_(book)" title="Toms River (book)">Toms River</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Fagin" title="Dan Fagin">Dan Fagin</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction:_An_Unnatural_History" title="The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History">The Sixth Extinction</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Kolbert" title="Elizabeth Kolbert">Elizabeth Kolbert</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Flags:_The_Rise_of_ISIS" title="Black Flags: The Rise of ISIS">Black Flags</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joby_Warrick" title="Joby Warrick">Joby Warrick</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evicted:_Poverty_and_Profit_in_the_American_City" title="Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City">Evicted</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Matthew Desmond</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locking_Up_Our_Own" title="Locking Up Our Own">Locking Up Our Own</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Forman_Jr." title="James Forman Jr.">James Forman Jr.</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amity_and_Prosperity:_One_Family_and_the_Fracturing_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Amity and Prosperity: One Family and the Fracturing of America">Amity and Prosperity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Griswold" title="Eliza Griswold">Eliza Griswold</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Myth" title="The End of the Myth">The End of the Myth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Undying_(book)" title="The Undying (book)">The Undying</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boyer" title="Anne Boyer">Anne Boyer</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilmington%27s_Lie" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington's Lie">Wilmington's Lie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Zucchino" title="David Zucchino">David Zucchino</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Child:_Poverty,_Survival_%26_Hope_in_an_American_City" title="Invisible Child: Poverty, Survival & Hope in an American City">Invisible Child</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Elliott" title="Andrea Elliott">Andrea Elliott</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Name_Is_George_Floyd" title="His Name Is George Floyd">His Name Is George Floyd</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Samuels_(journalist)" title="Robert Samuels (journalist)">Robert Samuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toluse_Olorunnipa" title="Toluse Olorunnipa">Toluse Olorunnipa</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Abed_Salama" title="A Day in the Life of Abed Salama">A Day in the Life of Abed Salama</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Thrall" title="Nathan Thrall">Nathan Thrall</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxford_History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxford_History_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Oxford History of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxford_History_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Oxford History of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxford_History_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxford History of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxford_History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_History_of_the_United_States" title="Oxford History of the United States">Oxford History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volumes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Volume 3:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_Cause:_The_American_Revolution,_1763%E2%80%931789" title="The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789">The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</a></i> (1982; 2005)</li> <li><b>Volume 4:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty:_A_History_of_the_Early_Republic,_1789%E2%80%931815" title="Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815">Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><b>Volume 5:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/What_Hath_God_Wrought:_The_Transformation_of_America,_1815%E2%80%931848" title="What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848">What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><b>Volume 6:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom:_The_Civil_War_Era" title="Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era">Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><b>Volume 7:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_for_Which_It_Stands" title="The Republic for Which It Stands">The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1896</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><b>Volume 9:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Fear:_The_American_People_in_Depression_and_War,_1929%E2%80%931945" title="Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945">Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><b>Volume 10:</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Expectations:_The_United_States,_1945%E2%80%931974&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (page does not exist)">Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><b>Volume 11:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Restless_Giant:_The_United_States_from_Watergate_to_Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore (page does not exist)"><i>Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to</i> Bush v. Gore</a> (2005)</li> <li><b>Volume 12:</b> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Colony_to_Superpower:_U._S._Foreign_Relations_Since_1776&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (page does not exist)">From Colony to Superpower: U. S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Herring" title="George C. Herring">George C. Herring</a> (Volume 12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Walker_Howe" title="Daniel Walker Howe">Daniel Walker Howe</a> (Volume 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">David M. Kennedy</a> (Volume 9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> (Volume 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Robert Middlekauff</a> (Volume 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Patterson_(historian)" title="James T. Patterson (historian)">James T. Patterson</a> (Volumes 10 and 11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">Richard White</a> (Volume 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Gordon S. Wood</a> (Volume 4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Hofstadter</a> (1961–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> (1961–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1999–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q982698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q982698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q982698#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010891397X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41907121">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30097/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth8gdcBh4TqpYMrQ7fv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124376266">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006384">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12308646v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12308646v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443564">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hofstadter, Richard"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV021772">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35200886">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0003061&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1163553">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/187795">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069725217">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90663088">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000032395&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000193457&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=115629">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201716356">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcgkm4k2ng8rmr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664644705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/197318">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262717805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518091506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14243282">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00220062?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=222323">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/862258">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031967760">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c82qjm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&oldid=1257881013">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hofstadter&oldid=1257881013</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1916_births" title="Category:1916 births">1916 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970_deaths" title="Category:1970 deaths">1970 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_the_United_States" 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