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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frontier_thesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frontier_thesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Frontier thesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frontier_thesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sectionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage,_family,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_family,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriage, family, and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_family,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederick Jackson Turner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="فريدريك جاكسون تيرنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريك جاكسون تيرنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="فردریک جکسون ترنر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فردریک جکسون ترنر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="فردریک جکسون ترنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فردریک جکسون ترنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AD_%EC%9E%AD%EC%8A%A8_%ED%84%B0%EB%84%88" title="프레드릭 잭슨 터너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프레드릭 잭슨 터너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆրեդերիկ Թրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրեդերիկ Թրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%92%27%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="פרדריק ג'קסון טרנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדריק ג'קסון טרנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರೆಡರಿಕ್ ಜ್ಯಾಕ್ಸನ್ ಟರ್ನರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರೆಡರಿಕ್ ಜ್ಯಾಕ್ಸನ್ ಟರ್ನರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Jackson_Turner" title="Fridericus Jackson Turner – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്രെഡറിക് ജാക്സൺ ടേണർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രെഡറിക് ജാക്സൺ ടേണർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B1" title="فريدريك جاكسون تيرنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريك جاكسون تيرنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="フレデリック・ターナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フレデリック・ターナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫਰੈਡਰਿਕ ਜੈਕਸਨ ਟਰਨਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰੈਡਰਿਕ ਜੈਕਸਨ ਟਰਨਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тёрнер, Фредерик Джексон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тёрнер, Фредерик Джексон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_D%C5%BEekson_Terner" title="Frederik Džekson Terner – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Frederik Džekson Terner" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фредерик Джексон Тернер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фредерик Джексон Тернер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Frederick Jackson Turner" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%B4%8D" title="弗雷德里克·傑克遜·特納 – 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American historian (1861–1932)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frederick Jackson (disambiguation)">Frederick Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Turner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Frederick Turner (disambiguation)">Frederick Turner</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frederick Jackson Turner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Frederick_Jackson_Turner.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="266" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Turner <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday"> 1861 -11-14</span>)</span>November 14, 1861<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Portage,_Wisconsin" title="Portage, Wisconsin">Portage, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 14, 1932<span style="display:none">(1932-03-14)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a>, Sectional hypothesis</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin</i> (1891)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baxter_Adams" title="Herbert Baxter Adams">Herbert Baxter Adams</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_Abernethy" title="Thomas Perkins Abernethy">Thomas Perkins Abernethy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frederick Jackson Turner</b> (November 14, 1861 – March 14, 1932) was an American historian during the early 20th century, based at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Madison">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> until 1910, and then <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He was known primarily for his <a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">frontier thesis</a>. He trained many <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhDs</a> who went on to become well-known historians. He promoted interdisciplinary and quantitative methods, often with an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>. </p><p>Turner's essay "<a href="/wiki/The_Significance_of_the_Frontier_in_American_History" title="The Significance of the Frontier in American History">The Significance of the Frontier in American History</a>" included ideas that formed the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">frontier thesis</a>. In it, Turner argued that the moving western frontier exerted a strong influence on American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890. He is also known for his theories of geographical sectionalism. During recent years historians and academics have argued frequently over Turner's work; however, all agree that the frontier thesis has had an enormous effect on historical scholarship. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Portage,_Wisconsin" title="Portage, Wisconsin">Portage, Wisconsin</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Turner" title="Andrew Jackson Turner">Andrew Jackson Turner</a> and Mary Olivia Hanford Turner, Turner grew up in a middle-class family. His father was active in Republican politics, an investor in a railroad, and was a newspaper editor and publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother taught school.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner was very much influenced by the writing of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, a poet known for his emphasis on nature; so too was Turner influenced by scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a>, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, which was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there, Turner was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi_Fraternity" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity">Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity</a>. </p><p>He earned his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in history from <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> in 1890 with a thesis on the fur trade in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, titled <i>The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the academic supervision of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baxter_Adams" title="Herbert Baxter Adams">Herbert Baxter Adams</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner did not publish extensively; his influence came from tersely expressed interpretive theories in his articles, which influenced his hundreds of disciples. Two theories, in particular, were influential, the "Frontier Thesis" and the "Sectional Hypothesis". </p><p>Although he published little, he had an encyclopedic knowledge of American history, earning a reputation by 1910 as one of the two or three most influential historians in the country. He proved adept at promoting his ideas and his students, for whom he obtained jobs in major universities, including <a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lee_Hansen" title="Marcus Lee Hansen">Marcus Lee Hansen</a>. He circulated copies of his essays and lectures to important scholars and literary people, published extensively in magazines, recycled favorite material, attaining the largest possible audience for major concepts,<sup id="cite_ref-SM_2023-01/02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_2023-01/02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wielded considerable influence within the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a> as an officer and advisor for <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. His emphasis on the importance of the frontier in shaping American character influenced the interpretation found in thousands of scholarly histories. By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the major history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history compatible with Turner's theories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Annoyed by the university regents who demanded less research and more teaching and state service, Turner sought an environment that would permit him to do more research.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Declining offers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, he accepted an offer from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1910 and remained a professor there until 1922,<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being succeeded in 1924 by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.</a> In 1907 Turner was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1911 he was elected a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner was never comfortable at Harvard; when he retired in 1922 he became a visiting scholar at <a href="/wiki/The_Huntington_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huntington Library">the Huntington Library</a> in Los Angeles, where his note cards and files continued to accumulate, although few monographs got published. His <i>The Frontier in American History</i> (1920) was a collection of older essays. </p><p>As a professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a> from 1890 to 1910 and Harvard from 1910 to 1922, Turner trained scores of disciples who, in turn, dominated American history programs throughout the country. His model of sectionalism as a composite of social forces, such as ethnicity and land ownership, encouraged historians to use social history to analyze social, economic and political developments of American history. At the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>, he collaborated with <a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Jameson" title="J. Franklin Jameson">J. Franklin Jameson</a> on numerous major projects.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner's theories became unfashionable during the 1960s, as critics complained that he neglected regionalism. They complained that he claimed too much egalitarianism and democracy for a frontier that was restrictive for women and minorities. After Turner's death his former colleague Isaiah Bowman had this to say of his work: "Turner's ideas were curiously wanting in evidence from field studies...He represents a type of historian who rests his case on documents and general impression rather than a scientist who goes out for to see."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideas were never forgotten; indeed they influenced the new field of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">environmental history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner gave a strong impetus to quantitative methods, and scholars using new statistical techniques and data sets have, for example, confirmed many of Turner's suggestions about population movements.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turner believed that because of his own biases and the amount of conflicting historical evidence that any one method of historical interpretation would be insufficient, that an interdisciplinary method was the most accurate way to analyze history.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frontier_thesis">Frontier thesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frontier thesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Significance_of_the_Frontier_in_American_History" title="The Significance of the Frontier in American History">The Significance of the Frontier in American History</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">Frontier thesis</a></div> <p>Turner's <a href="/wiki/Frontier_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontier thesis">frontier thesis</a> was developed in a scholarly paper of 1893, "<a href="/wiki/The_Significance_of_the_Frontier_in_American_History" title="The Significance of the Frontier in American History">The Significance of the Frontier in American History</a>", read before the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a> in Chicago during the World's Columbian Exposition (<a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World's Fair</a>). He believed the spirit and success of the United States was associated directly with the country's westward expansion. Turner expounded an evolutionary model; he had been influenced by work with geologists at Wisconsin. The West, not the East, was where distinctively American characteristics emerged. The creation of the unique American identity occurred at the juncture between the "civilization" of settlement and the "savagery" of wilderness. This produced a new type of citizen – one with the power to "tame the wild" and one upon whom the wild had conferred strength and individuality.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As each generation of pioneers relocated 50 to 100 miles west, they abandoned useless European practices, institutions and ideas, and instead found new solutions to new problems created by their new environment. Over multiple generations, the frontier produced characteristics of informality, violence, crudeness, democracy and initiative that the world recognized as "American". </p><p>Turner ignored gender, and he did not emphasize class. Historians of the 1960s and later stressed that race, class and gender were major influencers of history. The new generation stresses gender, ethnicity, professional categorization, and the contrasting victor and victim legacies of manifest destiny and colonial expansion. Most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Informal straw poll? (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> professional historians operating within the <i>au courant</i> postmodern paradigm now criticize Turner's frontier thesis and the theme of <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a>. The disunity of the concept of the West and the similarity of American expansion to European colonialism and imperialism during the 19th century, and the lack of complete egalitarianism even on the frontier revealed the limits<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="I doubt the thesis was completist to begin with, and I have no reason to suspect that Turner regarded the limitations of his proposal as being in any way difficult to uncover (all models are wrong, but some models are useful); does 'limit' in this context mean anything other than not being founded or fixated upon class and gender constructions? If that's the actual problem, this language is euphemistic. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of Turnerian and exceptionalist paradigms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectionalism">Sectionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sectionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner's <a href="/wiki/Sectionalism" title="Sectionalism">sectionalism</a> essays are collected in <i>The Significance of Sections in American History</i>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_in_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer Prize in History">Pulitzer Prize in History</a> in 1933. Turner's sectionalism thesis had almost as much influence among historians as his frontier thesis, but never became widely known to the general public as did the frontier thesis. He argued that different ethnocultural groups had distinct settlement patterns, and this revealed itself in politics, economics and society.<sup id="cite_ref-SM_2023-01/02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM_2023-01/02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner's ideas influenced many types of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. Concerning the history of religion, for example, Boles (1993) notes that William Warren Sweet at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Divinity_School" title="University of Chicago Divinity School">University of Chicago Divinity School</a> argued that churches adapted to the characteristics of the frontier, creating new denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Church of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland Presbyterians">Cumberland Presbyterians</a>. The frontier, they argued, created uniquely American institutions such as revivals, camp meetings, and itinerant preaching. This opinion dominated religious historiography for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moos (2002) says that the 1910s to 1940s black filmmaker and novelist <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux" title="Oscar Micheaux">Oscar Micheaux</a> incorporated Turner's frontier thesis into his work. Micheaux promoted the West as a place where blacks could transcend race and earn economic success through diligent work and perseverance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citing Turner's "frontier thesis," <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> believed that the German campaign to colonize <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a> could serve to "harden (the German) character."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slatta (2001) maintains that the widespread popularization of Turner's frontier thesis influenced popular histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West in terms of individualism, frontier violence, and rough justice. <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frontierland" title="Frontierland">Frontierland</a> of the late 20th century represented the myth of rugged <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> that celebrated what was perceived to be the American heritage. The public has ignored academic historians', David J. Weber for example, anti-Turnerian models, largely because they conflict with and often destroy the legends of Western heritage. However, the work of historians during the 1980s–1990s, some of whom sought to discredit Turner's conception of the frontier and others who have sought to spare the concept while presenting a more balanced and nuanced version of it, have done much to place Western myths in context.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner_Award" title="Frederick Jackson Turner Award">Frederick Jackson Turner Award</a> is given annually by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians" title="Organization of American Historians">Organization of American Historians</a> for an author's first scholarly book on <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turner's former home in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> is located in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Street_Historic_District" title="Langdon Street Historic District">Langdon Street Historic District</a>. </p><p>In 2009 he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Great_Westerners" title="Hall of Great Westerners">Hall of Great Westerners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cowboy_%26_Western_Heritage_Museum" title="National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum">National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage,_family,_and_death"><span id="Marriage.2C_family.2C_and_death"></span>Marriage, family, and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marriage, family, and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turner married Caroline Mae Sherwood in Chicago in November 1889. They had three children: only one survived childhood. Dorothy Kinsley Turner (later Main) was the mother of the historian <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Turner_Main" title="Jackson Turner Main">Jackson Turner Main</a> (1917–2003), a scholar of Revolutionary America who married a fellow scholar. </p><p>Frederick Jackson Turner died in 1932 in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he had been a research associate at the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Library" title="Huntington Library">Huntington Library</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross#Nebraska,_Wisconsin,_and_later_life" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Edward Alsworth Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Ambler" title="Charles Henry Ambler">Charles Henry Ambler</a> – historian of West Virginia and student of Turner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_Abernethy" title="Thomas Perkins Abernethy">Thomas Perkins Abernethy</a> - student of Turner at Harvard; later a noted historian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. Edwards, Everett E. (comp.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015003850388"><i>The early writings of Frederick Jackson Turner, with a list of all his works</i></a>. Compiled by Everett E. Edwards. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1938.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/3826">Rise of the New West, 1819–1829</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. ed. "Correspondence of the French ministers to the United States, 1791–1797" in <i>American Historical Association. Annual report ... for the year 1903.</i> Washington, 1904.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. "Is Sectionalism in America Dying Away?" (1908). <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, 13: 661–675.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/info/AHA_History/fjturner.htm">Social Forces in American History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130818074450/http://historians.org/info/AHA_History/fjturner.htm">Archived</a> August 18, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," presidential address before the American Historical Association <i>American Historical Review</i>, 16: 217–233.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontierinameric00turniala"><i>The Frontier in American History.</i></a> New York: Holt, 1920.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=4544&CISOSHOW=4417">"The significance of the section in American history."</a> <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 8, no. 3 (Mar 1925) pp. 255–280.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. <i>The Significance of Sections in American History</i>. New York: Holt, 1932.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. <i>"Dear Lady": the letters of Frederick Jackson Turner and Alice Forbes Perkins Hooper, 1910–1932.</i> Edited by Ray Allen Billington. Huntington Library, 1970.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=10403&CISOSHOW=10363">"Turner's Autobiographic Letter."</a> <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 19, no. 1 (Sep 1935) pp. 91–102.</li> <li>Turner, Frederick Jackson. <i>America's Great Frontiers and Sections: Frederick Jackson Turner's Unpublished Essays</i> edited by Wilbur R. Jacobs. University of Nebraska Press, 1965.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/85940077/frederick-jackson-turner-1861-1932/">"Was Famed as Educator and as Historian"</a>. <i>Portage Daily Register</i>. 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(1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562823">"Frederick Jackson Turner and American Geography"</a>. <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 31–42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Frederick+Jackson+Turner+and+American+Geography&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-42&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Jackson&rft.au=Block%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2562823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Jackson+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutton (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall and Ruggles, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1968" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Wilbur R. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25154299">"Wider Frontiers: Questions of War and Conflict in American History: The Strange Solution by Frederick Jackson Turner"</a>. <i>California Historical Society Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (3): 219–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25154299">10.2307/25154299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1175">0008-1175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Wider+Frontiers%3A+Questions+of+War+and+Conflict+in+American+History%3A+The+Strange+Solution+by+Frederick+Jackson+Turner&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219-236&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25154299&rft.issn=0008-1175&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Wilbur+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25154299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Jackson+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Taylor2008" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Taylor_(historian)" title="Alan Taylor (historian)">Alan Taylor</a> (May 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/63196/the-old-frontiers">"The Old Frontiers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Old+Frontiers&rft.date=2008-05-07&rft.au=Alan+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F63196%2Fthe-old-frontiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Jackson+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scharff et al, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John B. Boles, "Turner, The Frontier, and the Study of Religion in America," <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (1993) 13#2 pp. 205–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124087">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Moos, "Reclaiming the Frontier: Oscar Micheaux as Black Turnerian," <i><a href="/wiki/African_American_Review" title="African American Review">African American Review</a></i> (2002) 36#3 pp. 357–81 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512202">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weizman, Eyal (25 April 2024) "Diary." <i>London Review of Books.</i> Page 43-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Slatta, "Taking Our Myths Seriously." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_West" title="Journal of the West">Journal of the West</a></i> (2001) 40#3 pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oah.org/programs/awards/frederick-jackson-turner-award/">"Frederick Jackson Turner Award"</a>. <i>The Organization of American Historians: Programs & Resources: OAH Awards and Prizes</i>. The Organization of American Historians<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Organization+of+American+Historians%3A+Programs+%26+Resources%3A+OAH+Awards+and+Prizes&rft.atitle=Frederick+Jackson+Turner+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oah.org%2Fprograms%2Fawards%2Ffrederick-jackson-turner-award%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Jackson+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/">"Hall of Great Westerners"</a>. <i>National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cowboy+%26+Western+Heritage+Museum&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Great+Westerners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalcowboymuseum.org%2Fhall-of-great-westerners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Jackson+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dd><i>This article incorporates material from the <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a> article "<a href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" class="extiw" title="citizendium:Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>", which is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Text of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a> but not under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hall, Patricia Kelly, and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Ruggles" title="Steven Ruggles">Steven Ruggles</a>. "'Restless in the midst of Their Prosperity': New Evidence on the Internal Migration of Americans, 1850–2000.<i> </i>Journal of American History<i> 2004 91(3): 829–846.</i></li> <li>Hutton, T. R. C. "Beating a Dead Horse: the Continuing Presence of Frederick Jackson Turner in Environmental and Western History." <i>International Social Science Review</i> 2002 77(1–2): 47–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319082917/http://www.biomedsearch.com/article/Beating-dead-horse-continuing-presence/92615712.html">online</a></li> <li>Scharff, Virginia, <i>et al</i>. "Claims and Prospects of Western History: a Roundtable." <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i> 2000 31(1): 25–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0043-3810">0043-3810</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971244">in Jstor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Billington, Ray Allen. "Why Some Historians Rarely Write History: A Case Study of Frederick Jackson Turner". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>, Vol. 50, No. 1. (June, 1963), pp. 3–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1888979">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Billington, Ray Allen. <i>America's Frontier Heritage</i> (1984). detailed analysis of Turner's theories from social science perspective.</li> <li>Billington, Ray Allen. ed,. <i>The Frontier Thesis: Valid Interpretation of American History?</i> (1966). The major attacks and defenses of Turner.</li> <li>Billington, Ray Allen. <i>Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher</i>. (1973). full-scale biography.</li> <li>Bogue, Allan G. <i>Frederick Jackson Turner: Strange Roads Going Down</i>. (1988) along with Billington (1973), the leading full-scale biography.</li> <li>Burkhart, J. A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=17428&CISOSHOW=17365&REC=3">The Turner Thesis: A Historian's Controversy</a>". <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 31, no. 1 (Sep 1947), pp. 70–83.</li> <li>Cronon, E. David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=39780&CISOSHOW=39733&REC=18"><i>An Uncommon Professor: Frederick Jackson Turner at Wisconsin</i></a>. <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, vol. 78, no. 4 (Summer 1995), pp. 276–293.</li> <li>Cronon, William. "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner". <i>The Western Historical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 157–176 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969581">online at JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Curti, Merle E. "Frontier in American History: The Methodological Concepts of Frederick Jackson Turner" in Stuart Rice, ed. <i>Methods in Social Science: A Case Book</i> (1931) pp. 353–367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/20912205?title=Methods%20in%20Social%20Science%3a%20A%20Case%20Book">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100511014109/https://www.questia.com/read/20912205?title=Methods%20in%20Social%20Science%3a%20A%20Case%20Book">Archived</a> May 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtulain2002" class="citation book cs1">Etulain, Richard W., ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ld_yGLoFxwgC&pg=PA346"><i>Writing Western History: Essays On Major Western Historians</i></a>. U. of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874175172" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874175172"><bdi>978-0874175172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Western+History%3A+Essays+On+Major+Western+Historians&rft.pub=U.+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0874175172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dld_yGLoFxwgC%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Jackson+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Faragher, John Mack (ed.) <i>Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History and Other Essays</i>. New York: Holt, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3298-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3298-7">978-0-8050-3298-7</a></li> <li>Fernlund, Kevin Jon. "American Exceptionalism or Atlantic Unity? Frederick Jackson Turner and the Enduring Problem of American Historiography", <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i>, 89 (Summer 2014): 359–399.</li> <li>Hofstadter, Richard. "Turner and the Frontier Myth", <i>American Scholar</i> (1949) 18#4 pp. 433–443 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41206669">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Hofstadter, Richard. <i>The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington</i> (1968); detailed critique of Turner.</li> <li>Jacobs, Wilbur R. <i>On Turner's Trail: 100 Years of Writing Western History</i> (1994).</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. "On Modernizing Frederick Jackson Turner: The Historiography of Regionalism". <i>The Western Historical Quarterly</i>, vol. 11, no. 3 (July 1980), 307–322. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/967565">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Limerick, Patricia N. "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World", <i>American Historical Review</i>, 100 (June 1995):697–716. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2168601">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li>Nash, Gerald D. <i>Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, 1890-1990.</i> (Calvin P. Horn Lectures in Western History and Culture, University of New Mexico). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1991.</li> <li>Nichols, Roger L. <i>American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/27690656?title=American%20Frontier%20and%20Western%20Issues%3a%20A%20Historiographical%20Review">online edition</a>.</li> <li>Ridge, Martin, ed. <i>Frederick Jackson Turner: Wisconsin’s Historian of the Frontier.</i> Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press; Reissue edition, 2016.</li> <li>Steiner, Michael C. "From Frontier to Region: Frederick Jackson Turner and the New Western History". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>, 64 (November 1995): 479–501. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3640555">in JSTOR</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Jackson_Turner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frederick_Jackson_Turner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/turner.htm">A biography of Frederick Jackson Turner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WIReader">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> at the Wisconsin Electronic Reader</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1322">Works by Frederick Jackson Turner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Turner%2C%20Frederick%20Jackson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Turner%2C%20Frederick%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Turner%2C%20F%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frederick%20Jackson%20Turner%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frederick%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22F%2E%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frederick%20Jackson%20Turner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frederick%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20Jackson%20Turner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Turner%2C%20Frederick%20Jackson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Turner%2C%20Frederick%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Turner%2C%20F%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Turner%2C%20F%2E%20Jackson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Frederick%20Jackson%20Turner%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Frederick%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20title%3A%22F%2E%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frederick%20Jackson%20Turner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frederick%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22F%2E%20J%2E%20Turner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Turner%2C%20Frederick%20Jackson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Turner%2C%20Frederick%20J%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221861-1932%22%20AND%20Turner%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Frederick Jackson Turner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10421">Works by Frederick Jackson Turner</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Frederick+Jackson+Turner%22">"Frederick Jackson Turner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frederick+Jackson+Turner&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dau%253A%2522Frederick%2BJackson%2BTurner%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Jackson+Turner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Historical_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Historical Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Historical_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Historical Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Historical_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1884–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> (1884–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Winsor" title="Justin Winsor">Justin Winsor</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Poole" title="William Frederick Poole">William Frederick Poole</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kendall_Adams" title="Charles Kendall Adams">Charles Kendall Adams</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_Henry" title="William Wirt Henry">William Wirt Henry</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a> (1892–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (1893–1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">George F. Hoar</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Salter_Storrs" title="Richard Salter Storrs">Richard Salter Storrs</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Schouler" title="James Schouler">James Schouler</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Park_Fisher" title="George Park Fisher">George Park Fisher</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Eggleston" title="Edward Eggleston">Edward Eggleston</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Jr." title="Charles Francis Adams Jr.">Charles Francis Adams Jr.</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Lea" title="Henry Charles Lea">Henry Charles Lea</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goldwin_Smith" title="Goldwin Smith">Goldwin Smith</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bach_McMaster" title="John Bach McMaster">John Bach McMaster</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simeon_E._Baldwin" title="Simeon E. Baldwin">Simeon E. Baldwin</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Jameson" title="J. Franklin Jameson">J. Franklin Jameson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Burton_Adams" title="George Burton Adams">George Burton Adams</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" title="Albert Bushnell Hart">Albert Bushnell Hart</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Milligan_Sloane" title="William Milligan Sloane">William Milligan Sloane</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_C._McLaughlin" title="Andrew C. McLaughlin">Andrew C. McLaughlin</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._Morse_Stephens" title="H. Morse Stephens">H. Morse Stephens</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Burr" title="George Lincoln Burr">George Lincoln Burr</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worthington_C._Ford" title="Worthington C. Ford">Worthington C. Ford</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe_Thayer" title="William Roscoe Thayer">William Roscoe Thayer</a> (1918–1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Channing" title="Edward Channing">Edward Channing</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand" title="Jean Jules Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Homer_Haskins" title="Charles Homer Haskins">Charles Homer Haskins</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Potts_Cheyney" title="Edward Potts Cheyney">Edward Potts Cheyney</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a> (1924–1925)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Carleton_Munro" title="Dana Carleton Munro">Dana Carleton Munro</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Osborn_Taylor" title="Henry Osborn Taylor">Henry Osborn Taylor</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Harvey_Robinson" title="James Harvey Robinson">James Harvey Robinson</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evarts_Boutell_Greene" title="Evarts Boutell Greene">Evarts Boutell Greene</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Carl L. Becker</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eugene_Bolton" title="Herbert Eugene Bolton">Herbert Eugene Bolton</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Dodd_(ambassador)" title="William Dodd (ambassador)">William Dodd</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rostovtzeff" title="Michael Rostovtzeff">Michael Rostovtzeff</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard_McIlwain" title="Charles Howard McIlwain">Charles Howard McIlwain</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Stanton_Ford" title="Guy Stanton Ford">Guy Stanton Ford</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_M._Larson" title="Laurence M. Larson">Laurence M. Larson</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Ferguson" title="William Scott Ferguson">William Scott Ferguson</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Farrand" title="Max Farrand">Max Farrand</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Westfall_Thompson" title="James Westfall Thompson">James Westfall Thompson</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Sr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Neilson" title="Nellie Neilson">Nellie Neilson</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Linn_Westermann" title="William Linn Westermann">William Linn Westermann</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Carlton J. H. Hayes</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bradshaw_Fay" title="Sidney Bradshaw Fay">Sidney Bradshaw Fay</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Wertenbaker" title="Thomas J. Wertenbaker">Thomas J. Wertenbaker</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scott_Latourette" title="Kenneth Scott Latourette">Kenneth Scott Latourette</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Read" title="Conyers Read">Conyers Read</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_Schuyler" title="Robert Livingston Schuyler">Robert Livingston Schuyler</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">James G. Randall</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Gottschalk" title="Louis R. Gottschalk">Louis R. Gottschalk</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Thorndike" title="Lynn Thorndike">Lynn Thorndike</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Perkins" title="Dexter Perkins">Dexter Perkins</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Prescott_Webb" title="Walter Prescott Webb">Walter Prescott Webb</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt" title="Bernadotte Everly Schmitt">Bernadotte Everly Schmitt</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Samuel Flagg Bemis</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bridenbaugh" title="Carl Bridenbaugh">Carl Bridenbaugh</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crane_Brinton" title="Crane Brinton">Crane Brinton</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Julian P. Boyd</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_C._Lane" title="Frederic C. Lane">Frederic C. Lane</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Franklin_Nichols" title="Roy Franklin Nichols">Roy Franklin Nichols</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Hajo Holborn</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Fairbank" title="John King Fairbank">John King Fairbank</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Robert Roswell Palmer</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">David M. Potter</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Strayer" title="Joseph Strayer">Joseph Strayer</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Cochran_(historian)" title="Thomas C. Cochran (historian)">Thomas C. Cochran</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr." title="Lynn Townsend White Jr.">Lynn Townsend White Jr.</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hanke" title="Lewis Hanke">Lewis Hanke</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Wright_(historian)" title="Gordon Wright (historian)">Gordon Wright</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Richard B. Morris</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Charles Gibson</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bouwsma" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Bouwsma">William J. Bouwsma</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Pinkney" title="David H. Pinkney">David H. Pinkney</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_D._Curtin" title="Philip D. Curtin">Philip D. Curtin</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Link" title="Arthur S. Link">Arthur S. Link</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill" title="William H. McNeill">William H. McNeill</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_N._Degler" title="Carl N. Degler">Carl N. Degler</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Natalie Zemon Davis</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Iriye" title="Akira Iriye">Akira Iriye</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Harlan" title="Louis R. Harlan">Louis R. Harlan</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Herlihy" title="David Herlihy">David Herlihy</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Leuchtenburg" title="William Leuchtenburg">William Leuchtenburg</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Frederic Wakeman</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_A._Tilly" title="Louise A. Tilly">Louise A. Tilly</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Holt" title="Thomas C. Holt">Thomas C. Holt</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Coatsworth" title="John Henry Coatsworth">John Henry Coatsworth</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Walker_Bynum" title="Caroline Walker Bynum">Caroline Walker Bynum</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Appleby" title="Joyce Appleby">Joyce Appleby</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Miller" title="Joseph C. Miller">Joseph C. Miller</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Robert Darnton</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Wm. Roger Louis</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hunt" title="Lynn Hunt">Lynn Hunt</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Spence" title="Jonathan D. Spence">Jonathan D. Spence</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James J. Sheehan</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Linda_K._Kerber" title="Linda K. Kerber">Linda K. Kerber</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Weinstein_(historian)" title="Barbara Weinstein (historian)">Barbara Weinstein</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_M._Spiegel" title="Gabrielle M. Spiegel">Gabrielle M. Spiegel</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Thatcher_Ulrich" title="Laurel Thatcher Ulrich">Laurel Thatcher Ulrich</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf" title="Barbara D. Metcalf">Barbara D. Metcalf</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Anthony Grafton</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cronon" title="William Cronon">William Cronon</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz" title="Kenneth Pomeranz">Kenneth Pomeranz</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jan_E._Goldstein" title="Jan E. Goldstein">Jan E. Goldstein</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vicki_L._Ruiz" title="Vicki L. Ruiz">Vicki L. Ruiz</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning_(historian)" title="Patrick Manning (historian)">Patrick Manning</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_E._Stovall" title="Tyler E. Stovall">Tyler E. Stovall</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Norton" title="Mary Beth Norton">Mary Beth Norton</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._R._McNeill" title="J. R. McNeill">J. R. McNeill</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lindemann" title="Mary Lindemann">Mary Lindemann</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Jones" title="Jacqueline Jones">Jacqueline Jones</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Sweet" title="James H. Sweet">James H. Sweet</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wallace_Muir_Jr." title="Edward Wallace Muir Jr.">Edward Muir</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Thavolia_Glymph" title="Thavolia Glymph">Thavolia Glymph</a></i> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_History_(1926–1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1926–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1926–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1926–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_History_(1926–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History" title="Pulitzer Prize for History">History</a> (1926–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Channing" title="Edward Channing">Edward Channing</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Samuel Flagg Bemis</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Louis_Parrington" title="Vernon Louis Parrington">Vernon Louis Parrington</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Albert_Shannon" title="Fred Albert Shannon">Fred Albert Shannon</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_H._Van_Tyne" title="Claude H. Van Tyne">Claude H. Van Tyne</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt" title="Bernadotte Everly Schmitt">Bernadotte E. Schmitt</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frederick J. Turner</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Agar" title="Herbert Agar">Herbert Agar</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_C._McLaughlin" title="Andrew C. McLaughlin">Andrew C. McLaughlin</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Van_Wyck_Brooks" title="Van Wyck Brooks">Van Wyck Brooks</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Herman_Buck" title="Paul Herman Buck">Paul Herman Buck</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Luther_Mott" title="Frank Luther Mott">Frank Luther Mott</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lee_Hansen" title="Marcus Lee Hansen">Marcus Lee Hansen</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leech" title="Margaret Leech">Margaret Leech</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esther_Forbes" title="Esther Forbes">Esther Forbes</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bonsal" title="Stephen Bonsal">Stephen Bonsal</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">James Phinney Baxter III</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_DeVoto" title="Bernard DeVoto">Bernard DeVoto</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Franklin_Nichols" title="Roy Franklin Nichols">Roy Franklin Nichols</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Waterman_Larkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Waterman Larkin">Oliver W. Larkin</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Prizes_(medal).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/60px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/90px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png/120px-Pulitzer_Prizes_%28medal%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_History" title="Template:PulitzerPrize History">Complete list</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1917%E2%80%931925" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1917–1925">1917–1925</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1926–1950">1926–1950</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_HistoryAuthors_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Template:PulitzerPrize HistoryAuthors 2001–2025">2001–2025</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548462#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548462#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548462#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109059365">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59201523">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/49417/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCJhQqQGmk96jVhj6xjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118763229">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80010489">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125673780">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125673780">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459262">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35558660">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0005659&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX838365">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/187287">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071381694">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90248902">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000284655&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=96803">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020O5673">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810638043405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/148754">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269176705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14354994">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0144141X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=207783">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/310325">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/995553">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118763229.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118763229">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Turner, Frederick Jackson (1861-1932)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034980636">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64x5p84">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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