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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bloc parties under Communist regimes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bloc_parties_under_Communist_regimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bloc parties under Communist regimes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bloc_parties_under_Communist_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_non-communist_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_non-communist_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In non-communist regimes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_non-communist_regimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In non-communist regimes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_non-communist_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavian_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavian_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Scandinavian countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavian_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkmenistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmenistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Turkmenistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmenistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labour_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.1</span> <span>Labour Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13.2</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzbekistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzbekistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Uzbekistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzbekistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokparti" title="Blokparti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blokparti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockpartei" title="Blockpartei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blockpartei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Partido satélite – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido satélite" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokpartio" title="Blokpartio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blokpartio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%B9" title="위성정당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위성정당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="מפלגת לוויין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת לוויין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokpartij" title="Blokpartij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blokpartij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="衛星政党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="衛星政党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokkparti" title="Blokkparti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blokkparti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the English band, see <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Party" title="Bloc Party">Bloc Party</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Block_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Block Party (disambiguation)">Block Party</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Satellite party" redirects here. For the American band, see <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Party" title="Satellite Party">Satellite Party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bloc_party" title="Special:EditPage/Bloc party">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bloc+party%22">"Bloc party"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bloc+party%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bloc+party%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bloc+party%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bloc+party%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bloc+party%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>bloc party</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>Blockpartei</i>), sometimes called a <b>satellite party</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that is a constituent member of an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral bloc</a>. However, the term also has a more specific meaning, referring to non-ruling but legal political parties in a one-party state (most notably <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a> as auxiliary parties and members of a ruling coalition, differing such governments from pure <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party states</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) although such minor parties rarely if ever constitute opposition parties or alternative sources of power.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regimes may also have multiple political parties which are nominally independent in order to give the appearance of political pluralism, but support or act in <i>de facto</i> cooperation with the government or ruling party. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> idea where Marxist and non-Marxist political parties and other organisations would belong in an umbrella organisation. Following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, elections were held in areas already under Soviet influence who would become members of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, that while giving voters a choice would be seen as a step towards a totalitarian, Communist-led regime. Bloc parties were able to retain their non-Marxist orientation, but in practice were always subordinate to the ruling Communist party, and were required to accept the Communists' "<a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">leading role</a>" as a condition of their continued existence. All legal parties and civic organisations were required to be members of the official Communist-dominated coalition. Elections were not competitive as the composition of legislatures was generally pre-determined. </p><p>Parties only occasionally dissented from the line of the ruling party. Some parties were pre-existing, others had been newly formed, to appeal to specific sectors of society. However, during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of Communism</a>, many hitherto subordinate bloc parties would begin to assert their independence and play a role in the democratisation process, while others would be unable to continue functioning either due to a loss of guaranteed yet artificial representation (granted to them by the ruling Communist Party), or due to the stigma of being associated with subservience to the Communists, and would either dissolve or fade into obscurity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bloc_parties_under_Communist_regimes">Bloc parties under Communist regimes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bloc parties under Communist regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> operated bloc party systems where non-communist parties were constituent members of an official coalition. A similar system operates in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Germany">East Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the German Democratic Republic, the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" title="National Front of the German Democratic Republic">National Front</a> was the umbrella organisation which included the ruling <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a>, other political parties and various non-party organisations. </p><p>Germany was since 1945 divided into four occupation zones. Each occupying power decided which parties it allowed. Four parties were initially allowed in all four zones: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD), which was built by a <a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Group" title="Ulbricht Group">leadership group that survived the Second World War in Moscow</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD). In the Soviet zone, the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Merger_of_the_KPD_and_SPD" title="Merger of the KPD and SPD">forced it to unite with the KPD</a> in 1946. This created the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU or CDUD). Although originally independent, in the Soviet Zone it was forced to follow Communist guidelines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Germany">Liberal Democratic Party of Germany</a> (LDPD). In the East, it was also forced to follow Communist guiding principles.</li></ul> <p>The Soviet occupying government also allowed two other parties. They were both founded in 1948 on the initiative of the communists: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Farmers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany">Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany</a> (DBD). It was supposed to take voters away from the CDU in rural areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_(East_Germany)" title="National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany)">National Democratic Party of Germany</a> (NDPD). It was supposed to take in National Socialists and former soldiers of the Wehrmacht.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>All parties in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet zone</a> had to work together in the National Front under the leadership of the communists. This organisation also included so-called mass organisations, such as the communist-led trade union and the women's association or the youth association. The National Front determined the electoral list for the parliamentary elections: There was only one unified list of the entire National Front in a parliamentary election in the GDR. </p><p>As the Communists consolidated their power, the bloc parties all jettisoned their original programs. All of them nominally embraced "socialism", becoming loyal partners of the SED. With few exceptions, they voted unanimously for all government proposals. One of the few notable dissensions of a bloc party occurred in 1972 when members of the CDU in the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a> took a stand against the legalisation of abortion, with the party's deputies either voting against the law or abstaining. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">the 'peaceful revolution' of 1989</a>, the bloc parties began to assert themselves and emerge as independent parties, leading to the first and only <a href="/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election" title="1990 East German general election">free election to the Volkskammer</a> in 1990. During the process of <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, the bloc parties merged with their western counterparts. Non-party organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Association_of_the_GDR" title="Cultural Association of the GDR">Kulturbund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Women%27s_League_of_Germany" title="Democratic Women's League of Germany">Democratic Women's League of Germany</a> broke their formal affiliation with the former ruling party, but only the Free German Youth still operates today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">List of political parties in China</a></div> <p>In China, under the premise of <a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United Front</a>, 8 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_parties_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic parties of China (page does not exist)">democratic parties in the People's Republic of China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q66451430#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q66451430"><span title=""Democratic parties of China" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span> have been recognized by the government. All the eight parties established in China before the creation of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, and are willing to collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> administration, have been recognized as "parties that can help joint administration of the country under Chinese Communist Party's lead". These parties are tasked to accept Chinese Communist Parties' leadership as well as political principle and direction.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1946_Czechoslovak_parliamentary_election" title="1946 Czechoslovak parliamentary election">1946 elections</a> saw only parties of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Czechoslovakia)" title="National Front (Czechoslovakia)">National Front</a>, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a>, take part. However, elections were competitive, with the Communists and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_(Czech_Republic)" title="Social Democracy (Czech Republic)">Social Democrats</a> prevailing in the Czech lands, and the anti-Communist <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Slovakia,_1944)" title="Democratic Party (Slovakia, 1944)">Democratic Party</a> winning a comfortable majority in Slovakia. In 1948, however, the Communists <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">seized power</a> and non-Marxist parties were made subordinate to the Communists. During the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>, the parties became more assertive in pressuring for change, and transformed themselves for democratic politics. The Christian democratic <a href="/wiki/KDU-%C4%8CSL" title="KDU-ČSL">Czechoslovak People's Party</a> remains a player in Czech parliamentary politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 elections</a> were blatantly rigged in favour of the Democratic Bloc, with Communist and Socialist parties being merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> (PZPR). In 1952 the <a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Unity" title="Front of National Unity">Front of National Unity</a> was formed, including the PZPR, the agrarian <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="United People's Party (Poland)">United People's Party</a> (ZSL) and the centrist <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Democrats_(Poland)" title="Alliance of Democrats (Poland)">Democratic Party</a> (SD), while up to three Catholic associations also had representation in the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>. Occasionally, deputies from these groups (most notably the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Znak_(association)" title="Znak (association)">Znak</a>) offered limited criticism of government policies. A number of deputies from bloc parties also voted against the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a>, after which the Front of National Unity was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Movement_for_National_Rebirth" title="Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth">Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth</a> which included the same as well as additional member organisations. </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Contract_Sejm" title="Contract Sejm">partly free elections</a> were held in which <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> won an overwhelming majority of freely contestable seats- only 35% of the Sejm- while the PZPR and bloc parties were reserved 65% of the seats. The ZSL and SD formed a coalition government with Solidarity, thus forming Poland's first non-Communist government since World War II. The SD continues today, whereas the ZSL eventually evolved into today's <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Party" title="Polish People's Party">Polish People's Party</a>. Two of the Catholic associations with Sejm representation continue today as lay Catholic organisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Communist rule in Bulgaria, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Agrarian_National_Union" title="Bulgarian Agrarian National Union">Bulgarian Agrarian National Union</a> was the only other legal party than the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a>. A number of successor parties exist in post-Communist Bulgaria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_North_Korea" title="List of political parties in North Korea">List of political parties in North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Vietnam" title="List of political parties in Vietnam">List of political parties in Vietnam</a></div> <p>In countries like <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (until 1988), bloc parties also exist, playing a subordinate role to ruling Communist parties as constituent members of official coalitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_non-communist_regimes">In non-communist regimes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In non-communist regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few examples of a bloc party system also exist in non-Communist regimes. In these cases, it is possible to have a bloc party simply be a smaller party in a coalition, often long-lasting, with a larger or more dominant party with no direct connection between the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1920s, the main centre-right force in Australian politics at the federal level has been an alliance of parties known as the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a>: originally consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Australian Country Party</a>, it currently includes those parties' successors, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party of Australia</a>. The Coalition's formation was prompted by the rise of the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>, which remains the Coalition's main political opponent. The two parties of the Coalition draw support from different bases, with the Liberals gaining their votes in urban areas and the Nationals winning theirs in rural areas. Arrangements at state and territorial level vary, from the merger of state Liberal and National parties through to electoral alliances on the federal model and, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, a looser relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria_2">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a> (BSP) and other leftist parties in Bulgaria have been members of the leftist electoral alliance <a href="/wiki/BSP_%E2%80%93_United_Left" title="BSP – United Left">Coalition for Bulgaria</a> since 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> does not contest elections in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, where its place is taken by the somewhat more conservative and Catholic-influenced <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a>. They form a common <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> bloc in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pro-democracy camp</a> has been establishing an electoral coalition in <a href="/wiki/District_councils_of_Hong_Kong" title="District councils of Hong Kong">local level</a> elections. Unless there is a coordination failure, the parties within the camp will not contest against each other in local level elections. In the <a href="/wiki/Postponement_of_the_2020_Hong_Kong_legislative_election" title="Postponement of the 2020 Hong Kong legislative election">coming General Election</a>, they also launch <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_pro-democracy_primaries" title="2020 Hong Kong pro-democracy primaries">primaries</a> to ensure the greatest coordination and thus greatest possible number of seats, at best simple majority (35+) can be achieved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">Christian Democratic People's Party</a> is the coalition partner of the ruling party <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a>, and has run with Fidesz on a joint electoral list in elections since 2006. However, over time the party has lost popular support to the point it can no longer be measured in opinion polls, and today effectively operates as a satellite party of Fidesz, with the last time it got into parliament on its own being in 1994. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI, 1929–2000), <i>partidos paleros</i> (satellite parties) included the <a href="/wiki/Authentic_Party_of_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution">Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Party_(Mexico)" title="Popular Socialist Party (Mexico)">Socialist Popular Party</a>. These helped the PRI government give the superficial appearance of a competitive democratic system. In fact, both satellite parties fully supported the government and co-nominated the PRI candidates for the Presidency of Mexico until 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT New Zealand</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-wing libertarian</a> party, runs its leader as a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Epsom (New Zealand electorate)">Epsom</a> electorate. In Epsom, the ACT leader is typically endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> and its leader. After the election, the ACT leader can then be offered a cabinet position, and the party can serve as a coalition partner in a National government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/All-Russia_People%27s_Front" title="All-Russia People's Front">All-Russia People's Front</a> includes the ruling <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Just_Russia_%E2%80%93_For_Truth" title="A Just Russia – For Truth">A Just Russia – For Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_People_(political_party)" title="New People (political party)">New People</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Russian Union of <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghanistan Veterans</a>, the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Guard_of_United_Russia" title="Young Guard of United Russia">Young Guard of United Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Independent_Trade_Unions_of_Russia" title="Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia">Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavian_countries">Scandinavian countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scandinavian countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In multiple countries in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, parties generally run in elections separately but cooperate with other parties of similar ideology and outlook, and are grouped together by media, commentators, and party members for the purposes of the formation of a coalition government: a "red" bloc of <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> parties, and a "blue" bloc of <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> parties. Parties almost always form coalition governments consisting of their particular bloc if they have a majority, with the largest party nominating the position of Prime Minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/wiki/Decoy_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoy list">Decoy list</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Bloc_party#South_Korea" title="Talk:Bloc party">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(March 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Future_Korea_Party" title="Future Korea Party">Future Korea Party</a> was a bloc party of the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">United Future Party</a> (UFP), at the time the country's main opposition party. All parties excluding the UFP accepted a new election law starting in 2020 which led to the adoption of a more proportional election system. Thirty seats now used the <a href="/wiki/Additional-member_system" title="Additional-member system">additional-member system</a>, which allocates on a compensatory manner to make seats more closely match the popular vote if a party won a lower percentage of seats via single-member constituencies than their popular vote percentage. The AMS is more disadvantageous for larger parties like the UFP and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party</a> (DP) than the prior system, which did not compensate parties for differences between their popular vote percentage and seat percentage, as the two major parties have generally won a larger percentage of seats than their popular vote percentage. As a result, the UFP sought to exploit the new system by making a bloc party for the <a href="/wiki/2020_South_Korean_legislative_election" title="2020 South Korean legislative election">2020 South Korean legislative election</a> in order to get more electoral seats that are under their control, as they would otherwise be allocated little or no extra compensatory seats. The DP did the same with the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Party" title="Platform Party">Platform Party</a>. Both bloc parties were dissolved following the election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a> is an umbrella organisation comprising the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Ba'ath Party</a> and several other pro-government parties, who in practice play a subordinate role to the Ba'ath Party. Traditionally, legal political parties were required to follow the socialist and Arab nationalist or pan-Arabist orientation of the al-Assad regime. More recently, parties have been no longer required to do so in order to receive legal recognition and one such party, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a>, was both legalised and admitted to the NPF. This has given rise to suggestions other parties that are neither socialist nor Arab nationalist will gain recognition, but ethnically based (Kurdish or Assyrian) parties continue to be repressed, and Islamist parties remain illegal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Turkmenistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country operated under a one-party system under the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Democratic Party of Turkmenistan">Democratic Party of Turkmenistan</a> (TDP) from independence until 2008. However, the country remains <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> with the TDP not facing any competitive challenges in elections. The two other parties in the legislature as of 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Party_of_Turkmenistan" title="Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan">Agrarian Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Industrialists_and_Entrepreneurs_of_Turkmenistan" title="Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan">Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs</a>, are seen as having only been created in order to give the impression of a multi-party system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labour_Party">Labour Party</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Labour Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> have an electoral agreement under which elections in some constituencies are contested by Co-operative Party members as <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative_Party" title="Labour and Co-operative Party">joint candidates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of the three largest national parties do not actively contest elections in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The two Northern Irish parties that are affiliated with parties that compete in the rest of the UK are the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> with <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> runs candidates in Northern Ireland but used to support the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Uzbekistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country's ruling party, the <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_Liberal_Democratic_Party" title="Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party">Liberal Democratic Party</a>, has never faced true opposition since its creation, with all other parliamentary parties seen as being allied with the government, only existing to give the impression of multi-party politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">Electoral alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Decoy list">Decoy list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_satellite_lists" title="Arab satellite lists">Arab satellite lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic opposition">Systemic opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventions_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="Interventions of political parties in Venezuela">Interventions of political parties in Venezuela</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSartori1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Sartori, Giovanni</a> (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partiespartysyst0000sart"><i>Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis</i></a></span>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partiespartysyst0000sart/page/230">230</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521212380" title="Special:BookSources/9780521212380"><bdi>9780521212380</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parties+and+Party+Systems%3A+A+Framework+for+Analysis&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780521212380&rft.aulast=Sartori&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartiespartysyst0000sart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloc+party" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Paul G. (2006). "Party States and State Parties". In Katz, Richard S.; Crotty, William (eds.). <i>Handbook of Party Politics</i>. London: SAGE Publishing. p. 476</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Party+States+and+State+Parties&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Party+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloc+party" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurtak1986" class="citation book cs1">Furtak, Robert K. (1986). <i>The Political Systems of the Socialist States: An Introduction to Marxist-Leninist Regimes</i>. Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Systems+of+the+Socialist+States%3A+An+Introduction+to+Marxist-Leninist+Regimes&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Wheatsheaf+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Furtak&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloc+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Vogel, D. Nohlen & R.-O. Schultze (1971). Wahlen in Deutschland: Theorie, Geschichte, Dokumente 1848–1970. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. pp. 253-283; R. Kulbach, H. Weber & E. Förtsch (1969). Parteien im Blocksystem der DDR. Cologne: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik; R. Schröder (2004). Geschichte des DDR-Rechts. Jura. 26 (2): 73–81, accessible under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forhistiur.de/fr/2004-04-schroder/?l=de">forhistiur.de</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3136835/communist-party-not-chinas-only-political-party-there-are-eight">"Are there other political parties in China?"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 2021-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Are+there+other+political+parties+in+China%3F&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3136835%2Fcommunist-party-not-chinas-only-political-party-there-are-eight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloc+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1957" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour, James D. (1957-09-01). "China's Satellite Parties Today". <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>26</b> (9): 991–1004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2644085">10.2307/2644085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644085">2644085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=China%27s+Satellite+Parties+Today&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=991-1004&rft.date=1957-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2644085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2644085%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABloc+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regnum.ru/news/polit/1429291.html"><i>Прогрессивная социалистическая партия Украины присоединилась к "Интернациональной России" ОНФ</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&oldid=1250217983">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bloc_party&oldid=1250217983</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_party_alliances" title="Category:Political party alliances">Political party alliances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_science_terminology" title="Category:Political science terminology">Political science terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology" title="Category:Political terminology">Political terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_political_parties" title="Category:Types of political parties">Types of political parties</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2016">Articles needing additional references from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_interlanguage_link_with_the_wikidata_parameter" title="Category:Pages using interlanguage link with the wikidata parameter">Pages using interlanguage link with the wikidata parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_split_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles to be split from March 2024">Articles to be split from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_split" title="Category:All articles to be split">All articles to be split</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 October 2024, at 03:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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