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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electorate_of_Bavaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electorate_of_Bavaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Electorate of Bavaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electorate_of_Bavaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Bavaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Bavaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kingdom of Bavaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Bavaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_of_the_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_of_the_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Part of the German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_of_the_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_State_of_Bavaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_State_of_Bavaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Free State of Bavaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_State_of_Bavaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bavarian_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bavarian_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Bavarian identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bavarian_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags_and_coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags_and_coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flags and coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flags_and_coat_of_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flags and coat of arms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flags_and_coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bezirke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bezirke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bezirke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bezirke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_and_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Population and area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_and_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Major cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_Landtag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_Landtag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Current Landtag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_Landtag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minister-presidents_of_Bavaria_since_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister-presidents_of_Bavaria_since_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister-presidents_of_Bavaria_since_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designation_as_a_"free_state"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation_as_a_"free_state""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Designation as a "free state"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designation_as_a_"free_state"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitrary_arrest_and_human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitrary_arrest_and_human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Arbitrary arrest and human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitrary_arrest_and_human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Unemployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Language and dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Ethnography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ice hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bavaria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 173 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">173 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiere" title="Beiere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beiere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%89%AB%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባቫሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባቫሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6gwaraland" title="Bægwaraland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bægwaraland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بافاريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بافاريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavera" title="Bavera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bavera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavi%C3%A9re" title="Baviére – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Baviére" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vavi%C3%A9ra" title="Vaviéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vaviéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern_suyu" title="Bayern suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Bayern suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariya" title="Bavariya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bavariya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="بایرن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بایرن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বাভারিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাভারিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Баварыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баварыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Баварыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Баварыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarska" title="Bavarska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bavarska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бавари – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бавари" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бавари – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бавари" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavorsko" title="Bavorsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bavorsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bafaria" title="Bafaria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bafaria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باڤاريا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باڤاريا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaari" title="Bavaari – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bavaari" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerska" title="Bayerska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bayerska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baieri" title="Baieri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baieri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βαυαρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαυαρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bav%C3%A9ra" title="Bavéra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bavéra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavario" title="Bavario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bavario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="بایرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بایرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavi%C3%A8re" title="Bavière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bavière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beieren" title="Beieren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviere" title="Baviere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Baviere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhav%C3%A1ir" title="An Bhaváir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhaváir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vaveyr" title="Yn Vaveyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vaveyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Bhaidhearn" title="A' Bhaidhearn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Bhaidhearn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бавари – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бавари" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%A3%BC" title="바이에른주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이에른주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բավարիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բավարիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="बायर्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायर्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayerska" title="Bayerska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bayerska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarska" title="Bavarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bavarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бавари – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бавари" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6jaraland" title="Bæjaraland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bæjaraland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="בוואריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוואריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბავარია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბავარია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajer%C3%AB" title="Bajerë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bajerë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavyera" title="Bavyera – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bavyera" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiern" title="Paiern – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Paiern" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bav%C4%81reja" title="Bavāreja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Bavāreja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bav%C4%81rija" title="Bavārija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bavārija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarija" title="Bavarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bavarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavea" title="Bavea – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bavea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiere" title="Beiere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beiere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiern" title="Baiern – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Baiern" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajororsz%C3%A1g" title="Bajorország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bajorország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Баварија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Баварија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബവേറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബവേറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarja" title="Bavarja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bavarja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="बायर्न – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बायर्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბავარია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბავარია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بافاريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بافاريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="باوریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باوریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бавари – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бавари" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဘာဗေးရီးယားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာဗေးရီးယားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beieren" title="Beieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiern" title="Baiern – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Baiern" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="बायर्न – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बायर्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बभेरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बभेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="バイエルン州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイエルン州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бавари – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бавари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavi%C3%A8ra" title="Bavièra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bavièra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariya" title="Bavariya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bavariya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਾਈਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਈਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="باویریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باویریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freistaat_Bayern" title="Freistaat Bayern – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Freistaat Bayern" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="بایرن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بایرن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavi%C3%A8re" title="Bavière – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bavière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawaria" title="Bawaria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bawaria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariya" title="Bavariya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bavariya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavariya" title="Bavariya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bavariya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajore_(Bundesland)" title="Bajore (Bundesland) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bajore (Bundesland)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Баварія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Баварія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarie" title="Bavarie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bavarie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بويريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بويريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavorsko" title="Bavorsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bavorsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarska" title="Bavarska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bavarska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajery" title="Bajery – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bajery" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="باڤاریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باڤاریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баварска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баварска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarska" title="Bavarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bavarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijeri" title="Baijeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baijeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பவேரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பவேரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐไบเอิร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐไบเอิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бавария – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бавария" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavyera" title="Bavyera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bavyera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawari%C3%BDa" title="Bawariýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bawariýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Баварія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баварія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="باواریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باواریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera" title="Baviera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Baviera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%C3%A4n" title="Bayän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bayän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E4%BB%81" title="拜仁 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="拜仁" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyern" title="Beyern – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Beyern" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴伐利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="בייערן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בייערן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E4%BB%81" title="拜仁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拜仁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavyera" title="Bavyera – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bavyera" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayern" title="Bayern – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bayern" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavar%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Bavarėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bavarėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴伐利亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴伐利亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarija" title="Bavarija – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bavarija" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q980#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bavaria&params=49_04_43_N_11_23_08_E_type:adm1st_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°04′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°23′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.07861°N 11.38556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.07861; 11.38556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bavaria (disambiguation)">Bavaria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bayern" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bayern_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bayern (disambiguation)">Bayern (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Free State of Bavaria</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="0p"><small><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freistaat Bayern</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Freistoot Bayern</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bavaria_(lozengy).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Free State of Bavaria"><img alt="Flag of Free State of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bavaria_(striped).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Free State of Bavaria"><img alt="Flag of Free State of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bavaria" title="Flag of Bavaria">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Free State of Bavaria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Free State of Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="431" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria" title="Coat of arms of Bavaria">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bayernhymne" title="Bayernhymne">Bayernhymne</a></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Hymn of Bavaria"</span><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="Für_Bayern_(Bayernhymne).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/F%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/F%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg/F%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AF%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AF%C3%BCr_Bayern_%28Bayernhymne%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="300" data-zoom="5" data-lat="51.1" data-lon="11" data-overlays="["_a8ca1e9ca62a93b4e4f1a63a4272b446866a70a9"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/51.1/11/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,11,250x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bavaria&revid=1258202324&groups=_a8ca1e9ca62a93b4e4f1a63a4272b446866a70a9" width="250" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,11,250x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bavaria&revid=1258202324&groups=_a8ca1e9ca62a93b4e4f1a63a4272b446866a70a9 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bavaria&params=49_04_43_N_11_23_08_E_type:adm1st_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°04′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°23′08″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.07861°N 11.38556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.07861; 11.38556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag of Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers-President of Bavaria">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Markus Söder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">CSU</a> / <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">FW</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat votes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 (of 69)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2021_German_federal_election#Bavaria" title="Results of the 2021 German federal election">117 (of 736)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">70,550.19 km<sup>2</sup> (27,239.58 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-popupdate_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popupdate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">13,369,393</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">189/km<sup>2</sup> (490/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€716.784 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€53,768 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DE-BY</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DE2</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.950<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">5th of 16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayern.de">www<wbr />.bayern<wbr />.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bavaria</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Free State of Bavaria</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> in the southeast of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. With an area of 70,550.19 km<sup>2</sup> (27,239.58 sq mi), it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by area">largest German state by land area</a>, comprising roughly a fifth of the total land area of Germany, and with over 13.08 million inhabitants, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by population">second most populous German state</a>, behind only <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>; however, due to its large land area, its population density is <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by population density">below the German average</a>. Major cities include <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (its capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bavaria_by_population" title="List of cities in Bavaria by population">largest city</a>, which is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">third largest city in Germany</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bavaria" title="History of Bavaria">history of Bavaria</a> includes its earliest settlement by <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribes, followed by the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 1st century BC, when the territory was incorporated into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>. It became the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">stem duchy</a>) in the 6th century AD following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. It was later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, became the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> after 1806, joined the Prussian-led <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bavaria has a distinct culture, largely because of its <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> heritage and conservative traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-EKD2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKD2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes a <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">cuisine</a>, architecture, festivals and elements of <a href="/wiki/The_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alps">Alpine</a> symbolism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has the second-largest economy among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP figures</a>, giving it the status of a wealthy German region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Bavaria also includes parts of the historical regions of <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Altbayern" title="Altbayern">Altbayern</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bavaria" title="History of Bavaria">History of Bavaria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Bavaria has been occupied by humans since the Paleolithic era, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic tribes</a> of the Bronze Age, such as the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> were the first documented inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Alps" title="Bavarian Alps">Bavarian Alps</a>. In June 2023, Archeologists discovered a bronze sword, dated to the <a href="/wiki/14th_century_BC" title="14th century BC">14th century BC</a>, in a former Celtic village; its workmanship so well-preserved "it almost shines."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early modern era, these peoples were retrospectively romanticized as the most ancient culture of Bavaria,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> were relative newcomers to the region. Evidence of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Straubing_culture" title="Straubing culture">Straubing culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> may be found in what is Bavaria today.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeologists know of a large Celtic <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> settlement which was founded in <a href="/wiki/Feldmoching-Hasenbergl" title="Feldmoching-Hasenbergl">Feldmoching-Hasenbergl</a>, in the North of suburban Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests up to 500 people lived in the village from 450 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local life appears to have centred around what could be a town hall or temple, and continued in different forms up to 1000 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Manching" title="Manching">Manching</a>, Upper Bavaria, an unfortified and semi-urban society appears to have prospered between the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century_BC" title="3rd century BC">3rd century BC</a> until the early <a href="/wiki/1st_Century_AD" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Century AD">1st Century AD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement featured food ovens, pottery kilns and metallurgical furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 200 BC the community there was active in trade—finds of coins, along with an icon-like golden tree suggest it was trading with distant Italo-Greek communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1st Century BC, Bavaria was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An imperial military camp was built 60 km north-west of where Munich sits today, under orders of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus Caesar</a>, between 8 and 5 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp later became the town of <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Vindelicorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Vindelicorum">Augusta Vindelicorum</a>, which would become the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Roman province of Raetia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another fort was founded in 60 AD, west of modern-day Manching, as evidenced by a legionnaire's sandal found near remains of an ancient fort.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late <a href="/wiki/2nd_Century_AD" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Century AD">2nd Century AD</a>, Germanic tribes, including Marcomanni people, were pushing back on Roman forces of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and later, <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 180 AD, Commodus had decided to abandon the annexed positions in Bavaria, leaving its control to Celtic and Germanic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the year 500 AD, some elements of that victorious Marcomanni people would help to form the <a href="/wiki/Bavarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarii">Bavarii</a> confederation, which incorporated <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 530s, the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a> incorporated the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> after their defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a> were Frankicised a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lex_Thuringorum" title="Lex Thuringorum">Lex Thuringorum</a> documents an upper class nobility of <i>adalingi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 554 to 788, the house of <a href="/wiki/Agilolfing" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilolfing">Agilolfing</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a>, ending with <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tassilo III">Tassilo III</a> who was deposed by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tassilo_I_of_Bavaria" title="Tassilo I of Bavaria">Tassilo I of Bavaria</a> tried unsuccessfully to hold the eastern frontier against the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> around 600. <a href="/wiki/Garibald_II_of_Bavaria" title="Garibald II of Bavaria">Garibald II</a> seems to have achieved a balance of power between 610 and 616.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Hugbert's death in 735, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> passed to <a href="/wiki/Odilo_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Odilo of Bavaria">Odilo of Bavaria</a> from the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a>. Odilo issued a <a href="/wiki/Lex_Baiuvariorum" title="Lex Baiuvariorum">Lex Baiuvariorum</a> for Bavaria, completed the process of church organization in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> in 739, and tried to intervene in Frankish succession disputes by fighting for the claims of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>. He was defeated near <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in 743 but continued to rule until his death in 748.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> completed the people's conversion to Christianity in the early 8th century. <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_III_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tassilo III of Bavaria">Tassilo III of Bavaria</a> succeeded to rule Bavaria. He initially ruled under Frankish oversight but began to function independently from 763 onward. He was particularly noted for founding new monasteries and for expanding eastwards, oppressing <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">eastern Alps</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and colonizing these lands. After 781, however, Charlemagne began to exert pressure and Tassilo III was deposed in 788. Dissenters attempted a coup against <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> in 792, led by <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin the Hunchback</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Herzogtum_Bayern_im_10._Jahrhundert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Karte_Herzogtum_Bayern_im_10._Jahrhundert.png/220px-Karte_Herzogtum_Bayern_im_10._Jahrhundert.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Karte_Herzogtum_Bayern_im_10._Jahrhundert.png/330px-Karte_Herzogtum_Bayern_im_10._Jahrhundert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Karte_Herzogtum_Bayern_im_10._Jahrhundert.png/440px-Karte_Herzogtum_Bayern_im_10._Jahrhundert.png 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A map of Bavaria in the 10th century</figcaption></figure> <p>With the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry II, Duke of Bavaria">Henry II, Duke of Bavaria</a> in 976, Bavaria lost large territories in the south and southeast. </p><p>One of the most important dukes of Bavaria was <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">house of Welf</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and <i>de facto</i> the second most powerful man in the empire as the ruler of two duchies. When in 1180, Henry the Lion was deposed as Duke of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and Bavaria by his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (a.k.a. "Barbarossa" for his red beard), Bavaria was awarded as <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a> family, counts palatinate of Schyren ("Scheyern" in modern German). They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918. In 1180, however, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> was also separated from Bavaria. The <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Electorate of the Palatinate</a> by Rhine (<i>Kurpfalz</i> in German) was also acquired by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a> in 1214, which they would subsequently hold for six centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first of several divisions of the duchy of Bavaria occurred in 1255. With the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> in 1268, <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> territories were acquired by the Wittelsbach dukes. <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Louis the Bavarian</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> for his House but released the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a> for the Palatinate branch of the Wittelsbach in 1329. That time also <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">Salzburg</a> finally became independent from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a>. </p><p>In the 14th and 15th centuries, upper and lower Bavaria were repeatedly subdivided. Four Duchies existed after the division of 1392: <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Straubing" title="Bavaria-Straubing">Bavaria-Straubing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Landshut" title="Bavaria-Landshut">Bavaria-Landshut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Ingolstadt" title="Bavaria-Ingolstadt">Bavaria-Ingolstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Munich" title="Bavaria-Munich">Bavaria-Munich</a>. In 1506 with the <a href="/wiki/Landshut_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Landshut War of Succession">Landshut War of Succession</a>, the other parts of Bavaria were reunited, and Munich became the sole capital. The country became a center of the Jesuit-inspired <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electorate_of_Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electorate of Bavaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Electorate of Bavaria</a></div> <p>In 1623, the Bavarian duke replaced his relative of the Palatinate branch, the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Electorate of the Palatinate</a> in the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and acquired the powerful <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a> dignity in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, determining its Emperor thence forward, as well as special legal status under the empire's laws. During the early and mid-18th century the ambitions of the Bavarian prince electors led to several wars with Austria as well as occupations by Austria (<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> with the election of a Wittelsbach emperor instead of a Habsburg).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To mark the unification of Bavaria and the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>, both being principal Wittelsbach territories, Elector <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_IV_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian IV Joseph">Maximilian IV Joseph</a> was crowned king of Bavaria. King Maximilian Joseph was quick to change the coat of arms. The various heraldic symbols were replaced and a classical Wittelsbach pattern introduced. The white and blue <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">lozenges</a> symbolized the unity of the territories within the Bavarian kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new state also comprised the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Duchy of Jülich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berg_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg (state)">Berg</a> as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Bavaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png/220px-Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png/330px-Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Bayern_von_1800_bis_heute.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>A map of Bavaria in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> dissolved under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s onslaught, Bavaria became a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">kingdom</a> in 1806 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Duchy of Jülich was ceded to France and the Electoral Palatinate was divided between France and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>. The Duchy of Berg was given to <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">County of Tyrol</a> and the federal state of <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">Salzburg</a> were temporarily annexed with Bavaria but eventually ceded to Austria at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>. In return, Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a> to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> in 1815. </p><p>Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Joseph_von_Montgelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian Joseph von Montgelas">Montgelas</a>, followed a strict policy of modernization copying Napoleonic France; he laid the foundations of centralized administrative structures that survived the monarchy and, in part, have retained core validity through to the 21st century. In May 1808, a first constitution was passed by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being modernized in 1818. This second version established a bicameral Parliament with a House of Lords (<i>Kammer der Reichsräte</i>) and a House of Commons (<i>Kammer der Abgeordneten</i>). That constitution was followed until the collapse of the monarchy at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>After the rise of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in the early 18th century, Bavaria preserved its independence by playing off the rivalry of Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> and was not incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="North German Federation">North German Confederation</a> of 1867, but the question of <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unity</a> was still alive. When <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">France declared war on Prussia in 1870</a>, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsches Reich</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>) in 1871. </p><p>Bavaria continued as a monarchy, and retained some special rights within the federation (such as railways and postal services and control of its army in peace times). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_of_the_German_Empire">Part of the German Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Part of the German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-DR-Bavaria_(blau).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg/220px-Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg/330px-Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg/440px-Map-DR-Bavaria_%28blau%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>A map of Bavaria in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, which was formed in 1871 and endured until 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>When Bavaria became part of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, this action was considered controversial by <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalists</a> who had wanted to retain independence from the rest of Germany, as had Austria. </p><p>As Bavaria had a heavily <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> majority population, many people resented being ruled by the mostly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestant</a> northerners in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. As a direct result of the Bavarian-Prussian feud, political parties formed to encourage Bavaria to break away and regain its independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan2000_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan2000-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, and other artists were drawn to Bavaria, especially to the <a href="/wiki/Schwabing" title="Schwabing">Schwabing</a> district in Munich, a center of international artistic activity at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_State_of_Bavaria">Free State of Bavaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Free State of Bavaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kriegerdenkmal_Dietelskirchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kriegerdenkmal_Dietelskirchen.jpg/220px-Kriegerdenkmal_Dietelskirchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kriegerdenkmal_Dietelskirchen.jpg/330px-Kriegerdenkmal_Dietelskirchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kriegerdenkmal_Dietelskirchen.jpg/440px-Kriegerdenkmal_Dietelskirchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>A memorial to soldiers who died in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ning" title="Kröning">Kröning</a>, Bavaria</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> led to the abolition of monarchy all over Germany in 1918. The Bavarian monarchy was the first to fall when on 8 November 1918 Socialist politician <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a> proclaimed the <i>Free State</i> (i.e. republic) of Bavaria. Eisner headed a new, republican government as minister-president. On 12 November, King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig III</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Anif_declaration" title="Anif declaration">Anif declaration</a>, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the Eisner government interpreted as an abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After losing the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Landtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Bavarian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic">January 1919 elections</a>, Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a> being proclaimed 6 April 1919. After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a>, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bavaria" title="Constitution of Bavaria">Bamberg Constitution</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bamberger Verfassung</i></span></i>) was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919, placing Bavaria inside the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. </p><p>Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">Nazis</a>, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as strongholds of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi dictatorship</a>. However, in the crucial <a href="/wiki/German_federal_election,_March_1933" class="mw-redirect" title="German federal election, March 1933">German federal election, March 1933</a>, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria. </p><p>As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was occupied by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>, becoming a major part of the American Zone of <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>, which lasted from 1945 to 1947, and then of <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Bizone</a>. </p><p>The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. In 1949, Bavaria became part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, despite the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Bavarian Parliament</a> voting against adopting the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of Germany">Basic Law of Germany</a>, mainly because it was seen as not granting sufficient powers to the individual states (<i>Länder</i>), but at the same time declared that it would accept it if two-thirds of the other <i>Länder</i> ratified it. All of the other states ratified it, so it became law.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Bavaria was part of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bavarian_identity">Bavarian identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bavarian identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bavarians have often emphasized a separate national identity and considered themselves as "Bavarians" first, "Germans" second.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th-century sense, an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> existed from only 1806 to 1871. A separate Bavarian identity was emphasized more strongly when Bavaria joined the Prussia-dominated <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871, while the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalists</a> wanted to keep Bavaria as Catholic and an independent state. Aside from the minority <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a>, most Bavarians now accept Bavaria as part of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another consideration is that Bavaria is not culturally uniform. While inhabitants <a href="/wiki/Altbayern" title="Altbayern">Altbayern</a> ("Old Bavaria"), the regions forming the historic Bavaria before further acquisitions in 1806–1815, speak a Bavarian dialect of German, <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> in the north and Bavarian Swabia in the south west, have their unique culture, including different dialects of German, <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flags_and_coat_of_arms">Flags and coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flags and coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bavaria" title="Flag of Bavaria">Flag of Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bavaria" title="Coat of arms of Bavaria">Coat of arms of Bavaria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags">Flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uniquely among German states, Bavaria has two official flags of equal status, one with a white and blue stripe, the other with white and blue diamond-shaped <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">lozenges</a>. Either may be used by civilians and government offices, who are free to choose between them.<sup id="cite_ref-fotw_54_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fotw_54-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions. </p> <ul><li>The Golden Lion: At the dexter chief, sable, a <a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">lion</a> rampant Or, armed and langued gules. This represents the administrative region of Upper Palatinate.</li> <li>The "<a href="/wiki/Franconian_Rake" title="Franconian Rake">Franconian Rake</a>": At the sinister chief, per <a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">fess</a> dancetty, gules, and argent. This represents the administrative regions of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia.</li> <li>The Blue "Pantier" (mythical creature from <a href="/wiki/French_heraldry" title="French heraldry">French heraldry</a>, sporting a flame instead of a tongue): At the dexter base, argent, a Pantier rampant azure, armed Or and langued gules. This represents the regions of Lower and Upper Bavaria.</li> <li>The Three Lions: At the sinister base, Or, three lions passant guardant sable, armed and langued gules. This represents Swabia.</li> <li>The White-And-Blue inescutcheon: The <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">inescutcheon</a> of white and blue fusils askance was originally the coat of arms of the Counts of Bogen, adopted in 1247 by the House of Wittelsbach. The white-and-blue fusils are indisputably the emblem of Bavaria and these arms today symbolize Bavaria as a whole. Along with the People's Crown, it is officially used as the Minor Coat of Arms.</li> <li>The People's Crown (<i>Volkskrone</i>): The coat of arms is surmounted by a <a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">crown</a> with a golden band inset with precious stones and decorated with five ornamental leaves. This crown first appeared in the coat of arms to symbolize sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">the people</a> after the royal crown was eschewed in 1923.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cber_dem_Spitzsteinhaus_(3650068382).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%9Cber_dem_Spitzsteinhaus_%283650068382%29.jpg/220px-%C3%9Cber_dem_Spitzsteinhaus_%283650068382%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%9Cber_dem_Spitzsteinhaus_%283650068382%29.jpg/330px-%C3%9Cber_dem_Spitzsteinhaus_%283650068382%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%C3%9Cber_dem_Spitzsteinhaus_%283650068382%29.jpg/440px-%C3%9Cber_dem_Spitzsteinhaus_%283650068382%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Alps" title="Bavarian Alps">Bavarian Alps</a> (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (background), including the <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a> valley (center), <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Mountains" title="Kaiser Mountains">Kaisergebirge</a> (left), <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendling" class="extiw" title="de:Pendling">Pendling</a> (right), and the snow-capped <a href="/wiki/High_Tauern" title="High Tauern">High Tauern</a> (center left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bavaria shares international borders with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Region" title="Karlovy Vary Region">Karlovy Vary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88_Region" title="Plzeň Region">Plzeň</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region" title="South Bohemian Region">South Bohemian Regions</a>), as well as with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (across <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">Canton of St. Gallen</a>). </p><p>Neighboring states within Germany are <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. Two major rivers flow through the state: the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> (<i>Donau</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Forest" title="Bavarian Forest">Bavarian Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest" title="Bohemian Forest">Bohemian Forest</a> form the vast majority of the frontier with the Czech Republic and Bohemia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">geographic center of the European Union</a> is located in the northwestern corner of Bavaria.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At lower elevations the climate is classified according to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen's</a> guide as "<a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dfb</a>". At higher altitudes the climate becomes "<a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dfc</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">ET</a>". </p><p>The summer months have been getting hotter in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suedd-4539824-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded<sup id="cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suedd-4539824-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria. On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of 20.2 °C (68.4 °F) was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Piding" title="Piding">Piding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general winter months are seeing more precipitation which is taking the form of rain more often than that of snow compared to the past.<sup id="cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suedd-4539824-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a> like the <a href="/wiki/2013_European_floods" title="2013 European floods">2013 European floods</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_European_heavy_snowfalls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 European heavy snowfalls (page does not exist)">2019 European heavy snowfalls</a> is occurring more and more often. One effect of the continuing warming is the melting of almost all Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Alpine_glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine glaciers">Alpine glaciers</a>: Of the five glaciers of Bavaria only the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6llentalferner" title="Höllentalferner">Höllentalferner</a> is predicted to exist over a longer time perspective. The <a href="/wiki/Schneeferner#Südlicher_Schneeferner" title="Schneeferner">Südliche Schneeferner</a> has almost vanished since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suedd-4539824-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_regions">Administrative regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administrative regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WV-Bavaria_regions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WV-Bavaria_regions.svg/220px-WV-Bavaria_regions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WV-Bavaria_regions.svg/330px-WV-Bavaria_regions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WV-Bavaria_regions.svg/440px-WV-Bavaria_regions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>The Bavarian administrative regions of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span></i> and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Bavaria is divided into seven administrative regions called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span></i> (singular <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></i></span></i>). Each of these regions has a state agency called the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirksregierung</i></span></i> (district government). </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Altbayern" title="Altbayern">Altbayern</a></b>: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Oberpfalz</i></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberbayern</i></span></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Bavaria" title="Lower Bavaria">Lower Bavaria</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Niederbayern</i></span></i>)</li></ol></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a></b>: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberfranken</i></span></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mittelfranken</i></span></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Unterfranken</i></span></i>)</li></ol></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a></b>: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Swabia_(administrative_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabia (administrative region)">Swabia</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwaben</i></span></i>)</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bezirke">Bezirke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bezirke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span></i> (regional districts) are the third communal layer in Bavaria; the others are the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landkreise</i></span></i> and the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinden</i></span></i> or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Städte</i></span></i>. The <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span></i> in Bavaria are territorially identical with the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span></i>, but they are self-governing regional corporation, having their own parliaments. In the other larger states of Germany, there are only <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span></i> as administrative divisions and no self-governing entities at the level of the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span></i> as the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span></i> in Bavaria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Population_and_area">Population and area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population and area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th>Bezirk </th> <th>Coat of arms </th> <th>Capital </th> <th colspan="2">Population (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th colspan="2">No. municipalities </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Bavaria" title="Lower Bavaria">Lower Bavaria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg/75px-DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg/100px-DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="401" /></a></span> </td> <td>Landshut </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,244,169 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.48% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,330 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.6% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">258 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Regierungsbezirk_Unterfranken_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DEU_Regierungsbezirk_Unterfranken_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Regierungsbezirk_Unterfranken_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DEU_Regierungsbezirk_Unterfranken_COA.svg/75px-DEU_Regierungsbezirk_Unterfranken_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DEU_Regierungsbezirk_Unterfranken_COA.svg/100px-DEU_Regierungsbezirk_Unterfranken_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> </td> <td>Würzburg </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,317,619 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.46% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,531 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.1% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">308 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bezirk_Oberfranken2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wappen_Bezirk_Oberfranken2.svg/50px-Wappen_Bezirk_Oberfranken2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wappen_Bezirk_Oberfranken2.svg/75px-Wappen_Bezirk_Oberfranken2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Wappen_Bezirk_Oberfranken2.svg/100px-Wappen_Bezirk_Oberfranken2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="496" /></a></span> </td> <td>Bayreuth </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,065,371 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.49% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,231 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">214 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittelfranken_Wappen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mittelfranken_Wappen.svg/50px-Mittelfranken_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mittelfranken_Wappen.svg/75px-Mittelfranken_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mittelfranken_Wappen.svg/100px-Mittelfranken_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="444" /></a></span> </td> <td>Ansbach </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,775,169 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.65% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,245 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.3% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">210 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Oberpfalz_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DEU_Oberpfalz_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Oberpfalz_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DEU_Oberpfalz_COA.svg/75px-DEU_Oberpfalz_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DEU_Oberpfalz_COA.svg/100px-DEU_Oberpfalz_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> </td> <td>Regensburg </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,112,102 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.60% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,691 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.7% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">226 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swabia_(administrative_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swabia (administrative region)">Swabia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Schwaben_Bayern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wappen_Schwaben_Bayern.svg/50px-Wappen_Schwaben_Bayern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wappen_Schwaben_Bayern.svg/75px-Wappen_Schwaben_Bayern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Wappen_Schwaben_Bayern.svg/100px-Wappen_Schwaben_Bayern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="610" /></a></span> </td> <td>Augsburg </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,899,442 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.21% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,992 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14.2% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Oberbayern_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DEU_Oberbayern_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Oberbayern_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DEU_Oberbayern_COA.svg/75px-DEU_Oberbayern_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DEU_Oberbayern_COA.svg/100px-DEU_Oberbayern_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </td> <td>Munich </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,710,865 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.12% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,530 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.8% </td> <td style="text-align:right;">500 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">24.3% </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th><b>Total</b> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th style="text-align:right;">13,124,737 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">100.0% </th> <th style="text-align:right;">70,549 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">100.0% </th> <th style="text-align:right;">2,056 </th> <th style="text-align:right;">100.0% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria,_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bavaria%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg/220px-Bavaria%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bavaria%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg/330px-Bavaria%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bavaria%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg/440px-Bavaria%2C_administrative_divisions_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>A map of Bavaria's <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">districts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The second communal layer is made up of 71 rural districts (called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landkreise</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landkreis</i></span></i>) that are comparable to counties, as well as the 25 independent cities (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreisfreie Städte</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreisfreie Stadt</i></span></i>), both of which share the same administrative responsibilities. </p><p>Rural districts: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"> <ol><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aichach-Friedberg" title="Aichach-Friedberg">Aichach-Friedberg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%B6tting_(district)" title="Altötting (district)">Altötting</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Amberg-Sulzbach" title="Amberg-Sulzbach">Amberg-Sulzbach</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ansbach_(district)" title="Ansbach (district)">Ansbach</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg_(district)" title="Aschaffenburg (district)">Aschaffenburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_(district)" title="Augsburg (district)">Augsburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bad_Kissingen_(district)" title="Bad Kissingen (district)">Bad Kissingen</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bad_T%C3%B6lz-Wolfratshausen" title="Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen">Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_(district)" title="Bamberg (district)">Bamberg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_(district)" title="Bayreuth (district)">Bayreuth</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berchtesgadener_Land" title="Berchtesgadener Land">Berchtesgadener Land</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cham_(district)" title="Cham (district)">Cham</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Coburg_(district)" title="Coburg (district)">Coburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dachau_(district)" title="Dachau (district)">Dachau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deggendorf_(district)" title="Deggendorf (district)">Deggendorf</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dillingen_(district)" title="Dillingen (district)">Dillingen</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dingolfing-Landau" title="Dingolfing-Landau">Dingolfing-Landau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Donau-Ries" title="Donau-Ries">Donau-Ries</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ebersberg_(district)" title="Ebersberg (district)">Ebersberg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt_(district)" title="Eichstätt (district)">Eichstätt</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Erding_(district)" title="Erding (district)">Erding</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Erlangen-H%C3%B6chstadt" title="Erlangen-Höchstadt">Erlangen-Höchstadt</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Forchheim_(district)" title="Forchheim (district)">Forchheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freising_(district)" title="Freising (district)">Freising</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freyung-Grafenau" title="Freyung-Grafenau">Freyung-Grafenau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenfeldbruck_(district)" title="Fürstenfeldbruck (district)">Fürstenfeldbruck</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth_(district)" title="Fürth (district)">Fürth</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen_(district)" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnzburg_(district)" title="Günzburg (district)">Günzburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%9Fberge_(district)" title="Haßberge (district)">Hassberge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hof_(district)" title="Hof (district)">Hof</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kelheim_(district)" title="Kelheim (district)">Kelheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kitzingen_(district)" title="Kitzingen (district)">Kitzingen</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kronach_(district)" title="Kronach (district)">Kronach</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kulmbach_(district)" title="Kulmbach (district)">Kulmbach</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landsberg_(district)" title="Landsberg (district)">Landsberg</a></i></span></li></ol> </td> <td style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"> <ol start="37"> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landshut_(district)" title="Landshut (district)">Landshut</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lichtenfels_(district)" title="Lichtenfels (district)">Lichtenfels</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lindau_(district)" title="Lindau (district)">Lindau</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Main-Spessart" title="Main-Spessart">Main-Spessart</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Miesbach_(district)" title="Miesbach (district)">Miesbach</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Miltenberg_(district)" title="Miltenberg (district)">Miltenberg</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_(district)" title="Mühldorf (district)">Mühldorf</a></i></span></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Munich_(district)" title="Munich (district)">München</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landkreis München</i></span></i>)</li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neuburg-Schrobenhausen" title="Neuburg-Schrobenhausen">Neuburg-Schrobenhausen</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_(district)" title="Neumarkt (district)">Neumarkt</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_(Aisch)-Bad_Windsheim" title="Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim">Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Waldnaab_(district)" title="Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)">Neustadt an der Waldnaab</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neu-Ulm_(district)" title="Neu-Ulm (district)">Neu-Ulm</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Land" title="Nürnberger Land">Nürnberger Land</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Oberallg%C3%A4u" title="Oberallgäu">Oberallgäu</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ostallg%C3%A4u" title="Ostallgäu">Ostallgäu</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Passau_(district)" title="Passau (district)">Passau</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Pfaffenhofen_(district)" title="Pfaffenhofen (district)">Pfaffenhofen</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regen_(district)" title="Regen (district)">Regen</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_(district)" title="Regensburg (district)">Regensburg</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n-Grabfeld" title="Rhön-Grabfeld">Rhön-Grabfeld</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rosenheim_(district)" title="Rosenheim (district)">Rosenheim</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Roth_(district)" title="Roth (district)">Roth</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rottal-Inn" title="Rottal-Inn">Rottal-Inn</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwandorf_(district)" title="Schwandorf (district)">Schwandorf</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt_(district)" title="Schweinfurt (district)">Schweinfurt</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Starnberg_(district)" title="Starnberg (district)">Starnberg</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Straubing-Bogen" title="Straubing-Bogen">Straubing-Bogen</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tirschenreuth_(district)" title="Tirschenreuth (district)">Tirschenreuth</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Traunstein_(district)" title="Traunstein (district)">Traunstein</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Unterallg%C3%A4u" title="Unterallgäu">Unterallgäu</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weilheim-Schongau" title="Weilheim-Schongau">Weilheim-Schongau</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen">Weissenburg-Gunzenhausen</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wunsiedel_(district)" title="Wunsiedel (district)">Wunsiedel</a></i></span></li> <li> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_(district)" title="Würzburg (district)">Würzburg</a></i></span></li> </ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Independent cities: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Amberg" title="Amberg">Amberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansbach" title="Ansbach">Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Coburg, Germany">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hof, Germany">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempten_im_Allg%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Kempten im Allgäu">Kempten</a></li></ol> </td> <td style="width:33%; vertical-align:top;"> <ol start="14"> <li> <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<i>München</i>)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> (<i>Nürnberg</i>)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rosenheim" title="Rosenheim">Rosenheim</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Schwabach" title="Schwabach">Schwabach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Weiden_in_der_Oberpfalz" title="Weiden in der Oberpfalz">Weiden</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li> </ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frauenkirche_and_Neues_Rathaus_Munich_March_2013.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Frauenkirche_and_Neues_Rathaus_Munich_March_2013.JPG/220px-Frauenkirche_and_Neues_Rathaus_Munich_March_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Frauenkirche_and_Neues_Rathaus_Munich_March_2013.JPG/330px-Frauenkirche_and_Neues_Rathaus_Munich_March_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Frauenkirche_and_Neues_Rathaus_Munich_March_2013.JPG/440px-Frauenkirche_and_Neues_Rathaus_Munich_March_2013.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> with <a href="/wiki/Munich_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Frauenkirche">Frauenkirche</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Munich)" title="New Town Hall (Munich)">Rathaus</a>, Munich's town hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The 71 rural districts are on the lowest level divided into 2,031 regular municipalities (called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinden</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinde</i></span></i>). Together with the 25 independent cities (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kreisfreie Städte</i></span></i>, which are in effect municipalities independent of <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landkreis</i></span></i> administrations), there are a total of 2,056 municipalities in Bavaria. </p><p>In 44 of the 71 rural districts, there are a total of 215 <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated areas</a> (as of 1 January 2005, called <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gemeindefreie Gebiete</i></span></i>, singular <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gemeindefreies Gebiet</i></span></i>), not belonging to any municipality, all uninhabited, mostly forested areas, but also four lakes (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Chiemsee" title="Chiemsee">Chiemsee</a></i></span>-without islands, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Starnberger_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Starnberger See">Starnberger See</a></i></span>-without island <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Roseninsel</i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ammersee" title="Ammersee">Ammersee</a></i></span>, which are the three largest lakes of Bavaria, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waginger_See" title="Waginger See">Waginger See</a></i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_cities_and_towns">Major cities and towns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Bavaria" title="List of places in Bavaria">List of places in Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bavaria_by_population" title="List of cities in Bavaria by population">List of cities in Bavaria by population</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd;"> <th>City </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Inhabitants <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000)</span> </th> <th>Inhabitants <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span> </th> <th>Inhabitants <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span> </th> <th>Inhabitants <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015)</span> </th> <th>Change <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(%)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> </td> <td>Upper Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,210,223 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,259,677 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,353,186 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,450,381 </td> <td align="right">+11.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> </td> <td>Middle Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">488,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">499,237 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">505,664 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">509,975 </td> <td align="right">+3.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> </td> <td>Swabia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">254,982 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">262,676 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,708 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">286,374 </td> <td align="right">+3.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> </td> <td>Upper Palatinate </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,676 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">129,859 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">135,520 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145,465 </td> <td align="right">+7.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a> </td> <td>Upper Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115,722 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,314 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125,088 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">132,438 </td> <td align="right">+8.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> </td> <td>Lower Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,966 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">133,906 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">133,799 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124,873 </td> <td align="right">+4.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a> </td> <td>Middle Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,477 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">113,422 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,628 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">124,171 </td> <td align="right">+3.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a> </td> <td>Middle Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,778 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,197 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105,629 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">108,336 </td> <td align="right">+4.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a> </td> <td>Upper Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74,153 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,997 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,683 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,148 </td> <td align="right">−1.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a> </td> <td>Upper Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,036 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,081 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,004 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,331 </td> <td align="right">+1.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a> </td> <td>Lower Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,592 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,642 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,678 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68,986 </td> <td align="right">+1.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> </td> <td>Lower Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,746 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,368 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,258 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,211 </td> <td align="right">+7.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kempten" title="Kempten">Kempten</a> </td> <td>Swabia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,389 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,360 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,060 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,947 </td> <td align="right">+1.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosenheim" title="Rosenheim">Rosenheim</a> </td> <td>Upper Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,908 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,226 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,299 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,844 </td> <td align="right">+4.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neu-Ulm" title="Neu-Ulm">Neu-Ulm</a> </td> <td>Swabia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,188 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,410 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,504 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,237 </td> <td align="right">+6.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a> </td> <td>Lower Franconia </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,325 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,273 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,415 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,969 </td> <td align="right">−1.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> </td> <td>Lower Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,536 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,651 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,594 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,566 </td> <td align="right">+0.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a> </td> <td>Upper Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,890 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,854 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,223 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,963 </td> <td align="right">+10.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a> </td> <td>Lower Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,014 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,633 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,450 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,806 </td> <td align="right">+0.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dachau,_Bavaria" title="Dachau, Bavaria">Dachau</a> </td> <td>Upper Bavaria </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,398 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,922 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,954 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,705 </td> <td align="right">+11.87 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Politics of Bavaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gobierno_Estatal_de_Baviera,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania,_2017-07-07,_DD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gobierno_Estatal_de_Baviera%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2017-07-07%2C_DD_01.jpg/220px-Gobierno_Estatal_de_Baviera%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2017-07-07%2C_DD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gobierno_Estatal_de_Baviera%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2017-07-07%2C_DD_01.jpg/330px-Gobierno_Estatal_de_Baviera%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2017-07-07%2C_DD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Gobierno_Estatal_de_Baviera%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2017-07-07%2C_DD_01.jpg/440px-Gobierno_Estatal_de_Baviera%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2017-07-07%2C_DD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7883" data-file-height="3370" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei" title="Bayerische Staatskanzlei">Bavarian State Chancellery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bavaria has a multiparty system dominated by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (CSU), which has won every election since 1945 with the exception of the 1950 ballot. Other important parties are the <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a>, which became the second largest party in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Bavarian_state_election" title="2023 Bavarian state election">2023 Bavarian state election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a>, which became the second biggest political party in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Bavarian_state_election" title="2018 Bavarian state election">2018 Bavarian state elections</a>, and the center-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> (SPD), who have dominated the city of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> until 2020. Hitherto, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner" title="Wilhelm Hoegner">Wilhelm Hoegner</a> has been the only SPD candidate to ever become Minister-President; notable successors in office include multi-term Federal Minister <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a>, a key figure among <a href="/wiki/West_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West German">West German</a> conservatives during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> years, and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a>, who both failed with their bids for <a href="/wiki/Federal_Chancellor_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Chancellor of Germany">Chancellorship</a>. </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> and the center-right <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">Free Voters</a> have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_state_election,_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavaria state election, 2003">2003 elections</a> the CSU won a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">⅔ supermajority</a> – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany. However, in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_state_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavaria state election, 2008">2008 elections</a> the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The losses were partly attributed by some to the CSU's stance for an anti-smoking bill.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (July 2018)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_Landtag">Current Landtag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Current Landtag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavarian_Landtag_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bavarian_Landtag_2023.svg/220px-Bavarian_Landtag_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bavarian_Landtag_2023.svg/330px-Bavarian_Landtag_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bavarian_Landtag_2023.svg/440px-Bavarian_Landtag_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Current composition of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a>:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EB001F; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/SPD" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a>: 17 seats</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#64A12D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">The Greens</a>: 32 seats</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F7A800; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">Free Voters</a>: 37 seats</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008AC5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a>: 85 seats</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ADEF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a>: 32 seats</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarian_state_election,_2023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bavarian state election, 2023 (page does not exist)">last state elections</a> were held on 8 October 2023. The CSU could almost maintain the results from the last elections with 37%. The Greens lost 3% compared to the last election with a result of 14.4%. The SPD lost again compared to the last election and was now at 8.4%. The liberals of the FDP were not able to reach the five-percent-threshold thus they are not part of the <i>Landtag</i> anymore, the second time after the 2013 elections. The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) gained another 4% with now at 14.6% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The center-right Free Voters party gained 15.8% of the votes and for the second time formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President of Bavaria">Minister-President of Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_S%C3%B6der_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Söder II">Bavarian Cabinet since 12 November 2018</a></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bavaria" title="Constitution of Bavaria">Constitution of Bavaria</a> of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946. The new Bavarian Constitution became the basis for the Bavarian State after the Second World War. </p><p>Bavaria has a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Bavaria" title="Landtag of Bavaria">Landtag</a></i></span></i> (English: State Parliament), elected by universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until December 1999, there was also a <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Senat</i></span></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Senate" title="Bavarian Senate">Senate</a>, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bavarian State Government consists of the <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President of Bavaria">Minister-President of Bavaria</a>, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State. The Minister-President is elected for a period of five years by the State Parliament and is head of state. With the approval of the State Parliament he appoints the members of the State Government. The State Government is composed of the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei" title="Bayerische Staatskanzlei">State Chancellery</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatskanzlei</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Ministry_of_the_Interior" title="Bavarian Ministry of the Interior">Interior</a>, for Sport and Integration (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium des Innern, für Sport und Integration</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Housing, Construction and Transport (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Wohnen, Bau und Verkehr</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry of Justice (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium der Justiz</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Education and Culture (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Bildung und Kultus</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Science and Art (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry of Finance and for Home Affairs (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium der Finanzen und für Heimat</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Environment and Consumer Protection (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Family, Labour and Social Affairs (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Familie, Arbeit und Soziales</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Health and Care (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Gesundheit und Pflege</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Ministry for Digital Affairs (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsministerium für Digitales</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Political processes also take place in the seven regions (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Regierungsbezirke</i></span></i> or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span></i>) in Bavaria, in the 71 rural districts (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landkreise</i></span></i>) and the 25 towns and cities forming their own districts (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kreisfreie Städte</i></span></i>), and in the 2,031 local authorities (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeinden</i></span></i>). </p><p>In 1995 Bavaria introduced <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> on the local level in a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. This was initiated bottom-up by an association called <i>Mehr Demokratie</i> (English: More Democracy). This is a grass-roots organization which campaigns for the right to citizen-initiated referendums. In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum). Nevertheless, Bavaria has the most advanced regulations on local direct democracy in Germany. This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referendums took place from 1995 through 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minister-presidents_of_Bavaria_since_1945">Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minister-presidents_of_Bavaria" title="List of minister-presidents of Bavaria">List of minister-presidents of Bavaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7857ri-Markus_Soeder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/7857ri-Markus_Soeder.jpg/220px-7857ri-Markus_Soeder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/7857ri-Markus_Soeder.jpg/330px-7857ri-Markus_Soeder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/7857ri-Markus_Soeder.jpg/440px-7857ri-Markus_Soeder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="4060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Markus Söder</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Bavaria">prime minister</a> of Bavaria</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#eef; text-align:center;" colspan="6">Minister-presidents of Bavaria </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eef;"> <th>No. </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Born and died </th> <th>Party affiliation </th> <th>Begin of tenure </th> <th>End of tenure </th></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Fritz Schäffer</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1888–1967 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">CSU</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1945 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1945 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFE8E8;"> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner" title="Wilhelm Hoegner">Wilhelm Hoegner</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1887–1980 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1945 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ehard" title="Hans Ehard">Hans Ehard</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1887–1980 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1954 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#FFE8E8;"> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hoegner" title="Wilhelm Hoegner">Wilhelm Hoegner</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1887–1980 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">SPD </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1954 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1957 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel" title="Hanns Seidel">Hanns Seidel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1901–1961 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1957 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1960 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ehard" title="Hans Ehard">Hans Ehard</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1887–1980 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1960 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1962 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfons_Goppel" title="Alfons Goppel">Alfons Goppel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1905–1991 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1962 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Josef Strauß">Franz Josef Strauß</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1915–1988 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1988 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Streibl" title="Max Streibl">Max Streibl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1932–1998 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1988 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber">Edmund Stoiber</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">*1941 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2007 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Beckstein" title="Günther Beckstein">Günther Beckstein</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">*1943 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2007 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2008 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">*1949 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2008 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2018 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#C5DFE1;"> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markus_S%C3%B6der" title="Markus Söder">Markus Söder</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">*1967 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">CSU </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2018 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Incumbent </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designation_as_a_"free_state""><span id="Designation_as_a_.22free_state.22"></span>Designation as a "free state"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Designation as a "free state""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most German states (<i>Länder</i>), which simply designate themselves as "State of" (<i>Land [...]</i>), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" (<i>Freistaat Bayern</i>). The difference from other states is purely terminological, as German constitutional law does not draw a distinction between "States" and "Free States". The situation is thus analogous to the United States, where <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">some states</a> use the style "Commonwealth" rather than "State". The term "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived <i>republic,</i> was common among the states of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, after German monarchies had been abolished. Unlike most other states – many of which were new creations – Bavaria has resumed this terminology after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Two other states, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, also call themselves "Free State". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbitrary_arrest_and_human_rights">Arbitrary arrest and human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Arbitrary arrest and human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when they have not committed a crime but it is assumed that they might commit a crime "in the near future".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics like the prominent journalist <a href="/wiki/Heribert_Prantl" title="Heribert Prantl">Heribert Prantl</a> have called the law "shameful" and compared it to <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assessed it to be in violation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also compared it to the legal situation in Russia, where a similar law allows for imprisonment for a maximum term of two years (i.e., not indefinitely).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_Welt_y_Torre_BMW,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania,_2015-07-03,_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BMW_Welt_y_Torre_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2015-07-03%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG/220px-BMW_Welt_y_Torre_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2015-07-03%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BMW_Welt_y_Torre_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2015-07-03%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG/330px-BMW_Welt_y_Torre_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2015-07-03%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BMW_Welt_y_Torre_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2015-07-03%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG/440px-BMW_Welt_y_Torre_BMW%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2015-07-03%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6970" data-file-height="3077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BMW_Welt" title="BMW Welt">BMW Welt</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW_Headquarters" title="BMW Headquarters">BMW Headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Therme_Bad_Aibling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Therme_Bad_Aibling.jpg/220px-Therme_Bad_Aibling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Therme_Bad_Aibling.jpg/330px-Therme_Bad_Aibling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Therme_Bad_Aibling.jpg/440px-Therme_Bad_Aibling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>The thermal baths in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Aibling" title="Bad Aibling">Bad Aibling</a> with its special architecture in the form of domes</figcaption></figure> <p>Bavaria has long had one of the largest economies of any region in Germany, and in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S. $600 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes Bavaria itself one of the largest economies in Europe, and only 20 countries in the world have a higher GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €43,500 or 145% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 114% of the EU average. This makes Bavaria one of the wealthiest regions in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bavaria has strong economic ties with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 GDP was €832.4 ($905.7) billion, €48,323 ($52,577.3) per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most distinctive high points of Bavarian agriculture are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">Hop</a> growing in region <a href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</a>, which is up to 80% of German production and exported worldwide.</li> <li>Inland <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>.</li> <li>The well-hydrated alpine meadows are used to produce large quantities of quality milk, which is used to make a variety of cheese (including <a href="/wiki/Cambozola" title="Cambozola">blue-veined cheese</a>), yogurt and butter.</li> <li>The cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a> is widespread, which is a very popular new season vegetable. In season ("Spargelzeit") restaurants offer special separated asparagus menu. There is an asparagus museum in <a href="/wiki/Schrobenhausen" title="Schrobenhausen">Schrobenhausen</a>.</li> <li>There are farms producing venison from <a href="/wiki/True_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="True deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a> is widespread in <a href="/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)" title="Franconia (wine region)">Lower Franconia</a>.</li> <li>Good ecology and strict control allow for the production of a large amount of organic products ("bio") and baby food.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopfenernte_in_der_Holledau_(Hallertau).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hopfengarten (hop garden)"><img alt="Hopfengarten (hop garden)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hopfenernte_in_der_Holledau_%28Hallertau%29.JPG/120px-Hopfenernte_in_der_Holledau_%28Hallertau%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hopfenernte_in_der_Holledau_%28Hallertau%29.JPG/180px-Hopfenernte_in_der_Holledau_%28Hallertau%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hopfenernte_in_der_Holledau_%28Hallertau%29.JPG/240px-Hopfenernte_in_der_Holledau_%28Hallertau%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hopfengarten (hop garden)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allgaeu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allgäuer meadows"><img alt="Allgäuer meadows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Allgaeu.jpg/120px-Allgaeu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Allgaeu.jpg/180px-Allgaeu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Allgaeu.jpg/240px-Allgaeu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Allgäuer meadows</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asparagus with sauce hollandaise"><img alt="Asparagus with sauce hollandaise" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg/120px-Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg/180px-Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg/240px-Spargel_sauce_hollandaise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asparagus with sauce hollandaise</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaziergang_durch_Klingenberg_am_Main._04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vineyards in Klingenberg-am-Main"><img alt="Vineyards in Klingenberg-am-Main" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Spaziergang_durch_Klingenberg_am_Main._04.jpg/120px-Spaziergang_durch_Klingenberg_am_Main._04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Spaziergang_durch_Klingenberg_am_Main._04.jpg/180px-Spaziergang_durch_Klingenberg_am_Main._04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Spaziergang_durch_Klingenberg_am_Main._04.jpg/240px-Spaziergang_durch_Klingenberg_am_Main._04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7087" data-file-height="4724" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vineyards in Klingenberg-am-Main</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industries">Industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bavaria has the best developed industry in Germany<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lowest unemployment rate with 2.9% as of October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Branches: </p> <ul><li><b>Oil refining</b>. Although there is oil production in Bavaria, it does not meet domestic needs. Most of the oil is imported via pipelines from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (Russian oil) and from the Italian port of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> (Near East oil). Three refineries are situated near <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a> and another one in <a href="/wiki/Burghausen,_Alt%C3%B6tting" title="Burghausen, Altötting">Burghausen</a>.The last one is a part of the Bavarian chemical triangle and delivers raw materials to other chemical plants.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffinerie_Esso_Ingolstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Refinery Ingolstadt"><img alt="Refinery Ingolstadt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raffinerie_Esso_Ingolstadt.jpg/120px-Raffinerie_Esso_Ingolstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raffinerie_Esso_Ingolstadt.jpg/180px-Raffinerie_Esso_Ingolstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Raffinerie_Esso_Ingolstadt.jpg/240px-Raffinerie_Esso_Ingolstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Refinery Ingolstadt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TAL-Br%C3%BCcke01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transalpine pipeline"><img alt="Transalpine pipeline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TAL-Br%C3%BCcke01.jpg/120px-TAL-Br%C3%BCcke01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TAL-Br%C3%BCcke01.jpg/180px-TAL-Br%C3%BCcke01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/TAL-Br%C3%BCcke01.jpg/240px-TAL-Br%C3%BCcke01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transalpine pipeline</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Automotive</b> is the most important and best developed Bavarian industry, which includes design and manufacture of luxury cars (4 <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> manufacturing plants, headquarters of both companies, R&D centers, test tracks), trucks (<a href="/wiki/Traton" title="Traton">Traton MAN</a>), special vehicles (<a href="/wiki/Tadano_Faun_GmbH" title="Tadano Faun GmbH">Tadano Faun</a>), buses (<a href="/wiki/Evobus" class="mw-redirect" title="Evobus">Evobus/Setra</a>), and automotive parts (engines, electronics, cables, seats, interiors, cabrio roofs, heating, and brake systems, software). Bavaria has the second-most employees (207,829) in the automotive industry of all German states after Baden-Württemberg as of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_BMW_740Li_Automatic_facelift_3.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BMW 7 Series"><img alt="BMW 7 Series" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2019_BMW_740Li_Automatic_facelift_3.0.jpg/120px-2019_BMW_740Li_Automatic_facelift_3.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2019_BMW_740Li_Automatic_facelift_3.0.jpg/180px-2019_BMW_740Li_Automatic_facelift_3.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2019_BMW_740Li_Automatic_facelift_3.0.jpg/240px-2019_BMW_740Li_Automatic_facelift_3.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="2124" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> BMW 7 Series</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Audi_A5_Cabriolet_F5_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0173.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Audi A5"><img alt="Audi A5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Audi_A5_Cabriolet_F5_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0173.jpg/120px-Audi_A5_Cabriolet_F5_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0173.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Audi_A5_Cabriolet_F5_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0173.jpg/180px-Audi_A5_Cabriolet_F5_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0173.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Audi_A5_Cabriolet_F5_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0173.jpg/240px-Audi_A5_Cabriolet_F5_at_IAA_2019_IMG_0173.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Audi A5</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MAN_TGX_18.640_XXL_Modell_2020_Fahrerhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MAN TGX"><img alt="MAN TGX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MAN_TGX_18.640_XXL_Modell_2020_Fahrerhaus.jpg/106px-MAN_TGX_18.640_XXL_Modell_2020_Fahrerhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MAN_TGX_18.640_XXL_Modell_2020_Fahrerhaus.jpg/160px-MAN_TGX_18.640_XXL_Modell_2020_Fahrerhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/MAN_TGX_18.640_XXL_Modell_2020_Fahrerhaus.jpg/213px-MAN_TGX_18.640_XXL_Modell_2020_Fahrerhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="3218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> MAN TGX</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faun_HK_100-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faun HK 100"><img alt="Faun HK 100" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Faun_HK_100-05.jpg/120px-Faun_HK_100-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Faun_HK_100-05.jpg/180px-Faun_HK_100-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Faun_HK_100-05.jpg/240px-Faun_HK_100-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4345" data-file-height="3670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Faun HK 100</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Setra_S515HDH_Schneider_Langendorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Setra S515HDH"><img alt="Setra S515HDH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Setra_S515HDH_Schneider_Langendorf.jpg/120px-Setra_S515HDH_Schneider_Langendorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Setra_S515HDH_Schneider_Langendorf.jpg/180px-Setra_S515HDH_Schneider_Langendorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Setra_S515HDH_Schneider_Langendorf.jpg/240px-Setra_S515HDH_Schneider_Langendorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5376" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Setra S515HDH</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Aerospace and defense</b>, which manufacture multi-role attack jet <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>, missiles from <a href="/wiki/MBDA" title="MBDA">MBDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diehl_Defence" title="Diehl Defence">Diehl Defence</a>, parts of rocket <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a>, regional jet <a href="/wiki/Dornier_728" class="mw-redirect" title="Dornier 728">Dornier 728</a>, ultra-light planes from <a href="/wiki/Grob_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Grob Aerospace">Grob Aerospace</a>, turbo jet engines for civil and military applications from <a href="/wiki/MTU_Aero_Engines" title="MTU Aero Engines">MTU Aero Engines</a>, helicopters <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Helicopters" title="Airbus Helicopters">Airbus</a>, main battle tank <a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a>, drones, composite parts, avionics, radars, propellants, initiators, powder, munitions. In Munich suburban <a href="/wiki/Oberpfaffenhofen" title="Oberpfaffenhofen">Oberpfaffenhofen</a> situated control center of European satellite navigation system <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Space_Operations_Center" title="German Space Operations Center">German Space Operations Center</a>, Microwaves and Radar Institute, Institute of Communications and Navigation, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Institute for Software Technology, Institute of System Dynamics and Control.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Typhoon_f2_zj910_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurofighter Typhoon"><img alt="Eurofighter Typhoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Typhoon_f2_zj910_arp.jpg/120px-Typhoon_f2_zj910_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Typhoon_f2_zj910_arp.jpg/180px-Typhoon_f2_zj910_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Typhoon_f2_zj910_arp.jpg/240px-Typhoon_f2_zj910_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2613" data-file-height="1694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Eurofighter Typhoon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grob G 120TP"><img alt="Grob G 120TP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg/120px-Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg/180px-Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg/240px-Grob_120_TP-A_%E2%80%98D-ETPX%E2%80%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2122" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Grob G 120TP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurocopter_EC-665_Tiger_UHT,_Germany_-_Army_AN1547187.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airbus EC-665 Tiger"><img alt="Airbus EC-665 Tiger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Eurocopter_EC-665_Tiger_UHT%2C_Germany_-_Army_AN1547187.jpg/120px-Eurocopter_EC-665_Tiger_UHT%2C_Germany_-_Army_AN1547187.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Eurocopter_EC-665_Tiger_UHT%2C_Germany_-_Army_AN1547187.jpg/180px-Eurocopter_EC-665_Tiger_UHT%2C_Germany_-_Army_AN1547187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Eurocopter_EC-665_Tiger_UHT%2C_Germany_-_Army_AN1547187.jpg/240px-Eurocopter_EC-665_Tiger_UHT%2C_Germany_-_Army_AN1547187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Airbus EC-665 Tiger</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PARS3LR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PARS 3 LR"><img alt="PARS 3 LR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PARS3LR.jpg/120px-PARS3LR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PARS3LR.jpg/180px-PARS3LR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/PARS3LR.jpg/240px-PARS3LR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> PARS 3 LR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leopard 2"><img alt="Leopard 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg/120px-Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg/180px-Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg/240px-Leopard_2_A5_der_Bundeswehr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="1771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leopard 2</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Other transport manufacturing</b> are represented in Bavaria. Ship yards even exist, for example <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Yachtbau" title="Bavaria Yachtbau">Bavaria Yachtbau</a>, despite being located many hundreds of kilometers from the sea, manufacturing 4-stroke marine diesel engines which are used in cruise liners, ferries and warships. Rail technology is produced in Munich-Allach (locomotive <a href="/wiki/Vectron_(locomotive)" title="Vectron (locomotive)">Siemens Vectron</a>) and rail maintenance vehicles in <a href="/wiki/Freilassing" title="Freilassing">Freilassing</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bavaria-yachts-r40-motorboat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bavaria R40"><img alt="Bavaria R40" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bavaria-yachts-r40-motorboat.jpg/120px-Bavaria-yachts-r40-motorboat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bavaria-yachts-r40-motorboat.jpg/180px-Bavaria-yachts-r40-motorboat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bavaria-yachts-r40-motorboat.jpg/240px-Bavaria-yachts-r40-motorboat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bavaria R40</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiffsmotor_MAN.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="MAN marine diesel"><img alt="MAN marine diesel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schiffsmotor_MAN.JPG/120px-Schiffsmotor_MAN.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schiffsmotor_MAN.JPG/180px-Schiffsmotor_MAN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Schiffsmotor_MAN.JPG/240px-Schiffsmotor_MAN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">MAN marine diesel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary,_Budapest,_Ferencv%C3%A1ros_pu.,_D-Rpool_Siemens_Vectron_004.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Siemens Vectron"><img alt="Siemens Vectron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hungary%2C_Budapest%2C_Ferencv%C3%A1ros_pu.%2C_D-Rpool_Siemens_Vectron_004.JPG/120px-Hungary%2C_Budapest%2C_Ferencv%C3%A1ros_pu.%2C_D-Rpool_Siemens_Vectron_004.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hungary%2C_Budapest%2C_Ferencv%C3%A1ros_pu.%2C_D-Rpool_Siemens_Vectron_004.JPG/180px-Hungary%2C_Budapest%2C_Ferencv%C3%A1ros_pu.%2C_D-Rpool_Siemens_Vectron_004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hungary%2C_Budapest%2C_Ferencv%C3%A1ros_pu.%2C_D-Rpool_Siemens_Vectron_004.JPG/240px-Hungary%2C_Budapest%2C_Ferencv%C3%A1ros_pu.%2C_D-Rpool_Siemens_Vectron_004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Siemens Vectron</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DB_711_211_Oberleitungswartung_Altenburg_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robel BR 711.2"><img alt="Robel BR 711.2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DB_711_211_Oberleitungswartung_Altenburg_2014.jpg/120px-DB_711_211_Oberleitungswartung_Altenburg_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DB_711_211_Oberleitungswartung_Altenburg_2014.jpg/180px-DB_711_211_Oberleitungswartung_Altenburg_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DB_711_211_Oberleitungswartung_Altenburg_2014.jpg/240px-DB_711_211_Oberleitungswartung_Altenburg_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4172" data-file-height="2781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Robel BR 711.2</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Electronics</b>. Chip design centers situated in Munich area (<a href="/wiki/Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>). There are 3 <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">FABs</a>: Infineon in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, Texas Instruments in <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a> and Osram Optosemiconductors also in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>. Power semiconductors are manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Semikron" title="Semikron">Semikron</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> controls are produced by <a href="/wiki/Heidenhain" title="Heidenhain">Heidenhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traunreut" title="Traunreut">Traunreut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amberg" title="Amberg">Amberg</a>. Silicon wafer for electronic manufacturing are delivered from <a href="/wiki/Siltronic" title="Siltronic">Siltronic</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Burghausen,_Alt%C3%B6tting" title="Burghausen, Altötting">Burghausen</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campeon_Neubiberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campeon - Infineon and Intel R&D centers"><img alt="Campeon - Infineon and Intel R&D centers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Campeon_Neubiberg.jpg/120px-Campeon_Neubiberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Campeon_Neubiberg.jpg/180px-Campeon_Neubiberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Campeon_Neubiberg.jpg/240px-Campeon_Neubiberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Campeon - Infineon and Intel R&D centers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TNC530_72dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="CNC controls Heidehain iTNC 530"><img alt="CNC controls Heidehain iTNC 530" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TNC530_72dpi.jpg/120px-TNC530_72dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TNC530_72dpi.jpg/180px-TNC530_72dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/TNC530_72dpi.jpg/240px-TNC530_72dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CNC controls Heidehain iTNC 530</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S71500.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Programmable logic controller Siemens Simatic S7-1500"><img alt="Programmable logic controller Siemens Simatic S7-1500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/S71500.JPG/120px-S71500.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/S71500.JPG/180px-S71500.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/S71500.JPG/240px-S71500.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="2476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Programmable logic controller Siemens Simatic S7-1500</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wafer_2_Zoll_bis_8_Zoll.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silicon wafers"><img alt="Silicon wafers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wafer_2_Zoll_bis_8_Zoll.jpg/98px-Wafer_2_Zoll_bis_8_Zoll.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wafer_2_Zoll_bis_8_Zoll.jpg/147px-Wafer_2_Zoll_bis_8_Zoll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wafer_2_Zoll_bis_8_Zoll.jpg/196px-Wafer_2_Zoll_bis_8_Zoll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silicon wafers</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Medical equipment.</b> In <a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a> is a headquarter of <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Healthineers" title="Siemens Healthineers">Siemens Healthineers</a> which produces devices for <a href="/wiki/Computer_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer tomography">computer tomography</a>, interventional X-ray systems, radiation therapy, and molecular and magnetic resonance imaging software. <a href="/wiki/Brainlab" title="Brainlab">Brainlab</a> creates software and hardware for <a href="/wiki/Image-guided_surgery" title="Image-guided surgery">image-guided surgery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roche_Diagnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roche Diagnostics">Roche Diagnostics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Penzberg" title="Penzberg">Penzberg</a> manufactures therapeutic proteins, diagnostic tests, reagents, analyze system and biopharma products.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiemensEcamDuet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Siemens E.Cam Duet"><img alt="Siemens E.Cam Duet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SiemensEcamDuet.JPG/120px-SiemensEcamDuet.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SiemensEcamDuet.JPG/180px-SiemensEcamDuet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/SiemensEcamDuet.JPG/240px-SiemensEcamDuet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Siemens E.Cam Duet</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><b>Brewery</b>. Bavaria has long tradition of brewery, near a half of all German breweries are located here (645 of 1300). All possible types of breweries exist: home brewery of hotel or restaurant, belong to big international concern, state-owned, castle or monastery breweries. The perfect quality of beer is guaranteed by 500-years law ("<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reinheitsgebot" title="Reinheitsgebot">Reinheitsgebot</a></i></span>"), which allow as beer ingredients only water, hops, yeast and malt of barley, wheat or rye. But difference of roasting, fermentation or mixing allow to produce many different types of beers (not brand). <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> at 2009 tasted beer from Brauerei <a href="/wiki/Aying" title="Aying">Aying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at 2015 also tasted Bavarian beer of Karg Brauerei in <a href="/wiki/Murnau_am_Staffelsee" title="Murnau am Staffelsee">Murnau</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a> situated research center Weihenstephan for brewing and food quality.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brauerei_Aying_GO-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brauerei Aying"><img alt="Brauerei Aying" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brauerei_Aying_GO-2.jpg/120px-Brauerei_Aying_GO-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brauerei_Aying_GO-2.jpg/180px-Brauerei_Aying_GO-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Brauerei_Aying_GO-2.jpg/240px-Brauerei_Aying_GO-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Brauerei Aying</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Murnau_am_Staffelsee,_straatzicht2_foto1_2012-08-16_11.49.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murnau am Staffelsee"><img alt="Murnau am Staffelsee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Murnau_am_Staffelsee%2C_straatzicht2_foto1_2012-08-16_11.49.jpg/120px-Murnau_am_Staffelsee%2C_straatzicht2_foto1_2012-08-16_11.49.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Murnau_am_Staffelsee%2C_straatzicht2_foto1_2012-08-16_11.49.jpg/180px-Murnau_am_Staffelsee%2C_straatzicht2_foto1_2012-08-16_11.49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Murnau_am_Staffelsee%2C_straatzicht2_foto1_2012-08-16_11.49.jpg/240px-Murnau_am_Staffelsee%2C_straatzicht2_foto1_2012-08-16_11.49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4328" data-file-height="3243" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Murnau am Staffelsee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalttanks.Weissbier.Brauerei.Aying.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cold reservoirs"><img alt="Cold reservoirs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kalttanks.Weissbier.Brauerei.Aying.jpg/120px-Kalttanks.Weissbier.Brauerei.Aying.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kalttanks.Weissbier.Brauerei.Aying.jpg/180px-Kalttanks.Weissbier.Brauerei.Aying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kalttanks.Weissbier.Brauerei.Aying.jpg/240px-Kalttanks.Weissbier.Brauerei.Aying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cold reservoirs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MUC_MaxVorstadt_L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Sudkessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanks"><img alt="Tanks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MUC_MaxVorstadt_L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Sudkessel.jpg/120px-MUC_MaxVorstadt_L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Sudkessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MUC_MaxVorstadt_L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Sudkessel.jpg/180px-MUC_MaxVorstadt_L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Sudkessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MUC_MaxVorstadt_L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Sudkessel.jpg/240px-MUC_MaxVorstadt_L%C3%B6wenbr%C3%A4u_Sudkessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tanks</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies">Companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many large companies are headquartered in Bavaria, including <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brose_Fahrzeugteile" title="Brose Fahrzeugteile">Brose</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSH_Hausger%C3%A4te" title="BSH Hausgeräte">BSH Hausgeräte</a>, <a href="/wiki/HypoVereinsbank" title="HypoVereinsbank">HypoVereinsbank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infineon" class="mw-redirect" title="Infineon">Infineon</a>, <a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traton" title="Traton">Traton</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTU_Aero_Engines" title="MTU Aero Engines">MTU Aero Engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich_Re" title="Munich Re">Munich Re</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puma_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Puma SE">Puma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohde_%26_Schwarz" title="Rohde & Schwarz">Rohde & Schwarz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaeffler" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaeffler">Schaeffler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wacker_Chemie" title="Wacker Chemie">Wacker Chemie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linde_plc" title="Linde plc">Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitesco_Technologies" title="Vitesco Technologies">Vitesco Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webasto" title="Webasto">Webasto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grob_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Grob Aerospace">Grob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidenhain" title="Heidenhain">Heidenhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koenig_%26_Bauer" title="Koenig & Bauer">Koenig & Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaeser_Compressors" title="Kaeser Compressors">Kaeser Compressors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krones" title="Krones">Krones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knorr-Bremse" title="Knorr-Bremse">Knorr-Bremse</a>,<a href="/wiki/Lilium_GmbH" title="Lilium GmbH">Lilium GmbH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wacker_Neuson" title="Wacker Neuson">Wacker Neuson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krauss-Maffei_Wegmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Krauss-Maffei Wegmann">Krauss-Maffei Wegmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siltronic" title="Siltronic">Siltronic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leoni_AG" title="Leoni AG">Leoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fielmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Fielmann">Fielmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/MediaMarkt" title="MediaMarkt">MediaMarkt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Electronic" title="Conrad Electronic">Conrad Electronic</a>, <a href="/wiki/BayWa" title="BayWa">BayWa</a>, <a href="/wiki/ProSiebenSat.1_Media" title="ProSiebenSat.1 Media">ProSiebenSat.1 Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica_Germany" title="Telefónica Germany">Telefónica Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knauf" title="Knauf">Knauf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehau_Group" title="Rehau Group">Rehau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giesecke%2BDevrient" title="Giesecke+Devrient">Giesecke+Devrient</a>. </p><p>Several American companies have established research and development facilities in the Munich region: <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> (chip design), <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (data security), <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (Watson technology), <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> (drones and telecommunication chips), <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (3D-printers and additive manufacturing), <a href="/wiki/Gleason_Corporation" title="Gleason Corporation">Gleason</a> (gears manufacturing), <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> (chip design and manufacturing), <a href="/wiki/Coherent,_Inc." title="Coherent, Inc.">Coherent</a> (lasers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With 40 million tourists in 2019, Bavaria is the most visited German state and one of Europe's leading tourist destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attractions include: </p> <ul><li><b>Amusement parks:</b> Legoland in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Günzburg">Günzburg</a>, Bayern-Park in <a href="/wiki/Reisbach_(Vils)" title="Reisbach (Vils)">Reisbach (Vils)</a>, Playmobil in <a href="/wiki/Zirndorf" title="Zirndorf">Zirndorf</a>, Skyline Park in <a href="/wiki/Bad_W%C3%B6rishofen" title="Bad Wörishofen">Bad Wörishofen</a> and Bavaria Filmstadt in <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnwald,_Bavaria" title="Grünwald, Bavaria">Grünwald</a></li> <li><b>Christmas markets</b> in <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><b>Factory Outlet Centers:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a> Village and <a href="/wiki/Wertheim_am_Main" title="Wertheim am Main">Wertheim</a> Village</li> <li><b>Festivals:</b> <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, Nürnberger Frühlingsfest and Nürnberger Herbstfest</li> <li><b>Museums and castles:</b> <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Museum" title="Deutsches Museum">Deutsches Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenbachhaus" title="Lenbachhaus">Lenbachhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_National_Museum" title="Bavarian National Museum">Bavarian National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margravial_Opera_House" title="Margravial Opera House">Margravial Opera House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilianmuseum" title="Maximilianmuseum">Maximilianmuseum</a> Augsburg</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke,_2011_May.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schloss Neuschwanstein"><img alt="Schloss Neuschwanstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke%2C_2011_May.jpg/120px-Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke%2C_2011_May.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke%2C_2011_May.jpg/180px-Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke%2C_2011_May.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke%2C_2011_May.jpg/240px-Neuschwanstein_Castle_from_Marienbr%C3%BCcke%2C_2011_May.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Neuschwanstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Neuschwanstein">Schloss Neuschwanstein</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz,_Gartenfront.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Würzburg Residence"><img alt="Würzburg Residence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg/120px-W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg/180px-W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg/240px-W%C3%BCrzburger_Residenz%2C_Gartenfront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Residence" title="Würzburg Residence">Würzburg Residence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aschaffenburger_Schloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schloss Johannisburg in Aschaffenburg"><img alt="Schloss Johannisburg in Aschaffenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Aschaffenburger_Schloss.jpg/120px-Aschaffenburger_Schloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Aschaffenburger_Schloss.jpg/180px-Aschaffenburger_Schloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Aschaffenburger_Schloss.jpg/240px-Aschaffenburger_Schloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5211" data-file-height="3686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Johannisburg" title="Schloss Johannisburg">Schloss Johannisburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamberger_Dom_BW_6h.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamberger Dom"><img alt="Bamberger Dom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bamberger_Dom_BW_6h.JPG/120px-Bamberger_Dom_BW_6h.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bamberger_Dom_BW_6h.JPG/180px-Bamberger_Dom_BW_6h.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bamberger_Dom_BW_6h.JPG/240px-Bamberger_Dom_BW_6h.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="2429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bamberger_Dom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamberger Dom">Bamberger Dom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schloss Ehrenburg in Coburg"><img alt="Schloss Ehrenburg in Coburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg/120px-Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg/180px-Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg/240px-Coburg-Ehrenburg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Ehrenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Ehrenburg">Schloss Ehrenburg</a> in Coburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haus_Theresienstein_20221012_HOF05904.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hofer Theresienstein"><img alt="Hofer Theresienstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Haus_Theresienstein_20221012_HOF05904.png/120px-Haus_Theresienstein_20221012_HOF05904.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Haus_Theresienstein_20221012_HOF05904.png/180px-Haus_Theresienstein_20221012_HOF05904.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Haus_Theresienstein_20221012_HOF05904.png/240px-Haus_Theresienstein_20221012_HOF05904.png 2x" data-file-width="8332" data-file-height="5298" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hofer Theresienstein</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nürnberger Kaiserburg"><img alt="Nürnberger Kaiserburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg/120px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg/180px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg/240px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg_im_Herbst_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5985" data-file-height="3980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nürnberger <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Burg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberger Burg">Kaiserburg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steinerne Brücke and Dom in Regensburg"><img alt="Steinerne Brücke and Dom in Regensburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg/120px-Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg/180px-Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg/240px-Regensburg-steinerne-Bruecke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="1940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Steinerne_Br%C3%BCcke" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinerne Brücke">Steinerne Brücke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regensburger_Dom" class="mw-redirect" title="Regensburger Dom">Dom</a> in Regensburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walhalla,_Donaustauf.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Walhalla, Donaustauf near Regensburg"><img alt="Walhalla, Donaustauf near Regensburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Walhalla%2C_Donaustauf.JPG/120px-Walhalla%2C_Donaustauf.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Walhalla%2C_Donaustauf.JPG/180px-Walhalla%2C_Donaustauf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Walhalla%2C_Donaustauf.JPG/240px-Walhalla%2C_Donaustauf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walhalla_(memorial)" title="Walhalla (memorial)">Walhalla</a>, Donaustauf near Regensburg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Befreiungshalle1,_Kelheim,_Deutschland.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Befreiungshalle, Kelheim"><img alt="Befreiungshalle, Kelheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Befreiungshalle1%2C_Kelheim%2C_Deutschland.JPG/120px-Befreiungshalle1%2C_Kelheim%2C_Deutschland.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Befreiungshalle1%2C_Kelheim%2C_Deutschland.JPG/180px-Befreiungshalle1%2C_Kelheim%2C_Deutschland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Befreiungshalle1%2C_Kelheim%2C_Deutschland.JPG/240px-Befreiungshalle1%2C_Kelheim%2C_Deutschland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Befreiungshalle" title="Befreiungshalle">Befreiungshalle</a>, Kelheim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_rathausplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Augsburger Rathaus and Perlachturm"><img alt="Augsburger Rathaus and Perlachturm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/A_rathausplatz.jpg/120px-A_rathausplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/A_rathausplatz.jpg/180px-A_rathausplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/A_rathausplatz.jpg/240px-A_rathausplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Augsburger_Rathaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Augsburger Rathaus">Augsburger Rathaus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perlachturm" title="Perlachturm">Perlachturm</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholomae-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Bartholomä Church at Lake Königssee"><img alt="St. Bartholomä Church at Lake Königssee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bartholomae-2005.jpg/117px-Bartholomae-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bartholomae-2005.jpg/175px-Bartholomae-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bartholomae-2005.jpg/233px-Bartholomae-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Bartholomä Church at Lake Königssee</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hintersee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hintersee in Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden"><img alt="Hintersee in Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/120px-Hintersee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/180px-Hintersee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/240px-Hintersee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hintersee in <a href="/wiki/Ramsau_bei_Berchtesgaden" title="Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden">Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suro_mh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preserved blast furnace 3 of Maxhütte in Sulzbach-Rosenberg"><img alt="Preserved blast furnace 3 of Maxhütte in Sulzbach-Rosenberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Suro_mh.jpg/120px-Suro_mh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Suro_mh.jpg/180px-Suro_mh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Suro_mh.jpg/240px-Suro_mh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preserved blast furnace 3 of Maxhütte in <a href="/wiki/Sulzbach-Rosenberg" title="Sulzbach-Rosenberg">Sulzbach-Rosenberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amberg_Stadtbrille.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stadtbrille Amberg"><img alt="Stadtbrille Amberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Amberg_Stadtbrille.JPG/120px-Amberg_Stadtbrille.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Amberg_Stadtbrille.JPG/180px-Amberg_Stadtbrille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Amberg_Stadtbrille.JPG/240px-Amberg_Stadtbrille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stadtbrille <a href="/wiki/Amberg" title="Amberg">Amberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Martin_in_Landshut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Martin Church (Landshut)"><img alt="St. Martin Church (Landshut)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St._Martin_in_Landshut.jpg/93px-St._Martin_in_Landshut.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St._Martin_in_Landshut.jpg/140px-St._Martin_in_Landshut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/St._Martin_in_Landshut.jpg/187px-St._Martin_in_Landshut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Martin Church (<a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a>) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Passauer_Dom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dom St. Stephan in Passau"><img alt="Dom St. Stephan in Passau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Passauer_Dom.jpg/120px-Passauer_Dom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Passauer_Dom.jpg/180px-Passauer_Dom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Passauer_Dom.jpg/240px-Passauer_Dom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dom St. Stephan in <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongresshalle_Dutzendteich_N%C3%BCrnberg_MW01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Congress hall with Doku-Zentrum in Nürnberg"><img alt="Congress hall with Doku-Zentrum in Nürnberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kongresshalle_Dutzendteich_N%C3%BCrnberg_MW01.jpg/120px-Kongresshalle_Dutzendteich_N%C3%BCrnberg_MW01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kongresshalle_Dutzendteich_N%C3%BCrnberg_MW01.jpg/180px-Kongresshalle_Dutzendteich_N%C3%BCrnberg_MW01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kongresshalle_Dutzendteich_N%C3%BCrnberg_MW01.jpg/240px-Kongresshalle_Dutzendteich_N%C3%BCrnberg_MW01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Congress hall with <a href="/wiki/Dokumentationszentrum_Reichsparteitagsgel%C3%A4nde" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokumentationszentrum Reichsparteitagsgelände">Doku-Zentrum</a> in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_BW_4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber"><img alt="Rothenburg ob der Tauber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rothenburg_BW_4.JPG/120px-Rothenburg_BW_4.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rothenburg_BW_4.JPG/180px-Rothenburg_BW_4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rothenburg_BW_4.JPG/240px-Rothenburg_BW_4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marienplatz, Munich"><img alt="Marienplatz, Munich" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg/120px-Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg/180px-Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg/240px-Rathaus_and_Marienplatz_from_Peterskirche_-_August_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marienplatz" title="Marienplatz">Marienplatz</a>, Munich</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unemployment rate stood at 2.6% in October 2018, the lowest in Germany and one of the lowest in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment rate in % </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>6.9 </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>4.5 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_of_Germany_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Population_density_of_Germany_2019.svg/220px-Population_density_of_Germany_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Population_density_of_Germany_2019.svg/330px-Population_density_of_Germany_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Population_density_of_Germany_2019.svg/440px-Population_density_of_Germany_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1253" /></a><figcaption>Population density of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> with Bavaria in the southeast</figcaption></figure> <p>Bavaria has a population of approximately 13.1 million inhabitants (2020). Eight of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_with_more_than_100,000_inhabitants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants">80 largest cities in Germany</a> are located within Bavaria with Munich being the largest (1,484,226 inhabitants, approximately 6.1 million when including the broader metropolitan area), followed by <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> (518,370 inhabitants, approximately 3.6 million when including the broader metropolitan area), <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (296,582 inhabitants) and <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> (153,094 inhabitants). All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2020. Population density in Bavaria was 186/km<sup>2</sup> (480/sq mi), below the national average of 233/km<sup>2</sup> (600/sq mi). Foreign nationals resident in Bavaria (both <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a>) were principally from other EU countries and Turkey. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Top-ten foreign resident populations<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Population (31 December 2022)</th> <th>Population (31 December 2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>209,810</td> <td>213,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>194,730</td> <td>204,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>178,925</td> <td>181,880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>133,090</td> <td>133,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>119,320</td> <td>120,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>107,930</td> <td>108,230 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>85,445</td> <td>92,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>90,050</td> <td>84,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>76,705</td> <td>79,365 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>78,875</td> <td>76,155 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Vital statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable zebra" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Vital statistics<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe5"> <th>Comparison period </th> <th>Births </th> <th>Deaths </th> <th>Natural growth </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">January – November 2016 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 115,032 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 116,915 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -1,883 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">January – November 2017 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 115,690 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 122,247 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -6,557 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some features of the Bavarian culture and mentality are remarkably distinct from the rest of Germany. Noteworthy differences (especially in rural areas, less significant in the major cities) can be found with respect to religion, traditions, and language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Bavaria – 2020<sup id="cite_ref-ekd2020_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekd2020-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:46.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">46.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Bavaria" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria">Protestants (ELKB)</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:17.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:3.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LimeGreen; width:4.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other or <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:SlateGray; width:28.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28.9%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baroque_Church_of_Saint-Coloman_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Baroque_Church_of_Saint-Coloman_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Baroque_Church_of_Saint-Coloman_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Baroque_Church_of_Saint-Coloman_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Baroque_Church_of_Saint-Coloman_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Baroque_Church_of_Saint-Coloman_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Baroque_Church_of_Saint-Coloman_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> near <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCssen" title="Füssen">Füssen</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Bavarian culture (<i><a href="/wiki/Altbayern" title="Altbayern">Altbayern</a></i>) has a long and predominant tradition of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> faith. Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI (Joseph Alois Ratzinger)</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Marktl_am_Inn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marktl am Inn">Marktl am Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Munich_and_Freising" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Munich and Freising">Cardinal-Archbishop of Munich and Freising</a>. Otherwise, the culturally <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabian</a> regions of the modern State of Bavaria are historically more diverse in religiosity, with both Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> traditions. In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, 28.8% was <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, 0.7% was <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 46.9% of Bavarians adhered to Catholicism (a decline from 70.4% in 1970).<sup id="cite_ref-BR_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ekd2020_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekd2020-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17.2 percent of the population adheres to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Bavaria" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria</a>, which has also declined since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ekd2020_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekd2020-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three percent was <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> make up 4.0% of the population of Bavaria. 31.9 percent of Bavarians are irreligious or adhere to other religions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bavarians commonly emphasize pride in their traditions. Traditional costumes collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Tracht" title="Tracht">Tracht</a> are worn on special occasions and include in <a href="/wiki/Altbayern" title="Altbayern">Altbayern</a> <a href="/wiki/Lederhosen" title="Lederhosen">Lederhosen</a> for males and <a href="/wiki/Dirndl" title="Dirndl">Dirndl</a> for females. Centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> is performed. The <a href="/wiki/Maypole_tradition_in_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maypole tradition in Bavaria">Maibaum</a>, or Maypole (which in the Middle Ages served as the community's business directory, as figures on the pole represented the trades of the village), and the bagpipes of the Upper Palatinate region bear witness to the <a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_the_Eastern_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism in the Eastern Alps">ancient Celtic and Germanic</a> remnants of cultural heritage of the region. There are many traditional Bavarian sports disciplines, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Aperschnalzen" title="Aperschnalzen">Aperschnalzen</a>, competitive <a href="/wiki/Whipcracking" title="Whipcracking">whipcracking</a>. </p><p>Whether in Bavaria, overseas or with citizens from other nations Bavarians continue to cultivate their traditions. They hold festivals and dances to keep their heritage alive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Food and drink"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavarian cuisine</a></div> <p>Bavarians tend to place a great value on food and drink. In addition to their renowned dishes, Bavarians also consume many items of food and drink which are unusual elsewhere in Germany; for example <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fwurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Weißwurst">Weißwurst</a></i></span> ("white sausage") or in some instances a variety of entrails. At folk festivals and in many <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer gardens</a>, beer is traditionally served by the litre (in a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%9F" title="Maß">Maß</a></i></span>). Bavarians are particularly proud<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the traditional <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reinheitsgebot" title="Reinheitsgebot">Reinheitsgebot</a></i></span>, or beer purity law, initially established by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a> for the City of Munich (i.e. the court) in 1487 and the duchy in 1516. According to this law, only three ingredients were allowed in beer: water, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hops" title="Hops">hops</a>. In 1906 the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reinheitsgebot</i></span> made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German breweries, however, cling to the principle, and Bavarian breweries still comply with it in order to distinguish their beer brands.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bavarians are also known as some of the world's most prolific beer drinkers, with an average annual consumption of 170 liters per person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bavaria is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Franconia_(wine_region)" title="Franconia (wine region)">Franconia wine region</a>, which is situated along the river <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> in Franconia. The region has produced wine (<i>Frankenwein</i>) for over 1,000 years and is famous for its use of the <a href="/wiki/Bocksbeutel" title="Bocksbeutel">Bocksbeutel</a> wine bottle. The production of wine forms an integral part of the regional culture, and many of its villages and cities hold their own wine festivals (Weinfeste) throughout the year. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krustenbraten_mit_Dunkelbierso%C3%9Fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schweinsbraten"><img alt="Schweinsbraten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Krustenbraten_mit_Dunkelbierso%C3%9Fe.jpg/120px-Krustenbraten_mit_Dunkelbierso%C3%9Fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Krustenbraten_mit_Dunkelbierso%C3%9Fe.jpg/180px-Krustenbraten_mit_Dunkelbierso%C3%9Fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Krustenbraten_mit_Dunkelbierso%C3%9Fe.jpg/240px-Krustenbraten_mit_Dunkelbierso%C3%9Fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schweinsbraten</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratw%C3%BCrste.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nürnberger Rostbratwürste"><img alt="Nürnberger Rostbratwürste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratw%C3%BCrste.JPG/120px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratw%C3%BCrste.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratw%C3%BCrste.JPG/180px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratw%C3%BCrste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratw%C3%BCrste.JPG/240px-N%C3%BCrnberger_Rostbratw%C3%BCrste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nürnberger Rostbratwürste</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_dialects">Language and dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Language and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="129" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Carolin_speaking_Bavarian.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A native <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian language</a> speaker recorded in Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/220px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/330px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png/440px-Oberdeutsche_Mundarten.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> form the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Austro-Bavarian</a> dialects are highlighted in blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three German dialects are most commonly spoken in Bavaria: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Bavarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> in Old Bavaria (Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, and the Upper Palatinate), <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> dialect) in the Bavarian part of Swabia (southwest) and <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian German</a> in Franconia (north). In the small town <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsstadt" title="Ludwigsstadt">Ludwigsstadt</a> in the north, district Kronach in Upper Franconia, <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian dialect</a> is spoken. During the 20th century an increasing part of the population began to speak <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> (Hochdeutsch), mainly in the cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnography">Ethnography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ethnography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bavarians consider themselves to be <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> and informal.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their sociability can be experienced at the annual <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, the world's largest beer festival, which welcomes around six million visitors every year, or in the famous <a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">beer gardens</a>. In traditional Bavarian beer gardens, patrons may bring their own food but buy beer only from the brewery that runs the beer garden.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are around 1,300 museums in Bavaria, including museums of art and cultural history, castles and palaces, archaeological and natural history collections, museums of technological and industrial history, and farm and open-air museums. The history of Bavarian museums dates back to manorial <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinets of curiosities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasuries</a>. The art holdings of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a> thus formed the first and essential foundation of later state museums. As early as the mid-16th century, Duke Albrecht V (r. 1550–1579) had collected paintings as well as Greek and Roman sculptures (or copies made of them). He had the Antiquarium in the Munich Residence built specifically for his collection of antique sculptures. The electors <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Elector_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian I</a> (r. 1594–1651) and <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Max II. Emanuel</a> (r. 1679–1726) expanded the art collections considerably. In the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> at the end of the 18th century, there was a demand to open up art collections to the general public in the spirit of "popular education". But Museums were not founded by the state until the time of the art-loving <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">King Ludwig I</a> (r. 1825–1848). In Munich, he built <a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a> (opened 1830), <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a> (opened 1836), and <a href="/wiki/Neue_Pinakothek" title="Neue Pinakothek">Neue Pinakothek</a> (opened 1853). Also, the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Germanisches_Nationalmuseum" title="Germanisches Nationalmuseum">Germanisches Nationalmuseum</a> in Nuremberg (1852), the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Pinakothek" title="Neue Pinakothek">Neue Pinakothek</a>, which opened in 1853, and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_National_Museum" title="Bavarian National Museum">Bavarian National Museum</a> (1867) in Munich were of central importance for the development of museums in Bavaria in the 19th century. With the end of the monarchy in 1918, many castles and formerly Wittelsbach property passed to the young Free State. In particular, the castles of king <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II</a> (r. 1864–1886) <a href="/wiki/Neuschwanstein_Castle" title="Neuschwanstein Castle">Neuschwanstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linderhof_Palace" title="Linderhof Palace">Linderhof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herrenchiemsee" title="Herrenchiemsee">Herrenchiemsee</a>, quickly became magnets for the public. Since then, the number of Bavarian Museums has grown considerably, from 125 in 1907 to around 1,300 today.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bavaria is home to several <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> clubs including <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">FC Bayern Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/1._FC_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="1. FC Nürnberg">1. FC Nürnberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Augsburg" title="FC Augsburg">FC Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/TSV_1860_Munich" title="TSV 1860 Munich">TSV 1860 Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Ingolstadt_04" title="FC Ingolstadt 04">FC Ingolstadt 04</a> and <a href="/wiki/SpVgg_Greuther_F%C3%BCrth" title="SpVgg Greuther Fürth">SpVgg Greuther Fürth</a>. Bayern Munich is the most successful football team in Germany having won a record 32 <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions" title="List of German football champions">German titles</a> and 6 <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> titles. They are followed by 1. FC Nürnberg who have won 9 titles. SpVgg Greuther Fürth have won 3 championships while TSV 1860 Munich have been champions once. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bavaria is also home to four professional <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> teams, including <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich_(Basketball)" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Bayern Munich (Basketball)">FC Bayern Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brose_Baskets_Bamberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Brose Baskets Bamberg">Brose Baskets Bamberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.Oliver_W%C3%BCrzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="S.Oliver Würzburg">s.Oliver Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Falcons_BC" title="Nürnberg Falcons BC">Nürnberg Falcons BC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TSV_Oberhaching_Tropics" title="TSV Oberhaching Tropics">TSV Oberhaching Tropics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Ice hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five Bavarian ice hockey teams playing in the German top-tier league <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga" title="Deutsche Eishockey Liga">DEL</a>: <a href="/wiki/EHC_Red_Bull_M%C3%BCnchen" title="EHC Red Bull München">EHC Red Bull München</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg_Ice_Tigers" title="Nürnberg Ice Tigers">Nürnberg Ice Tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augsburger_Panther" title="Augsburger Panther">Augsburger Panther</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERC_Ingolstadt" title="ERC Ingolstadt">ERC Ingolstadt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Straubing_Tigers" title="Straubing Tigers">Straubing Tigers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable people who have lived, or live currently, in Bavaria include: </p> <ul><li><b>Kings</b>: <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Lothair I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig III of Bavaria">Ludwig III of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian II of Bavaria">Maximilian II of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto,_King_of_Bavaria" title="Otto, King of Bavaria">Otto, King of Bavaria</a></li> <li><b>Religious leaders</b>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> (Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger); <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Pope Damasus II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Pope Victor II</a></li> <li><b>Painters</b>: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Altdorfer" title="Albrecht Altdorfer">Albrecht Altdorfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karl_Stieler" title="Joseph Karl Stieler">Joseph Karl Stieler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Eisch" title="Erwin Eisch">Erwin Eisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Lenbach" title="Franz von Lenbach">Franz von Lenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_M%C3%BCnter" title="Gabriele Münter">Gabriele Münter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Elder" title="Hans Holbein the Elder">Hans Holbein the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Reinhart" title="Johann Christian Reinhart">Johann Christian Reinhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a></li> <li><b>Classical musicians</b>: <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlando di Lasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reger" title="Max Reger">Max Reger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Orff" title="Carl Orff">Carl Orff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Boehm" title="Theobald Boehm">Theobald Boehm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Nomi" title="Klaus Nomi">Klaus Nomi</a></li> <li><b>Other musicians</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Buchner" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Jürgen Buchner">Hans-Jürgen Buchner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Dennerlein" title="Barbara Dennerlein">Barbara Dennerlein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Doldinger" title="Klaus Doldinger">Klaus Doldinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franzl_Lang" title="Franzl Lang">Franzl Lang</a>, Bands: <a href="/wiki/Spider_Murphy_Gang" title="Spider Murphy Gang">Spider Murphy Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sportfreunde_Stiller" title="Sportfreunde Stiller">Sportfreunde Stiller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obscura_(band)" title="Obscura (band)">Obscura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bredl" title="Michael Bredl">Michael Bredl</a></li> <li><b>Opera singers</b>: <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Damrau" title="Diana Damrau">Diana Damrau</a></li> <li><b>Writers</b>, <b>poets</b> and <b>playwrights</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_R%C3%BCckert" title="Friedrich Rückert">Friedrich Rückert</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_von_Platen-Hallerm%C3%BCnde" title="August von Platen-Hallermünde">August von Platen-Hallermünde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Maria_Graf" title="Oskar Maria Graf">Oskar Maria Graf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Thoma" title="Ludwig Thoma">Ludwig Thoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ende" title="Michael Ende">Michael Ende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Aurbacher" title="Ludwig Aurbacher">Ludwig Aurbacher</a></li> <li><b>Scientists</b>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ries" title="Adam Ries">Adam Ries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl" title="Ludwig Prandtl">Ludwig Prandtl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rohde" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Rohde">Lothar Rohde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz" title="Hermann Schwarz">Hermann Schwarz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Behaim" title="Martin Behaim">Martin Behaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss" title="Levi Strauss">Levi Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges J. F. Köhler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a></li> <li><b>Physicians</b>: <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Joseph_von_Pettenkofer" title="Max Joseph von Pettenkofer">Max Joseph von Pettenkofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Kneipp" title="Sebastian Kneipp">Sebastian Kneipp</a></li> <li><b>Politicians</b>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Seehofer" title="Horst Seehofer">Horst Seehofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ude" title="Christian Ude">Christian Ude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz-Josef Strauß">Franz-Josef Strauß</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_John_Rose" title="Leonard John Rose">Leonard John Rose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li><b>Football players</b>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Morlock" title="Max Morlock">Max Morlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mai" title="Karl Mai">Karl Mai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer" title="Franz Beckenbauer">Franz Beckenbauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Maier" title="Sepp Maier">Sepp Maier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerd Müller">Gerd Müller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Breitner" title="Paul Breitner">Paul Breitner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Schuster" title="Bernd Schuster">Bernd Schuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Augenthaler" title="Klaus Augenthaler">Klaus Augenthaler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us" title="Lothar Matthäus">Lothar Matthäus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lahm" title="Philipp Lahm">Philipp Lahm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bastian_Schweinsteiger" title="Bastian Schweinsteiger">Bastian Schweinsteiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holger_Badstuber" title="Holger Badstuber">Holger Badstuber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCller" title="Thomas Müller">Thomas Müller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_G%C3%B6tze" title="Mario Götze">Mario Götze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Hamann" title="Dietmar Hamann">Dietmar Hamann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reuter" title="Stefan Reuter">Stefan Reuter</a></li> <li><b>Other sportspeople</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Langer" title="Bernhard Langer">Bernhard Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Nowitzki" title="Dirk Nowitzki">Dirk Nowitzki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sanders" title="Phoenix Sanders">Phoenix Sanders</a></li> <li><b>Actors</b>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Herbig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Herbig">Michael Herbig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Stocker_(actor)" title="Werner Stocker (actor)">Werner Stocker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Fischer" title="Helmut Fischer">Helmut Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sedlmayr" title="Walter Sedlmayr">Walter Sedlmayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustl_Bayrhammer" title="Gustl Bayrhammer">Gustl Bayrhammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottfried_Fischer" title="Ottfried Fischer">Ottfried Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Drexel" title="Ruth Drexel">Ruth Drexel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Wepper" title="Elmar Wepper">Elmar Wepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wepper" title="Fritz Wepper">Fritz Wepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uschi_Glas" title="Uschi Glas">Uschi Glas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yank_Azman" title="Yank Azman">Yank Azman</a></li> <li><b>Entertainers</b>: <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Fischbacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried Fischbacher">Siegfried Fischbacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gottschalk" title="Thomas Gottschalk">Thomas Gottschalk</a></li> <li><b>Film directors</b>: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Dietl" title="Helmut Dietl">Helmut Dietl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Eichinger" title="Bernd Eichinger">Bernd Eichinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vilsmaier" title="Joseph Vilsmaier">Joseph Vilsmaier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Steinhoff" title="Hans Steinhoff">Hans Steinhoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><b>Designers</b>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schreyer" title="Peter Schreyer">Peter Schreyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damir_Doma" title="Damir Doma">Damir Doma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a></li> <li><b>Entrepreneurs</b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Diebold" title="Charles Diebold">Charles Diebold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Dassler" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Dassler">Adi Dassler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dassler" title="Rudolf Dassler">Rudolf Dassler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss" title="Levi Strauss">Levi Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Meier" title="Ed Meier">Ed Meier</a></li> <li><b>Military</b>: <a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><b>Nazis</b>: <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Fiehler" title="Karl Fiehler">Karl Fiehler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Ritter_von_Epp" title="Franz Ritter von Epp">Franz Ritter von Epp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><b>Others</b>: <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Hauser" title="Kaspar Hauser">Kaspar Hauser</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smith_of_Kochel" title="The Smith of Kochel">The Smith of Kochel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Knei%C3%9Fl" title="Mathias Kneißl">Mathias Kneißl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Klostermayr" title="Matthias Klostermayr">Matthias Klostermayr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anneliese_Michel" title="Anneliese Michel">Anneliese Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herluka_von_Bernried" title="Herluka von Bernried">Herluka von Bernried</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_countries_in_Europe_after_1815" title="Former countries in Europe after 1815">Former countries in Europe after 1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bavaria-related_topics" title="List of Bavaria-related topics">List of Bavaria-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minister-presidents_of_Bavaria" title="List of minister-presidents of Bavaria">List of minister-presidents of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">List of rulers of Bavaria</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bə-<span style="font-size:90%">VAIR</span>-ee-ə</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Bayern</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbaɪɐn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ac\/De-Bayern.ogg\/De-Bayern.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Bayern.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/De-Bayern.ogg/De-Bayern.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Bayern.ogg" title="File:De-Bayern.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Freistaat Bayern<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbaɪɐn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/Freistaat_Bayern.ogg\/Freistaat_Bayern.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Freistaat Bayern.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Freistaat_Bayern.ogg/Freistaat_Bayern.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Freistaat_Bayern.ogg" title="File:Freistaat Bayern.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>: Freistoot Bayern</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-popupdate-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popupdate_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?operation=result&code=12411-003r&leerzeilen=false&language=de">"Bevölkerung: Gemeinden, Geschlecht, Quartale, Jahr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bayerisches_Landesamt_f%C3%BCr_Statistik_und_Datenverarbeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung">Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik und Datenverarbeitung</a></i> (in German). October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218113317/https://www.statistik.bayern.de/mam/produkte/veroffentlichungen/statistische_berichte/a1200c_201944.xla">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-7271-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-7271-8"><bdi>978-1-5267-7271-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Germanic+Peoples%2C+200+BC%E2%80%93AD+500%3A+History%2C+Organization+%26+Equipment&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.isbn=978-1-5267-7271-8&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7aBGEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmarcomannic%2Bwars%2Bgermanic%26pg%3DPT147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095627439">"Commodus, Lucius Aurelius"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598849967" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598849967"><bdi>978-1598849967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+World%3A+From+the+Fall+of+Rome+to+the+Time+of+Charlemagne+%5B2+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1598849967&rft.aulast=Frassetto&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2010" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (2010). <i>Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137014283" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137014283"><bdi>978-1137014283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Europe%2C+300%E2%80%931000&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1137014283&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1995" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Joel F. (1995). <i>Reordering Marriage and Society in Reformation Germany</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521464833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521464833"><bdi>978-0521464833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reordering+Marriage+and+Society+in+Reformation+Germany&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521464833&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Joel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-war-of-austrian-succession/">"The War of Austrian Succession | History of Western Civilization II"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+War+of+Austrian+Succession+%7C+History+of+Western+Civilization+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fsuny-hccc-worldhistory2%2Fchapter%2Fthe-war-of-austrian-succession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_ForrestPeter_H._Wilson2008" class="citation book cs1">Alan Forrest; Peter H. Wilson, eds. (2008). <i>The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230236738" title="Special:BookSources/9780230236738"><bdi>9780230236738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bee+and+the+Eagle%3A+Napoleonic+France+and+the+End+of+the+Holy+Roman+Empire%2C+1806&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780230236738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_R._Hanson2015" class="citation book cs1">Paul R. Hanson (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i> (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810878921" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810878921"><bdi>978-0810878921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0810878921&rft.au=Paul+R.+Hanson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._Sheehan1993" class="citation book cs1">James J. Sheehan (1993). <i>German History, 1770–1866</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198204329" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198204329"><bdi>978-0198204329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+History%2C+1770%E2%80%931866&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0198204329&rft.au=James+J.+Sheehan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan2000-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan2000_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Minahan2000" class="citation book cs1">James Minahan (2000). <i>One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30984-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30984-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations%3A+A+Historical+Dictionary+of+European+National+Groups&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30984-7&rft.au=James+Minahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer2011" class="citation book cs1">Shirer, William L. (2011). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451642599" title="Special:BookSources/9781451642599"><bdi>9781451642599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781451642599&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To date, however, no member of the House of Wittelsbach has ever formally declared renunciation of the throne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImre_Karacs1996" class="citation news cs1">Imre Karacs (13 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412160020/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bavaria-buries-the-royal-dream-funeral-of-prince-albrechty-1328457.html">"Bavaria buries the royal dream Funeral of Prince Albrechty"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/bavaria-buries-the-royal-dream-funeral-of-prince-albrechty-1328457.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bavaria+buries+the+royal+dream+Funeral+of+Prince+Albrechty&rft.date=1996-07-13&rft.au=Imre+Karacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbavaria-buries-the-royal-dream-funeral-of-prince-albrechty-1328457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/EN:Free_State_of_Bavaria_(Freistaat_Bayern)">"Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern) – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns"</a>. <i>www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514130824/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/EN:Free_State_of_Bavaria_(Freistaat_Bayern)">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de&rft.atitle=Free+State+of+Bavaria+%28Freistaat+Bayern%29+%E2%80%93+Historisches+Lexikon+Bayerns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de%2FLexikon%2FEN%3AFree_State_of_Bavaria_%28Freistaat_Bayern%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204020156/http://www.european-vacation-planner.com/bavaria-guide.html">"Bavaria Guide"</a>. <i>European-Vacation-Planner.com</i>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.european-vacation-planner.com/bavaria-guide.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European-Vacation-Planner.com&rft.atitle=Bavaria+Guide&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.european-vacation-planner.com%2Fbavaria-guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKate_Lunau2009" class="citation web cs1">Kate Lunau (25 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2009/06/25/no-more-bavarian-separatism/">"No more Bavarian separatism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104213035/http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/06/25/no-more-bavarian-separatism/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=No+more+Bavarian+separatism&rft.date=2009-06-25&rft.au=Kate+Lunau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2F2009%2F06%2F25%2Fno-more-bavarian-separatism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fotw_54-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fotw_54_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/de-by_lx.html#1954">"Flag Legislation (Bavaria, Germany), Executive Order on Flags of 1954"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311095529/https://flagspot.net/flags/de-by_lx.html#1954">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Flag+Legislation+%28Bavaria%2C+Germany%29%2C+Executive+Order+on+Flags+of+1954&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflagspot.net%2Fflags%2Fde-by_lx.html%231954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2017" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (6 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/06/gadheim-the-bavarian-hamlet-at-the-centre-of-post-brexit-eu">"Gadheim – the Bavarian hamlet set to become the centre of a post-Brexit EU"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gadheim+%E2%80%93+the+Bavarian+hamlet+set+to+become+the+centre+of+a+post-Brexit+EU&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fapr%2F06%2Fgadheim-the-bavarian-hamlet-at-the-centre-of-post-brexit-eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suedd-4539824-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suedd-4539824_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebald2019" class="citation web cs1">Sebald, Christian (26 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/bayern-klimawandel-umwelt-vorhersagen-1.4539824">"Bayern: So sieht das Klima der Zukunft aus"</a>. <i>Süddeutsche.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803095056/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/bayern-klimawandel-umwelt-vorhersagen-1.4539824">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Bayern%3A+So+sieht+das+Klima+der+Zukunft+aus&rft.date=2019-07-26&rft.aulast=Sebald&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fbayern%2Fbayern-klimawandel-umwelt-vorhersagen-1.4539824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/EN/press/press_release/EN/2019/20191230_the_weather_in_germany_in_december_2019.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2">"The weather in Germany in December 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dwd.de</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>During this period, Piding, to the north-east of Bad Reichenhall, reported 20.2 °C on 20 December, the highest temperature of the month nationwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dwd.de&rft.atitle=The+weather+in+Germany+in+December+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FEN%2Fpress%2Fpress_release%2FEN%2F2019%2F20191230_the_weather_in_germany_in_december_2019.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218113317/https://www.statistik.bayern.de/mam/produkte/veroffentlichungen/statistische_berichte/a1200c_201944.xla">"Statistics - population"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistik.bayern.de/mam/produkte/veroffentlichungen/statistische_berichte/a1200c_201944.xla">the original</a> on 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+-+population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.bayern.de%2Fmam%2Fprodukte%2Fveroffentlichungen%2Fstatistische_berichte%2Fa1200c_201944.xla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayerisches_Landesamt_für_Statistik,_München_20152015" class="citation web cs1">Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, München 2015 (30 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209002243/https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online/">"Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik – GENESIS-Online Bayern"</a>. <i>bayern.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online/">the original</a> on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bayern.de&rft.atitle=Bayerisches+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+%E2%80%93+GENESIS-Online+Bayern&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft.au=Bayerisches+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik%2C+M%C3%BCnchen+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikdaten.bayern.de%2Fgenesis%2Fonline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayerisches_Landesamt_für_Statistik,_München_20172017" class="citation web cs1">Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, München 2017 (23 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209002243/https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online/">"Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik – GENESIS-Online Bayern"</a>. <i>bayern.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online/">the original</a> on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bayern.de&rft.atitle=Bayerisches+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik+%E2%80%93+GENESIS-Online+Bayern&rft.date=2017-04-23&rft.au=Bayerisches+Landesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik%2C+M%C3%BCnchen+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikdaten.bayern.de%2Fgenesis%2Fonline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080929151317/http://www.n-tv.de/Koalitionspartner_noetig_Fiasko_fuer_die_CSU/280920085818/1030029.html">"n-tv:Fiasko für die CSU"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.n-tv.de/Koalitionspartner_noetig_Fiasko_fuer_die_CSU/280920085818/1030029.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=n-tv%3AFiasko+f%C3%BCr+die+CSU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.n-tv.de%2FKoalitionspartner_noetig_Fiasko_fuer_die_CSU%2F280920085818%2F1030029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFlandtagswahl2023.bayern.de" class="citation web cs1">landtagswahl2023.bayern.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landtagswahl2023.bayern.de/sitzeverteilung_landtag.html">"landtagswahl2023.bayern.de"</a>. <i>landtagswahl2023.bayern.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231118103307/https://www.landtagswahl2023.bayern.de/sitzeverteilung_landtag.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=landtagswahl2023.bayern.de&rft.atitle=landtagswahl2023.bayern.de&rft.au=landtagswahl2023.bayern.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtagswahl2023.bayern.de%2Fsitzeverteilung_landtag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/other/parliament-in-munich-re-elects-s%C3%B6der-bavarian-premier-for-third-time/ar-AA1j9cjz">"Parliament in Munich re-elects Söder Bavarian premier for third time"</a>. <i>DPA</i>. 31 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231118111302/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/other/parliament-in-munich-re-elects-s%C3%B6der-bavarian-premier-for-third-time/ar-AA1j9cjz">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DPA&rft.atitle=Parliament+in+Munich+re-elects+S%C3%B6der+Bavarian+premier+for+third+time&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-gb%2Fnews%2Fother%2Fparliament-in-munich-re-elects-s%25C3%25B6der-bavarian-premier-for-third-time%2Far-AA1j9cjz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayern.landtag.de/en/parliament/history/">"History | Bayerischer Landtag"</a>. <i>www.bayern.landtag.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905134423/https://www.bayern.landtag.de/en/parliament/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bayern.landtag.de&rft.atitle=History+%7C+Bayerischer+Landtag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayern.landtag.de%2Fen%2Fparliament%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bavarian State Parliament. (July 2010). <i>The Bavarian State Parliament in the Maximilianeum.</i> Bayerischer Landtag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bayern.landtag.de/fileadmin/Internet_Dokumente/Oeffarbeit_Paed_Betreuung/Landtagsbuch_ENGLISCH_072010.pdf">https://www.bayern.landtag.de/fileadmin/Internet_Dokumente/Oeffarbeit_Paed_Betreuung/Landtagsbuch_ENGLISCH_072010.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230905134423/https://www.bayern.landtag.de/fileadmin/Internet_Dokumente/Oeffarbeit_Paed_Betreuung/Landtagsbuch_ENGLISCH_072010.pdf">Archived</a> 5 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayern.de/staatsregierung/bayerische-staatskanzlei-und-staatsministerien/">"Staatsministerien – Bayerisches Landesportal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417041521/https://www.bayern.de/staatsregierung/bayerische-staatskanzlei-und-staatsministerien/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staatsministerien+%E2%80%93+Bayerisches+Landesportal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayern.de%2Fstaatsregierung%2Fbayerische-staatskanzlei-und-staatsministerien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/bayern-gefaehrder-gesetz-verschaerft-1.3595274">"Gefährder-Gesetz verschärft"</a> [Danger law tightened]. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a></i> (in German). 19 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720190756/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/bayern-gefaehrder-gesetz-verschaerft-1.3595274">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Gef%C3%A4hrder-Gesetz+versch%C3%A4rft&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fbayern%2Fbayern-gefaehrder-gesetz-verschaerft-1.3595274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrant2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prant, Heribert (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/gefaehrder-gesetz-bayern-fuehrt-die-unendlichkeitshaft-ein-1.3594307">"Bayern führt Unendlichkeitshaft ein"</a> [Bavaria introduces infinity detention]. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721053942/http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/gefaehrder-gesetz-bayern-fuehrt-die-unendlichkeitshaft-ein-1.3594307">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Bayern+f%C3%BChrt+Unendlichkeitshaft+ein&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.aulast=Prant&rft.aufirst=Heribert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fbayern%2Fgefaehrder-gesetz-bayern-fuehrt-die-unendlichkeitshaft-ein-1.3594307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawblog.de/index.php/archives/2017/07/20/bayern-endloshaft-fuer-nicht-straftaeter/">"Reisewarnung für Bayern"</a> [Travel warning for Bavaria]. <i>lawblog.de</i> (in German). 20 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827211053/https://www.lawblog.de/index.php/archives/2017/07/20/bayern-endloshaft-fuer-nicht-straftaeter/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lawblog.de&rft.atitle=Reisewarnung+f%C3%BCr+Bayern&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawblog.de%2Findex.php%2Farchives%2F2017%2F07%2F20%2Fbayern-endloshaft-fuer-nicht-straftaeter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFefe2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Leitner" title="Felix von Leitner">Fefe</a> (20 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.fefe.de/?ts=a78e46ba">"Erinnert ihr euch noch daran, als Bayern als Rechtsstaat galt?"</a> [Do you remember when Bavaria was considered a constitutional state?] (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722195622/http://blog.fefe.de/?ts=a78e46ba">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erinnert+ihr+euch+noch+daran%2C+als+Bayern+als+Rechtsstaat+galt%3F&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft.au=Fefe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.fefe.de%2F%3Fts%3Da78e46ba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Its GDP is 143% of the EU average (as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) whilst the German average is 121.5%. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/extraction/evalight/EVAlight.jsp?A=1&language=en&root=/theme1/reg/reg_e2gdp">Eurostat</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistisches_Landesamt_Baden-Württemberg" class="citation web cs1">Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb27_jahrtab65.asp">"Gemeinsames Datenangebot der Statistischen Ämter des Bundes und der Länder"</a>. <i>baden-wuerttemberg.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304090013/http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb27_jahrtab65.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baden-wuerttemberg.de&rft.atitle=Gemeinsames+Datenangebot+der+Statistischen+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder&rft.au=Statistisches+Landesamt+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de%2FStatistik-Portal%2Fde_jb27_jahrtab65.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">list of countries by GDP</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58">"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018"</a>. <i>Eurostat</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417095003/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Regional+GDP+per+capita+ranged+from+30%25+to+263%25+of+the+EU+average+in+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F10474907%2F1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf%2F81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-transfer.eu/support_points/germany/">"Germany / Upper Bavaria – Business-Transfer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180223112420/https://www.business-transfer.eu/support_points/germany/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+%2F+Upper+Bavaria+%E2%80%93+Business-Transfer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-transfer.eu%2Fsupport_points%2Fgermany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/germany-europe/federal-states">"Federal States of Germany"</a>. Deutschland.de. 29 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219123723/https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/germany-europe/federal-states">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+States+of+Germany&rft.pub=Deutschland.de&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschland.de%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fpolitics%2Fgermany-europe%2Ffederal-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandinzahlen.de/no_cache/tab/bundeslaender/branchen-unternehmen/industrie/umsaetze-in-der-industrie?tx_diztables_pi1%5BsortBy%5D=col_15&tx_diztables_pi1%5BsortDirection%5D=desc&tx_diztables_pi1%5Bstart%5D=0">"Umsätze in der Industrie"</a>. <i>Deutschland in Zahlen</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520231942/https://www.deutschlandinzahlen.de/no_cache/tab/bundeslaender/branchen-unternehmen/industrie/umsaetze-in-der-industrie?tx_diztables_pi1%5BsortBy%5D=col_15&tx_diztables_pi1%5BsortDirection%5D=desc&tx_diztables_pi1%5Bstart%5D=0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschland+in+Zahlen&rft.atitle=Ums%C3%A4tze+in+der+Industrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandinzahlen.de%2Fno_cache%2Ftab%2Fbundeslaender%2Fbranchen-unternehmen%2Findustrie%2Fumsaetze-in-der-industrie%3Ftx_diztables_pi1%255BsortBy%255D%3Dcol_15%26tx_diztables_pi1%255BsortDirection%255D%3Ddesc%26tx_diztables_pi1%255Bstart%255D%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">"Arbeitslosenquote in Deutschland nach Bundesländern 2020"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627171657/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Arbeitslosenquote+in+Deutschland+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F36651%2Fumfrage%2Farbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schäfer, Kristina Antonia (11 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiwo.de/technologie/blick-hinter-die-zahlen/blick-hinter-die-zahlen-5-autoindustrie-und-jobs-wo-in-deutschland-die-meisten-jobs-an-der-autobranche-haengen/25533060.html">"Blick hinter die Zahlen #5: Wo in Deutschland die meisten Jobs an der Autobranche hängen"</a>. <i>www.wiwo.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031035551/https://www.wiwo.de/technologie/blick-hinter-die-zahlen/blick-hinter-die-zahlen-5-autoindustrie-und-jobs-wo-in-deutschland-die-meisten-jobs-an-der-autobranche-haengen/25533060.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wiwo.de&rft.atitle=Blick+hinter+die+Zahlen+%235%3A+Wo+in+Deutschland+die+meisten+Jobs+an+der+Autobranche+h%C3%A4ngen&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Kristina+Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiwo.de%2Ftechnologie%2Fblick-hinter-die-zahlen%2Fblick-hinter-die-zahlen-5-autoindustrie-und-jobs-wo-in-deutschland-die-meisten-jobs-an-der-autobranche-haengen%2F25533060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stmwi.bayern.de/tourismus/daten-fakten/">"Daten & Fakten"</a>. <i>Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622112046/https://www.stmwi.bayern.de/tourismus/daten-fakten/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bavarian+Ministry+of+Economic+Affairs%2C+Regional+Development+and+Energy&rft.atitle=Daten+%26+Fakten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmwi.bayern.de%2Ftourismus%2Fdaten-fakten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627171657/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Arbeitslosenquote+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+in+Deutschland+2018+%7C+Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F36651%2Fumfrage%2Farbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Destatis)_Statistisches_Bundesamt2018" class="citation web cs1">(Destatis) Statistisches Bundesamt (13 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007">"Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online"</a>. <i>www-genesis.destatis.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170119/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3?operation=ergebnistabelleUmfang&levelindex=3&levelid=1542098063701&downloadname=13211-0007">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-genesis.destatis.de&rft.atitle=Federal+Statistical+Office+Germany+%E2%80%93+GENESIS-Online&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.au=%28Destatis%29+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-genesis.destatis.de%2Fgenesis%2Fonline%2Fdata%3Bsid%3D8605C2647C4C92D731CC1EC4BAC5AF53.GO_1_3%3Foperation%3DergebnistabelleUmfang%26levelindex%3D3%26levelid%3D1542098063701%26downloadname%3D13211-0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung.html;jsessionid=098CED85F92B22D5871390682500E7CE.InternetLive1">"German Statistical Office"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212201531/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung.html;jsessionid=098CED85F92B22D5871390682500E7CE.InternetLive1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Statistical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FThematisch%2FBevoelkerung%2FMigrationIntegration%2FAuslaendBevoelkerung.html%3Bjsessionid%3D098CED85F92B22D5871390682500E7CE.InternetLive1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225053654/http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_inhalt01.asp">"Statistik Portal"</a>. <i>Statische Ämter</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/en/en_inhalt01.asp">the original</a> on 25 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statische+%C3%84mter&rft.atitle=Statistik+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-portal.de%2FStatistik-Portal%2Fen%2Fen_inhalt01.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ekd2020-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ekd2020_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekd2020_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekd2020_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2020.pdf">"Kirchenmitgliederzahlen Stand 31.12.2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ekd.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221111729/https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kirchenmitgliederzahlen+Stand+31.12.2020&rft.pub=ekd.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fekd_de%2Fds_doc%2FBer_Kirchenmitglieder_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grundriss der Statistik. II. Gesellschaftsstatistik by Wilhelm Winkler, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BR-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BR_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayerischer_Rundfunk" class="citation web cs1">Bayerischer Rundfunk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722010151/http://www.br.de/themen/religion/kirchenaustritte-katholisch-zahlen-100.html">"Massive Kirchenaustritte: Das Ende der Kirche wie wir sie kennen – Religion – Themen – BR.de"</a>. <i>br.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.br.de/themen/religion/kirchenaustritte-katholisch-zahlen-100.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=br.de&rft.atitle=Massive+Kirchenaustritte%3A+Das+Ende+der+Kirche+wie+wir+sie+kennen+%E2%80%93+Religion+%E2%80%93+Themen+%E2%80%93+BR.de&rft.au=Bayerischer+Rundfunk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fthemen%2Freligion%2Fkirchenaustritte-katholisch-zahlen-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africa.bayern.de/the-bavarian-way-of-life/">"The Bavarian way of life – Bavarian Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818043227/https://africa.bayern.de/the-bavarian-way-of-life/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bavarian+way+of+life+%E2%80%93+Bavarian+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafrica.bayern.de%2Fthe-bavarian-way-of-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050430024608/http://dokumentation.htu.tugraz.at/eu-recht/?dok=eugh0003&rub=eugh-e">"30.04.2005 – EU-Recht"</a>. 30 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dokumentation.htu.tugraz.at/eu-recht/?dok=eugh0003&rub=eugh-e">the original</a> on 30 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30.04.2005+%E2%80%93+EU-Recht&rft.date=2005-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdokumentation.htu.tugraz.at%2Feu-recht%2F%3Fdok%3Deugh0003%26rub%3Deugh-e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151027012032/http://www.br.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/quer/151022-quer-reinheitsgebot-100.html">"To Bier or not to Bier? vom 22.10.2015: Das Reinheitsgebot und seine Tücken – BR Mediathek VIDEO"</a>. <i>br.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.br.de/mediathek/video/sendungen/quer/151022-quer-reinheitsgebot-100.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=br.de&rft.atitle=To+Bier+or+not+to+Bier%3F+vom+22.10.2015%3A+Das+Reinheitsgebot+und+seine+T%C3%BCcken+%E2%80%93+BR+Mediathek+VIDEO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.br.de%2Fmediathek%2Fvideo%2Fsendungen%2Fquer%2F151022-quer-reinheitsgebot-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel-to-germany.info/states/bavaria/">"Bavaria"</a>. <i>Travel to Germany</i>. 24 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928190152/https://travel-to-germany.info/states/bavaria/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+to+Germany&rft.atitle=Bavaria&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel-to-germany.info%2Fstates%2Fbavaria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöniglicher_Hirschgarten" class="citation web cs1">Königlicher Hirschgarten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518075918/http://www.hirschgarten.de/biergarten-muenchen-koeniglicher-hirschgarten-der-groesste-der-biergaerten-in-muenchen.html">"Ein paar Worte zu unserem Biergarten in München ... (in German)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hirschgarten.de/biergarten-muenchen-koeniglicher-hirschgarten-der-groesste-der-biergaerten-in-muenchen.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ein+paar+Worte+zu+unserem+Biergarten+in+M%C3%BCnchen+...+%28in+German%29&rft.au=K%C3%B6niglicher+Hirschgarten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hirschgarten.de%2Fbiergarten-muenchen-koeniglicher-hirschgarten-der-groesste-der-biergaerten-in-muenchen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museen-in-bayern.de/museumslandschaft-bayern">"Museumslandschaft Bayern - Museen in Bayern"</a>. <i>museen-in-bayern.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821081902/https://museen-in-bayern.de/museumslandschaft-bayern">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museen-in-bayern.de&rft.atitle=Museumslandschaft+Bayern+-+Museen+in+Bayern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseen-in-bayern.de%2Fmuseumslandschaft-bayern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsAshworth1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Arthur_Ashworth" title="Philip Arthur Ashworth">Ashworth, Philip Arthur</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bavaria"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bavaria">"Bavaria" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 543–551.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bavaria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=543-551&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rft.au=Ashworth%2C+Philip+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABavaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavaria&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bavaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bavaria#Q980" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Bavaria">Bavaria</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayern.de">Official government website</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62549">Bavaria</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swabian_League" title="Template:Swabian League"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swabian_League" title="Template talk:Swabian League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swabian_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swabian League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swabian_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_War" title="Swabian War">Swabian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights%27_War" title="Knights' War">Knights' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franconian_War" title="Franconian War">Franconian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">Peasants' War</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the Swabian League"><img alt="Arms of the Swabian League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Swabian_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aalen" title="Aalen">Aalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden" title="Margraviate of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bayreuth" title="Principality of Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biberach_an_der_Ri%C3%9F" title="Biberach an der Riß">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopfingen" title="Bopfingen">Bopfingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ansbach" title="Principality of Ansbach">Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giengen" title="Giengen">Giengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse" title="Landgraviate of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isny_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Isny im Allgäu">Isny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Kempten" title="Free Imperial City of Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leutkirch_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Leutkirch im Allgäu">Leutkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau" title="Lindau">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of the Palatinate">Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfullendorf" title="Pfullendorf">Pfullendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensburg" title="Ravensburg">Ravensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reutlingen" title="Reutlingen">Reutlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberlingen" title="Überlingen">Überlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Ulm" title="Free Imperial City of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangen_im_Allg%C3%A4u" title="Wangen im Allgäu">Wangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weil_der_Stadt" title="Weil der Stadt">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen" title="Bad Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="County of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Swabian_League" title="Category:Swabian League">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schw%C3%A4bischer_Bund" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schwäbischer Bund"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Bavarian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bavarian_Circle" title="Template:Bavarian Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bavarian_Circle" title="Template talk:Bavarian Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bavarian_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bavarian Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Bavarian_Circle_(1500–1806)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian Circle</a> (1500–1806) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Ecclesiastical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden_Provostry" title="Berchtesgaden Provostry">Berchtesgaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Freising" title="Prince-Bishopric of Freising">Freising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederm%C3%BCnster,_Regensburg" title="Niedermünster, Regensburg">Niedermünster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberm%C3%BCnster,_Regensburg" title="Obermünster, Regensburg">Obermünster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Passau" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Passau">Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Regensburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg">Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Emmeram%27s_Abbey" title="Saint Emmeram's Abbey">St. Emmeram</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Bavarian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Bavarian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Bavarian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Locator_Bavarian_Circle.svg/100px-Locator_Bavarian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Locator_Bavarian_Circle.svg/150px-Locator_Bavarian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Locator_Bavarian_Circle.svg/200px-Locator_Bavarian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitenbrunn,_Upper_Palatinate" title="Breitenbrunn, Upper Palatinate">Breitenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beratzhausen" title="Beratzhausen">Ehrenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haag_in_Oberbayern" title="Haag in Oberbayern">Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miesbach" title="Miesbach">Hohenwaldeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchtenberg" title="Leuchtenberg">Leuchtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinate-Neuburg" title="Palatinate-Neuburg">Neuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Ortenburg" title="Imperial County of Ortenburg">Ortenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6rnstein" title="Störnstein">Störnstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinate-Sulzbach" title="Palatinate-Sulzbach">Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen,_Upper_Palatinate" title="Mühlhausen, Upper Palatinate">Sulzbürg-Pyrbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Circles est. 1500: <b>Bavarian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle of Swabia">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_from_1356_to_1806_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_after_1356" title="Template:Electors of the Holy Roman Empire after 1356"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_after_1356" title="Template talk:Electors of the Holy Roman Empire after 1356"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_after_1356" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electors of the Holy Roman Empire after 1356"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Electors_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_from_1356_to_1806_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Electors</a> of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806 <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_with_haloes_%281430-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:1.5%;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:30%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%;"><b>Spiritual</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/18px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/27px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainz_Arms.svg/36px-Mainz_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/18px-Trier_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/27px-Trier_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Trier_Arms.svg/36px-Trier_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="659" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Trier</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/18px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/27px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg/36px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Electorate_of_Cologne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1803)</span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%;"><b>Secular</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/18px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/27px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png/36px-Lion_of_Bohemia_with_augmentation_of_Arch-Cupbearer_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1014" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/18px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/27px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg/36px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Palatinat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Palatinate</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1777)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/18px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/27px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg/36px-Blason_Jean-Georges_IV_de_Saxe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/18px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/27px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/36px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:24.5%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%; white-space:nowrap;"><b>Added in the 17th century</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/18px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/27px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg/36px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteurs_de_Bavi%C3%A8re.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1623)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/18px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/27px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg/36px-Royal_Hanover_Inescutcheon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1692)</span></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:24%;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 1em 0.5em; line-height:2.0em;"><div style="font-size:105%; white-space:nowrap;"><b>Added in the 19th century</b></div><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/18px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/27px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wappen_Regensburg.svg/36px-Wappen_Regensburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="470" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/18px-Kursalzburg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/27px-Kursalzburg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kursalzburg.png/36px-Kursalzburg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="473" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Salzburg" title="Electorate of Salzburg">Salzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1805)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/18px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/27px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg/36px-Wappen_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_W%C3%BCrzburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1805–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="597" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Württemberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Baden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Baden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/18px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/27px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg/36px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Kassel_%281815-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1803–1806)</span></span></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine_(1806–1813)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Template talk:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Confederation of the Rhine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Confederation_of_the_Rhine_(1806–1813)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> (1806–1813)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rank elevated<br />by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rheinbund_1812,_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine"><img alt="Map of the Confederation of the Rhine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/175px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/263px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png/350px-Rheinbund_1812%2C_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1420" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Grand Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Leyen" title="Principality of Leyen">Leyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Regensburg" title="Principality of Regensburg">Regensburg</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-existing<br />states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Saxon duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar" title="Saxe-Weimar">Weimar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Eisenach">Eisenach</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arenberg" title="Arenberg">Arenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Isenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Isenburg">Isenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe-Detmold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss (state)">Reuss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Ebersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Greiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Lobenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Schleiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Salm" title="Principality of Salm">Salm</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> from 1810</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> until 1810</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> until 1809</li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> from 1809</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> until 1811</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Template talk:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Empire_(1871–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Empire" title="States of the German Empire">States of the German Empire</a> (1871–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> as a whole <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hohenzollern" title="Province of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(including the <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Posen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Province of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Silesia" title="Province of Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsches_Reich_(1871-1918)-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Empire"><img alt="Map of the German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/175px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/263px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png/350px-Deutsches_Reich_%281871-1918%29-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <span style="font-size:85%;">(Junior Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elder Line)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Schwarzburg-Sondershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Template talk:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the Federal Republic of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> (since 1952)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template talk:Germany districts Bavaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Bavaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Urban and rural districts in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free State of Bavaria</a> in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban<br />districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amberg" title="Amberg">Amberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansbach" title="Ansbach">Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg" title="Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth" title="Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof,_Bavaria" title="Hof, Bavaria">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufbeuren" title="Kaufbeuren">Kaufbeuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempten" title="Kempten">Kempten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memmingen" title="Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">München (<i>Munich</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nürnberg (<i>Nuremberg</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenheim" title="Rosenheim">Rosenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwabach" title="Schwabach">Schwabach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiden_in_der_Oberpfalz" title="Weiden in der Oberpfalz">Weiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural<br />districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichach-Friedberg" title="Aichach-Friedberg">Aichach-Friedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%B6tting_(district)" title="Altötting (district)">Altötting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amberg-Sulzbach" title="Amberg-Sulzbach">Amberg-Sulzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansbach_(district)" title="Ansbach (district)">Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschaffenburg_(district)" title="Aschaffenburg (district)">Aschaffenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_(district)" title="Augsburg (district)">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Kissingen_(district)" title="Bad Kissingen (district)">Bad Kissingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_T%C3%B6lz-Wolfratshausen" title="Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen">Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_(district)" title="Bamberg (district)">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_(district)" title="Bayreuth (district)">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berchtesgadener_Land" title="Berchtesgadener Land">Berchtesgadener Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_(district)" title="Cham (district)">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coburg_(district)" title="Coburg (district)">Coburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_(district)" title="Dachau (district)">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deggendorf_(district)" title="Deggendorf (district)">Deggendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillingen_(district)" title="Dillingen (district)">Dillingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingolfing-Landau" title="Dingolfing-Landau">Dingolfing-Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donau-Ries" title="Donau-Ries">Donau-Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebersberg_(district)" title="Ebersberg (district)">Ebersberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt_(district)" title="Eichstätt (district)">Eichstätt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erding_(district)" title="Erding (district)">Erding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlangen-H%C3%B6chstadt" title="Erlangen-Höchstadt">Erlangen-Höchstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forchheim_(district)" title="Forchheim (district)">Forchheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freising_(district)" title="Freising (district)">Freising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyung-Grafenau" title="Freyung-Grafenau">Freyung-Grafenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenfeldbruck_(district)" title="Fürstenfeldbruck (district)">Fürstenfeldbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrth_(district)" title="Fürth (district)">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen_(district)" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnzburg_(district)" title="Günzburg (district)">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%9Fberge_(district)" title="Haßberge (district)">Haßberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hof_(district)" title="Hof (district)">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelheim_(district)" title="Kelheim (district)">Kelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitzingen_(district)" title="Kitzingen (district)">Kitzingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronach_(district)" title="Kronach (district)">Kronach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulmbach_(district)" title="Kulmbach (district)">Kulmbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsberg_(district)" title="Landsberg (district)">Landsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landshut_(district)" title="Landshut (district)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtenfels_(district)" title="Lichtenfels (district)">Lichtenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_(district)" title="Lindau (district)">Lindau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main-Spessart" title="Main-Spessart">Main-Spessart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miesbach_(district)" title="Miesbach (district)">Miesbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltenberg_(district)" title="Miltenberg (district)">Miltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_(district)" title="Mühldorf (district)">Mühldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_(district)" title="Munich (district)">München (<i>Munich</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuburg-Schrobenhausen" title="Neuburg-Schrobenhausen">Neuburg-Schrobenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumarkt_(district)" title="Neumarkt (district)">Neumarkt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_(Aisch)-Bad_Windsheim" title="Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim">Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neustadt_an_der_Waldnaab_(district)" title="Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)">Neustadt an der Waldnaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neu-Ulm_(district)" title="Neu-Ulm (district)">Neu-Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberger_Land" title="Nürnberger Land">Nürnberger Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberallg%C3%A4u" title="Oberallgäu">Oberallgäu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostallg%C3%A4u" title="Ostallgäu">Ostallgäu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passau_(district)" title="Passau (district)">Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfaffenhofen_(district)" title="Pfaffenhofen (district)">Pfaffenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regen_(district)" title="Regen (district)">Regen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_(district)" title="Regensburg (district)">Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n-Grabfeld" title="Rhön-Grabfeld">Rhön-Grabfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenheim_(district)" title="Rosenheim (district)">Rosenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roth_(district)" title="Roth (district)">Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottal-Inn" title="Rottal-Inn">Rottal-Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwandorf_(district)" title="Schwandorf (district)">Schwandorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt_(district)" title="Schweinfurt (district)">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starnberg_(district)" title="Starnberg (district)">Starnberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straubing-Bogen" title="Straubing-Bogen">Straubing-Bogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirschenreuth_(district)" title="Tirschenreuth (district)">Tirschenreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traunstein_(district)" title="Traunstein (district)">Traunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterallg%C3%A4u" title="Unterallgäu">Unterallgäu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weilheim-Schongau" title="Weilheim-Schongau">Weilheim-Schongau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenburg-Gunzenhausen" title="Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen">Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wunsiedel_(district)" title="Wunsiedel (district)">Wunsiedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_(district)" title="Würzburg (district)">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123218078">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125426357">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211843/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005044-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018373">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119484012">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119484012">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00261015">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36418880">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bavorsko (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128725&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450777">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=286156">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/49705">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550301605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/946dee46-7eeb-490d-8b94-1ca5286769e9">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01425424?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027443876">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006619">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044973">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=38689">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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