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Boqueirão da Pedra Furada (Brazil) is one of the most famous pre-LGM claims, but the site has so far been considered ambiguous, and similar concerns have been raised about nearby sites. Nonetheless, for E. Boëda and co-workers, who have been working at these sites, researchers who are still skeptical about the anthropic origin of the assemblages have a psychological barrier and no scientific arguments. Are all skeptics completely blinded by their preconceptions that they cannot see the obvious and unambiguous evidence? To find out, I reviewed the numerous publications of the Piauí sites, and the outcome of my analysis is quite simple: the anthropic nature of the LGM/pre-LGM artifacts of the Piauí sites has not been demonstrated.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Yan Axel Gómez Coutouly"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-11-01","dateModified":"2021-11-01","datePublished":"2021-01-01","headline":"Questioning the Anthropic Nature of Pedra Furada and the Piauí Sites","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Ethology","Taphonomy","Lithic Technology","Lithics","Lithic taphonomy","The Americas","Lithic Technology (Archaeology)","Arqueologia Brasileira (Brazilian Archeology)","Lithic Industries","Primates","The peopling of the Americas","Beringia","Lithic Analysis","Lithic Raw Material Sourcing","América Latina","Last Glacial Maximum","Early peopling of America","New World Archaeology","Peopling of the New World","Primate Ethology"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"PaleoAmerica","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/60664787/Questioning_the_Anthropic_Nature_of_Pedra_Furada_and_the_Piau%C3%AD_Sites","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"cnrs"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":60664787,"created_at":"2021-11-01T02:11:26.042-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-11-03T05:11:30.206-07:00","_data":{"doi":"10.1080/20555563.2021.1943181","abstract":"FULL ARTICLE AVAILABLE AT:\nhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2021.1943181\n\nMany archaeologists are still skeptical about a human presence in the Americas during or before the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM), considering that the claim is not yet sustained by hard evidence. Boqueirão da Pedra Furada (Brazil) is one of the most famous pre-LGM claims, but the site has so far been considered ambiguous, and similar concerns have been raised about nearby sites. Nonetheless, for E. Boëda and co-workers, who have been working at these sites, researchers who are still skeptical about the anthropic origin of the assemblages have a psychological barrier and no scientific arguments. Are all skeptics completely blinded by their preconceptions that they cannot see the obvious and unambiguous evidence? To find out, I reviewed the numerous publications of the Piauí sites, and the outcome of my analysis is quite simple: the anthropic nature of the LGM/pre-LGM artifacts of the Piauí sites has not been demonstrated.","publication_date":"2021,,","publication_name":"PaleoAmerica"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Questioning the Anthropic Nature of Pedra Furada and the Piauí Sites","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [5093668]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":74006252,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Questioning the Anthropic Nature of Pedra Furada and the Piauí Sites”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/74006252/mini_magick20211101-12019-13r8zo3.png?1635757913" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Questioning the Anthropic Nature of Pedra Furada and the Piauí Sites</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5093668" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/YanAxelG%C3%B3mezCoutouly"><img alt="Profile image of Yan Axel Gómez Coutouly" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5093668/2226969/3103985/s65_yan_axel.gomez_coutouly.jpg" />Yan Axel Gómez Coutouly</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021, PaleoAmerica</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">FULL ARTICLE AVAILABLE AT: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2021.1943181 Many archaeologists are still skeptical about a human presence in the Americas during or before the Late Glacial Maximum (LGM), considering that the claim is not yet sustained by hard evidence. Boqueirão da Pedra Furada (Brazil) is one of the most famous pre-LGM claims, but the site has so far been considered ambiguous, and similar concerns have been raised about nearby sites. Nonetheless, for E. Boëda and co-workers, who have been working at these sites, researchers who are still skeptical about the anthropic origin of the assemblages have a psychological barrier and no scientific arguments. Are all skeptics completely blinded by their preconceptions that they cannot see the obvious and unambiguous evidence? To find out, I reviewed the numerous publications of the Piauí sites, and the outcome of my analysis is quite simple: the anthropic nature of the LGM/pre-LGM artifacts of the Piauí sites has not been demonstrated.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":74006252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/60664787/Questioning_the_Anthropic_Nature_of_Pedra_Furada_and_the_Piau%C3%AD_Sites"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":74006252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/60664787/Questioning_the_Anthropic_Nature_of_Pedra_Furada_and_the_Piau%C3%AD_Sites"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download 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Brazil)","attachmentId":42374625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21682917/A_new_late_Pleistocene_archaeological_sequence_in_South_America_the_Vale_da_Pedra_Furada_Piau%C3%AD_Brazil_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21682917/A_new_late_Pleistocene_archaeological_sequence_in_South_America_the_Vale_da_Pedra_Furada_Piau%C3%AD_Brazil_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="69285231" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69285231/On_a_Pleistocene_human_occupation_at_Pedra_Furada_Brazil">On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra Furada, Brazil</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9800425" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TomDillehay">Tom Dillehay</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antiquity</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The last decades of fieldwork have not decisively upset the long-held view that the settlement of the Americas occurred in the very latest Pleistocene, as marked in North America by the Clovis archaeological horizon at about 11,200 years ago, and by a variety of contemporaneous South American industries. Yet there are several sites that may prove to be older, among them Pedra Furada, in the thorn forest of northeastern Brazil, a large and remarkable rock-shelter, whose Pleistocene deposits have been interpreted as containing clear evidence of human occupation. This paper offers a considered view of Pedra Furada from three archaeologists with a wide range of experiences in sites of all ages in the Americas and elsewhere, but who also share a special interest and expertise in the issues Pedra Furada has raised: Meltzer from long study of the peopling of the Americas and the frame of thinking within which we address that issue (Meltzer 1993a; 1993b); Adovasio from his intensive excavat...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra Furada, Brazil","attachmentId":79439544,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69285231/On_a_Pleistocene_human_occupation_at_Pedra_Furada_Brazil","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69285231/On_a_Pleistocene_human_occupation_at_Pedra_Furada_Brazil"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="5521822" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5521822/A_revised_chronology_of_the_lowest_occupation_layer_of_Pedra_Furada_Rock_Shelter_Piau_%C4%B1_Brazil_The_Pleistocene_peopling_of_the_Americas_Santos_et_al_2003_">A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piau!ı, Brazil: The Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Santos et al. (2003)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1798194" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharlieHatchett">Charlie Hatchett</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piau!ı, Brazil: The Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Santos et al. (2003)","attachmentId":32624189,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5521822/A_revised_chronology_of_the_lowest_occupation_layer_of_Pedra_Furada_Rock_Shelter_Piau_%C4%B1_Brazil_The_Pleistocene_peopling_of_the_Americas_Santos_et_al_2003_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5521822/A_revised_chronology_of_the_lowest_occupation_layer_of_Pedra_Furada_Rock_Shelter_Piau_%C4%B1_Brazil_The_Pleistocene_peopling_of_the_Americas_Santos_et_al_2003_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="8264583" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8264583/Pedra_Furada_Brazil_Paleoindians_Paintings_and_Paradoxes">Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings, and Paradoxes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="60578191" href="https://independent.academia.edu/APessis">A. Pessis</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="984649" href="https://ufpr.academia.edu/FabioParenti">Fabio Parenti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Pedra Furada in northeastern Brazil represents possibly the oldest known human site in the Americas. Since C-14 dates of 48-32,000 BP were reported in a Nature article (Guidon and Delibrias 1986), the site’s Paleoindian components have been highly controversial, challenged (though not refuted) by many North American researchers (e.g. Meltzer, Adovasio, and Dillehay 1994). Yet the site has solid evidence of non-Clovis, Paleoindian occupations including human remains, plus a unique rock painting tradition from at least 12,000-6,000 BP. In March, 2002, Athena Review (AR) asked archaeologist Niède Guidon and her colleagues to explain the current status of the findings, including both Paleoindian skeletal and subsistence remains, and the abundant rock paintings at Serra da Capivara National Park, which contains Pedra Furada (figs.1,2). Much of the interview is given here (for full text, see printed issue of AR, V3, no.2)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pedra Furada, Brazil: Paleoindians, Paintings, and Paradoxes","attachmentId":34682210,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8264583/Pedra_Furada_Brazil_Paleoindians_Paintings_and_Paradoxes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8264583/Pedra_Furada_Brazil_Paleoindians_Paintings_and_Paradoxes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="34600154" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34600154/New_Data_on_a_Pleistocene_Archaeological_Sequence_in_South_America_Toca_do_S%C3%ADtio_do_Meio_Piau%C3%AD_Brazil">New Data on a Pleistocene Archaeological Sequence in South America: Toca do Sítio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3426775" href="https://u-bordeaux3.academia.edu/ChristelleLahaye">Christelle Lahaye</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="654196" href="https://univasf.academia.edu/JanainaSantos">Janaina Santos</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2646636" href="https://u-paris1.academia.edu/AmelieDaCosta">Amelie Da Costa</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3948063" href="https://ufrj.academia.edu/MarcosPauloRamos">Marcos Paulo Ramos</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45386827" href="https://pucgoias.academia.edu/SIBELIAPARECIDAVIANA">SIBELI APARECIDA VIANA</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27974089" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ericBoeda">eric Boeda</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PaleoAmerica, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sítio do Meio, discovered in the 1990s, showed a sedimentary sequence clearly composed of two sets of deposits separated by a zone of large rockfall from the massive collapse of the shelter’s overhang. The bottom set, slightly more than 60 cm thick, was trapped between the bedrock (upon which it rested) and the lower part of the roof fall (reaching more than 1 m in the excavation area), and yielded some charcoal without other archaeological material. New excavations, however, have revealed the presence of artifacts, additional charcoal, and an alignment of sandstone blocks providing clear boundaries for the artifact concentration. The typological and technological composition of the artifacts is classic, with tools made by shaping high-quality quartz pebbles and tools made on shaping chips or on chips obtained by bipolar percussion of quartz blocks. Quartzite was also used, but only in the manufacture of larger tools, of certain types. The toolkit is made of several convergent pieces, denticulates, rostres, scrapers, and end scrapers. Radiocarbon dating results indicate a Pleistocene age, corresponding to the end of the midUpper Pleistocene (MIS3). These dates confirm that Sítio do Meio is the seventh Pleistocene stratigraphic sequence known from a 20-km-radius zone, coming from different sedimentary horizons, testifying to a human presence that extends from MIS3 until the middle Holocene, in this region of Piauí. Particularly, we observed that this occupation still has periodic gaps, with phases of occupation occurring in either short or long periods. With the new data, we are able to consider the cultural specificities of each set in the context of climate data to better understand the diversity of occupation within a single territory, forexample behavioral variation in the management of space, adaptive responses to environmental pressures, or potentially both at the same time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New Data on a Pleistocene Archaeological Sequence in South America: Toca do Sítio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil","attachmentId":54465918,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34600154/New_Data_on_a_Pleistocene_Archaeological_Sequence_in_South_America_Toca_do_S%C3%ADtio_do_Meio_Piau%C3%AD_Brazil","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34600154/New_Data_on_a_Pleistocene_Archaeological_Sequence_in_South_America_Toca_do_S%C3%ADtio_do_Meio_Piau%C3%AD_Brazil"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="8691771" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8691771/Archaeological_evidences_are_still_missing_a_comment_on_Fari%C3%B1a_et_al_Arroyo_del_Vizca%C3%ADno_site_Uruguay">Archaeological evidences are still missing: a comment on Fariña et al. Arroyo del Vizcaíno site, Uruguay</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23404" href="https://uruguay.academia.edu/SergioMartinez">Sergio Martinez</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Archaeological evidences are still missing: a comment on Fariña et al. Arroyo del Vizcaíno site, Uruguay","attachmentId":35045377,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8691771/Archaeological_evidences_are_still_missing_a_comment_on_Fari%C3%B1a_et_al_Arroyo_del_Vizca%C3%ADno_site_Uruguay","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8691771/Archaeological_evidences_are_still_missing_a_comment_on_Fari%C3%B1a_et_al_Arroyo_del_Vizca%C3%ADno_site_Uruguay"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="10991450" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10991450/A_revised_chronology_of_the_lowest_occupation_layer_of_Pedra_Furada_Rock_Shelter_Piau%C4%B1_Brazil_the_Pleistocene_peopling_of_the_Americas">A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piauı́, Brazil: the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26621306" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Ni%C3%A9deGuidon">Niéde Guidon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Quaternary Science Reviews, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The present work revisits the chronology of the archaeologically controversial Pedra Furada Rock Shelter of Southeast Piauı́, Brazil, using an improved radiocarbon laboratory pre-treatment and measurements on charcoal samples. The procedure, known as ABOX-SC (acid–base–wet oxidation followed by stepped combustion), has previously been used to secure radiocarbon dates of >40 ka for the antiquity of human occupation of Australia and South Africa, and now has been applied to charcoal from the previously dated oldest occupation layer of the Pedra Furada site. Previous radiocarbon dating had obtained only lower limits of 40–45 ka BP for the Pedra Furada basal layer. Nine charcoal samples from well-structured hearths were subjected to the ABOX-SC procedure and their radiocarbon content determined by accelerator mass spectrometry. Measurements on five of the samples returned ages of greater than 56 ka BP, from graphites produced from ABOX pre-treated charcoal combusted at 910°C. Two other samples were greater than 50 ka BP. The remaining two samples were essentially completely combusted at 650°C, with no material surviving to make a 910°C CO2 fraction. Their ages were 41.3 and 47.2 ka BP. Ages obtained from graphites generated from the 650°C combusted fraction are considered minimum ages.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, Piauı́, Brazil: the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas","attachmentId":46980378,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10991450/A_revised_chronology_of_the_lowest_occupation_layer_of_Pedra_Furada_Rock_Shelter_Piau%C4%B1_Brazil_the_Pleistocene_peopling_of_the_Americas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10991450/A_revised_chronology_of_the_lowest_occupation_layer_of_Pedra_Furada_Rock_Shelter_Piau%C4%B1_Brazil_the_Pleistocene_peopling_of_the_Americas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="25595849" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25595849/ARAUJO_A_G_M_2014_Paleoenvironments_and_Paleoindians_in_Eastern_South_America_In_Dennis_Stanford_Alison_Stenger_Org_Pre_Clovis_in_the_Americas_International_Science_Conference_Proceedings_1ed_Washington_DC_Smithsonian_Institution_2014_v_p_221_261">ARAUJO, A. G. M. 2014 . Paleoenvironments and Paleoindians in Eastern South America. In: Dennis Stanford; Alison Stenger. (Org.). Pre-Clovis in the Americas: International Science Conference Proceedings. 1ed.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2014, v. , p. 221-261</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="197223" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/AstolfoAraujo">Astolfo Araujo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the last decades, the number of paleoenvironmental studies in Eastern South America, in what today is Brazilian territory, has grown considerably. The same can be said about archaeological data, whose exponential growth is due to management activities of both academic and cultural resources. This made a real integration between archaeological and paleoenvironmental data possible, allowing the understanding of regional occupation and abandonment scenarios, as well the construction of models of site preservation that take into account the response of geomorphic agents. In this chapter I will initially present the state of knowledge about paleonvironmental data for Eastern South America, showing its points of accordance and discrepancies. Based on this scenario, I will explore the contribution of paleoenvironmental data for the understanding of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene archaeological record of eastern South America, be it in terms of human occupation (expansion routes...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ARAUJO, A. G. M. 2014 . Paleoenvironments and Paleoindians in Eastern South America. In: Dennis Stanford; Alison Stenger. (Org.). Pre-Clovis in the Americas: International Science Conference Proceedings. 1ed.Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2014, v. , p. 221-261","attachmentId":48022176,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25595849/ARAUJO_A_G_M_2014_Paleoenvironments_and_Paleoindians_in_Eastern_South_America_In_Dennis_Stanford_Alison_Stenger_Org_Pre_Clovis_in_the_Americas_International_Science_Conference_Proceedings_1ed_Washington_DC_Smithsonian_Institution_2014_v_p_221_261","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25595849/ARAUJO_A_G_M_2014_Paleoenvironments_and_Paleoindians_in_Eastern_South_America_In_Dennis_Stanford_Alison_Stenger_Org_Pre_Clovis_in_the_Americas_International_Science_Conference_Proceedings_1ed_Washington_DC_Smithsonian_Institution_2014_v_p_221_261"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="24624670" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24624670/New_insights_into_a_late_Pleistocene_human_occupation_in_America_The_Vale_da_Pedra_Furada_complete_chronological_study">New insights into a late-Pleistocene human occupation in America: The Vale da Pedra Furada complete chronological study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2646636" href="https://u-paris1.academia.edu/AmelieDaCosta">Amelie Da Costa</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47470523" href="https://mnhn.academia.edu/AntoineLourdeau">Antoine Lourdeau</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27974089" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ericBoeda">eric Boeda</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New insights into a late-Pleistocene human occupation in America: The Vale da Pedra Furada complete chronological study","attachmentId":44952401,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24624670/New_insights_into_a_late_Pleistocene_human_occupation_in_America_The_Vale_da_Pedra_Furada_complete_chronological_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24624670/New_insights_into_a_late_Pleistocene_human_occupation_in_America_The_Vale_da_Pedra_Furada_complete_chronological_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":74006252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":74006252,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_74006252" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="94796639" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94796639/Genesis_and_taphonomy_of_the_archaeological_layers_of_Pedra_Furada_rock_shelter_Brazil">Genesis and taphonomy of the archaeological layers of Pedra Furada rock-shelter, Brazil</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="984649" href="https://ufpr.academia.edu/FabioParenti">Fabio Parenti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Quaternaire, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genesis and taphonomy of the archaeological layers of Pedra Furada rock-shelter, Brazil","attachmentId":97155444,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94796639/Genesis_and_taphonomy_of_the_archaeological_layers_of_Pedra_Furada_rock_shelter_Brazil","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94796639/Genesis_and_taphonomy_of_the_archaeological_layers_of_Pedra_Furada_rock_shelter_Brazil"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Lithic Studies, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Final Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí - Brazil: stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada","attachmentId":47480475,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27223075/Final_Pleistocene_and_Early_Holocene_at_Sitio_do_Meio_Piau%C3%AD_Brazil_stratigraphy_and_comparison_with_Pedra_Furada","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27223075/Final_Pleistocene_and_Early_Holocene_at_Sitio_do_Meio_Piau%C3%AD_Brazil_stratigraphy_and_comparison_with_Pedra_Furada"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="6597617" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6597617/AMS_14C_dating_of_early_human_occupation_of_southern_South_America">AMS 14C dating of early human occupation of southern South America</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2428944" href="https://conicet.academia.edu/GustavoPolitis">Gustavo Politis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"AMS 14C dating of early human occupation of southern South America","attachmentId":33420920,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6597617/AMS_14C_dating_of_early_human_occupation_of_southern_South_America","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6597617/AMS_14C_dating_of_early_human_occupation_of_southern_South_America"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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G., Florines, A., & Toscano, A. (2018). New Paleoindian Finds, Further Fell Points Data, and Technological Observations from Uruguay: Implications for the Human Peopling in Southeastern South America. Archaeological Discovery, 6, 21-37. https://doi.org/10.4236/ad.2018.61002</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="324413" href="https://conicet-ar.academia.edu/HugoNami">Hugo Nami</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nami, H. G., Florines, A., \u0026 Toscano, A. (2018). New Paleoindian Finds, Further Fell Points Data, and Technological Observations from Uruguay: Implications for the Human Peopling in Southeastern South America. 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