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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Animatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photomatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photomatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Photomatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photomatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comic_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Comic books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Architectural studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactive_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactive_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Interactive media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactive_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Storyboard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="مخطط القصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطط القصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Сториборд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сториборд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gui%C3%B3_il%C2%B7lustrat" title="Guió il·lustrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guió il·lustrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guion_gr%C3%A1fico" title="Guion gráfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guion gráfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenarplano" title="Scenarplano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scenarplano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="استوری‌برد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استوری‌برد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C" title="스토리보드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스토리보드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="स्टोरीबोर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टोरीबोर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_cerita" title="Papan cerita – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Papan cerita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6gubor%C3%B0" title="Söguborð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Söguborð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="סטוריבורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטוריבורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadru_pl%C4%81ns" title="Kadru plāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kadru plāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadruot%C4%97s" title="Kadruotės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kadruotės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9pes_forgat%C3%B3k%C3%B6nyv" title="Képes forgatókönyv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képes forgatókönyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_cerita" title="Papan cerita – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Papan cerita" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard_(filmtechniek)" title="Storyboard (filmtechniek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Storyboard (filmtechniek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86" title="絵コンテ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="絵コンテ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenorys" title="Scenorys – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Scenorys" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Раскадровка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раскадровка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodboris" title="Zgodboris – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodboris" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Storyboard" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hik%C3%A2ye_%C3%A7izimi" title="Hikâye çizimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hikâye çizimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Розкадрування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розкадрування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%8F%A1" title="分鏡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="分鏡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%8F%A1" title="分鏡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分鏡" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of graphics to plan a film or story</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Storyboard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Storyboard (disambiguation)">Storyboard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output 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width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Storyboard" title="Special:EditPage/Storyboard">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Storyboard%22">"Storyboard"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Storyboard%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Storyboard%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Storyboard%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Storyboard%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Storyboard%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storyboard_for_The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Storyboard_for_The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd.jpg/300px-Storyboard_for_The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Storyboard_for_The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd.jpg/450px-Storyboard_for_The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Storyboard_for_The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd.jpg/600px-Storyboard_for_The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>A storyboard for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Radio_Adventures_of_Dr._Floyd" title="The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd">The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd</a></i> episode #408</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Filmmaking" title="Category:Filmmaking">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#36454F;padding-bottom:0.1em;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Filmmaking</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-x-generic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reel of film"><img alt="Reel of film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/90px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/135px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/180px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking#Development" title="Filmmaking">Development</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Step_outline" title="Step outline">Step outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">Film treatment</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scriptment" title="Scriptment">Scriptment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_finance" title="Film finance">Film finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">Film budgeting</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green-light" class="mw-redirect" title="Green-light">Green-light</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_down_the_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking down the script">Breaking down the script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_breakdown" title="Script breakdown">Script breakdown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Storyboard</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_board" title="Production board">Production board</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Production strip">Production strip</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_out_of_Days_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Day out of Days (filmmaking)">Day Out of Days</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_schedule" title="Production schedule">Production schedule</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_liner_schedule" title="One liner schedule">One liner schedule</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_schedule" title="Shooting schedule">Shooting schedule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Production</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">Videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">Shooting script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_inventory_report" title="Film inventory report">Film inventory report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_call_sheet" title="Daily call sheet">Daily call sheet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_report" title="Production report">Production report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_production_report" title="Daily production report">Daily production report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_progress_report" title="Daily progress report">Daily progress report</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_editor_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily editor log">Daily editor log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_report" title="Sound report">Sound report</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Cost report</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_(filmmaking)" title="Re-recording (filmmaking)">Re-recording</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">Sync sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Music</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_cost" title="Negative cost">Negative cost</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Film_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Film release">Film release</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Wide_release" title="Wide release">wide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Limited_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited release">limited</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed release (film)">delayed</a>)</li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">Roadshow</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Film history">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography" title="Filmography">Filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_motion_picture_terms" title="Glossary of motion picture terms">Glossary</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (filmmaking)">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spec_script" title="Spec script">Spec script</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;font-size:smaller;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Filmmaking_sidebar" title="Template:Filmmaking sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filmmaking_sidebar" title="Template talk:Filmmaking sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>storyboard</b> is a graphic organizer that consists of crude <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustrations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> displayed in sequence for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Previsualization" title="Previsualization">pre-visualizing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion picture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion graphic">motion graphic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">interactive media</a> sequence. The storyboarding process, in the form it is known today, was developed at <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Productions</a> during the early 1930s, after several years of similar processes being in use at Walt Disney and other <a href="/wiki/Animation_studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Animation studios">animation studios</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many large budget silent films were storyboarded, but most of this material has been lost during the reduction of the studio archives during the 1970s and 1980s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Special effects pioneer <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a> is known to have been among the first filmmakers to use storyboards and pre-production art to visualize planned effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Gress_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gress-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, storyboarding in the form widely known today was developed at the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Feature_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Disney Feature Animation">Walt Disney studio</a> during the early 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the biography of her father, <i>The Story of Walt Disney</i> (Henry Holt, 1956), <a href="/wiki/Diane_Disney_Miller" title="Diane Disney Miller">Diane Disney Miller</a> explains that the first complete storyboards were created for the 1933 Disney short <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Little_Pigs_(film)" title="Three Little Pigs (film)">Three Little Pigs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Canemaker, in <i>Paper Dreams: The Art and Artists of Disney Storyboards</i> (1999, Hyperion Press), the first storyboards at Disney evolved from comic book-like "story sketches" created in the 1920s to illustrate concepts for animated cartoon short subjects such as <i><a href="/wiki/Plane_Crazy" title="Plane Crazy">Plane Crazy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Steamboat_Willie" title="Steamboat Willie">Steamboat Willie</a></i>, and within a few years the idea spread to other studios. </p><p>According to Christopher Finch in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Walt_Disney" title="The Art of Walt Disney">The Art of Walt Disney</a></i> (Finch, 1995),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disney credited animator Webb Smith with creating the idea of drawing scenes on separate sheets of paper and pinning them up on a bulletin board to tell a story in sequence, thus creating the first storyboard. Furthermore, it was Disney who first recognized the necessity for studios to maintain a separate "story department" with specialized <a href="/wiki/Storyboard_artist" title="Storyboard artist">storyboard artists</a> (that is, a new occupation distinct from <a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">animators</a>), as he had realized that audiences would not watch a film unless its story gave them a reason to care about the characters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second studio to switch from "story sketches" to storyboards was <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Productions" title="Walter Lantz Productions">Walter Lantz Productions</a> in early 1935;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1936 <a href="/wiki/Harman-Ising" class="mw-redirect" title="Harman-Ising">Harman-Ising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Cartoons" title="Warner Bros. Cartoons">Leon Schlesinger Productions</a> also followed suit. By 1937 or 1938, all American animation studios were using storyboards. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> (1939) was one of the first live-action films to be completely storyboarded. <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a>, the film's <a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">production designer</a>, was hired by producer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> to design every shot of the film. </p><p>Storyboarding became popular in live-action film production during the early 1940s and grew into a standard medium for the previsualization of films. <a href="/wiki/Pace_Gallery" title="Pace Gallery">Pace Gallery</a> curator Annette Micheloson, writing of the exhibition <i>Drawing into Film: Director's Drawings</i>, considered the 1940s to 1990s to be the period in which "production design was largely characterized by the adoption of the storyboard". Storyboards are now an essential part of the creative process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storyboard_for_8-minute_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Storyboard_for_8-minute_cartoon.jpg/220px-Storyboard_for_8-minute_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Storyboard_for_8-minute_cartoon.jpg/330px-Storyboard_for_8-minute_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Storyboard_for_8-minute_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>A storyboard for an <a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">animated cartoon</a>, showing the number of drawings (~70) needed for an 8-minute film.</figcaption></figure> <p>A film storyboard (sometimes referred to as a shooting board), is essentially a series of frames, with drawings of the sequence of events in a film, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comic</a> book of the film or some section of the film produced beforehand. It helps <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinematographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinematographers">cinematographers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Television commercial">television commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> clients visualize the scenes and find potential problems before they occur. Besides this, storyboards also help estimate the cost of the overall production and save time. Often storyboards include arrows or instructions that indicate movement. For fast-paced action scenes, monochrome <a href="/wiki/Line_art" title="Line art">line art</a> might suffice. For slower-paced dramatic films with an emphasis on lighting, color <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionist</a> style art might be necessary. </p><p>In creating a <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a> with any degree of fidelity to a <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">script</a>, a storyboard provides a visual layout of events as they are to be seen through the camera lens. In the case of interactive media, it is the layout and sequence in which the user or viewer sees the content or information. In the storyboarding process, most technical details involved in crafting a film or interactive media project can be efficiently described either in a picture or in additional text. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">principal photography</a> for live-action films, scenes are rarely shot in the sequence in which they occur in the script. It is also sometimes necessary to film individual shots within a scene out of order and on different days, which can be very confusing. (The reasons for this are explained at length in the <a href="/wiki/Production_board" title="Production board">production board</a> article.) In the latter scenario, directors can use storyboards on set to quickly refresh their memory as to the desired effect when those shots are later edited together in the correct order.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_Page_103_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz_Page_103-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is more efficient than having to reread the script for each shot (with cast and crew waiting) to refresh their memory as to how they originally visualized they would film that shot.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_Page_103_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz_Page_103-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common misconception is that storyboards are not used in theatre. Directors and playwrights frequently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> use storyboards as special tools to understand the layout of the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great Russian <a href="/wiki/Theatre_practitioner" title="Theatre practitioner">theatre practitioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Stanislavski</a> developed storyboards in his detailed production plans for his <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a> performances (such as of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seagull" title="The Seagull">The Seagull</a></i> in 1898). The German director and dramatist <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> developed detailed storyboards as part of his <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgical</a> method of "<a href="/wiki/Fabel" title="Fabel">fabels</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animatics">Animatics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a> work, the storyboarding stage may be followed by simplified mock-ups called "animatics" to give a better idea of how a scene will look and feel with motion and timing. At its simplest, an animatic is a sequence of still images (usually taken from a storyboard) displayed in sync with rough <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Scratch_vocal" title="Scratch vocal">scratch vocals</a>) or rough soundtrack, essentially providing a simplified overview of how various visual and auditory elements will work in conjunction to one another. </p><p>This allows the <a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">animators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">directors</a> to work out any <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplay</a>, camera positioning, shot list, and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed by the production staff until the storyboard is finalized. Editing at the animatic stage can help a production avoid wasting time and resources on the animation of scenes that would otherwise be edited out of the film at a later stage. A few minutes of screen time in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a> usually equates to months of work for a team of traditional animators, who must painstakingly draw and paint countless frames, meaning that all that labor (and salaries already paid) will have to be written off if the finished scene simply does not work in the film's final cut. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a>, storyboarding helps minimize the construction of unnecessary scene components and models, just as it helps live-action filmmakers evaluate what portions of sets need not be constructed because they will never come into the frame. </p><p>Often storyboards are animated with simple zooms and pans to simulate camera movement (using <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear editing system">non-linear editing software</a>). These animations can be combined with available animatics, sound effects, and dialog to create a presentation of how a film could be shot and cut together. Some feature film <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> <i>special features</i> include production animatics, which may have <a href="/wiki/Scratch_vocal" title="Scratch vocal">scratch vocals</a> or may even feature vocals from the actual cast (usually where the scene was cut after the vocal recording phase but before the animation production phase). </p><p>Animatics are also used by advertising agencies to create inexpensive test commercials. A variation, the "rip-o-matic", is made from scenes of existing movies, television programs or commercials, to simulate the look and feel of the proposed commercial. Rip, in this sense, refers to ripping-off an original work to create a new one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photomatic">Photomatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Photomatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Photomatic<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (probably derived from 'animatic' or photo-animation) is a series of still <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a> edited together and presented on screen in a <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">Sound effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-overs</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> are added to the piece to show how a film could be shot and cut together. Increasingly used by advertisers and <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising agencies">advertising agencies</a> to research the effectiveness of their proposed storyboard before committing to a 'full up' <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">television advertisement</a>. </p><p>The Photomatic is usually a research tool, similar to an <a href="#Animatics">animatic</a>, in that it represents the work to a test audience so that the commissioners of the work can gauge its effectiveness. </p><p>Originally, photographs were taken using a color negative film. A selection would be made from contact sheets and prints made. The prints would be placed on a rostrum and recorded to <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> using a standard <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a>. Any moves, pans or zooms would have to be made in-camera. The captured scenes could then be edited. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a>, web access to <a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">stock photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing" title="Non-linear editing">non-linear editing</a> programs have had a marked impact on this way of filmmaking also leading to the term 'digimatic'. Images can be shot and edited very quickly to allow important creative decisions to be made 'live'. Photo composite <a href="/wiki/Animations" class="mw-redirect" title="Animations">animations</a> can build intricate scenes that would normally be beyond many test film budgets. </p><p>Photomatix was also the trademarked name of many of the booths found in public places which took photographs by coin operation. The Photomatic brand of the booths was manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/International_Mutoscope_Reel_Company" title="International Mutoscope Reel Company">International Mutoscope Reel Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Earlier versions took only one photo per coin, and later versions of the booths took a series of photos. Many of the booths would produce a strip of four photos in exchange for a coin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_books">Comic books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comic books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some writers have used storyboard type drawings (albeit rather sketchy) for their scripting of <a href="/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a>, often indicating staging of figures, backgrounds, and balloon placement with instructions to the artist as needed often scribbled in the margins and the dialogue or captions indicated. <a href="/wiki/John_Stanley_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stanley (comics)">John Stanley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a> (when he was writing stories for the <a href="/wiki/The_Junior_Woodchucks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Junior Woodchucks">Junior Woodchuck</a> title) are known to have used this style of scripting.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japanese comics</a>, the word "<a href="/wiki/Name_(manga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Name (manga)">name</a>"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ネーム</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">nēmu</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[neːmɯ]</a></span>)</span> is used for rough manga storyboards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storyboards used for planning advertising campaigns such as <a href="/wiki/Corporate_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate video">corporate video</a> production, commercials, a <a href="/wiki/Proposal_(business)" title="Proposal (business)">proposal</a> or other business presentations intended to convince or compel to action are known as presentation boards. Presentation boards will generally be a higher quality render than shooting boards as they need to convey expression, layout, and mood. Modern ad agencies and marketing professionals will create presentation boards either by hiring a storyboard artist to create hand-drawn illustrated frames or often use sourced photographs to create a loose narrative of the idea they are trying to sell. Storyboards can also be used to visually understand the consumer experience by mapping out the customer's journey brands can better identify potential pain points and anticipate their emerging needs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some consulting firms teach the technique to their staff to use during the development of client presentations, frequently employing the "brown paper technique" of taping presentation slides (in sequential versions as changes are made) to a large piece of kraft paper which can be rolled up for easy transport. The initial storyboard may be as simple as slide titles on Post-It notes, which are then replaced with draft presentation slides as they are created. </p><p>Storyboards also exist in accounting in the ABC System <a href="/wiki/Activity-based_costing" title="Activity-based costing">activity-based costing</a> (ABC) to develop a detailed process <a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">flowchart</a> which visually shows all activities and the relationships among activities. They are used in this way to measure the cost of resources consumed, identify and eliminate non-value-added costs, determine the efficiency and effectiveness of all major activities, and identify and evaluate new activities that can improve future performance. </p><p>A "<a href="/wiki/Quality_storyboard" title="Quality storyboard">quality storyboard</a>" is a tool to help facilitate the introduction of a quality improvement process into an organization. </p><p>"Design comics" are a type of storyboard used to include a customer or other characters into a narrative. Design comics are most often used in designing websites or illustrating product-use scenarios during design. Design comics were popularized by Kevin Cheng and Jane Jao in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_studios">Architectural studios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architectural studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally, architectural studios need a storyboard artist to visualize presentations of their projects. Usually, a project needs to be seen by a panel of judges and nowadays it's possible to create virtual models of proposed new buildings, using advanced computer software to simulate lights, settings, and materials. Clearly, this type of work takes time – and so the first stage is a draft in the form of a storyboard, to define the various sequences that will subsequently be computer-animated.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storyboards are now becoming more popular with novelists. Because most novelists write their stories by scenes rather than chapters, storyboards are useful for plotting the story in a sequence of events and rearranging the scenes accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactive_media">Interactive media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interactive media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently the term <i>storyboard</i> has been used in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">instructional design</a> to present and describe, in written, <a href="/wiki/Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive">interactive</a> events as well as audio and motion, particularly on <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interfaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic page">electronic pages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storyboarding is used in software development as part of identifying the specifications for a particular set of software. During the specification phase, screens that the software will display are drawn, either on paper or using other specialized software, to illustrate the important steps of the user experience. The storyboard is then modified by the engineers and the client while they decide on their specific needs. The reason why storyboarding is useful during software engineering is that it helps the user understand exactly how the software will work, much better than an abstract description. It is also cheaper to make changes to a storyboard than an implemented piece of software. </p><p>An example is the Storyboards system for designing GUI <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">apps</a> for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AppleXcode2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppleXcode2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is Boords, an online storyboarding software used for planning video projects.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Storyboards are used in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">fieldwork</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elicitation_technique" title="Elicitation technique">elicit</a> spoken <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Informant_(linguistics)" title="Informant (linguistics)">informant</a> is usually presented with a simplified graphical depiction of a situation or story, and asked to describe the depicted situation, or to re-tell the depicted story. The speech is recorded for linguistic <a href="/wiki/Analysis#Linguistics" title="Analysis">analysis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One advantage of using storyboards is that it allows (in film and business) the user to experiment with changes in the storyline to evoke stronger reaction or interest. Flashbacks, for instance, are often the result of sorting storyboards out of chronological order to help build suspense and interest. </p><p>Another benefit of storyboarding is that the production can plan the movie in advance. In this step, things like the type of camera shot, angle, and blocking of characters are decided.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of visual thinking and planning allows a group of people to brainstorm together, placing their ideas on storyboards and then arranging the storyboards on the wall. This fosters more ideas and generates consensus inside the group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storyboard_template_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Storyboard_template_example.svg/170px-Storyboard_template_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Storyboard_template_example.svg/255px-Storyboard_template_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Storyboard_template_example.svg/340px-Storyboard_template_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>A storyboard template.</figcaption></figure><p>Storyboards for films are created in a multiple-step process. They can be created by hand drawing or digitally on a computer. The main characteristics of a storyboard are: </p><ul><li>Visualize the <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytelling</a>.</li> <li>Focus the story and the timing in several <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key frames</a> (very important in animation).</li> <li>Define the technical parameters: description of the <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>, etc.</li></ul> <p>If drawing by hand, the first step is to create or download a storyboard template. These look much like a blank comic strip, with space for comments and dialogue. Then sketch a "<a href="/wiki/Thumbnail" title="Thumbnail">thumbnail</a>" storyboard. Some directors sketch thumbnails directly in the script margins. These storyboards get their name because they are rough sketches not bigger than a thumbnail. For some motion pictures, thumbnail storyboards are sufficient. </p><p>However, some filmmakers rely heavily on the storyboarding process. If a director or producer wishes, more detailed and elaborate storyboard images are created. These can be created by professional <a href="/wiki/Storyboard_artist" title="Storyboard artist">storyboard artists</a> by hand on paper or digitally by using 2D storyboarding programs. Some software applications even supply a stable of storyboard-specific images making it possible to quickly create shots that express the director's intent for the story. These boards tend to contain more detailed information than thumbnail storyboards and convey more of the mood for the scene. These are then presented to the project's cinematographer who achieves the director's vision. </p><p>Finally, if needed, 3D storyboards are created (called 'technical <a href="/wiki/Previsualization" title="Previsualization">previsualization</a>'). The advantage of 3D storyboards is they show exactly what the film camera will see using the lenses the film camera will use. The disadvantage of 3D is the amount of time it takes to build and construct the shots. 3D storyboards can be constructed using 3D animation programs or digital puppets within 3D programs. Some programs have a collection of low-resolution 3D figures which can aid in the process. Some 3D applications allow cinematographers to create "technical" storyboards which are optically-correct shots and frames. </p><p>While technical storyboards can be helpful, optically-correct storyboards may limit the director's creativity. In classic motion pictures such as <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/North_by_Northwest" title="North by Northwest">North by Northwest</a></i>, the director created storyboards that were initially thought by cinematographers to be impossible to film.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such innovative and dramatic shots had "impossible" <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> and angles where there was "no room for the camera" – at least not until creative solutions were found to achieve the ground-breaking shots that the director had envisioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film topics">List of film-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">Screenwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_breakdown" title="Script breakdown">Script breakdown</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gress-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gress_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGress2015" class="citation book cs1">Gress, Jon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XrjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Visual Effects and Compositing</i></a>. San Francisco: New Riders. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780133807240" title="Special:BookSources/9780133807240"><bdi>9780133807240</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Effects+and+Compositing&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780133807240&rft.aulast=Gress&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XrjBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStoryboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2004" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, Mark (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animationpockete00whit"><i>Animation</i></a></span>. Pocket Essentials. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animationpockete00whit/page/n46">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903047460" title="Special:BookSources/9781903047460"><bdi>9781903047460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animation&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Pocket+Essentials&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781903047460&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimationpockete00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStoryboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Story of Walt Disney' (Henry Holt, 1956)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch1995" class="citation book cs1">Finch, Christopher (1995). <i>The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdoms</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Directing+Shot+by+Shot%3A+Visualizing+from+Concept+to+Screen&rft.place=Studio+City&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Michael+Wiese+Productions&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780941188104&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtNkNacuK8poC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStoryboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinecrestplayers.com/directors-storyboard.html">"Director's Storyboard"</a>. <i>Pinecrest Players Theatre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boords.com&rft.atitle=Boords+-+Online+Storyboard+%26+Animatic+Software&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboords.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStoryboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strang Burton and Lisa Matthewson. "Targeted construction storyboards in semantic fieldwork". In: Ryan Bochnak and Lisa Matthewson, editors, <i>Methodologies in Semantic Fieldwork</i>, 135–156. Oxford University Press, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jugaadanimation.com/storyboarding-basics-infographic/">"Storyboarding Basics - Infographic Guide for Film, TV and Animation"</a>. <i>jugaadanimation.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jugaadanimation.com&rft.atitle=Storyboarding+Basics+-+Infographic+Guide+for+Film%2C+TV+and+Animation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjugaadanimation.com%2Fstoryboarding-basics-infographic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStoryboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalligan2013" class="citation book cs1">Halligan, Fionnuala (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PT0DAQAAQBAJ"><i>Movie Storyboards: The Art of Visualizing Screenplays</i></a>. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452122199" title="Special:BookSources/9781452122199"><bdi>9781452122199</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089341414">1089341414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movie+Storyboards%3A+The+Art+of+Visualizing+Screenplays&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089341414&rft.isbn=9781452122199&rft.aulast=Halligan&rft.aufirst=Fionnuala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPT0DAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStoryboard" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Storyboard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Storyboards" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Storyboards">Storyboards</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Filmmaking" title="Template talk:Filmmaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Filmmaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filmmaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking#Development" title="Filmmaking">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_treatment" title="Film treatment">Film treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">Producer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scriptment" title="Scriptment">scriptment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_outline" title="Step outline">Step outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Screenplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screenwriting" title="Screenwriting">process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spec_script" title="Spec script">spec script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">film adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (filmmaking)">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_(filmmaking)" title="Option (filmmaking)">Option</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_budgeting" title="Film budgeting">Film budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_finance" title="Film finance">Film finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(filmmaking)" title="Pitch (filmmaking)">pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlight" title="Greenlight">Greenlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_title" title="Working title">Working title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-production" title="Pre-production">Pre-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_breakdown" title="Script breakdown">Script breakdown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_down_the_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking down the script">process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_script" title="Shooting script">Shooting script</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(performing_arts)" title="Casting (performing arts)">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">Scenography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal" title="Rehearsal">Rehearsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_board" title="Production board">Production board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_out_of_days_(filmmaking)" title="Day out of days (filmmaking)">Day out of days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_schedule" title="Production schedule">Production schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_schedule" title="Shooting schedule">Shooting schedule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_liner_schedule" title="One liner schedule">one-liner</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_crew" title="Film crew">Film crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_photography" title="Principal photography">Principal photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">Videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Videographer">Videographer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_call_sheet" title="Daily call sheet">Daily call sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailies" title="Dailies">Dailies (rushes)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Daily_reports" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_inventory_report" title="Film inventory report">Film inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_report" title="Production report">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_production_report" title="Daily production report">Daily production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_progress_report" title="Daily progress report">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_report" title="Sound report">Sound</a></li> <li>Cost</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_editor_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily editor log">Editor log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_designer" title="Costume designer">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">Post-production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_(filmmaking)" title="Re-recording (filmmaking)">Re-recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">Sync sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">Timecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_cost" title="Negative cost">Negative cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">Digital intermediate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">Film distributor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_distributors_by_country" title="List of film distributors by country">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_release" title="Art release">Film release</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_release" title="Wide release">wide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_theatrical_release" title="Limited theatrical release">limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_release_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed release (film)">delayed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">Roadshow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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