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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_dili_%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCn_BF%C6%8F" title="Yapon dili üçün BFƏ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yapon dili üçün BFƏ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF:%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="সাহায্য:আধ্বব/জাপানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহায্য:আধ্বব/জাপানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicipedia:IPA_ar_gyfer_y_Japaneg" title="Wicipedia:IPA ar gyfer y Japaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wicipedia:IPA ar gyfer y Japaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:آی‌پی‌ای/ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:IPA_for_Japanese" title="विकिपीडिया:IPA for Japanese – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिपीडिया:IPA for Japanese" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiuto:AFI/Iapanesc" title="Aiuto:AFI/Iapanesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aiuto:AFI/Iapanesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%AF:IPA/Japanese" title="ရီု:IPA/Japanese – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရီု:IPA/Japanese" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="Help:IPA/日本語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Help:IPA/日本語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AFI_pentru_limba_japonez%C4%83" title="Wikipedia:AFI pentru limba japoneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:AFI pentru limba japoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Таблица МФА для японского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таблица МФА для японского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Транскрипција са јапанског језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Транскрипција са јапанског језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_para_sa_Hapones" title="Wikipedia:IPA para sa Hapones – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikipedia:IPA para sa Hapones" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Вікіпедія:МФА для японської мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:МФА для японської мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے جاپانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے جاپانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:日語國際音標 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:日語國際音標" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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#a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Japanese on Wikipedia.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Japanese in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/Japanese" title="Help talk:IPA/Japanese">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:IPA-JA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-JA&redirect=no">H:IPA-JA</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Japanese</div> <p>The charts below show the way in which the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) represents <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> pronunciations in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">Template:IPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. </p><p>Examples in the charts are Japanese words transliterated according to the <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a> system. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a> for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Japanese. </p> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 2em;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">Consonants</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th rowspan="2">English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ば</b>しょ, <span class="nowrap">か<b>び</b>ん</span>, <span class="nowrap"><b>ヴ</b>ァージョン</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>b</b>asho, ka<b>b</b>in, <b>v</b>ājon</i> </td> <td><i>a<b>b</b>out</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>びょ</b>うき</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>by</b>ōki</i> </td> <td><i>re<b>b</b>uke</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ひ</b>と, <span class="nowrap"><b>ひょ</b>う</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>h</b>ito, <b>hy</b>ō</i> </td> <td><i><b>h</b>ue</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>し</b>た, <span class="nowrap">い<b>っしょ</b>う</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>sh</b>ita, i<b>ssh</b>ō</i> </td> <td><i><b>sh</b>eep</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ど</b>うも, <span class="nowrap"><b>ど</b>う<b>ど</b>う</span></span></span> </td> <td><i> <b>d</b>ōmo, <b>d</b>ō<b>d</b>ō</i> </td> <td><i>to<b>d</b>ay</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-yotsugana_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yotsugana-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ざ</b>ぜん, <span class="nowrap">あん<b>ぜ</b>ん</span>, <span class="nowrap">キ<b>ッズ</b></span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>z</b>azen, an<b>z</b>en, ki<b>zz</b>u</i><sup id="cite_ref-gemination_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemination-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>car<b>ds</b> </i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-yotsugana_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yotsugana-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>じ</b>ょじょ, <span class="nowrap">かん<b>じ</b>ゃ</span>, <span class="nowrap">エ<b>ッジ</b></span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>j</b>ojo, kan<b>j</b>a, e<b>jj</b>i</i><sup id="cite_ref-gemination_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemination-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><b>j</b>eep</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ふ</b>じ</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>f</b>uji</i> </td> <td><i><b>ph</b>ew!</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-g_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>が</b>っこう, <span class="nowrap">りん<b>ご</b></span>, <span class="nowrap"><b>ぎ</b>んこう </span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>g</b>akkō, rin<b>g</b>o, <b>g</b>inkō</i> </td> <td><i>a<b>g</b>ain</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">き<b>ぎょ</b>う</span></span> </td> <td><i>ki<b>gy</b>ō</i> </td> <td><i>ar<b>g</b>ue</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ほ</b>ん, <span class="nowrap"><b>はは</b></span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>h</b>on, <b>h</b>a<b>h</b>a</i> </td> <td><i><b>h</b>at</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>や</b>くしゃ, <span class="nowrap"><b>ゆ</b>ず</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>y</b>akusha, <b>y</b>uzu</i> </td> <td><i><b>y</b>acht</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>く</b>る, <span class="nowrap">は<b>っき</b></span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>k</b>uru, ha<b>kk</b>i</i> </td> <td><i>s<b>k</b>ate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>きょ</b>うかい, <span class="nowrap">け<b>っきょ</b>く</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>ky</b>ōkai, ke<b>kky</b>oku</i> </td> <td><i>s<b>k</b>ew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>み</b>かん, <span class="nowrap">せ<b>ん</b>ぱい</span>, <span class="nowrap"><b>もんも</b>ん</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>m</b>ikan, se<b>n</b>pai, <b>m</b>o<b>nm</b>on</i> </td> <td><i><b>m</b>uch</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>みゃ</b>く</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>my</b>aku</i> </td> <td><i><b>m</b>ute</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>な</b>っとう, <span class="nowrap">か<b>ん</b>たん</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>n</b>attō, ka<b>n</b>tan</i> </td> <td><i><b>n</b>ot</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>に</b>わ, <span class="nowrap">こ<b>んにゃ</b>く</span>, <span class="nowrap">き<b>ん</b>ちょう</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>n</b>iwa, ko<b>nny</b>aku, ki<b>n</b>chō</i> </td> <td><i>ca<b>ny</b>on</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-g_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">り<b>ん</b>ご, <span class="nowrap">な<b>ん</b>きょく</span></span></span> </td> <td><i>ri<b>n</b>go, na<b>n</b>kyoku</i> </td> <td><i>pi<b>n</b>k</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɴ</span></big><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">にほ<b>ん</b></span></span> </td> <td><i> niho<b>n</b></i> </td> <td>roughly like <i>lo<b>ng</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>パ</b>ン, <span class="nowrap">たん<b>ぽぽ</b></span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>p</b>an, tan<b>p</b>o<b>p</b>o</i> </td> <td><i>s<b>p</b>an</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">は<b>っぴょ</b>う</span></span> </td> <td><i>ha<b>ppy</b>ō</i> </td> <td><i>s<b>p</b>ew</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ろ</b>く, <span class="nowrap">そ<b>ら</b></span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>r</b>oku, so<b>r</b>a</i> </td> <td>American <i>a<b>t</b>om</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɾʲ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>りょ</b>うり</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>ry</b>ōri</i> </td> <td>American <i>par<b>t</b>y</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>す</b>る, <span class="nowrap"><b>さっそ</b>う</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>s</b>uru, <b>s</b>a<b>ss</b>ō</i> </td> <td><i><b>s</b>oup</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>た</b>べる, <span class="nowrap"><b>とって</b></span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>t</b>aberu, <b>t</b>o<b>tt</b>e</i> </td> <td><i>s<b>t</b>op</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>ち</b>かい, <span class="nowrap">け<b>っちゃ</b>く</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>ch</b>ikai, ke<b>tch</b>aku</i><sup id="cite_ref-gemination_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemination-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>i<b>tch</b>y</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>つ</b>なみ, <span class="nowrap">い<b>っつ</b>い</span></span></span> </td> <td><i><b>ts</b>unami, i<b>tts</b>ui</i><sup id="cite_ref-gemination_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gemination-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>ca<b>ts</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">w</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>わ</b>さび</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>w</b>asabi</i> </td> <td>roughly like <i><b>w</b>as</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɰ̃</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ふ<b>ん</b>いき, <span class="nowrap">で<b>ん</b>わ</span>, <span class="nowrap">あ<b>ん</b>しん</span></span></span> </td> <td><i>fu<b>n'</b>iki, de<b>n</b>wa, a<b>n</b>shin</i> </td> <td><i>s<b>i</b>n</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-yotsugana_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yotsugana-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ざ<b>ぜ</b>ん, <span class="nowrap">つ<b>づ</b>く</span></span></span> </td> <td><i>za<b>z</b>en, tsu<b>z</b>uku</i> </td> <td><i><b>z</b>oo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-yotsugana_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yotsugana-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">み<b>じ</b>かい, <span class="nowrap">じょ<b>じ</b>ょ</span></span></span> </td> <td><i>mi<b>j</b>ikai, jo<b>j</b>o</i> </td> <td><i>vi<b>si</b>on</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">あつ<b>っ</b>！</span></span> </td> <td><i>atsu<b>'</b>!</i> </td> <td><i>uh<b>-</b>oh</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">Vowels</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">IPA </th> <th colspan="2">Example </th> <th rowspan="2">English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>あ</b>る</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>a</b>ru</i> </td> <td><i>f<b>a</b>ther</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>え</b>き</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>e</b>ki</i> </td> <td><i>b<b>e</b>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>い</b>る</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>i</b>ru</i> </td> <td><i>m<b>ee</b>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">i̥</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-devoicing_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoicing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>し</b>た</span></span> </td> <td><i>sh<b>i</b>ta</i> </td> <td>whispered <i>m<b>ee</b>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></big> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>お</b>に</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>o</b>ni</i> </td> <td><i>st<b>o</b>ry</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>う</b>なぎ</span></span> </td> <td><i><b>u</b>nagi</i> </td> <td><i>sh<b>oo</b>t</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">ɯ̥</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-devoicing_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devoicing-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>す</b>きやき</span></span> </td> <td><i>s<b>u</b>kiyaki</i> </td> <td>whispered <i>sh<b>oo</b>t</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Suprasegmentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmentals">Suprasegmentals</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IPA </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Example </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ː</span></big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">Long vowel</a> </td> <td><i>hy<b>ō</b>m<b>ei</b>, oj<b>ii</b>san</i> </td> <td><i>r<b>e-e</b>qualize</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜜ</span></big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch drop</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaꜜki]</span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">牡蠣</span></span>, 'oyster'), <br/><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kakiꜜ]</span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">垣</span></span>, 'fence') </td> <td class="nowrap"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> (<i>marry</i>), <br/><span class="nowrap"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span></span> (<i>Marie</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">.</span></big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">Syllabification</a> </td> <td><i>nin<b>'</b>i</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲiɰ̃.i]</span> </td> <td><i>higher</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Japanese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-yotsugana-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yotsugana_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yotsugana_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yotsugana_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yotsugana_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voiced fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>]</span> are generally pronounced as affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>]</span> in utterance-initial positions and after the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Moraic_nasal" title="Japanese phonology">moraic nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/N/</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑ]</span>) or the <a href="/wiki/Sokuon" title="Sokuon">sokuon</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Q/</span> (only in loanwords). Actual realizations of these sounds vary (see <a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gemination-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gemination_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gemination_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gemination_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gemination_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">When an <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricate consonant</a> is <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>, only the <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">closure component</a> of it is repeated: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kiddzɯ,<span class="wrap"> </span>eddʑi,<span class="wrap"> </span>ittsɯi,<span class="wrap"> </span>kettɕakɯ]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A declining number of speakers pronounce word-medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> (<a href="#CITEREFVance2008">Vance 2008</a>:214), but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> is always represented as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> in this system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The utterance-final nasal is traditionally described as uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a>]</span>, but instrumental studies have found that this is inaccurate and the actual realization varies (<a href="#CITEREFMaekawa2023">Maekawa 2023</a>). However, an alternative transcription has yet to be established, so ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɴ</span>⟩ is used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> is phonetically a bilabial approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β̞</a>]</span>, but it is traditionally described as a velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a>]</span> or labialized velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> approximant and transcribed with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɰ</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">w</span>⟩ (<a href="#CITEREFMaekawa2020">Maekawa 2020</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The syllable-final <i>n</i> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Moraic_nasal" title="Japanese phonology">moraic nasal</a>) is pronounced as some kind of <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalized vowel</a> before a vowel, semivowel (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɰ]</span>) or fricative (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸ,<span class="wrap"> </span>s,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ç,<span class="wrap"> </span>h]</span>). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ̃]</span> is a conventional notation that is undefined for the exact place of articulation (<a href="#CITEREFVance2008">Vance 2008</a>:97).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devoicing-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-devoicing_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Close vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ]</span> become <a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̥,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ̥]</span> when short and surrounded by voiceless consonants within a word. When the second consonant is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span>, or when both consonants are fricatives (including the second component of an affricate), devoicing is much less likely to occur (<a href="#CITEREFFujimoto2015">Fujimoto 2015</a>), so vowels in such environments are not transcribed as voiceless (nor are word-final or non-close vowels, whose devoicing is also less consistent). Where close vowels that would be devoiced according to the above rules occur in succession, usually whichever vowel is accented is voiced; if neither is accented, the second is voiced (<a href="#CITEREFFujimoto2015">Fujimoto 2015</a>:189): <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɯꜜɕi̥kɯmo,<span class="wrap"> </span>tsɯ̥kɯɕi]</span>. These rules may be overridden by citing a reliable source that marks devoicing, such as <a href="#CITEREFNHK2016">NHK (2016)</a> or <a href="#CITEREFKindaichiAkinaga2014">Kindaichi & Akinaga (2014)</a>, if the word being transcribed appears in it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ]</span>, romanized <i>u</i>, exhibits varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounding</a> depending on dialect. In <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo dialect</a>, it is either unrounded or compressed <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_compressed_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Close back compressed vowel">ɯᵝ</a>]</span>, meaning the sides of the lips are held together without horizontal protrusion, unlike protruded <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A pitch drop may occur only once per word and does not occur in all words. The mora before a pitch drop has a high pitch. When it occurs at the end of a word, the following grammatical particle has a low pitch.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Japanese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFujimoto2015" class="citation book cs1">Fujimoto, Masako (2015). "Vowel devoicing". In Kubozono, Haruo (ed.). <i>Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology</i>. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 167–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511984.167">10.1515/9781614511984.167</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-252-3"><bdi>978-1-61451-252-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vowel+devoicing&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Japanese+Phonetics+and+Phonology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=167-214&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781614511984.167&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-252-3&rft.aulast=Fujimoto&rft.aufirst=Masako&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJapanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindaichiAkinaga2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Akinaga, Kazue, eds. (2014). <bdi lang="ja">新明解日本語アクセント辞典</bdi> (in Japanese) (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Sanseido. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-385-13672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-385-13672-1"><bdi>978-4-385-13672-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E6%98%8E%E8%A7%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sanseido&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-4-385-13672-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJapanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaekawa2020" class="citation journal cs1">Maekawa, Kikuo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34577%2F00004625">"Remarks on Japanese /w/"</a>. <i>ICU Working Papers in Linguistics</i>. <b>10</b>: 45–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34577%2F00004625">10.34577/00004625</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICU+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Japanese+%2Fw%2F&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34577%2F00004625&rft.aulast=Maekawa&rft.aufirst=Kikuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.34577%252F00004625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJapanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaekawa2023" class="citation journal cs1">Maekawa, Kikuo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100321000050">"Production of the utterance-final moraic nasal in Japanese: A real-time MRI study"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 189–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100321000050">10.1017/S0025100321000050</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Production+of+the+utterance-final+moraic+nasal+in+Japanese%3A+A+real-time+MRI+study&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-212&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100321000050&rft.aulast=Maekawa&rft.aufirst=Kikuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100321000050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJapanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHK2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, ed. (2016). <bdi lang="ja">NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典</bdi> (in Japanese). Tokyo: NHK Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-14-011345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-14-011345-5"><bdi>978-4-14-011345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NHK%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BA%E9%9F%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E6%96%B0%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=NHK+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-4-14-011345-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJapanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance2008" class="citation book cs1">Vance, Timothy J. (2008). <i>The Sounds of Japanese</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-1754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-1754-3"><bdi>978-0-5216-1754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+Japanese&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3&rft.aulast=Vance&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FJapanese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Japanese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Japanese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Japanese IPA">Category:Pages with Japanese IPA</a> (747)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> keys</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Altai" title="Help:IPA/Altai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help:IPA/Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandinka" title="Help:IPA/Mandinka">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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