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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101592 apercu surlignable"><p>Pursuant to article 1(f) of Regulation (EU) 2015/1589 of 13 July 2015 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 108 of the TFEU, an unlawful State aid can be defined as “new aid put into effect incontravention of Article 108(3) TFEU”. In other words, an aid is unlawful when it is put into effect in violation of the notification obligation or of the standstill clause. An unlawful aid is examined by the Commission following a procedure distinct from the procedure regarding notified aid, and must be recovered when it is found that the aid in question is not compatible with the internal market.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101592 texte surlignable"><p>Article 108(3) TFEU provides that Member States must notify the Commission of any plans to grant or alter aid – the notification obligation - and must refrain from putting the proposed aid into effect pending a final decision of the Commission on its compatibility with the internal market – the standstill clause. Any aid put into effect in violation of these obligations must be considered unlawful. The definition of unlawful aid is stated in article 1(f) of Regulation 2015/1589, which is itself a codification of an established Court case law, since the case <i>Saumon</i> (C-354/90, 1991, paragraph 11). The unlawfulness of aid has several consequences.</p> <p>First, the examination procedure conducted by the Commission has special characteristics, in comparison with the procedure regarding aids that have been notified. Articles 12 to 16 of Regulation 2015/1589 lay out the essential features of this procedure.</p> <p>It starts with the Commission initiative. The Commission can act upon any information at its disposal, although the procedure usually starts following a complaint filed by a competitor of the beneficiary of the aid. In order to conduct its assessment, article 12 of Regulation 2015/1589 provides that the Commission can request information from the Member State concerned, and from any other Member State, from an undertaking, or association of undertakings, once the formal investigation procedure is initiated. In that regard, the procedure regarding unlawful aids is similar to the procedure to procedure regarding notified aid.</p> <p>However, the procedures differ in a number of other aspects. In relation to unlawful aids, the Commission has extended powers and can adopt interim measures. According to article 12 of Regulation 2015/1589, when a Member States does not respond to the request for information or only provides insufficient information, the Commission can issue an “information injunction,” by which the Member State is required to provide specific information in an appropriate period of time.</p> <p>Moreover, given the potential negative effects of an aid put into effect on competition within the internal market, the Commission also has the power to order the suspension of the aid, pursuant to Article 13 of Regulation 2015/1589 (see, for instance, Commission decision on the 26th May 2014, C(2014) 3192, in the <i>Micula</i> case). Both the information injunction and the suspension injunction have been codified in Regulation 2015/1589. Finally, in specific cases, the Commission can adopt a decision requiring the Member State provisionally to recover any unlawful aid.</p> <p>Considering the severe implications of such a decision – especially on the undertaking already benefiting from the measure at stake – and the fact that it is an exception to the general rule according to which the Commission cannot order State aid to be repaid solely on the ground that it is unlawful, provisional recovery injunction can only be issued if three criteria are fulfilled. There must be no doubt that the measure at stake is an aid, there must be an urgency to act, and there must be a serious risk of substantial and irreparable damage to a competitor. Suspension injunctions and provisional recovery injunctions stay in force until the Commission adopts a final decision on the compatibility of the measure. Non-compliance with such injunctions entitles the Commission to refer the matter directly to the Court and to obtain a declaration that the failure to comply constitutes an infringement of the TFEU.</p> <p>Another distinction with the procedure regarding notified aids lies in the time limits imposed on the Commission to conduct its assessment. It is clear from both the case law (<i>HGA e.a. v. Commission</i> (C‑630/11 P to C‑633/11 P, 2013), paragraphs 74 and 75) and Article 15(2) of Regulation 2015/1589 that when a Member State has not respected the notification obligation or the standstill clause, the Commission should not be bound by time limits. However, this must not be understood as exempting the Commission from any time limits. Indeed, article 12 of Regulation 2015/89 states that the Commission must examine any complaint “without any delay”, and it is established in the case-law of the General Court that the Commission cannot prolong indefinitely the preliminary investigation of State measures (see, recently, <i>Navieras Armas v. Commission</i> (T-108/16, 2018), paragraph 60).</p> <p>The procedure ends with a final decision of the Commission, considering that the measure at stake is not an aid, that it is compatible with the internal market, or that it is incompatible with the internal market. In the latter case, the aid cannot be upheld and must be recovered from its beneficiary. The Commission is under an obligation to order the recovery of aid which it declares to be incompatible with the common market unless the recovery would be contrary to a general principle of EU law (<i>Mediaset v. Commission </i> (2011), paragraph 124). The purpose of the obligation to recover incompatible aid is to re-establish the previously existing situation. The Court has specified that that objective is attained once the recipient has repaid the aid in question, where appropriate with default interest, and thus forfeited the advantage which it had enjoyed over its competitors on the market (<i>Commission v. Italy</i> (C-348/93, 1995), paragraphs 26 and 27).</p> <p>Secondly, the notion of unlawful State aid has relevance outside the scope of the Commission examination of the measure. In the <i>Lorenz</i> case (120/73, 1973, paragraph 8), the Court has established that Article 108(3) TFEU has a direct effect and gives rise to rights in favor of individuals, which national courts are bound to safeguard. National courts, therefore, have a role to play in relation to unlawful aids. Faced with an unlawful aid, they must pronounce measures appropriate to remedy the unlawfulness of the implementation of the aid, in order that the aid does not remain at the free disposal of the recipient during the period remaining until the Commission makes its decision (<i>CELF</i> (2010), paragraph 30). To that end, they must ensure that the measures, which they take with regard to the validity of the contested acts make it possible for the objective of restoring the competitive situation existing prior to the payment of the aid in question to be achieved (<i>Residex Capital IV</i> (2011), paragraph 45).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-101592 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2018/alerts/state-aids-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-considers-that-the-european">Case T-108/16, Navieras Armas v. Commission, ECLI:EU:T:2018:145</a></p> <p>Commission decision C(2014)3192 final of 26 May 2014 in SA.38517 (2014/NN) – Micula v. Romania</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2013/alertes/State-aids-The-Advocate-General-56125">Case C‑630/11 P to C‑633/11 P, HGA and Others v Commission, EU:C:2013:387</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-1-2012/case-comments/Recovery-of-an-unlawful-state">Case C-275/10, Residex Capital IV, EU:C:2011:814</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2011/Case-Comments-1190/Appeal-Selective-advantage-The">Case C-403/10 P, Mediaset v Commission, EU:C:2011:533</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-3-2010/Case-Comments-1088/Role-of-national-courts-Recovery">Case C-1/09, CELF, en liquidation, and ministre de la Culture and de la Communication, EU:C:2010:136</a></p> <p>Case C-348/93, Commission v. Italy, ECLI:EU:C:1995:95</p> <p>Case C‑354/90, Féderation nationale du commerce extérieur des produits alimentaires and Syndicat national des négociants et transformateurs de saumon (Saumon), EU:C:1991:440</p> <p>Case 120/73, Lorenz, EU:C:1973:152</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101592 jurisprudence"><p>Articles 12 to 16 of Regulation 2015/1589 of 13 July 2015 laying down detailed rules for the application of Article 108 of the TFEU</p> <p>F. Picod, « Aides d’Etat – régime procedural », Fascicule 1532, JCl Europe traité, 2014</p> <p>J.-L. Buendia Sierra, State intervention and EU competition law, Oxford, Owford University Press, 2020</p> <p>J.-I., Signes de Mesa, J.-I., A., de Moncuit, Droit procédural des aides d’État, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2019</p> <p>L. Vogel, European State aid law, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2020</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/maciej-szpunar" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton61904-f6007.jpg?1711362200) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Maciej Szpunar</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Court of Justice (Luxembourg)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>5</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>8247</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/lea-berthiau-jezequel" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/1517507528077_copy-24928.jpg?1711372406) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Léa Berthiau-Jezequel</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">European Court of Justice (Luxembourg)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Luxembourg</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>5159</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Maciej Szpunar, Léa Berthiau-Jezequel, </span> <span class="entry-title">State aid</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 88911</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">5163</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-88911 texte surlignable"><p>Unlawful aid is aid granted without prior Commission authorisation. The Commission must examine all information it receives concerning alleged unlawful aid immediately. If indeed there is unlawful aid, as for cases of notified aid, the Commission first opens a preliminary investigation and, if doubts as to the compatibility of the measure persist, subsequently carries out an in-depth investigation. The Commission may use injunctions to obtain information from Member States, suspend the further granting of aid or impose provisional recovery obligation on the Member State. In case of a final negative decision, recovery of the aid already paid out, with interests, will take place (see "Recovery of aid" below). <a href="IMG/pdf/state_aid_procedures_en-2.pdf?47189/3184469febb6b84133f6f935908f46a8e56067b9bc2c494ce87b1be69185134b" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjQxWtuyhvcafciOmTzbF5irtc/7Pxy7e6GMME1/4boApFuTtYqKMRPB4gt/hFjN3RQ94luHGgp7LdgawFdWN/5zfjlaSssGzO01FYgZMKD9wOdKnRaGkQGz9dnD4lRON5DdI/Uxs9/Tr3lKuwhI05GKXmSu9LBuXQAR3MmUFaSB+HidZf4j9DBC4zCeVjwQEOJ0fYBNTPY7byTXIjR15x/7+ge5YOOcwkkRh0HWRh68By6dH+HbSuIw+oHxW9odq+AWvWGA8eMAXmOsxpnMUDreBMJyfVoFECIUckUkQtP3aPDxV/NuPZG+HwRk08dMAHz3u2QGMBHDWR0guioswm5944TlVOj59T' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-vuitton">Raphaël Vuitton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/aviation-the-european-commission-launches-a-public-consultation-with-a-view-to" rel="bookmark"><strong>Public consultation</strong>: The European Commission launches a public consultation with a view to the forthcoming revision of the guidelines on State aid to the aviation sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-07T11:31:36Z">7 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121861 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission has launched a call for contributions to gather information on the future revision of the guidelines on aid to airports and airlines (OJ 2014, C 99, p. 3). This consultation took place between August 27 and October 8, 2024. As part of the forthcoming review, the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/general-court-of-the-european-union-101310">General Court of the European Union</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-eu-general-court-upholds-the-approval-of-eur2m-in-aid-granted-to-a-romanian" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court upholds the approval of €2M in aid granted to a Romanian airline determining it to be proportionate and distinct from prior rescue packages <em>(Wizz Air)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121487 introduction entry-content"> <p>That aid, amounting to almost €2 million, is compatible with the internal market <br class='autobr' /> On 3 February 2022, Romania notified the Commission of individual aid of almost €2 million, in the form of a capital injection, for the Romanian airline TAROM. The aid was financed from the general budget of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/compatibility-the-general-court-of-the-european-union-clarifies-the-scope-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Compatibility</strong> : The General Court of the European Union clarifies the scope of the information that Member States must provide when notifying an aid measure to the Commission to enable it to carry out its examination and provides details on the relationship between the fundamental freedoms enshrined in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Treaty rules on State aid <em>(République portugaise)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T23:00:00Z">6 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121777 introduction entry-content"> <p>On November 6, 2024, the General Court of the European Union handed down two judgments incase T-462/22 (Millennium BCP Participações e.a. v. European Commission) and in joint cases T-713/22 (Portumo and others v. European Commission) and T-720/22 (Nova Ship Invest v. European Commission)in which (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/121264" rel="bookmark"><strong>Tax exemption</strong>: Advocate General Kokott invites the Court of Justice of the European Union to declare that the exemption from property tax provided for by Polish law for the benefit of owners of land on which railway infrastructure is actually in use forms part of Polish law in a comprehensible manner, is part of the reference system, from which it is not a derogation, and therefore does not constitute a selective advantage <em>(E. sp. z o.o.)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-16T22:00:00Z">17 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121264 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 17, 2024, Advocate General Juliane Kokott delivered her opinion in case C-453/23 (E. sp. z o.o. v. Prezydent Miasta Mielca), a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Polish Supreme Administrative Court concerning the treatment, for the purposes of state aid control, of an (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/incompatible-aid-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-dismisses-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Compatibility</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union dismisses the appeal of an advertising company and upholds the General Court’s judgement to the extent that it confirmed the existence of an economic advantage in the Brussels street furniture case <em>(JCDecaux)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120808 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 26, 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union handed down a judgment in case C-710/22 (JCDecaux Street Furniture Belgium v. European Commission).. <br class='autobr' /> Following the conclusions delivered in this case by Advocate General Anthony M. Collins on April 11, 2024, the Court dismisses (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/120979" rel="bookmark"><strong>Notion of State aid:</strong> The Court of Justice of the European Union dismisses the claims of the beneficiaries and Germany concerning unlawful aid granted to certain large electricity users through exemptions from network charges, while clarifying the starting point for the action to annul the Commission’s decisions <em>(Covestro Deutschland / AZ / Infineon Technologies Dresden / Wepa Hygieneprodukt)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120979 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 26, 2024, the European Court of Justice handed down four judgments in several cases concerning an aid scheme implemented by Germany in favor of certain large electricity consumers. These are joint cases C-790/21 and C-791/21 (Germany/Covestro Deutschland v. European Commission)joint (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-stromsky">Bruno Stromsky</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/chroniques/compatibility-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-considers-that-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Compatibility</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union considers that the possibility offered to a co-contractor to use street furniture free of charge constitutes an advantage and, in the case under consideration, State aid <em>(JCDecaux)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121875 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court’s judgment in this case dismisses JCDecaux ’s appeal against a judgment of the Court of First Instance confirming a final negative decision with recovery taken by the Commission (September 7, 2022, JCDecaux Street Furniture Belgium, case T-642/19, Concurrences n° 4-2022). This (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/efta-surveillance-authority-112306">EFTA Surveillance Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-efta-surveillance-authority-launches-an-investigation-into-an-alleged" rel="bookmark">The EFTA Surveillance Authority launches an investigation into an alleged unlawful State aid granted by Norway to a State-owned railway company <em>(Bane NOR)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z">25 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120769 introduction entry-content"> <p>ESA opens investigation into alleged State aid to Bane NOR* <br class='autobr' /> The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) has decided to open a formal investigation procedure regarding alleged unlawful State aid granted by Norway to Bane NOR and some contractual partners. <br class='autobr' /> ESA’s decision to initiate a formal (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/120733" rel="bookmark"><strong>Tax ruling</strong> : The Court of Justice of the European Union annules the judgment of the General Court and the decision of the Commission, holding that the general system of company taxation in the United Kingdom and the rules applicable to controlled foreign companies constitute a coherent set of rules and that these rules are not detachable from that system, thus confirming that the correct frame of reference is the general system of company taxation <em>(ITV)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120733 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 19, 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union handed down its judgment in joined cases C-555/22 (United Kingdom v. Commission and others), C-556/22 (ITV v. Commission and others) and C-564/22 (LSEGH (Luxembourg) and London Stock Exchange Group Holdings (Italy) v. Commission (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/efta-surveillance-authority-112306">EFTA Surveillance Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-efta-surveillance-authority-launches-an-investigation-into-icelandic-state" rel="bookmark">The EFTA Surveillance Authority launches an investigation into Icelandic State aid granted for the purchase of medical imaging services</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120708 introduction entry-content"> <p>ESA launches investigation into the purchasing of medical imaging services in Iceland* <br class='autobr' /> The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) has decided to initiate a formal investigation into alleged State aid granted by the Icelandic authorities for the purchase of medical imaging services. <br class='autobr' /> The launch of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-commission-opens-an-investigation-to-inquire-whether-the-sale-of-a" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission opens an investigation to inquire whether the sale of a racetrack complies with State aid rules <em>(Capricorn)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-11T22:00:00Z">12 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120613 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission opens in-depth investigation into alleged German State aid involved in the sale of the Nürburgring racetrack* <br class='autobr' /> The Commission has opened an in-depth investigation to assess whether the sale of the Nürburgring racetrack complex in Germany to Capricorn Nürburgring Besitzgesellschaft (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-rules-that-ireland-granted-a-big-tech-firm-unlawful" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice rules that Ireland granted a Big Tech firm unlawful State aid which Ireland is required to recover <em>(Apple)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120589 introduction entry-content"> <p>Tax rulings: the Court of Justice sets aside the judgment of the General Court concerning tax rulings issued by Ireland in favour of Apple* <br class='autobr' /> The Court of Justice gives final judgment in the matter and confirms the European Commission’s 2016 decision: Ireland granted Apple unlawful aid which (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/tax-rulings-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-annuls-the-judgment-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Tax ruling</strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union annuls the judgment of the General Court and, rendering a final judgment on the case, confirms the Commission’s 2016 decision declaring the aid unlawful and mandating its recovering to the tune of 13 billion euros <em>(Apple)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120608 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 10, 2024, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Justice delivered its judgment in case C-465/20 (European Commission v. Ireland and others). concerning the tax rulings adopted by Ireland in favor of Apple. <br class='autobr' /> In it, it first set aside thejudgment delivered on July 15, 2020 in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/james-anderson">James Anderson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/niels-baeten">Niels Baeten</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nate-carden-skadden-com">Nathaniel Carden</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/giorgio-motta">Giorgio Motta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vanessa-m-johnson">Vanessa M. Johnson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ketevan-zukakishvili-dlapiper-com">Ketevan Zukakishvili</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-rules-in-favour-of-the-eu-commission-in-finding-that" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds the Commission’s finding that 2 Irish subsidiaries of a Big Tech company received unlawful State aid from Ireland in the form of a tax advantage <em>(Apple)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120797 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 10, 2024, the European Court of Justice (ECJ or Court) sided with the European Commission (Commission) and ruled that two Irish subsidiaries of Apple Inc. received unlawful state aid from Ireland in the form of a tax advantage (Case C-465/20 P). Ireland has reported that it will now (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pietro-stella">Pietro Stella</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/markus-wellinger">Markus Wellinger</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-commission-s-decision-in-a-landmark-case" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds the Commission’s decision in a landmark case finding that Ireland granted a Big Tech platform illegal State aid <em>(Apple)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121065 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 10 September 2024, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) delivered its judgment in the State aid Apple case (C-465/20 P, Commission v Ireland and Others). Unlike other recent judgments in similar tax cases, the CJEU sided with the Commission in finding that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTQhWtu6jR67fceInwaKF5osVd/bPRy8ds54IEd6j2H6SY6e3LE50VBn+mDdzT36svdYPtJ9Sv3pn5Gvhsae/HKKSNbk5wyNBswJwjetPeIJLElmQkfH1YhCxfuf5Jfg4/rPp35A7idne7+N+pNA6LGjn3zc1MOEji/11PrzXZ2ULxlPoUn4du+houdTX5Gjix1gZ4vLgFE8EjrLRr3xOXdxcv/RG5ag7UHcahfs8sDWwavqnNxgAhbIX9as/ADXOVV2HT2L/KR+bGqYLh/5d51+gPhPlnnCGxeIqEO5vG5b1NteGUqhrtLvb0Rm018v0B5li4erBu/N+BSbAgip1I1evh' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leo-flynn">Leo Flynn</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/viktor-bottka">Viktor Bottka</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cvetelina-georgieva">Cvetelina Georgieva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christian-kovacs">Christian Kovács</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/luminita-nicolae">Luminiţa Nicolae</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/legal-practice/remedies-in-state-aid-decisions-restoring-the-level-playing-field" rel="bookmark">Remedies in State aid decisions: Restoring the level playing field</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119532 introduction entry-content"> <p>Recovery of incompatible State aid that has been unlawfully granted plays a decisive part in establishing a level playing field in EU competition law in general, to the benefit of citizens, undertakings and Member States. It is an area developed from the case-law of the Union courts since the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rossella-miceli">Rossella Miceli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/livres/the-role-of-state-aid-in-the-european-fiscal-integration-rossella-miceli" rel="bookmark">The Role of State Aid in the European Fiscal Integration, Rossella MICELI</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114890 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-karpenschif">Michaël Karpenschif</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/patricia-lampreave-marquez">Patricia Lampreave Márquez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sonsoles-centeno">Sonsoles Centeno Huerta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexandre-maitrot-de-la-motte">Alexandre Maitrot de la Motte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ina-lunneryd">Ina Lunneryd</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/julien-pellefigue">Julien Pellefigue</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/on-topic/tax-rulings-and-state-aid" rel="bookmark">Tax rulings and State aid</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112609 introduction entry-content"> <p>The relationship between State aid control and tax law in the European Union is longstanding and conflictual. The European Commission has used its State aid control powers to address illegal aid provided through tax arrangements and combat discriminatory tax measures. However, this approach (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/vincent-bridoux">Vincent Bridoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/books/new-translation-grands-arrets-du-droit-de-la-concurrence-controle-des-aides-d" rel="bookmark">Grands arrêts du droit de la concurrence : contrôle des aides d’État, IDOT Laurence (ed.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112592 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/giuliano-amato">Giuliano Amato</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2023/foreword/both-private-and-public-powers-are-going-beyond-their-bounds-let-s-keep-an-eye-110213" rel="bookmark">Both private and public powers are going beyond their bounds - let’s keep an eye on both</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110213 introduction entry-content"> <p>Twenty-five years ago, when I wrote Antitrust and the Bounds of Powers (Hart Publishing), my purpose was to remind the antitrust community, at the time absorbed in the thousand technicalities of our discipline, that the discipline itself was not only about efficiency and consumer welfare; it had (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-alexis">Alain Alexis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/legal-practice/control-of-foreign-subsidies-distorting-the-internal-market-main-amendments" rel="bookmark">Control of foreign subsidies distorting the internal market: Main amendments introduced by the co-legislators</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-111241 introduction entry-content"> <p>This is an updated version of Alain Alexis’ article titled: Foreign subsidy controls: The new European Commission proposal published in November 2021. <br class='autobr' /> The Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on foreign subsidies distorting the internal market will be applicable from 12 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/conor-quigley">Conor Quigley</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2023/books/european-state-aid-law-and-policy-and-uk-subsidy-control-conor-quigley" rel="bookmark">European State Aid Law and Policy (and UK Subsidy Control), QUIGLEY Conor</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115036 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alessandro-cogoni">Alessandro Cogoni</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/massimo-merola-475">Massimo Merola</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-blanc">Guillaume Blanc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philipp-werner">Philipp Werner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cvetelina-georgieva">Cvetelina Georgieva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dimitris-vallindas">Dimitris Vallindas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ulrich-soltesz">DUlrich Soltész</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/christian-weinmann-168740">Christian Weinmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerie-noel">Valérie Noël</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sebastien-thomas">Sébastien Thomas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alistair-mcglone">Alistair McGlone</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/clelia-jadot">Clélia Jadot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/on-topic/the-role-of-third-parties-in-state-aid-cases" rel="bookmark">The role of third parties in State aid cases</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109422 introduction entry-content"> <p>The prior control of the granting of State aid by an independent and supranational authority, the European Commission, constitutes the essential cornerstone of the creation of the internal market. However, State aid procedural rules have privileged Member States, whilst third parties, primarily (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-alexis">Alain Alexis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/pratiques/foreign-subsidy-controls-the-new-european-commission-proposal" rel="bookmark">Foreign subsidy controls: The new European Commission proposal</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102822 introduction entry-content"> <p>Responding to the requests from the European Parliament and the European Council, the Commission has proposed an ambitious regulation to control foreign subsidies distorting the internal market. The challenge is to find a balance between the positive effects of foreign investments in Europe, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/loic-grard">Loïc Grard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/articles/state-aid-law-and-economic-harm-the-other-side-of-private-enforcement-103560" rel="bookmark">State aid law and economic harm: The other side of private enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103560 introduction entry-content"> <p>While in the field of anti-competitive practices, particularly as a result of Directive 2014/104/EU, seeking compensation for economic damage is gradually becoming part of European legal practice, the same cannot be said of state aid law. Although the Court of Justice considers this approach to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/joseph-bell">Joseph Bell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/enno-eilts">Enno Eilts</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/simon-yarak">Simon Yarak</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/droit-et-economie/are-state-aid-damages-claims-around-the-corner-an-economist-s-perspective-101311-en" rel="bookmark">Are State aid damages claims around the corner? An economist’s perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101311 introduction entry-content"> <p>To date, there have been only a few successful damages claims following the granting of incompatible State aid, despite similar damages claims being common in other areas of competition law. A study published in 2019 by the European Commission highlights that the burden of proof for claimants in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/louis-vogel">Louis Vogel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2021/livres/european-state-aid-law-ed-2-louis-vogel-102551-en" rel="bookmark">European State Aid Law (ed.2), Louis VOGEL</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102551 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/livres/manuel-de-droit-europeen-des-aides-d-etat-michael-karpenschif-92913" rel="bookmark">Manuel de droit européen des aides d’État, Michaël KARPENSCHIF</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92913 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2020/livres/droit-materiel-des-aides-d-etat-textes-et-commentaires-olivier-peiffert-and" rel="bookmark">Droit matériel des aides d’État: Textes et commentaires, Olivier PEIFFERT and Sébastien THOMAS</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92915 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/olivier-pejout-u-bordeaux-fr">Olivier Péjout</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/livres/la-conditionnalite-en-droit-des-aides-d-etat-olivier-pejout" rel="bookmark">La conditionnalité en droit des aides d’État, Olivier PÉJOUT</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102604 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789A9mwF1OyeUEEaCNxLLBzHMoQDLhcvybAm18qOjB4y+avttKkpqIYA1Z+j0JDSnCEny4+PG/4/065q/ER57eSvfnEqVPcCtwFApIjcGfly8R/2Vukucg+DMdwhjkX6Fc2ly/uWbaKGjf3dxIAZIYlaZDi3sRx/MxVN2NVmklRbFPQvR/rfGAzyeLxvbhFRm15GOqetXIJ7qJIDmxDZmxbzJvRHkPVHWSiFAZORwJe5tTbPQSfR8WYs2F+0h/1piVw7lL+C2AEPfOKiTH3EF6FuFFIN5dz1JI9UVWbqv7NXjYkw7xm25Zf2Y6kfq6XrqinoUGcTv0J2JkyN0PZ' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes">Simon Holmes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dirk-middelschulte">Dirk Middelschulte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maurits-dolmans">Maurits Dolmans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicole-robins">Nicole Robins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-policy-and-the-eu-green-deal-99925" rel="bookmark">Competition Policy and the EU Green Deal</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-19T14:30:00Z">19 April 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99925 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Cleary Gottlieb and Oxera, with <a href="en/auteurs/simon-holmes" class="spip_in">Simon Holmes</a> (Judge, Competition Appeal Tribunal | Visiting Professor, University of Oxford), <a href="en/authors/dirk-middelschulte" class="spip_in">Dirk Middelschulte</a> (Global General Counsel Competition, Unilever), <a href="en/authors/martijn-snoep" class="spip_in">Martijn Snoep</a> (Chairman, Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets), <a href="en/authors/maurits-dolmans" class="spip_in">Maurits Dolmans</a> (Partner, Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton) and <a href="en/authors/nicole-robins" class="spip_in">Nicole Robins</a> (Partner, Oxera).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francesco-martucci">Francesco Martucci</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jaap-walter-tilstra">Jaap Walter Tilstra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/state-aid-and-regulation-of-unfair-tax-competition-state-of-play" rel="bookmark">State aid and regulation of unfair tax competition: State of play</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-11T10:30:00Z">11 October 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87129 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences Review with Jaap Tilstra (DG COMP), in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrea-coscelli">Andrea Coscelli</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carles-esteva-mosso">Carles Esteva Mosso</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/cecilio-madero-villarejo">Cecilio Madero Villarejo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-neven-38490">Damien Neven</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dominique-speekenbrink">Dominique Speekenbrink</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eric-barbier-de-la-serre">Eric Barbier de la Serre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frank-maier-rigaud">Frank P. Maier-Rigaud</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/gert-jan-koopman">Gert-Jan Koopman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hugues-calvet">Hugues Calvet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva">Isabelle De Silva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-derenne">Jacques Derenne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Jose-Maria-Marin-Quemada">José María Marín-Quemada</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/justus-haucap">Justus Haucap</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marc-van-der-woude">Marc van der Woude</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mathew-heim">Mathew Heim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-mcleod">Robert McLeod</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/new-frontiers-of-antitrust-2017-en" rel="bookmark">New Frontiers of Antitrust 2017</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-06-26T06:00:00Z">26 June 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84342 introduction entry-content"><p>Annual Concurrences Paris conference organized in partnership with Bredin Prat, CRA, Compass Lexecon, Dechert, Jones Day, MAPP, NERA, Sheppard Mullin (Panel Sponsors) and Cleary Gottlieb, Clifford Chance, Deloitte, Fréget-Tasso de Panafieu, Gide Loyrette Nouel, White & Case, Norton Rose Fulbright (Social Events Sponsors) and MLex (Media Sponsor).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/edouard-sarrazin">Edouard Sarrazin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/restructuring-undertakings-in-difficulty-and-competition-merger-state-aid" rel="bookmark">Restructuring undertakings in difficulty and competition — Merger & State Aid</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-11-08T11:00:00Z">8 November 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83086 introduction entry-content"><p>Lunchtalk organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with DLA Piper.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/gert-jan-koopman">Gert-Jan Koopman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/James-Kavanagh">James Kavanagh</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martina-maier">Martina Maier</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/state-aid-modernisation-what-remains-to-be-done-an-update-82818" rel="bookmark">State Aid Modernisation: What Remains to Be Done? An Update </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-12T11:00:00Z">12 November 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82818 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with McDermott Will & Emery and OXERA.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXTRhW9u6jRg7ds3lfBF9OyeYrDaj9xLbB1HMoRDLhcvybASSmMCa0GfGSh7aEK5sWmnLfsiB/gbspLG3zl2Uw0VWsQ5BlU2GRNcd60KonWo43Eluwnet1nhCu7fX18f8I8LI+BcGj/fpd68uX3YraLGDn1b1DQGEzCf1+Zl43e2UBC4uFBCPVrkR778dYL1SMWrM4JhPhrLeFzHahXo1z8BcHOZdMjELuJLHT0KGz9mmW6Z6rLxgAhc2XY1JKcBbWo8nka2vn1pD107FJ05box6LoItVyv/mIvu4qUOxvFJVhOUVWaqv7NVvb8RnKLmsmPztMOeF7808XYHawV4tRU+6MAOzq7' data-origin="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/amalie-ussing">Amalie Ussing</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/henrik-saugmandsgaard-oe">Henrik Saugmandsgaard Øe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/judicial-review-of-competition-cases-1344#id=108535" rel="bookmark">Judicial Review of Competition Cases <small>Application of State Aid in Tax-Related Matters and Judicial Control of Such Cases</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-18T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">19 </span><span class="m">Apr</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">133Judicial Review of Competition Cases Application of State Aid in Tax-Related Matters and Judicial Control of Such Cases Henrik Saugmandsgaard Øe * Amalie Ussing ** Gorrissen Federspiel Abstract The purpose of this article is to contribute to the ongoing debate on the application of State aid (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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(min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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