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href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_gomb%C3%A1k_%C3%BAj_rendszertana" title="A gombák új rendszertana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A gombák új rendszertana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84,_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84_%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84" title="Телеоморф, анаморф и холоморф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Телеоморф, анаморф и холоморф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppers_livsstadier" title="Soppers livsstadier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anamorph&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorph">Anamorph</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Terminology used with fungi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about life cycles of fungi. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anamorph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anamorph (disambiguation)">Anamorph (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a>, the terms <b>teleomorph</b>, <b>anamorph</b>, and <b>holomorph</b> apply to portions of the <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a>: </p> <ul><li><b>Teleomorph</b>: the sexual reproductive stage (morph), typically a <a href="/wiki/Ascocarp" title="Ascocarp">fruiting body</a>.</li> <li><b>Anamorph</b>: an asexual reproductive stage (morph), often <a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">mold</a>-like. When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, these are called <b>synanamorphs</b>.</li> <li><b>Holomorph</b>: the whole fungus, including anamorphs and teleomorph.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_naming_of_fungi">Dual naming of fungi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dual naming of fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> are classified primarily based on the structures associated with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>, which tend to be evolutionarily conserved. However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, and cannot easily be classified based on sexual characteristics; some produce both asexual and sexual states. These species are often members of the <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a>, but a few of them belong to the <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a>. Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of reproduction can be observed at a specific point in time or under specific conditions. Additionally, fungi typically grow in mixed colonies and <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">sporulate</a> amongst each other. These facts have made it very difficult to link the various states of the same fungus. </p><p>Fungi that are not known to produce a teleomorph were historically placed into an artificial <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Deuteromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteromycota">Deuteromycota</a>," also known as "<a href="/wiki/Fungi_imperfecti" title="Fungi imperfecti">fungi imperfecti</a>," simply for convenience. Some workers hold that this is an obsolete concept, and that <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a> allows accurate placement of species which are known from only part of their life cycle. Others retain the term "deuteromycetes," but give it a lowercase "d" and no taxonomic rank.<sup id="cite_ref-guarro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Article 59 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a> permitted mycologists to give asexually reproducing fungi (anamorphs) separate names from their sexual states (teleomorphs);<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this practice was discontinued as of 1 January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dual naming system can be confusing.<sup id="cite_ref-CDCcaution_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDCcaution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is essential for workers in plant pathology, mold identification, medical mycology, and food microbiology, fields in which asexually reproducing fungi are commonly encountered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="If the dual naming system is so essential, why was it 'discontinued as of 1 January 2013' as stated above? (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_dual_system_to_single_nomenclature">From dual system to single nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From dual system to single nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The separate names for anamorphs of fungi with a pleomorphic life-cycle has been an issue of debate since the phenomenon was recognized in the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was even before the first international <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes" title="Nomenclature codes">rules for botanical nomenclature</a> were issued in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special provisions are to be found in the earliest <i>Codes</i>, which were then modified several times, and often substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules have been updated regularly and become increasingly complex, and by the mid-1970s they were being interpreted in different ways by different <a href="/wiki/Mycologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycologist">mycologists</a> – even ones working on the same genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following intensive discussions under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/International_Mycological_Association" title="International Mycological Association">International Mycological Association</a>, drastic changes were made at the <a href="/wiki/International_Botanical_Congress" title="International Botanical Congress">International Botanical Congress</a> in 1981 to clarify and simplify the procedures – and the new terms anamorph, teleomorph, and holomorph entered general use.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unfortunate effect of the simplification was that many name changes had to be made, including for some well-known and economically important species; at that date, the <a href="/wiki/Conserved_name" title="Conserved name">conservation of species names</a> was not allowed under the <i>Code</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unforeseen in the 1970s, when the 1981 provisions were crafted, was the impact of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_systematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular systematics">molecular systematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade later, it was starting to become obvious that fungi with no known sexual stage could confidently be placed in genera which were typified by species in which the sexual stage was known.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This possibility of abandoning the dual nomenclatural system was debated at subsequent International Mycological Congresses and on other occasions, and the need for change was increasingly recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the International Botanical Congress in Vienna in 2005, some minor modifications were made which allowed anamorph-typified names to be <a href="/wiki/Epitype" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitype">epitypified</a> by material showing the sexual stage when it was discovered, and for that anamorph name to continue to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1995 edition of the influential <i>Ainsworth and Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi</i> sought to replace the term anamorph with <i>mitosporic fungus</i> and teleomorph with <i>meiosporic fungus</i>, based on the idea that the fundamental distinction is whether <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> preceded sporulation. This is a controversial choice because it is not clear that the morphological differences which traditionally define anamorphs and teleomorphs line up completely with sexual practices, or whether those sexual practices are sufficiently well understood in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-guarro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vienna Congress (2005) established a Special Committee to investigate the issue further, but it was unable to reach a consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters were becoming increasingly desperate as mycologists using <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> approaches started to ignore the provisions, or interpret them in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="One_fungus,_one_name"><span id="One_fungus.2C_one_name"></span>One fungus, one name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: One fungus, one name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in July 2011 made a change in the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a></i> and adopted the principle "one fungus, one name".<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1 January 2013, one fungus can only have one name; the system of permitting separate names to be used for anamorphs then ended.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that all <a href="/wiki/Nomen_illegitimum" title="Nomen illegitimum">legitimate names</a> proposed for a species, regardless of what stage they are <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">typified</a> by, can serve as the correct name for that species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All names now compete on an equal footing for <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_Priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of Priority">priority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order not to render illegitimate the names that had been introduced in the past for separate morphs, it was agreed that these should not be treated as superfluous alternative names in the sense of the <i>Code</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further decided that no anamorph-typified name should be taken up to displace a widely used teleomorph-typified name without the case's having been considered by the General Committee established by the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing that there were cases in some groups of fungi where there could be many names that might merit formal retention or rejection, a new provision<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was introduced: Lists of names can be submitted to the General Committee and, after due scrutiny, names accepted on those lists are to be treated as conserved over competing synonyms (and listed as Appendices to the <i>Code</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a>-forming fungi (but not <a href="/wiki/Lichenicolous_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichenicolous fungi">lichenicolous fungi</a>) had always been excluded from the provisions permitting dual nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problem of choosing one name among many remains to be examined for many large, agriculturally or medically-important genera like <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i>. Articles have been published on such specific genera to propose ways to define them under the newer rules.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/25px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/38px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/51px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungi_imperfecti" title="Fungi imperfecti">Fungi imperfecti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mitosporic_Ascomycota" title="List of mitosporic Ascomycota">List of mitosporic Ascomycota</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-guarro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guarro_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guarro_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuarro,_JGenéjStchigel,_Am1999" class="citation cs2">Guarro, J; Genéj; Stchigel, Am (Jul 1999), "Developments in fungal taxonomy", <i>Clinical Microbiology Reviews</i>, <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">454–</span>500, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.12.3.454">10.1128/CMR.12.3.454</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0893-8512">0893-8512</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC100249">100249</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10398676">10398676</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Developments+in+fungal+taxonomy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC100249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0893-8512&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10398676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.12.3.454&rft.au=Guarro%2C+J&rft.au=Gen%C3%A9j&rft.au=Stchigel%2C+Am&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATeleomorph%2C+anamorph+and+holomorph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/frameset/0064Ch6NoFa59.htm">Article 59</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawksworth_2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth_2011_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawksworth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hawksworth, D. L. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405123248/http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/databases/">Anamorph-teleomorph database</a> at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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