CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>International nonproprietary name - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"231a539c-170b-4816-a67e-3526c2d0bb2b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"International_nonproprietary_name","wgTitle":"International nonproprietary name","wgCurRevisionId":1266751343,"wgRevisionId":1266751343,"wgArticleId":611768,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Wikipedia external links cleanup from December 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Pharmacology","Names","1953 establishments","World Health Organization", "Pharmacological classification systems"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"International_nonproprietary_name","wgRelevantArticleId":611768,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"International_Nonproprietary_Name","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q824258","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect", "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="International nonproprietary name - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-International_nonproprietary_name rootpage-International_nonproprietary_name skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+nonproprietary+name" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+nonproprietary+name" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=International+nonproprietary+name" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=International+nonproprietary+name" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-INN_stems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#INN_stems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>INN stems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-INN_stems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_of_INN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_of_INN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>School of INN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_of_INN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stems_and_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stems_and_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stems and roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stems_and_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translingual_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translingual_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Translingual communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translingual_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_regularization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_regularization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Spelling regularization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_regularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_for_radicals_and_groups_(salts,_esters,_and_so_on)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_for_radicals_and_groups_(salts,_esters,_and_so_on)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Names for radicals and groups (salts, esters, and so on)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_for_radicals_and_groups_(salts,_esters,_and_so_on)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_naming_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_naming_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comparison of naming standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_naming_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International nonproprietary name</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اسم دولي غير مسجل الملكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم دولي غير مسجل الملكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_qeyri-m%C3%BClkiyy%C9%99t_ad%C4%B1" title="Beynəlxalq qeyri-mülkiyyət adı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq qeyri-mülkiyyət adı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="আন্তর্জাতিক মালিকানাবিহীন নাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক মালিকানাবিহীন নাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_nevlasni%C4%8Dki_naziv" title="Međunarodni nevlasnički naziv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodni nevlasnički naziv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3_comuna_internacional" title="Denominació comuna internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Denominació comuna internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_nechr%C3%A1n%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1zev" title="Mezinárodní nechráněný název – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní nechráněný název" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_Freiname" title="Internationaler Freiname – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationaler Freiname" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravimi_geneeriline_nimetus" title="Ravimi geneeriline nimetus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ravimi geneeriline nimetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_com%C3%BAn_internacional" title="Denominación común internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Denominación común internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_Izendapen_Komun" title="Nazioarteko Izendapen Komun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko Izendapen Komun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نام غیراختصاصی بین‌المللی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام غیراختصاصی بین‌المللی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9nomination_commune_internationale" title="Dénomination commune internationale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dénomination commune internationale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_com%C3%BAn_internacional" title="Denominación común internacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Denominación común internacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EB%AA%85" title="국제일반명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제일반명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Generik_Internasional" title="Nama Generik Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama Generik Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominazione_comune_internazionale" title="Denominazione comune internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Denominazione comune internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denominatio_internationalis_communis" title="Denominatio internationalis communis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Denominatio internationalis communis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautiskais_nepatent%C4%93tais_nosaukums" title="Starptautiskais nepatentētais nosaukums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskais nepatentētais nosaukums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_szabadn%C3%A9v_(gy%C3%B3gyszer)" title="Nemzetközi szabadnév (gyógyszer) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközi szabadnév (gyógyszer)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ നോൺപ്രൊപ്രൈറ്ററി നെയിം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ നോൺപ്രൊപ്രൈറ്ററി നെയിം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" title="International Nonproprietary Name – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="International Nonproprietary Name" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%90%8D" title="国際一般名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際一般名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/INN-klassifikasjon" title="INN-klassifikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="INN-klassifikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzynarodowa_nazwa_niezastrze%C5%BCona" title="Międzynarodowa nazwa niezastrzeżona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Międzynarodowa nazwa niezastrzeżona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denomina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Comum_Internacional" title="Denominação Comum Internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Denominação Comum Internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Международное непатентованное наименование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международное непатентованное наименование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mednarodno_nelastni%C5%A1ko_ime" title="Mednarodno nelastniško ime – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mednarodno nelastniško ime" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Међународни незаштићени назив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународни незаштићени назив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_neza%C5%A1ti%C4%87eni_naziv_leka" title="Međunarodni nezaštićeni naziv leka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodni nezaštićeni naziv leka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4keaineiden_yleisnimet" title="Lääkeaineiden yleisnimet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lääkeaineiden yleisnimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name" title="International nonproprietary name – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="International nonproprietary name" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ชื่อระหว่างประเทศที่ไม่มีเจ้าของ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชื่อระหว่างประเทศที่ไม่มีเจ้าของ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Міжнародна непатентована назва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародна непатентована назва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E8%8D%AF%E5%90%8D" title="国际非专有药名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国际非专有药名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q824258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:International_nonproprietary_name" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/International_nonproprietary_name" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/International_nonproprietary_name" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&oldid=1266751343" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=International_nonproprietary_name&id=1266751343&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_nonproprietary_name"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FInternational_nonproprietary_name"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=International_nonproprietary_name&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q824258" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Nonproprietary_Name&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name">International Nonproprietary Name</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Official generic name for a pharmaceutical drug or active ingredient</div> <p>An <b>International Nonproprietary Name</b> (<b>INN</b>) is an official <a href="/wiki/Trademark_distinctiveness#Generic_terms" title="Trademark distinctiveness">generic</a> and nonproprietary name given to a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical substance</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Active_ingredient" title="Active ingredient">active ingredient</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_innguidance_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_innguidance-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encompassing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a> and low-molecular-weight <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>), as well as complex biological products, such as those used for <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Loizides2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loizides2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INNs are intended to make communication more precise by providing a unique standard name for each active ingredient, to avoid <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">prescribing</a> errors.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The INN system was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having unambiguous standard names for each pharmaceutical substance (<a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature" title="Drug nomenclature">drug nomenclature</a>) is important because a drug may be sold under many different brand names, or a branded medication may contain more than one drug. For example, the branded medications Celexa, Celapram and Citrol all contain the same active ingredient whose INN is <a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a>. The antibacterial medication known as <a href="/wiki/Co-trimoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-trimoxazole">co-trimoxazole</a> as well as those under the brand names <a href="/wiki/Bactrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrim">Bactrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Septran" class="mw-redirect" title="Septran">Septran</a> all contain two active ingredients easily recognisable by their INN: <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim" title="Trimethoprim">trimethoprim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfamethoxazole" title="Sulfamethoxazole">sulfamethoxazole</a>. </p><p>The WHO publishes INNs in English, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Latin</a>, French, Russian, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a>, and a drug's INNs are often <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> across most or all of the languages, with minor spelling or pronunciation differences, for example: <i><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">paracetamolum</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">la</a>), <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">paracétamol</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">fr</a>) and <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">парацетамол</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">ru</a>). An established INN is known as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn/inn-lists"><i>recommended</i> INN</a> (<b>rINN</b>), while a name that is still being considered is called a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn/inn-lists"><i>proposed</i> INN</a> (<b>pINN</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National nonproprietary names such as British Approved Names (BAN), Dénominations Communes Françaises (DCF), Japanese Adopted Names (JAN) and United States Adopted Names (USAN) are nowadays, with rare exceptions, identical to the INN.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Mandate</b> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has a constitutional mandate to <b>"develop, establish and promote international standards with respect to biological, pharmaceutical and similar products".</b> The World Health Organization collaborates closely with INN experts and national nomenclature committees to select a single name of worldwide acceptability for each active substance that is to be marketed as a pharmaceutical. To avoid confusion, which could jeopardize the safety of patients, trade-marks should neither be derived from INNs nor contain common stems used in INNs. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">WHO<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="INN_stems">INN stems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: INN stems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each drug's INN is unique but may contain a <b>stem</b> that is shared with other drugs of the same <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug#Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">class.</a> In this context, a stem is a syllable (or syllables) created to evoke in the name the pharmacological mechanism of action or the chemical structure of the substance. Stems are mostly placed word-finally (suffixes), but in some cases word-initial stems (prefixes) are used. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blocker</a> drugs <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a> share the stem <i>-olol</i> (as a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>), and the benzodiazepine drugs <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> share the stem <i>-azepam</i> (also a suffix) The list of stems in use are collected in a publication informally known as the <i>Stem Book</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-StemBook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StemBook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of stems are: </p> <ul><li><i>-anib</i> for <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Angiogenesis inhibitor">angiogenesis inhibitors</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pazopanib" title="Pazopanib">pazopanib</a>)</li> <li><i>-anserin</i> for <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_antagonist" title="Serotonin receptor antagonist">serotonin receptor antagonists</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT<sub>2</sub></a> antagonists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">ritanserin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>)</li> <li><i>-arit</i> for <a href="/wiki/Antiarthritics" title="Antiarthritics">antiarthritic</a> agents (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lobenzarit" title="Lobenzarit">lobenzarit</a>)</li> <li><i>-ase</i> for <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alteplase" title="Alteplase">alteplase</a>)</li> <li><i>-azepam</i> or <i>-azolam</i> for <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a>)</li> <li><i>-caine</i> for <a href="/wiki/Local_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anaesthetic">local anaesthetics</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">procaine</a> )</li> <li><i>cef-</i> for <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cefalexin" title="Cefalexin">cefalexin</a>)</li> <li><i>-coxib</i> for <a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-inflammatory drug">anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">celecoxib</a>)</li> <li>-<i>grel</i>- or -<i>grel</i> for platelet aggregation inhibitors (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Anagrelide" title="Anagrelide">anagrelide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cangrelor" title="Cangrelor">cangrelor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a>)</li> <li><i>-mab</i> for <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclonal antibodies">monoclonal antibodies</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Infliximab" title="Infliximab">infliximab</a>); see <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_monoclonal_antibodies" title="Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies">Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies</a></li> <li><i>-meran</i> for <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> products (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tozinameran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tozinameran">tozinameran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elasomeran" class="mw-redirect" title="Elasomeran">elasomeran</a>)</li> <li>-<i>nab</i>- or <i>nab</i>- for <a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor agonists">cannabinoid receptor agonists</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">cannabidiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">dronabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">nabilone</a>)</li> <li><i>-olol</i> for <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blockers</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a>)</li> <li><i>-pril</i> for <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">angiotensing converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a>)</li> <li><i>-sartan</i> for <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Losartan" title="Losartan">losartan</a>)</li> <li><i>-tinib</i> for <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_inhibitor" title="Tyrosine kinase inhibitor">tyrosine kinase inhibitors</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">imatinib</a>)</li> <li><i>-vastatin</i> for <a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor">HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol-lowering_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterol-lowering agents">cholesterol-lowering agents</a> (e.g. atorvastatin and <a href="/wiki/Simvastatin" title="Simvastatin">simvastatin</a> )</li> <li><i>-vir</i> for <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antivirals</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Remdesivir" title="Remdesivir">remdesivir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">ritonavir</a>) <ul><li><i>-navir</i> for antiretroviral <a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">protease inhibitors</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Darunavir" title="Darunavir">darunavir</a>)</li> <li>-<i>ciclovir</i> for bicyclic heterocycle antivirals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aciclovir" title="Aciclovir">aciclovir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Famciclovir" title="Famciclovir">famciclovir</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="School_of_INN">School of INN</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: School of INN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extranet.who.int/soinn/">School of INN</a> is a WHO International Nonproprietary Name Programme initiative launched in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which aims to provide information to pharmacy, medical and health students, as well as health professionals and other stakeholders on how an INN is designed and constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Users can take self-administered courses on several topics using this free and open source learning platform. For example, the course <b>An Introduction to Drug Nomenclature and INN</b> provides the user with a general overview of drug nomenclature and how INN are obtained and constructed. The course <b>Learning Clinical Pharmacology (ATC classification, INN system)</b> provides the student with the first steps to learn pharmacology using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn/stembook">INN stems</a>. </p><p>Registered students can take other courses provided by the School of INN, such as the <i>Stem in a pill</i> course, in which each topic or course contains information correlating INN and pharmacology for a given stem, including <a href="/wiki/Indication_(medicine)" title="Indication (medicine)">indications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindications</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">drug interactions</a> for the drugs sharing the stem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is also a <i>"How to ..."</i> section about INN Programme services and <i>MedNet INN</i> which enables users to carry out searches in the INN database to retrieve information on INN, its chemical information and ATC codes amonsgt other things.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The School of INN has created pilot sites in collaboration with several Universities around the globe: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Western Cape">University of the Western Cape</a>(South Africa), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Eastern_Piedmont" title="University of Eastern Piedmont">University of Eastern Piedmont</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Grenoble_Alpes" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Grenoble Alpes">Université Grenoble Alpes</a> (France) and <a href="/wiki/University_Ramon_Llull" title="University Ramon Llull">University Ramon Lull</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alcal%C3%A1" title="University of Alcalá">University of Alcalá</a> in Spain. These pilot sites are involved in disseminating the use of INN, teaching based on INN and related research activities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stems_and_roots">Stems and roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stems and roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>stem</i> is not used consistently in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. It has been defined as a form to which <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> (of any type) can be attached.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under a different and apparently more common view, this is the definition of a <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a stem consists of the root plus optional <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derivational</a> affixes, meaning that it is the part of a word to which <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> affixes are added.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> INN stems employ the first definition, while under the more common alternative they would be described as roots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translingual_communication">Translingual communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Translingual communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">pharmacotherapy</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> generally) are universally relevant around the world, making <a href="/wiki/Translingualism" title="Translingualism">translingual communication</a> about them an important goal. An <a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">interlingual</a> perspective is thus useful in <a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature" title="Drug nomenclature">drug nomenclature</a>. The WHO issues INNs in English, Latin, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese. A drug's INNs are often <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> across most or all of the languages, but they also allow small <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterational</a> differences that are usually transparent and trivial for nonspeakers (as is true of most <a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">international scientific vocabulary</a>). For example, although <i>ibuprofenum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">la</a>) has an inflectional difference from <i><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>), and although <i>ibuprofène</i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">fr</a>) has a diacritic difference, the differences are trivial; users can easily recognize the "same word". Although <i>Ибупрофе́н</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">ru</a>) and <i>ibuprofen</i> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) have a transliteration difference, they sound similar, and for Russian speakers who can recognize <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> or English speakers who can recognize <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, they look similar; users can recognize the "same word". Thus, INNs make medicines bought anywhere in the world as easily identifiable as possible to people who do not speak that language. Notably, the "same word" principle allows health professionals and patients who do not speak the same language to communicate to some degree and to avoid potentially life-threatening confusions from drug interactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_regularization">Spelling regularization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spelling regularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To facilitate the translation and pronunciation of INN, "f" should be used instead of "ph", "t" instead of "th", "e" instead of "ae" or "oe", and "i" instead of "y"; the use of the letters "h" and "k" should be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus a predictable spelling system, approximating <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a>, is used, as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>ae</i> or <i>oe</i> is replaced by <i>e</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> vs. oestradiol)</li> <li><i>ph</i> is replaced by <i>f</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amfetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfetamine">amfetamine</a> vs. amphetamine)</li> <li><i>th</i> is replaced by <i>t</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Levmetamfetamine" title="Levmetamfetamine">levmetamfetamine</a> vs. levo-methamphetamine)</li> <li><i>y</i> is replaced by <i>i</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aciclovir" title="Aciclovir">aciclovir</a> vs. acyclovir)</li> <li><i>h</i> and <i>k</i> are avoided where possible</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_for_radicals_and_groups_(salts,_esters,_and_so_on)"><span id="Names_for_radicals_and_groups_.28salts.2C_esters.2C_and_so_on.29"></span>Names for radicals and groups (salts, esters, and so on)<span class="anchor" id="Modified_INN"></span><span class="anchor" id="INNM"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Names for radicals and groups (salts, esters, and so on)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many drugs are supplied as <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, with a cation and an anion. The way the INN system handles these is explained by the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> at its "Guidance on INN" webpage.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_innguidance_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_innguidance-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Amfetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amfetamine">amfetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxacillin" title="Oxacillin">oxacillin</a> are INNs, whereas various salts of these compounds – e.g., <i>amfetamine sulfate</i> and <i>oxacillin sodium</i> – are <b>modified INNs</b> (<b>INNM</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_innguidance_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_innguidance-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO_INN_active_moiety_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_INN_active_moiety-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_naming_standards">Comparison of naming standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparison of naming standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several countries had created their own nonproprietary naming system before the INN was created, and in many cases, the names created under the old systems continue to be used in those countries. As one example, in English the INN name for a common painkiller is <i><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a></i>; the table below gives the alternative names for this in different systems: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>International Nonproprietary Name (INN)</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>paracetamol (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>)</li><li>paracetamolum (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">la</a>)</li><li>paracétamol (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">fr</a>)</li><li>paracetamol (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">es</a>)</li><li>парацетамол (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">ru</a>)</li><li>باراسيتامول (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">ar</a>)</li><li>对乙酰氨基酚 (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">zh</a>)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Approved_Name" title="Australian Approved Name">Australian Approved Name</a> (AAN)</td> <td>paracetamol<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Approved_Name" title="British Approved Name">British Approved Name</a> (BAN)</td> <td>paracetamol<sup id="cite_ref-MacintyreRowbotham2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacintyreRowbotham2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_Approved_Drug_Name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese Approved Drug Name (page does not exist)">Chinese Approved Drug Name</a> (CADN)</td> <td>对乙酰氨基酚 (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">zh</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name">United States Adopted Name</a> (USAN)</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a> (USP)</li></ul></div></td> <td>acetaminophen<sup id="cite_ref-MacintyreRowbotham2008_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacintyreRowbotham2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Accepted_Name" title="Japanese Accepted Name">Japanese Accepted Name</a> (JAN)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Pharmacopoeia" title="Japanese Pharmacopoeia">Japanese Pharmacopoeia</a> (JP)</li></ul></div></td> <td><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:アセトアミノフェン">アセトアミノフェン</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese-language">jp</a>)<br /> acetaminophen (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other generic names</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i>N</i>-acetyl-<i>p</i>-aminophenol</li><li>APAP</li><li><i>p</i>-acetamidophenol</li><li>acetamol</li><li><i>etc.</i></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Proprietary names</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tylenol_(brand)" title="Tylenol (brand)">Tylenol</a></li><li>Panadol</li><li>Panodil</li><li>Panamax</li><li>Perdolan</li><li>Calpol</li><li>Doliprane</li><li>Tachipirina</li><li>Ben-u-ron</li><li>Atasol</li><li>Adol</li><li>Pamol</li><li>Gelocatil</li><li><i>etc.</i></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_name" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC name">IUPAC name</a></td> <td><i>N</i>-(4-<a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxy</a><a href="/wiki/Phenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenyl">phenyl</a>)<a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">acetamide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> code</td> <td>N02BE01 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other naming systems not listed above include <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nomination_Commune_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dénomination Commune Française">Dénomination Commune Française</a> (DCF) and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_Comune_Italiana" title="Denominazione Comune Italiana">Denominazione Comune Italiana</a> (DCIT).<sup id="cite_ref-IndexNominum2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drug</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO_innguidance-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_innguidance_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_innguidance_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_innguidance_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20140809024518/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/innguidance/en/"><i>Guidance on INN</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/innguidance/en/">the original</a> on August 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidance+on+INN&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmedicines%2Fservices%2Finn%2Finnguidance%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loizides2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loizides2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoizidesDominiciMandersonRizzi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Loizides, Ursula; Dominici, Massimo; Manderson, Tony; Rizzi, Menico; Robertson, James S.; de Sousa Guimarães Koch, Sofia; Timón, Marcos; Balocco, Raffaella (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8111414">"The harmonization of World Health Organization International Nonproprietary Names definitions for cell and cell-based gene therapy substances: when a name is not enough"</a>. <i>Cytotherapy</i>. <b>23</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcyt.2021.02.114">10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8111414">8111414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33820700">33820700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytotherapy&rft.atitle=The+harmonization+of+World+Health+Organization+International+Nonproprietary+Names+definitions+for+cell+and+cell-based+gene+therapy+substances%3A+when+a+name+is+not+enough&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E366&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8111414%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33820700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcyt.2021.02.114&rft.aulast=Loizides&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft.au=Dominici%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Manderson%2C+Tony&rft.au=Rizzi%2C+Menico&rft.au=Robertson%2C+James+S.&rft.au=de+Sousa+Guimar%C3%A3es+Koch%2C+Sofia&rft.au=Tim%C3%B3n%2C+Marcos&rft.au=Balocco%2C+Raffaella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8111414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/en/">"International Nonproprietary Names"</a>. World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025064305/http://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Nonproprietary+Names&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmedicines%2Fservices%2Finn%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerafiniCargninMassarottiTron2021" class="citation journal cs1">Serafini M, Cargnin S, Massarotti A, Tron GC, Pirali T, Genazzani AA (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8154580">"What's in a Name? Drug Nomenclature and Medicinal Chemistry Trends using INN Publications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medicinal_Chemistry" title="Journal of Medicinal Chemistry">Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</a></i>. <b>64</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">4410–</span>4429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.1c00181">10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00181</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8154580">8154580</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33847110">33847110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+Drug+Nomenclature+and+Medicinal+Chemistry+Trends+using+INN+Publications&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4410-%3C%2Fspan%3E4429&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8154580%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33847110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jmedchem.1c00181&rft.aulast=Serafini&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Cargnin%2C+S&rft.au=Massarotti%2C+A&rft.au=Tron%2C+GC&rft.au=Pirali%2C+T&rft.au=Genazzani%2C+AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8154580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StemBook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StemBook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/379226/9789240099388-eng.pdf?sequence=1">"The use of stems in the selection of International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Health Organization. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+use+of+stems+in+the+selection+of+International+Nonproprietary+Names+%28INN%29+for+pharmaceutical+substances&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.who.int%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F379226%2F9789240099388-eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news/item/01-10-2019-new-who-school-of-inn">"New WHO 'School of INN'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.who.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=New+WHO+%27School+of+INN%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F01-10-2019-new-who-school-of-inn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignot,_G.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mignot, G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/330890">"The School of International Nonproprietary Names"</a>. <i>WHO Drug Information</i>. <b>33</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WHO+Drug+Information&rft.atitle=The+School+of+International+Nonproprietary+Names&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Mignot%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firis.who.int%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F330890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMestres,_C.2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mestres, C.; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pharmacyeducation.fip.org/pharmacyeducation/article/view/1516">"A pilot programme to teach pharmacology using the international nonpropietary names in a pharmacy school in Spain"</a>. <i>Pharmacy Education</i>. <b>22</b> (1): DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.221.7376">https://doi.org/10.46542/pe.2022.221.7376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+Education&rft.atitle=A+pilot+programme+to+teach+pharmacology+using+the+international+nonpropietary+names+in+a+pharmacy+school+in+Spain&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=DOI%3A+https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.46542%2Fpe.2022.221.7376&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Mestres%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpharmacyeducation.fip.org%2Fpharmacyeducation%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampsonPostal2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Sampson" title="Geoffrey Sampson">Sampson G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Postal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Martin Postal">Postal PM</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0zJNPuXTZMC&pg=PA124"><i>The 'language instinct' debate</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7385-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-7385-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27language+instinct%27+debate&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7385-1&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Postal%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0zJNPuXTZMC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosAndersonDay_JrJordan" class="citation web cs1">Loos EE, Anderson S, Day Jr DH, Jordan PC, Wingate JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsARoot.htm">"What is a root?"</a>. <i>Glossary of linguistic terms</i>. <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+linguistic+terms&rft.atitle=What+is+a+root%3F&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Anderson%2C+S&rft.au=Day+Jr%2C+DH&rft.au=Jordan%2C+PC&rft.au=Wingate%2C+JD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Flinguistics%2FGlossaryOflinguisticTerms%2FWhatIsARoot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoosAndersonDay_JrJordan" class="citation web cs1">Loos EE, Anderson S, Day Jr DH, Jordan PC, Wingate JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOflinguisticTerms/WhatIsAStem.htm">"What is a stem?"</a>. <i>Glossary of linguistic terms</i>. SIL International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+linguistic+terms&rft.atitle=What+is+a+stem%3F&rft.aulast=Loos&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Anderson%2C+S&rft.au=Day+Jr%2C+DH&rft.au=Jordan%2C+PC&rft.au=Wingate%2C+JD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Flinguistics%2FGlossaryOflinguisticTerms%2FWhatIsAStem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/GeneralprinciplesEn.pdf?ua=1">"General principles for guidance in devising International Nonproprietary Names for pharmaceutical substances*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=General+principles+for+guidance+in+devising+International+Nonproprietary+Names+for+pharmaceutical+substances%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmedicines%2Fservices%2Finn%2FGeneralprinciplesEn.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_INN_active_moiety-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_INN_active_moiety_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20111108151739/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh1806e/2.4.html">"Guidelines on the Use of International Nonproprietary Names (INNS) for Pharmaceutical Substances"</a>. World Health Organization. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh1806e/2.4.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>In principle, INNs are selected only for the active part of the molecule which is usually the base, acid or alcohol. In some cases, the active molecules need to be expanded for various reasons, such as formulation purposes, bioavailability or absorption rate. In 1975, the experts designated for the selection of INN decided to adopt a new policy for naming such molecules. In future, names for different salts or esters of the same active substance should differ only with regard to the inactive moiety of the molecule. ... The latter are called modified INNs (INNMs).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+on+the+Use+of+International+Nonproprietary+Names+%28INNS%29+for+Pharmaceutical+Substances&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fmedicinedocs%2Fen%2Fd%2FJh1806e%2F2.4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Section 1 – Chemical Substances". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211201639/http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/medicines-approved-terminology-chemical.pdf"><i>TGA Approved Terminology for Medicines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Therapeutic Goods Administration, Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government. July 1999. p. 97. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/medicines-approved-terminology-chemical.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+1+%E2%80%93+Chemical+Substances&rft.btitle=TGA+Approved+Terminology+for+Medicines&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Therapeutic+Goods+Administration%2C+Department+of+Health+and+Ageing%2C+Australian+Government&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tga.gov.au%2Fpdf%2Fmedicines-approved-terminology-chemical.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacintyreRowbotham2008-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacintyreRowbotham2008_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacintyreRowbotham2008_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyreRowbothamWalker2008" class="citation book cs1">Macintyre P, Rowbotham D, Walker S (26 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcsngfC9gQC&pg=PA85"><i>Clinical Pain Management Second Edition: Acute Pain</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-94009-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-94009-9"><bdi>978-0-340-94009-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817202730/https://books.google.com/books?id=CLcsngfC9gQC&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Pain+Management+Second+Edition%3A+Acute+Pain&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008-09-26&rft.isbn=978-0-340-94009-9&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Rowbotham%2C+D&rft.au=Walker%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLcsngfC9gQC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndexNominum2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IndexNominum2004_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweizerischer_Apotheker-Verein2004" class="citation book cs1">Schweizerischer Apotheker-Verein (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgeuA47Ocm4C&pg=PR116"><i>Index Nominum: International Drug Directory</i></a>. Medpharm Scientific Publishers. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88763-101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88763-101-7"><bdi>978-3-88763-101-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index+Nominum%3A+International+Drug+Directory&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Medpharm+Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-88763-101-7&rft.au=Schweizerischer+Apotheker-Verein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgeuA47Ocm4C%26pg%3DPR116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for Pharmaceutical Substances</i> (CD-ROM). Lists 1–113 of Proposed INN and Lists 1–74 of Recommended INN. Cumulative List No 16. World Health Organization. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789240560369" title="Special:BookSources/9789240560369"><bdi>9789240560369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Nonproprietary+Names+%28INN%29+for+Pharmaceutical+Substances&rft.series=Lists+1%E2%80%93113+of+Proposed+INN+and+Lists+1%E2%80%9374+of+Recommended+INN.+Cumulative+List+No+16&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789240560369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/inn/inn-lists">"Lists of Recommended and Proposed INNs"</a>. <i>Essential medicines and health products</i>. World Health Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essential+medicines+and+health+products&rft.atitle=Lists+of+Recommended+and+Proposed+INNs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fteams%2Fhealth-product-and-policy-standards%2Finn%2Finn-lists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/medicines/services/inn/en/">"International Nonproprietary Names"</a>. World Health Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Nonproprietary+Names&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmedicines%2Fservices%2Finn%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biopharmanalyses.fr/pharmastemfinder/">"PharmaStemFinder"</a>. BioPharmAnalyses<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PharmaStemFinder&rft.pub=BioPharmAnalyses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiopharmanalyses.fr%2Fpharmastemfinder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+nonproprietary+name" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&oldid=1266751343">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&oldid=1266751343</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacology" title="Category:Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Names" title="Category:Names">Names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1953_establishments" title="Category:1953 establishments">1953 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Health_Organization" title="Category:World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_December_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from December 2024">Wikipedia external links cleanup from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 January 2025, at 02:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_nonproprietary_name&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">International nonproprietary name</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>34 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-ff47b69b6-9p48x","wgBackendResponseTime":111,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.519","walltime":"0.602","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1985,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":55069,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2850,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":75630,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 534.309 1 -total"," 31.75% 169.631 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.67% 105.098 3 Template:Lang"," 15.07% 80.543 1 Template:Citation"," 13.37% 71.462 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.64% 56.866 1 Template:External_links"," 9.67% 51.689 1 Template:Ambox"," 8.75% 46.737 2 Template:Cn"," 7.40% 39.523 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.08% 37.836 2 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.322","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15466725,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-84749c7844-wvh5p","timestamp":"20250210045258","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"International nonproprietary name","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_nonproprietary_name","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q824258","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q824258","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-22T10:37:54Z","dateModified":"2025-01-02T02:08:26Z","headline":"official generic and nonproprietary name given to a pharmaceutical drug or active ingredient"}</script> </body> </html>