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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="الرجل النحيف (قنبلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرجل النحيف (قنبلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE)" title="থিন ম্যান (পারমাণবিক বোমা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থিন ম্যান (পারমাণবিক বোমা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85_Thin_Man" title="Πυρηνική Βόμβα τύπου Thin Man – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πυρηνική Βόμβα τύπου Thin Man" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Man" title="Thin Man – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thin Man" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Man" title="Thin Man – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thin Man" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Man_(bom_nuklir)" title="Thin Man (bom nuklir) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thin Man (bom nuklir)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Man" title="Thin Man – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thin Man" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_2_(%E6%A0%B8%E7%88%86%E5%BC%BE)" title="Mark 2 (核爆弾) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Mark 2 (核爆弾)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Man" title="Thin Man – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thin Man" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Худыш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Худыш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_(%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA)" title="තින් මෑන් (න්‍යෂ්ටික බොම්බය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තින් මෑන් (න්‍යෂ්ටික බොම්බය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="ทินแมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทินแมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_Man_(n%C3%BCkleer_bomba)" title="Thin Man (nükleer bomba) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thin Man (nükleer bomba)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Худий (бомба) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Худий (бомба)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%98%A6%E5%AD%90_(%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%B9)" title="瘦子 (原子弹) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瘦子 (原子弹)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q706086#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nuclear weapon (development abandoned)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Thin Man </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thin_man_bomb_casings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thin_man_bomb_casings.jpg/300px-Thin_man_bomb_casings.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thin_man_bomb_casings.jpg/450px-Thin_man_bomb_casings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thin_man_bomb_casings.jpg/600px-Thin_man_bomb_casings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Thin Man" plutonium gun test casings</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">17 feet (5.2 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">38 inches (97 cm)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Filling</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>Thin Man</b>" was the code name for a proposed <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>-fueled <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type</a> nuclear bomb that the United States was developing during the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. Its development was abandoned in 1944 after it was discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> rate of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>-bred plutonium was too high for use in a gun-type design due to the high concentration of the isotope <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-240" title="Plutonium-240">plutonium-240</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_decisions">Early decisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early decisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1942, prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> taking over control of wartime atomic research in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> held conferences in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in June and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> in July, at which physicists discussed nuclear bomb design issues. A <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type</a> design was chosen, in which two sub-<a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical masses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> would be brought together by firing a "bullet" into a "target".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternative idea of an <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion-type nuclear weapon</a> was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tolman" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Tolman">Richard Tolman</a>, but it attracted scant consideration, being far more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oppenheimer reviewed his options in early 1943, and he gave priority to the gun-type weapon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as a hedge against the threat of <a href="/wiki/Predetonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Predetonation">predetonation</a>, he created the E-5 Group at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> under <a href="/wiki/Seth_Neddermeyer" title="Seth Neddermeyer">Seth Neddermeyer</a> to investigate implosion. Implosion-type bombs were determined to be significantly more efficient in terms of explosive yield per unit mass of fissile material in the bomb, because compressed fissile materials react more rapidly and therefore more completely. But it was decided that the plutonium gun-type bomb would receive the bulk of the research effort, since it was the project with the least amount of uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the uranium gun-type bomb could be more easily adapted from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy#Naming" title="Little Boy">Little Boy § Naming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Thin_Man_1934_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Thin_Man_1934_Poster.jpg/220px-The_Thin_Man_1934_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Thin_Man_1934_Poster.jpg/330px-The_Thin_Man_1934_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/The_Thin_Man_1934_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a> claims that the original gun-type design, Thin Man, was named after the series of <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir films</a> based on the work of <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> that were popular in the 1930s and 1940s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The gun-type and implosion-type designs were code-named "Thin Man" and "<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>" respectively. These code names were created by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a>, a former student of Oppenheimer's, who worked on the Manhattan Project. He chose them based on their design shapes; the Thin Man would be a very long device, and the name came from the <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a> detective novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Man" title="The Thin Man">The Thin Man</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Man_(film)" title="The Thin Man (film)">series of movies</a> by the same name. The Fat Man would be round and fat and was named after <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Greenstreet" title="Sydney Greenstreet">Sydney Greenstreet</a>'s character in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(1941_film)" title="The Maltese Falcon (1941 film)">The Maltese Falcon</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> uranium gun-type design came later and was named only to contrast with the Thin Man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Alamos's Thin Man and Fat Man code names were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> (USAAF). A cover story was devised that <a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a> was about modifying a <a href="/wiki/Pullman_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullman car">Pullman car</a> for use by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> (Thin Man) and United Kingdom Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (Fat Man) on a secret tour of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen195996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen195996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air Forces personnel used the code names over the phone to make it sound as though they were modifying a plane for Roosevelt and Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thin_Man_plutonium_gun_bomb_casings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Thin_Man_plutonium_gun_bomb_casings.jpg/220px-Thin_Man_plutonium_gun_bomb_casings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Thin_Man_plutonium_gun_bomb_casings.jpg/330px-Thin_Man_plutonium_gun_bomb_casings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Thin_Man_plutonium_gun_bomb_casings.jpg/440px-Thin_Man_plutonium_gun_bomb_casings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>"Thin Man" plutonium gun test casings at <a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover Army Air Field</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>" casings can be seen behind them.</figcaption></figure> <p>To work on the plutonium gun design, Oppenheimer assembled a team at the Los Alamos Laboratory that included senior engineer <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> and senior physicists <a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hirschfelder" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hirschfelder">Joseph Hirschfelder</a>. Critchfield had been working with <a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">sabots</a>, which Oppenheimer believed would be required by the Thin Man to achieve the high muzzle velocities that <a href="/wiki/Critical_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical assembly">critical assembly</a> would require; Hirschfelder had been working on <a href="/wiki/Internal_ballistics" title="Internal ballistics">internal ballistics</a>. Oppenheimer led the design effort himself until June 1943, when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">William Sterling Parsons</a> arrived and took over the Ordnance and Engineering Division and direct management of the Thin Man project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These four created and tested all the elements of the Thin Man design between April 1943 and August 1944. Parsons, who had developed the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a> for the Navy, ran the division and handled liaison with other agencies. As the head of the E-6 Projectile, Target, and Source Group, Critchfield calculated critical masses, and instituted a system of live testing with scale models using <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_20_mm_cannon" title="Oerlikon 20 mm cannon">20 mm cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/3%22/50_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="3"/50 caliber gun">3-inch guns</a>. These were readily and easily obtained, while full-scale Thin Man tubes took months to produce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84,_111–112_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84,_111–112-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not possible to conduct tests with plutonium, as it was not yet available. Indeed, the actual physical characteristics of the metal were little more than educated guesses at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hirschfelder headed the E-8 Interior Ballistics Group. His group performed mathematical calculations, but he also had to identify a suitable <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">powder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igniter" class="mw-redirect" title="Igniter">igniter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primer (firearm)">primer</a>. His group conducted full-scale tests with their selections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993112–114_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993112–114-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fixing the physical size of the bomb proved important when it came to selecting a suitable aircraft to carry it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The E-8 group estimated the muzzle velocity of the gun at around 3,000 feet per second (910 m/s), close to the maximum achievable in 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995106_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995106-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and calculated that the pressure in the barrel would be up to 75,000 pounds per square inch (520,000 kPa).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the weapon's designers thought that simply bringing a critical mass together would be sufficient, Serber suggested that the design should also include an <a href="/wiki/Modulated_neutron_initiator" title="Modulated neutron initiator">initiator</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">polonium-210</a>-<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> initiator was chosen because polonium 210 has a 140-day <a href="/wiki/Half_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Half life">half life</a>, which allowed it to be stockpiled, and it could be obtained from naturally occurring ores from <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario" title="Port Hope, Ontario">Port Hope, Ontario</a>. Oppenheimer requested that it also be manufactured in the <a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Clinton Engineer Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, or when they became available, the reactors at the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford Engineer Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993119–123_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993119–123-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thin_Man_testing_at_Anchor_Ranch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thin_Man_testing_at_Anchor_Ranch.jpg/220px-Thin_Man_testing_at_Anchor_Ranch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thin_Man_testing_at_Anchor_Ranch.jpg/330px-Thin_Man_testing_at_Anchor_Ranch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thin_Man_testing_at_Anchor_Ranch.jpg/440px-Thin_Man_testing_at_Anchor_Ranch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>A prototype of the "Thin Man" gun being tested at Anchor Ranch, at Los Alamos.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Thin Man" design was an early nuclear weapon design proposed before plutonium had been successfully bred in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> from the irradiation of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a>. It was assumed that plutonium, like <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>, could be assembled into a critical mass by a <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type</a> method, which involved shooting one sub-critical piece into another. To avoid <a href="/wiki/Predetonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Predetonation">predetonation</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Fizzle_(nuclear_test)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizzle (nuclear test)">fizzle</a>", the plutonium "bullet" would need to be accelerated to a speed of at least 3,000 feet per second (910 m/s)—or else the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> reaction would begin before the assembly was complete, blowing the device apart prematurely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995106_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995106-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thin Man was 17 feet (5.2 m) long, with 38-inch (97 cm) wide tail and nose assemblies, and a 23-inch (58 cm) midsection. The length was necessary for the plutonium "bullet" to achieve adequate speed before reaching the "target". Weight was approximately 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) for the final weapon model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200576–77_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200576–77-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no aircraft in the USAAF inventory that could carry a Thin Man without being modified, and in 1943, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Ramsey">Norman Ramsey</a> suggested the British <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> as the only aircraft that could carry the Thin Man internally owing to its 33-foot-long (10 m) bomb bay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986478_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986478-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the American <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> could be modified to carry it by removing part of the bulkhead under the main wing spar and some oxygen tanks located between its two bomb bays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995107,_119_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995107,_119-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modification was carried out on the 58th production example off the Boeing Wichita production line, AAF Serial No. 42-6259.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman202052_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman202052-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Ramsey had suggested the Lancaster, the chief of the USAAF, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a>, rejected the suggestion, preferring an American type, specifically the B-29. Prior to dropping trials of the Thin Man and Fat Man dummy bombs, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a>, the director of the Manhattan Project, suggested the use of the Lancaster for trials since the B-29, although in production, was still scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986479-480_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986479-480-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, Arnold rejected the suggestion, as he had invested much time and money in the B-29's development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinstry2009495_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinstry2009495-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_issues">Design issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aerodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thin_Man_experimental_ballistic_casing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thin_Man_experimental_ballistic_casing.jpg/220px-Thin_Man_experimental_ballistic_casing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thin_Man_experimental_ballistic_casing.jpg/330px-Thin_Man_experimental_ballistic_casing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Thin_Man_experimental_ballistic_casing.jpg/440px-Thin_Man_experimental_ballistic_casing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>An early scale model created for testing the ballistics of the "Thin Man" gun-type atomic bomb. These early tests used 14/23 scale models made from a standard 500 lb gravity bomb, a 14" diameter pipe, and a box tail. The results were extremely poor.</figcaption></figure> <p>The great length of the Thin Man bomb led to aerodynamic instabilities. Subscale models of the bomb were dropped from a <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger" title="Grumman TBF Avenger">Grumman TBF Avenger</a> at the US Navy test range at <a href="/wiki/Dahlgren,_Virginia" title="Dahlgren, Virginia">Dahlgren, Virginia</a> starting in August 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200542_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200542-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bombs would spin sideways after being dropped and broke up when they hit the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-four drops were carried out in March 1944 before they were discontinued so that improvements could be made to Thin Man. The bombs failed to release immediately, frustrating <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibration</a> tests. In what turned out to be the last test flight of the series on 16 March 1944, a Thin Man was prematurely released while the B-29 was still <i>en route</i> to the test range and fell onto the bomb bay doors, severely damaging the test aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200576–77_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200576–77-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modified glider tow-hook mechanisms used to suspend the bomb in the bomb bay had caused all four malfunctions, due to the great weight of the bombs. They were replaced with British Type G single-point attachments and Type F releases as used on the Lancaster to carry the 12,000-pound (5,400 kg) <a href="/wiki/Tallboy_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallboy bomb">Tallboy bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20058–10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20058–10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predetonation">Predetonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predetonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feasibility of a plutonium bomb had been questioned in 1942. <a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bryant Conant">James Conant</a> heard on 14 November from <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Akers" title="Wallace Akers">Wallace Akers</a>, the director of the British <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> project, that <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> had "concluded that plutonium might not be a practical fissionable material for weapons because of impurities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conant consulted <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a>, who acknowledged that their scientists at Berkeley and Chicago respectively knew about the problem, but could offer no ready solution. Conant informed the director of the Manhattan Project, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_R._Groves_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie R. Groves Jr.">Leslie R. Groves Jr.</a>, who in turn assembled a special committee consisting of Lawrence, Compton, Oppenheimer, and McMillan to examine the issue. The committee concluded that any problems could be overcome by requiring higher purity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1944, experiments by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a> and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on the reactor-produced plutonium from X-10 Graphite Reactor showed that the plutonium contained impurities in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-240" title="Plutonium-240">plutonium-240</a>. This has a far higher <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> rate than <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>-produced material on which the original measurements had been made had much lower traces of plutonium-240. Its inclusion in reactor-bred plutonium appeared unavoidable. This meant that the spontaneous fission rate of the reactor plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely that it would predetonate and blow itself apart during the initial formation of a critical mass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distance required to accelerate the plutonium to speeds where predetonation would be less likely would mandate a gun barrel too long for any existing or planned bomber. The only way to use plutonium in a workable bomb was implosion—a far more difficult engineering task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impracticability of a gun-type bomb using plutonium was agreed at a meeting held on 17 July 1944. All gun-type work in the Manhattan Project was directed at the <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> enriched uranium gun design, and almost all of the research at the Los Alamos Laboratory was re-oriented around the problems of implosion for the Fat Man bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987138–139_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987138–139-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199342–44_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199355_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199387_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESerberCrease1998104_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSerberCrease1998">Serber & Crease 1998</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowen195996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowen195996_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowen1959">Bowen 1959</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986481_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84,_111–112-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall199383–84,_111–112_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 83–84, 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993126–128_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 126–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993112–114-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993112–114_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995106-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995106_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995106_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen1995">Hansen 1995</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993119–123-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993119–123_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 119–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200576–77-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200576–77_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200576–77_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986478-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986478_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen1995107,_119-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen1995107,_119_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen1995">Hansen 1995</a>, pp. 107, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman202052-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman202052_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2020">Newman 2020</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes1986479-480-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes1986479-480_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhodes1986">Rhodes 1986</a>, p. 479-480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinstry2009495-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinstry2009495_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinstry2009">McKinstry 2009</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200542-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell200542_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993380_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell20058–10-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell20058–10_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2005">Campbell 2005</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols198764–65_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993228_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993240–244_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993">Hoddeson et al. 1993</a>, pp. 240–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols1987138–139-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols1987138–139_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNichols1987">Nichols 1987</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBowen1959" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Lee (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222001701/http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/afd-091021-044.pdf"><i>Vol. I, Project Silverplate 1943–1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The History of Air Force Participation in the Atomic Energy Program, 1943–1953. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, Air University Historical Liaison Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/afd-091021-044.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vol.+I%2C+Project+Silverplate+1943%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=The+History+of+Air+Force+Participation+in+the+Atomic+Energy+Program%2C+1943%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=U.S.+Air+Force%2C+Air+University+Historical+Liaison+Office&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Fafd-091021-044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2005" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Richard H. (2005). <i>The Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2139-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2139-8"><bdi>0-7864-2139-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58554961">58554961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silverplate+Bombers%3A+A+History+and+Registry+of+the+Enola+Gay+and+Other+B-29s+Configured+to+Carry+Atomic+Bombs&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58554961&rft.isbn=0-7864-2139-8&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hansen" title="Chuck Hansen">Hansen, Chuck</a> (1995). <i>Volume V: US Nuclear Weapons Histories</i>. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791915-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791915-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9791915-0-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231585284">231585284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+V%3A+US+Nuclear+Weapons+Histories&rft.place=Sunnyvale%2C+California&rft.series=Swords+of+Armageddon%3A+US+Nuclear+Weapons+Development+since+1945&rft.pub=Chukelea+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231585284&rft.isbn=978-0-9791915-0-3&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoddesonHenriksenMeadeWestfall1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hoddeson" title="Lillian Hoddeson">Hoddeson, Lillian</a>; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Westfall" title="Catherine Westfall">Westfall, Catherine L.</a> (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalassembly0000unse"><i>Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945</i></a></span>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44132-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44132-3"><bdi>0-521-44132-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26764320">26764320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Assembly%3A+A+Technical+History+of+Los+Alamos+During+the+Oppenheimer+Years%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26764320&rft.isbn=0-521-44132-3&rft.aulast=Hoddeson&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Henriksen%2C+Paul+W.&rft.au=Meade%2C+Roger+A.&rft.au=Westfall%2C+Catherine+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalassembly0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinstry2009" class="citation book cs1">McKinstry, Leo (2009). <i>Lancaster: The Second World War's Greatest Bomber</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-2363-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-2363-2"><bdi>978-0-7195-2363-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/520736950">520736950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancaster%3A+The+Second+World+War%27s+Greatest+Bomber&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F520736950&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-2363-2&rft.aulast=McKinstry&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Newman, Grant (August 2020). "Mission Improbable". <i>Aeroplane Monthly</i>. No. 568. pp. 50–59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-7240">0143-7240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeroplane+Monthly&rft.atitle=Mission+Improbable&rft.issue=568&rft.pages=50-59&rft.date=2020-08&rft.issn=0143-7240&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Nichols, Kenneth D.</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtotrinity0000nich"><i>The Road to Trinity</i></a></span>. New York: William Morrow and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-06910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-06910-X"><bdi>0-688-06910-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15223648">15223648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Trinity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15223648&rft.isbn=0-688-06910-X&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtotrinity0000nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1986). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="The Making of the Atomic Bomb">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a></i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44133-7"><bdi>0-671-44133-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13793436">13793436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13793436&rft.isbn=0-671-44133-7&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerberCrease1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Serber, Robert</a>; Crease, Robert P. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacewarreminisc00serb"><i>Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10546-0"><bdi>978-0-231-10546-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37631186">37631186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+%26+War%3A+Reminiscences+of+a+Life+on+the+Frontiers+of+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37631186&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10546-0&rft.aulast=Serber&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Crease%2C+Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeacewarreminisc00serb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin+Man+%28nuclear+bomb%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_nuclear_devices" title="Template:United States nuclear devices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_nuclear_devices" title="Template talk:United States nuclear devices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_nuclear_devices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States nuclear devices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_nuclear_devices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons#United_States" title="List of nuclear weapons">United States nuclear devices</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Fission<br />(including<br />boosted)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Unguided_bomb" title="Unguided bomb">Gravity bombs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> (Mark 1)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thin Man</a> (Mark 2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a> (Mark 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 4 nuclear bomb">Mark 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 5 nuclear bomb">Mark 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 6 nuclear bomb">Mark 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 7 nuclear bomb">Mark 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 8 nuclear bomb">Mark 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 10 nuclear bomb">Mark 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 11 nuclear bomb">Mark 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 12 nuclear bomb">Mark 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 13 nuclear bomb">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_18_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 18 nuclear bomb">Mark 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13_nuclear_bomb#Mark_20" title="Mark 13 nuclear bomb">Mark 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_105_Hotpoint" title="Mk 105 Hotpoint">Mk 105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B57_nuclear_bomb" title="B57 nuclear bomb">B57</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 4 nuclear bomb">W4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 5 nuclear bomb">W5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 7 nuclear bomb">W7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 8 nuclear bomb">W8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 12 nuclear bomb">W12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 13 nuclear bomb">W13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W25_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W25 (nuclear warhead)">W25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W30_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W30 (nuclear warhead)">W30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W31" title="W31">W31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W34_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W34 (nuclear warhead)">W34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W31" title="W31">W37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W40_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W40 (nuclear warhead)">W40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W42_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W42 (nuclear warhead)">W42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUR-5_ASROC#W44_nuclear_depth_charge" title="RUR-5 ASROC">W44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W45_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W45 (nuclear warhead)">W45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">XW-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">W54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">W72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W76" title="W76">W76-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W81" title="W81">W81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Depth bombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_90_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 90 nuclear bomb">Mark 90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_101_Lulu" title="Mk 101 Lulu">Mk 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_105_Hotpoint" title="Mk 105 Hotpoint">Mk 105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B57_nuclear_bomb" title="B57 nuclear bomb">B57</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W9_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W9 (nuclear warhead)">W9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W19_(nuclear_artillery_shell)" title="W19 (nuclear artillery shell)">W19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W19_(nuclear_artillery_shell)" title="W19 (nuclear artillery shell)">W23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W33_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W33 (nuclear warhead)">W33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W48" title="W48">W48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W54" title="W54">W54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W74_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W74 (nuclear warhead)">W74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W74_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W74 (nuclear warhead)">W75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W79_Artillery-Fired_Atomic_Projectile" title="W79 Artillery-Fired Atomic Projectile">W79</a>-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W82" title="W82">W82</a>-1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_demolition_munition" title="Atomic demolition munition">Atomic demolition<br />munitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6_nuclear_bomb#XM1_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Mark 6 nuclear bomb">XM1 ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7_nuclear_bomb#T2_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Mark 7 nuclear bomb">T2 ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-4_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="T-4 Atomic Demolition Munition">T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Medium Atomic Demolition Munition">Medium Atomic Demolition Munition</a> (MADM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" title="Special Atomic Demolition Munition">Special Atomic Demolition Munition</a> (SADM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Atomic_Demolition_Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition">Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition</a> (TADM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">Thermonuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Gravity bombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 14 nuclear bomb">Mark 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 15 nuclear bomb">Mark 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 16 nuclear bomb">TX16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_17_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 17 nuclear bomb">Mark 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_21_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 21 nuclear bomb">Mark 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_22_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 22 nuclear bomb">TX22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_24_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 24 nuclear bomb">Mark 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_26_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 26 nuclear bomb">Mark 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_27_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 27 nuclear bomb">Mark 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">B28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_36_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 36 nuclear bomb">Mark 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_39_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 39 nuclear bomb">Mark 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B41_nuclear_bomb" title="B41 nuclear bomb">B41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B43_nuclear_bomb" title="B43 nuclear bomb">B43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B46_nuclear_bomb" title="B46 nuclear bomb">TX46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B53_nuclear_bomb" title="B53 nuclear bomb">B53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B77_nuclear_bomb" title="B77 nuclear bomb">B77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B83_nuclear_bomb" title="B83 nuclear bomb">B83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B90_nuclear_bomb" title="B90 nuclear bomb">B90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Depth bombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B90_nuclear_bomb" title="B90 nuclear bomb">B90</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 15 nuclear bomb">W15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_27_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 27 nuclear bomb">W27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B28_nuclear_bomb" title="B28 nuclear bomb">W28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W29_(nuclear_warhead)" class="mw-redirect" title="W29 (nuclear warhead)">TX29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XW-35" title="XW-35">XW-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W38_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W38 (nuclear warhead)">W38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_39_nuclear_bomb" title="Mark 39 nuclear bomb">W39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B41_nuclear_bomb" title="B41 nuclear bomb">W41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B46_nuclear_bomb" title="B46 nuclear bomb">XW-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W47" title="W47">W47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W49" title="W49">W49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W50_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W50 (nuclear warhead)">W50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W52_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W52 (nuclear warhead)">W52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B53_nuclear_bomb" title="B53 nuclear bomb">W53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W55_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W55 (nuclear warhead)">W55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W56" title="W56">W56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W58" title="W58">W58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W59" title="W59">W59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W60_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W60 (nuclear warhead)">W60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb#W61_Earth_Penetrator_Warhead" title="B61 nuclear bomb">W61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W62" title="W62">W62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W63_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W63 (nuclear warhead)">W63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W64_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W64 (nuclear warhead)">W64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W67_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W67 (nuclear warhead)">W67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W68" title="W68">W68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W69" title="W69">W69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W70" title="W70">W70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W71" title="W71">W71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W73_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W73 (nuclear warhead)">W73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W76" title="W76">W76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W78" title="W78">W78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W80_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W80 (nuclear warhead)">W80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W84" title="W84">W84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W85_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W85 (nuclear warhead)">W85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W86" title="W86">W86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W87" title="W87">W87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W88" title="W88">W88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W89" title="W89">W89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W91" title="W91">W91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliable_Replacement_Warhead" title="Reliable Replacement Warhead">Reliable Replacement Warhead</a> (RRW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W93" title="W93">W93</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_bomb" title="Neutron bomb">Enhanced<br />radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Warheads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W63_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W63 (nuclear warhead)">W63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W64_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W64 (nuclear warhead)">W64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W65_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W65 (nuclear warhead)">W65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W66_(nuclear_warhead)" title="W66 (nuclear warhead)">W66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W70" title="W70">W70</a>-3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Artillery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W79_Artillery-Fired_Atomic_Projectile" title="W79 Artillery-Fired Atomic Projectile">W79</a>-0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W82" title="W82">W82</a>-0</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robin_(nuclear_primary)" title="Robin (nuclear primary)">Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_(nuclear_primary)" title="Swan (nuclear primary)">Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(nuclear_primary)" title="Python (nuclear primary)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsetse_(nuclear_primary)" title="Tsetse (nuclear primary)">Tsetse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinglet_(nuclear_primary)" title="Kinglet (nuclear primary)">Kinglet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starling_(nuclear_primary)" title="Starling (nuclear primary)">Starling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Gadget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RACER_IV" title="RACER IV">RACER IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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