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<span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_past_delegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_past_delegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of past delegates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_past_delegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_delegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_delegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current delegates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_delegates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current delegates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_delegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>American Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_of_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_of_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>District of Columbia</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_treaty-right_delegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_treaty-right_delegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Native American treaty-right delegates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_treaty-right_delegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expanding_(and_contracting)_voting_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expanding_(and_contracting)_voting_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Expanding (and contracting) voting rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expanding_(and_contracting)_voting_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_non-voting_members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_non-voting_members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Current non-voting members of the U.S. House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_non-voting_members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%B1%D8%A3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="نمایندگان بدون حق رأی مجلس نمایندگان ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایندگان بدون حق رأی مجلس نمایندگان ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membres_sans_droit_de_vote_de_la_Chambre_des_repr%C3%A9sentants_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Membres sans droit de vote de la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Membres sans droit de vote de la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%98%EC%9B%90_%ED%8C%8C%EA%B2%AC%EB%8C%80%ED%91%9C" title="미국 하원 파견대표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 하원 파견대표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegado_(Congresso_dos_Estados_Unidos)" title="Delegado (Congresso dos Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Delegado (Congresso dos Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئەندامانی دەنگنەدەر لە ئەنجومەنی نوێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندامانی دەنگنەدەر لە ئەنجومەنی نوێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:United States House of Representatives">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House<br />of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">History of the House</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Current members</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">by seniority</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">non-voting</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former members</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_committee" title="Hill committee">Hill committees</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">DCCC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">NRCC</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the House</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list of speakers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">list of elections</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Party leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">Redistricting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural_district" title="Plural district">Plural district</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Politics and procedure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed session</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">Procedures</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Articles of impeachment</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-executing_rule" title="Self-executing rule">Self-executing rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Rules suspension</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">House office buildings</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template talk:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives</b> (called either <b>delegates</b> or <b>resident commissioner</b>, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) are representatives of their territory in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, who do not have a right to vote on legislation in the full House but nevertheless have floor privileges and are able to participate in certain other House functions. Non-voting members may introduce legislation. Non-voting members may vote in a House committee of which they are a member.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are currently six non-voting members: a delegate representing the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">resident commissioner</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, as well as one delegate for each of the other four permanently inhabited <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. A seventh delegate, representing the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a>, has been formally proposed but not yet seated, while an eighth, representing the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw Nation</a>, is named in a treaty but has neither been proposed nor seated. As with voting members, delegates are elected every two years, except the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico, who is elected every four years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privileges_of_delegates">Privileges of delegates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Privileges of delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-voting members serve exclusively in the House of Representatives; the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> has no non-voting members (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, who may <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">vote but only to break ties</a>) and no members representing the territories or the District of Columbia. All delegates serve a term of two years, while resident commissioners serve a term of four years.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They receive compensation, benefits, and <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franking</a> privileges (the ability to send outgoing <a href="/wiki/U.S._Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Mail">U.S. Mail</a> without a <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">stamp</a>) similar to full House members.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rules governing the rights of a non-voting member are set forth in the House Rules adopted in each congress (i.e., every two years). Since 1993, they have changed three times, and current delegates—along with the resident commissioner—enjoy privileges that they did not have previously.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerCRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A._Burns_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/John_A._Burns_1966.jpg/150px-John_A._Burns_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/John_A._Burns_1966.jpg/225px-John_A._Burns_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/John_A._Burns_1966.jpg/300px-John_A._Burns_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_A._Burns" title="John A. Burns">John A. Burns</a> of Hawaii, the last of a series of delegates to continuously serve in Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>Territorial delegates existed before the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance_of_1787" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Ordinance of 1787">Northwest Ordinance of 1787</a> allowed for territory with "five thousand free male inhabitants of full age" to elect a non-voting delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the ratification of the Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Congress">first United States Congress</a> reenacted the Ordinance and extended it to include the territories south of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. </p><p>In 1790, the state of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>—having recently ratified the constitution, becoming the 12th state—sent its congressional delegation to what was then the federal capital at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Among them was former <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a> governor <a href="/wiki/John_Sevier" title="John Sevier">John Sevier</a>, whose district (<a href="/wiki/Washington_District,_North_Carolina" title="Washington District, North Carolina">Washington District</a>) comprised the "<a href="/wiki/Trans-Appalachia" title="Trans-Appalachia">counties beyond the Alleghenies</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore188736,_217–218_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore188736,_217–218-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took office June 16, 1790, however, the government of North Carolina had ceded Washington District to the federal government on February 25, 1790, and it was organized as the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> on August 7, 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore1887222_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore1887222-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained a member of the House until March 3, 1791, when he was appointed brigadier general of the militia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 3, 1794, <a href="/wiki/James_White_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="James White (North Carolina politician)">James White</a> was elected by the Southwest Territory, which contained the former Washington District, to be their delegate to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerCRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resolution was put forth in the House to admit him to Congress, but as a delegate was not a position stated in the Constitution, the House debated what, if any, privileges White would have. As the Northwest Ordinance had only stated that a delegate is to sit "in Congress" the first debate was which chamber a delegate would sit in. Resolutions that he sit in both chambers and that his right to debate is limited to territorial matters were defeated. Ultimately, the House voted to allow him a non-voting seat in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerCRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his placement, representatives debated whether he should take the oath. Representative <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> stated "The proper definition of Mr. White is to be found in the Laws and Rules of the Constitution. He is not a member of Congress, therefore, and so cannot be directed to take an oath, unless he chooses to do it voluntarily."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he was not a member, he was not directed to take the oath, though every delegate after him has done so.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerCRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also extended <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franking</a> privileges, which allowed him to send official mail free of charge, and compensation at the same rate as members.<sup id="cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PalmerCRS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1802 Congress passed a law that specifically extended franking privileges and pay to delegates. An act passed in 1817 codified the term and privileges of delegates: </p> <blockquote> <p>[I]n every territory of the United States in which a temporary government has been, or hereafter shall be established...shall have the right to send a delegate to Congress, such delegate shall be elected every second year, for the same term of two years for which members of the House of Representatives of the United States are elected; and in that house, each of the said delegates shall have a seat with a right of debating, but not of voting.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>From that point on, until August 1959, there was not a single congress without delegates. During the period from 1870 to 1891, there were as many as ten serving at one time. With the admission of Hawaii, and with Puerto Rico sending a Resident Commissioner, the office temporarily went out of existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resident_commissioner">Resident commissioner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Resident commissioner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federico_Degetau_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Federico_Degetau_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG/220px-Federico_Degetau_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Federico_Degetau_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG/330px-Federico_Degetau_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Federico_Degetau_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG/440px-Federico_Degetau_y_Gonz%C3%A1lez.JPG 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federico_Degetau" title="Federico Degetau">Federico Degetau</a> y González of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the first resident commissioner in the United States Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>Similar to delegates are <a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner" title="Resident commissioner">resident commissioners</a>, who represented the large areas acquired during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, and for much of the 20th century were considered colonies, not territories and unlike the previously acquired areas which would become the contiguous U.S. or Alaska and Hawaii, did not initially have residents with the rights of or to U.S. citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territories can secede from the United States with the consent of Congress,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Pretty sure that anything not part of a state (incorporated or unincorporated, territory or commonwealth) can legally secede (with the Consent of Congress). ie two errors: 1. Purporting distinction between territory and commonwealth for this purpose.  2. Ability to secede is legally conditioned on Congressional approval, not an inherent legal right. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and in the case of the Philippines, they have. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson#Puerto_Rico_shadow_representatives" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow congressperson § Puerto Rico shadow representatives</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">U.S. commonwealth</a>, has been represented by a non-voting resident commissioner since 1901. The resident commissioner holds a status similar to that of a delegate within the House, but, since 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serves a four-year term. The resident commissioner is the only individual elected to the House who serves for this duration.<sup id="cite_ref-cq_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cq-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Philippines">The Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of the Philippines">Resident Commissioner of the Philippines</a></div> <p>From 1907 until 1937, while it was a U.S. territory, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> elected two non-voting resident commissioners to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. From 1937 until 1946, while it was a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">U.S. commonwealth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> sent one non-voting resident commissioner to the House. Upon independence in 1946, the Philippines ceased to be represented in Congress. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_past_delegates">List of past delegates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of past delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed here by their congressional districts. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Overview of delegates </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">District </th> <th scope="col">Start </th> <th scope="col">End </th> <th scope="col">Duration (years) </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Alabama TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Alabama Territory's at-large congressional district">Alabama Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1818 </td> <td>1819 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Alaska TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Alaska Territory's at-large congressional district">Alaska Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Arizona TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Arizona Territory's at-large congressional district">Arizona Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1864 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Arkansas TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Arkansas Territory's at-large congressional district">Arkansas Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1819 </td> <td>1836 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Colorado TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Colorado Territory's at-large congressional district">Colorado Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>1876 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Dakota TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Dakota Territory's at-large congressional district">Dakota Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Florida TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Florida Territory's at-large congressional district">Florida Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1822 </td> <td>1845 </td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Hawaii TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Hawaii Territory's at-large congressional district">Hawaii Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Idaho TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Idaho Territory's at-large congressional district">Idaho Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1864 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Illinois TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Illinois Territory's at-large congressional district">Illinois Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1812 </td> <td>1818 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Indiana TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Indiana Territory's at-large congressional district">Indiana Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1805 </td> <td>1816 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Iowa TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Iowa Territory's at-large congressional district">Iowa Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1838 </td> <td>1846 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Kansas TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Kansas Territory's at-large congressional district">Kansas Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1854 </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Michigan TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan Territory's at-large congressional district">Michigan Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1819 </td> <td>1836 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Minnesota TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Minnesota Territory's at-large congressional district">Minnesota Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1849 </td> <td>1858 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Mississippi TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Mississippi Territory's at-large congressional district">Mississippi Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1801 </td> <td>1817 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Missouri TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Missouri Territory's at-large congressional district">Missouri Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1812 </td> <td>1821 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Montana TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Montana Territory's at-large congressional district">Montana Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1865 </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Nebraska TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Nebraska Territory's at-large congressional district">Nebraska Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1855 </td> <td>1867 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Nevada TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Nevada Territory's at-large congressional district">Nevada Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>1864 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="New Mexico TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="New Mexico Territory's at-large congressional district">New Mexico Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1851 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Northwest TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northwest Territory's at-large congressional district">Northwest Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1799 </td> <td>1802 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Oklahoma TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Oklahoma Territory's at-large congressional district">Oklahoma Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Oregon TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Oregon Territory's at-large congressional district">Oregon Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1849 </td> <td>1859 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Orleans TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Orleans Territory's at-large congressional district">Orleans Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1806 </td> <td>1812 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of the Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>1907 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Southwest TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Southwest Territory's at-large congressional district">Southwest Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1794 </td> <td>1796 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Utah TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Utah Territory's at-large congressional district">Utah Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1851 </td> <td>1897 </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Washington TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Washington Territory's at-large congressional district">Washington Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1854 </td> <td>1889 </td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Wisconsin TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Wisconsin Territory's at-large congressional district">Wisconsin Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1836 </td> <td>1848 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><span data-sort-value="Wyoming TerritoryAL !"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Wyoming Territory's at-large congressional district">Wyoming Territory</a></span> </td> <td>1869 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>21 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_delegates">Current delegates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1960s, a number of small territories that had no prospects of becoming states began to petition for representation in Congress. Starting in 1970, the House of Representatives started to grant representation to these territories, but with limited voting rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Samoa">American Samoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American Samoa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aumua_Amata_Radewagen_congressional_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Aumua_Amata_Radewagen_congressional_photo.jpg/220px-Aumua_Amata_Radewagen_congressional_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Aumua_Amata_Radewagen_congressional_photo.jpg/330px-Aumua_Amata_Radewagen_congressional_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Aumua_Amata_Radewagen_congressional_photo.jpg/440px-Aumua_Amata_Radewagen_congressional_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amata_C._Radewagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Amata C. Radewagen">Amata C. Radewagen</a> is American Samoa's first female delegate</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa">List of Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from American Samoa</a></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> had delegates in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the American Samoa-based <i>Political Status Study Commission</i> had meetings with the delegates from these two territories. They came home to <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a> convinced of the importance of having this representation in the nation's capital. Members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Fono" title="American Samoa Fono">American Samoa Fono</a> had already been attending budget hearings in Washington for over a decade by 1970. During a special session held in July 1969, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salanoa_Aumoeualogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salanoa Aumoeualogo (page does not exist)">Salanoa Aumoeualogo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Samoa_Senate" title="List of presidents of the American Samoa Senate">President of the American Samoa Senate</a>, introduced Senate Bill 54 to create a delegate at-large to Washington with four-year terms (<a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">without congressional rights</a>), which was approved by Governor <a href="/wiki/Owen_Aspinall" title="Owen Aspinall">Owen Aspinall</a> on August 8, 1969. <a href="/wiki/A._U._Fuimaono" title="A. U. Fuimaono">A. U. Fuimaono</a> was elected at the first delegate at-large in 1970 before ending his term to run unsuccessfully for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of American Samoa">Governor of American Samoa</a>. <a href="/wiki/A._P._Lutali" title="A. P. Lutali">A. P. Lutali</a> became the territory's second delegate to Washington in 1975. <a href="/wiki/Fof%C3%B3_Iosefa_Fiti_Sunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fofó Iosefa Fiti Sunia">Fofō Sunia</a> was elected in 1978 after Lutali declined to run for reelection. He went to Washington knowing his term would be limited to two years, since a law had passed establishing an official non-voting delegate seat for American Samoa. Sunia was elected as American Samoa's first congressional delegate in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_of_Columbia">District of Columbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: District of Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Fauntroy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Walter_Fauntroy.jpg/170px-Walter_Fauntroy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Walter_Fauntroy.jpg/255px-Walter_Fauntroy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Walter_Fauntroy.jpg/340px-Walter_Fauntroy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="5587" /></a><figcaption>Walter E. Fauntroy, delegate from the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> from 1971 to 1991</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional delegations from the District of Columbia">United States congressional delegations from the District of Columbia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson#District_of_Columbia_shadow_representatives" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow congressperson § District of Columbia shadow representatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia voting rights</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> is technically a <a href="/wiki/Federal_district#United_States" title="Federal district">federal district</a>—not a territory, commonwealth or <a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">insular area</a>. However, from 1871 to 1875, it briefly had a delegate to Congress. This situation did not last long and congressional representation was terminated. The district had no other delegates until 1971, when the House of Representatives agreed to seat <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Fauntroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter E. Fauntroy">Walter E. Fauntroy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then served in that position between March 23, 1971 and January 3, 1991, when <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a> was elected. Norton continues in that position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Virgin_Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: U.S. Virgin Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Virgin Islands' At-large congressional district">United States Virgin Islands' At-large congressional district</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional delegations from the United States Virgin Islands">United States congressional delegations from the United States Virgin Islands</a></div> <p>In 1972, the House agreed to admit <a href="/wiki/Ron_de_Lugo" title="Ron de Lugo">Ron de Lugo</a> as a delegate from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>, which had been a U.S. territory since 1917 after they were purchased from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> under the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a>. The current delegate, <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Plaskett" title="Stacey Plaskett">Stacey Plaskett</a>, became the first nonvoting delegate to serve as an impeachment manager in the <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">second impeachment trial of Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guam">Guam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Guam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Moylan_official_photo_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/James_Moylan_official_photo_%281%29.jpg/170px-James_Moylan_official_photo_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/James_Moylan_official_photo_%281%29.jpg/255px-James_Moylan_official_photo_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/James_Moylan_official_photo_%281%29.jpg/340px-James_Moylan_official_photo_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>James Moylan, delegate from <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> since 2023</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guam%27s_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Guam's At-large congressional district">Guam's At-large congressional district</a></div> <p>In 1972, the House also agreed to admit <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Borja_Won_Pat" title="Antonio Borja Won Pat">Antonio Borja Won Pat</a> as a delegate from <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, which had been a U.S. territory since 1899 when it was ceded to the United States by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a>. Won Pat had been serving as the Washington Representative since 1965, an office <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">without congressional rights</a> that lobbied for a place in the House. Since 2023, this seat has been represented by <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Moylan" title="James Moylan">James Moylan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Mariana_Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northern Mariana Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional delegations from the Northern Mariana Islands">United States congressional delegations from the Northern Mariana Islands</a></div> <p>For thirty years, since 1978, citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a> (CNMI) elected a <a href="/wiki/Resident_Representative_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Representative of the Northern Mariana Islands">resident representative</a>, commonly known as Washington representative, an office <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">without congressional rights</a> that was established to represent the CNMI in Washington and performing related official duties established by CNMI law. </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Natural_Resources_Act_of_2008" title="Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008">Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008</a>, signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, replaced the position of Resident Representative with a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives. The election of the first delegate took place in November 2008. It was the only contest on the ballot because CNMI elections traditionally occurred in odd-numbered years. <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Sablan" title="Gregorio Sablan">Gregorio Sablan</a> won the election and took office in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_American_treaty-right_delegates">Native American treaty-right delegates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Native American treaty-right delegates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_delegate_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Cherokee delegate to the United States House of Representatives">Cherokee delegate to the United States House of Representatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">List of Native Americans in the United States Congress</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_politicians" title="List of Native American politicians">List of Native American politicians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPPitchlynn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PPPitchlynn.png/220px-PPPitchlynn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PPPitchlynn.png/330px-PPPitchlynn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/PPPitchlynn.png/440px-PPPitchlynn.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Choctaw Nation Delegate to Washington <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Peter Pitchlynn</a> who served as ambassador from 1845 to 1861 and again from 1866 to 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimberly_Teehee,_2012-04-27_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kimberly_Teehee%2C_2012-04-27_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Kimberly_Teehee%2C_2012-04-27_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kimberly_Teehee%2C_2012-04-27_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Kimberly_Teehee%2C_2012-04-27_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kimberly_Teehee%2C_2012-04-27_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Kimberly_Teehee%2C_2012-04-27_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Cherokee Nation Delegate to Congress <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Teehee" title="Kimberly Teehee">Kimberly Teehee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> Native American tribes have treaty rights to send delegates to Congress. The right to a non-voting delegate to Congress was promised to the Cherokee by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hopewell" title="Treaty of Hopewell">Treaty of Hopewell</a> in 1785 (affirmed in 1835's <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota" title="Treaty of New Echota">Treaty of New Echota</a>) and to the Choctaw under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a> in 1830, "whenever Congress shall make provision for [a delegate]". Congress has never provided for the appointment of delegates from Indian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Pommersheim2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pommersheim2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Choctaw tribe has never appointed a delegate to Congress<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Cherokee had not until 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Choctaw did send a non-congressional delegate to Washington for most of the 19th century as an ambassador to represent them before the U.S. government, the most noteworthy being <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Peter Pitchlynn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PPitchlynn_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPitchlynn-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the first treaty signed between the United States and a Native American nation, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Treaty of Fort Pitt">Treaty of Fort Pitt</a> (1778) with the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> ("Delaware Nation"), encouraged them to form a state that would have representation in Congress; however, it is unclear if the treaty would allow a delegate without the formation of a U.S. state.<sup id="cite_ref-TeeheeOklahoman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeeheeOklahoman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evarts1829_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evarts1829-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Deborah Dotson, president of Delaware Nation, expressed an opinion that their treaty right was "stronger" than the Cherokees' and voiced frustration about their treaty promises being ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar situation actively exists at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">state legislature</a> level with the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> maintaining seats for three non-voting delegates representing the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot" title="Penobscot">Penobscot</a> (since 1823), the <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> (since 1842), and the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> (since 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-Maine_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maine-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rights of the tribal delegates has fluctuated over time but appears to have been born from a practice in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Court" title="Massachusetts General Court">Massachusetts General Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">Maine</a> was a part of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> until 1820).<sup id="cite_ref-Maine_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maine-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the situation at the federal level, Maine's state-level tribal delegates are established by state law rather than treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-Maine_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maine-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, only the Passamaquoddy seat is filled; the other two Nations have chosen to currently <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">not fill their seats in protest</a> over issues of tribal sovereignty and rights.<sup id="cite_ref-MaineWithdraw_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaineWithdraw-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature" title="Wisconsin Legislature">Wisconsin Legislature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> were allegedly reviewing Maine's indigenous delegate policy for their own adoption (though New Zealand had already established <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> since 1867).<sup id="cite_ref-Maine_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maine-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R47190_Legal_and_Procedural_Issues_Related_to_Seating_a_Cherokee_Nation_Delegate_in_the_House_of_Representatives.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/R47190_Legal_and_Procedural_Issues_Related_to_Seating_a_Cherokee_Nation_Delegate_in_the_House_of_Representatives.pdf/page1-220px-R47190_Legal_and_Procedural_Issues_Related_to_Seating_a_Cherokee_Nation_Delegate_in_the_House_of_Representatives.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/R47190_Legal_and_Procedural_Issues_Related_to_Seating_a_Cherokee_Nation_Delegate_in_the_House_of_Representatives.pdf/page1-330px-R47190_Legal_and_Procedural_Issues_Related_to_Seating_a_Cherokee_Nation_Delegate_in_the_House_of_Representatives.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/R47190_Legal_and_Procedural_Issues_Related_to_Seating_a_Cherokee_Nation_Delegate_in_the_House_of_Representatives.pdf/page1-440px-R47190_Legal_and_Procedural_Issues_Related_to_Seating_a_Cherokee_Nation_Delegate_in_the_House_of_Representatives.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>A 2022 <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> report on Native representation in Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>There remain, however, untested questions about the validity of such delegates. If tribal citizens are represented in the House by both a voting member and a non-voting delegate, that might be seen as contrary to the principle of "<a href="/wiki/One_person,_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">one person, one vote</a>". Disagreement on which <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribes</a> would appoint the relevant delegate could also occur (e.g. the Choctaw delegate might represent only the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma</a>, say, or also the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians">Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians</a>; similarly with the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> published "Legal and Procedural Issues Related to Seating a Cherokee Nation Delegate in the House of Representatives", addressing these concerns and logistical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 25, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> formally announced its intention to appoint a delegate, nominating <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Teehee" title="Kimberly Teehee">Kimberly Teehee</a>, the tribe's vice president of government relations, as its first delegate.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the process used for other non-voting delegates, the House of Representatives must vote to formally admit Teehee.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some congressional leaders have expressed concerns about Teehee being appointed by a tribal government rather than elected by tribal members; Teehee has contended that, since the Cherokee Nation is a <a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">sovereign nation</a>, her appointment as a delegate should be viewed analogous to an <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TeeheeOklahoman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeeheeOklahoman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ambassadorial view of Native delegates is consistent with prior history of Native envoys to Washington and Maine's state-level tribal delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-PPitchlynn_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPitchlynn-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaineWithdraw_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaineWithdraw-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teehee's appointment to the House was not finalized in the <a href="/wiki/116th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Congress">116th Congress</a> and has been reported to have been delayed by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teehee remained unseated as of September 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Cherokee Nation government reiterated their insistence that Congress seat her.<sup id="cite_ref-renewing_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renewing-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expanding_(and_contracting)_voting_rights"><span id="Expanding_.28and_contracting.29_voting_rights"></span>Expanding (and contracting) voting rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Expanding (and contracting) voting rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The positions of non-voting delegates are now a more or less permanent fixture of the House of Representatives, having been supported by legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this legislation stipulates that "...the right to vote in the committee shall be provided by the Rules of the House." Under Article I, Section 5 of the U.S. Constitution, the House establishes its rules, which allows a majority of the House to change the powers of delegates. Since the 1970s, delegates have served on Congressional committees with the same powers and privileges as members of Congress, including the right to cast votes, but since 1993 their ability to vote on the floor of the House has changed several times.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd Congress</a> approved a rule change that allowed the four delegates and the resident commissioner to vote on the floor of the House, but only in the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a>. However, if any measure passed or failed in the Committee of the Whole because of a delegate's vote, a second vote—excluding the delegates—would be taken. In other words, delegates were permitted to vote only if their votes had no effect on a measure's ultimate outcome. This change was denounced by <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> (all five of the delegates either were Democrats or were allied with the Democrats at the time) as a case of partisanship;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Democrats had lost a dozen House seats in the 1992 elections, and Republicans charged allowing delegates to vote would inflate Democratic vote totals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, this rule was reversed by the newly seated Republican majority in the <a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th Congress</a>; stripping the delegates, all of whom caucused with the Democrats, of even non-decisive voting privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon re-gaining control of the House in January 2007, Democrats revived the 1993–1995 status for delegates during both the <a href="/wiki/110th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="110th Congress">110th</a> and <a href="/wiki/111th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="111th Congress">111th Congresses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking back control of the House in 2011, Republicans revoked the right of delegates to vote in the Committee of the Whole during the term of the <a href="/wiki/112th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="112th Congress">112th Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112thvote_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112thvote-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Democrats took back control of the House and delegates have retained the right to vote in the Committee of the Whole since the <a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th United States Congress</a>. In a contrast from previous GOP majorities, delegate voting in the Committee of the Whole remains in place for the 118th Congress. <sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_non-voting_members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives">Current non-voting members of the U.S. House of Representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Current non-voting members of the U.S. House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th United States Congress</a>, the six non-voting delegates consist of three Democrats and three Republicans. Jenniffer González, of Puerto Rico, a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">New Progressive Party</a> in Puerto Rico, belongs nationally to the Republican Party. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Overview of current non-voting members of the House </caption> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th scope="col">District </th> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Incumbent </th> <th scope="col">Party </th> <th scope="col">House Caucus<br />Affiliation </th> <th scope="col">First<br />elected </th> <th scope="col">Constituency map </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa%27s_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="American Samoa's At-large congressional district">American Samoa at-large</a> </td> <td>Delegate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amata_Coleman_Radewagen" title="Amata Coleman Radewagen">Amata Coleman Radewagen</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_American_Samoa,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives election in American Samoa, 2014">2014</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AS01_109.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AS01_109.png/100px-AS01_109.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AS01_109.png/150px-AS01_109.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/AS01_109.png/200px-AS01_109.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="379" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia's At-large congressional district">District of Columbia at-large</a> </td> <td>Delegate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="1990 United States House of Representatives election in the District of Columbia">1990</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district.png/100px-District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district.png/150px-District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district.png/200px-District_of_Columbia%27s_At-large_congressional_district.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="365" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Guam%27s_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Guam's At-large congressional district">Guam at-large</a> </td> <td>Delegate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Moylan" title="James Moylan">James Moylan</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Guam" title="2022 United States House of Representatives election in Guam">2022</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Guam_Congressional_district_109.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Map_of_Guam_Congressional_district_109.png/100px-Map_of_Guam_Congressional_district_109.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Map_of_Guam_Congressional_district_109.png/150px-Map_of_Guam_Congressional_district_109.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Map_of_Guam_Congressional_district_109.png/200px-Map_of_Guam_Congressional_district_109.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="379" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands%27_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mariana Islands' At-large congressional district">Northern Mariana Islands at-large</a> </td> <td>Delegate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Sablan" title="Gregorio Sablan">Gregorio Sablan</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 United States House of Representatives election in the Northern Mariana Islands">2008</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Mariana_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Northern_Mariana_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png/100px-Northern_Mariana_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Northern_Mariana_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png/150px-Northern_Mariana_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Northern_Mariana_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png/200px-Northern_Mariana_Islands-CIA_WFB_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="349" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico%27s_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico's At-large congressional district">Puerto Rico at-large</a> </td> <td>Resident Commissioner </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jenniffer_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenniffer González">Jenniffer González</a> </td> <td style="background:#D7EAF9"><a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico">New Progressive</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 United States House of Representatives election in Puerto Rico">2016</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PR01_109.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PR01_109.gif/100px-PR01_109.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PR01_109.gif/150px-PR01_109.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PR01_109.gif/200px-PR01_109.gif 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="379" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27_At-large_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Virgin Islands' At-large congressional district">U.S. Virgin Islands at-large</a> </td> <td>Delegate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Plaskett" title="Stacey Plaskett">Stacey Plaskett</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 United States House of Representatives election in the United States Virgin Islands">2014</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VIAtLArge_109.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/VIAtLArge_109.gif/100px-VIAtLArge_109.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/VIAtLArge_109.gif/150px-VIAtLArge_109.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/VIAtLArge_109.gif/200px-VIAtLArge_109.gif 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="389" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">Member of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow congressperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Legislature" title="Maine Legislature">Maine Legislature</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives#Non-voting_members" title="Maine House of Representatives">Non-voting tribal delegates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Fono" title="American Samoa Fono">American Samoa Fono</a>: <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_House_of_Representatives" title="American Samoa House of Representatives">American Samoa House of Representatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swains_Island" title="Swains Island">Swains Island</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delegates+and+Resident+Commissioners&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Clerk+of+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkids.clerk.house.gov%2Fhigh-school%2Flesson.html%3FintID%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_48_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 48 of the United States Code">48 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/48/1715">§ 1715</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PalmerCRS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PalmerCRS_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetsy_Palmer" class="citation cs1">Betsy Palmer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40555.pdf"><i>Delegates to the U.S. Congress: History and Current Status</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delegates+to+the+U.S.+Congress%3A+History+and+Current+Status&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.au=Betsy+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR40555.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Northwest Ordinance stated: "As soon as a legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of debating but not voting during this temporary government."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore188736,_217–218-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore188736,_217–218_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmore1887">Gilmore 1887</a>, p. 36, 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmore1887222-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmore1887222_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilmore1887">Gilmore 1887</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.house.gov/People/Listing/S/SEVIER,-John-(S000257)/">"SEVIER, John"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Citing+treaties%2C+Cherokees+call+on+Congress+to+seat+delegate+from+tribe&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Krehbiel-Burton&rft.aufirst=Lenzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fciting-treaties-cherokees-call-on-congress-to-seat-delegate-from%2Farticle_9da9a5d4-69a1-52d8-bad6-beea75a2e17e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2021" class="citation news cs1">Hunter, Chad (May 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/news/cn-leaders-view-dismissive-remarks-as-teaching-moment/article_8eb9b144-b18c-11eb-83d7-e7614d178ff7.html">"CN leaders view 'dismissive' remarks as teaching moment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Phoenix" title="Cherokee Phoenix">Cherokee Phoenix</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cherokee+Phoenix&rft.atitle=CN+leaders+view+%27dismissive%27+remarks+as+teaching+moment&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherokeephoenix.org%2Fnews%2Fcn-leaders-view-dismissive-remarks-as-teaching-moment%2Farticle_8eb9b144-b18c-11eb-83d7-e7614d178ff7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskin2022" class="citation web cs1">Hoskin, Chuck Jr. (September 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/cherokee-chief-ancestors-were-promised-120109051.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall">"Cherokee chief: Our ancestors were promised a delegate in the House. Treaties matter"</a>. <i>news.yahoo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Cherokee+chief%3A+Our+ancestors+were+promised+a+delegate+in+the+House.+Treaties+matter.&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft.aulast=Hoskin&rft.aufirst=Chuck+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fcherokee-chief-ancestors-were-promised-120109051.html%3Ffr%3Dsycsrp_catchall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renewing-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-renewing_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2022" class="citation web cs1">Hernandez, Joe (September 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/09/24/1124945834/cherokee-nation-delegate-congress">"The Cherokee Nation is renewing its push for a nonvoting delegate in Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cherokee+Nation+is+renewing+its+push+for+a+nonvoting+delegate+in+Congress&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2022-09-24&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F09%2F24%2F1124945834%2Fcherokee-nation-delegate-congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 891, of Title 48 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">U. S. Code</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudiburg2022" class="citation report cs1">Hudiburg, Jane A. (March 1, 2022). Delegates to the U.S. Congress: History and Current Status (Report). Congressional Research Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Delegates+to+the+U.S.+Congress%3A+History+and+Current+Status&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.aulast=Hudiburg&rft.aufirst=Jane+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasniewskiKowalewskiTurner_O'HaraRucke" class="citation book cs1">Wasniewski, Matthew A.; Kowalewski, Albin; Turner O'Hara, Laura; Rucke, Terrance (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc225/pdf/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc225-2-7.pdf">"Strength in Numbers, Challenges in Diversity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CDOC-108hdoc225"><i>Hispanic Americans in Congress 1822–2012</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian and Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives. p. 496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strength+in+Numbers%2C+Challenges+in+Diversity&rft.btitle=Hispanic+Americans+in+Congress+1822%E2%80%932012&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian+and+Office+of+the+Clerk%2C+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CDOC-108hdoc225%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CDOC-108hdoc225-2-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1992" class="citation news cs1">Krauss, Clifford (December 10, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/3cztOCR">"House Delegates Get New Powers"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Vol. CXLII, no. 49, 176. p. A22 – via TimesMachine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=House+Delegates+Get+New+Powers&rft.volume=CXLII&rft.issue=49%2C+176&rft.pages=A22&rft.date=1992-12-10&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F3cztOCR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-resolution/6">H.Res. 6</a>, 104th Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-resolution/78">H.Res. 78</a>, 110th Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-resolution/5">H.Res. 5</a>, 112th Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112thvote-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112thvote_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhauser2011" class="citation news cs1">Newhauser, Daniel (January 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/news/-202127-1.html">"House Delegates Stripped of Vote"</a>. <i>Roll Call</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=House+Delegates+Stripped+of+Vote&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.aulast=Newhauser&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fnews%2F-202127-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2019" class="citation news cs1">McPherson, Lindsey (January 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollcall.com/news/politics/house-adopts-rules-package-democratic-defections-paygo-provision">"House adopts rules package with few Democratic defections over PAYGO provision"</a>. <i>Roll Call</i>. CQ Roll Call<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=House+adopts+rules+package+with+few+Democratic+defections+over+PAYGO+provision&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollcall.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fhouse-adopts-rules-package-democratic-defections-paygo-provision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore1887" class="citation book cs1">Gilmore, James (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnsevierascomm01gilm"><i>John Sevier As a Commonwealth-builder: a Sequel to The Rear-guard of the Revolution</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Sevier+As+a+Commonwealth-builder%3A+a+Sequel+to+The+Rear-guard+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnsevierascomm01gilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-voting+members+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829052421/http://www.dcvote.org/trellis/denial/DistrictofColumbiaDelegatestoCongress.cfm">History and powers of DC's Delegate to Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alabama" title="United States congressional delegations from Alabama">Alabama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alabama" title="List of United States representatives from Alabama">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama" title="List of United States senators from Alabama">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Alaska" title="United States congressional delegations from Alaska">Alaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Alaska" title="List of United States representatives from Alaska">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alaska" title="List of United States senators from Alaska">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizona" title="United States congressional delegations from Arizona">Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona" title="List of United States representatives from Arizona">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arkansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Arkansas">Arkansas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States representatives from Arkansas">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States senators from Arkansas">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Colorado" title="United States congressional delegations from Colorado">Colorado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Colorado" title="List of United States representatives from Colorado">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Colorado" title="List of United States senators from Colorado">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Connecticut" title="United States congressional delegations from Connecticut">Connecticut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States representatives from Connecticut">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Delaware" title="United States congressional delegations from Delaware">Delaware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware" title="List of United States representatives from Delaware">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States senators from Delaware">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Florida" title="United States congressional delegations from Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Florida" title="List of United States representatives from Florida">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States senators from Florida">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Georgia" title="United States congressional delegations from Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States representatives from Hawaii">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States senators from Hawaii">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Idaho" title="United States congressional delegations from Idaho">Idaho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Idaho" title="List of United States representatives from Idaho">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States senators from Idaho">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Illinois" title="United States congressional delegations from Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Indiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Indiana">Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana" title="List of United States representatives from Indiana">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Iowa" title="United States congressional delegations from Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Iowa" title="List of United States representatives from Iowa">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kansas" title="United States congressional delegations from Kansas">Kansas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kansas" title="List of United States representatives from Kansas">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States senators from Kansas">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Kentucky" title="United States congressional delegations from Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Louisiana" title="United States congressional delegations from Louisiana">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States representatives from Louisiana">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States senators from Louisiana">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Maine" title="United States congressional delegations from Maine">Maine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maine" title="List of United States representatives from Maine">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Maryland" title="United States congressional delegations from Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Massachusetts" title="United States congressional delegations from Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Michigan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota" title="United States congressional delegations from Minnesota">Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States representatives from Minnesota">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Mississippi" title="United States congressional delegations from Mississippi">Mississippi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States representatives from Mississippi">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States senators from Mississippi">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Missouri" title="United States congressional delegations from Missouri">Missouri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Montana" title="United States congressional delegations from Montana">Montana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Montana" title="List of United States representatives from Montana">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States senators from Montana">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nebraska" title="United States congressional delegations from Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States representatives from Nebraska">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States senators from Nebraska">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Nevada" title="United States congressional delegations from Nevada">Nevada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Nevada" title="List of United States representatives from Nevada">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Hampshire" title="United States congressional delegations from New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States representatives from New Hampshire">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Jersey" title="United States congressional delegations from New Jersey">New Jersey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States representatives from New Jersey">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States senators from New Jersey">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_Mexico" title="United States congressional delegations from New Mexico">New Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Mexico" title="List of United States representatives from New Mexico">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Mexico" title="List of United States senators from New Mexico">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_North_Carolina" title="United States congressional delegations from North Carolina">North Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from North Carolina">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_North_Dakota" title="United States congressional delegations from North Dakota">North Dakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States representatives from North Dakota">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from North Dakota">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Ohio" title="United States congressional delegations from Ohio">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Oklahoma" title="United States congressional delegations from Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States representatives from Oklahoma">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States senators from Oklahoma">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Oregon" title="United States congressional delegations from Oregon">Oregon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Oregon" title="List of United States representatives from Oregon">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon" title="List of United States senators from Oregon">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Rhode_Island" title="United States congressional delegations from Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States representatives from Rhode Island">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States senators from Rhode Island">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_South_Carolina" title="United States congressional delegations from South Carolina">South Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States representatives from South Carolina">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_South_Dakota" title="United States congressional delegations from South Dakota">South Dakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States representatives from South Dakota">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Tennessee" title="United States congressional delegations from Tennessee">Tennessee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texas" title="United States congressional delegations from Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Texas" title="List of United States representatives from Texas">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Utah" title="United States congressional delegations from Utah">Utah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Utah" title="List of United States representatives from Utah">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Vermont" title="United States congressional delegations from Vermont">Vermont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from Virginia">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from Virginia">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Washington" title="United States congressional delegations from Washington">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Washington" title="List of United States representatives from Washington">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington" title="List of United States senators from Washington">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_West_Virginia" title="United States congressional delegations from West Virginia">West Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States representatives from West Virginia">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wisconsin" title="United States congressional delegations from Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States representatives from Wisconsin">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Wyoming" title="United States congressional delegations from Wyoming">Wyoming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States representatives from Wyoming">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States senators from Wyoming">S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="American Samoa's at-large congressional district">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="District of Columbia's at-large congressional district">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Guam's at-large congressional district">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northern Mariana Islands's at-large congressional district">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Resident commissioner of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="United States Virgin Islands's at-large congressional district">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li> <li>Proposed (<a href="/wiki/Cherokee_delegate_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Cherokee delegate to the United States House of Representatives">Cherokee</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Dakota Territory's at-large congressional district">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Northwest Territory's at-large congressional district">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Orleans Territory's at-large congressional district">Orleans Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_commissioner_of_the_Philippines" title="Resident commissioner of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Southwest Territory's at-large congressional district">Southwest Territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Lists of former House members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">List of former senators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=1254264874">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=1254264874</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Delegates_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Delegates to 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