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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Georgian History</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">5,927 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Georgian History</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Georgian_History">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7599269" data-work_id="7599269" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7599269/Beating_Napoleon_at_Eton_Violence_Sport_and_Manliness_in_England_s_Public_Schools_1783_1815_Cultural_and_Social_History">Beating Napoleon at Eton: Violence, Sport and Manliness in England’s Public Schools, 1783-1815 -- Cultural and Social History</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite the popular aphorism, ‘the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton,’ historians have been slow to appreciate the value Georgian elites vested in their public schools and public school sport. In fact, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7599269" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite the popular aphorism, ‘the Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton,’ historians have been slow to appreciate the value Georgian elites vested in their public schools and public school sport. In fact, the stereotype of these schools as anarchic and pedagogically insignificant still endures. I argue that the schools of this period came to enjoy a growing popularity precisely because of their rough nature. Contemporaries praised the violence of both the dormitories and the playing fields as productive of vigorous, future leaders, capable of defending Britain in a world at war. Such rhetoric, I argue, anticipated the late Victorian cults of sport and manliness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7599269" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="09ae562ea79c8862b646c83735a43baa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47041140,"asset_id":7599269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47041140/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13698958" href="https://durham.academia.edu/KevinWaite">Kevin Waite</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13698958" type="text/json">{"id":13698958,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Waite","domain_name":"durham","page_name":"KevinWaite","display_name":"Kevin Waite","profile_url":"https://durham.academia.edu/KevinWaite?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13698958/3813362/4463718/s65_kevin.waite.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7599269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7599269"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7599269, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7599269", }); 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In fact, the stereotype of these schools as anarchic and pedagogically insignificant still endures. I argue that the schools of this period came to enjoy a growing popularity precisely because of their rough nature. Contemporaries praised the violence of both the dormitories and the playing fields as productive of vigorous, future leaders, capable of defending Britain in a world at war. 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The socio-political spectrum of Georgia had a great trust in the Constituent Assembly. <br /><br />Four major political forces acting in Georgia (Social-Democrats-Mensheviks, Socialist-Federalists, Socialist-Revolutionaries and National-Democratic Parties) actively engaged in the electoral process. Parties explained the essence, purpose and importance of the Constituent Assembly to the population. By means of their published political platforms, they informed the electorate about their promises and called for their support.<br /><br />Unlike the socialist parties, National-Democrats talked about the model of future free Georgia instead of promises about democratic transformation of Russia.<br /><br />Elections were held in the South Caucasus on November 12-18, 1917. 15 political organizations in the region took part in it. According to the received votes (27%) Social-Democrat Mensheviks won. The members of the Russian Constituent Assembly were: Noe Jordania, Isidore and Noe Ramishvili, Irakli Tsereteli, Karlo Chkheidze, Akaki Chkhenkeli, Evgeni Gegechkori, Grigol Giorgadze, Vladimer Jibladze and Arshak Zurabov. Ivane Lortkipanidze received the mandate of the SR party, - Federalists and National-Democrats remained without mandates.<br /><br />After the Bolsheviks dissolved the Constituent Assembly and the hope of democratic development of Russia came to a stop, the political spectrum of Georgia switched to preparation of the local Constituent Assembly.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44287040" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="79bca4f22706ba26719c2df6b28c0ff8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64668165,"asset_id":44287040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64668165/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55342371" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OtarJanelidze">Otar Janelidze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55342371" type="text/json">{"id":55342371,"first_name":"Otar","last_name":"Janelidze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OtarJanelidze","display_name":"Otar Janelidze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OtarJanelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55342371/15347442/33577863/s65_otar.janelidze.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44287040 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44287040"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44287040, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44287040", }); 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The socio-political spectrum of Georgia had a great trust in the Constituent Assembly. \n\nFour major political forces acting in Georgia (Social-Democrats-Mensheviks, Socialist-Federalists, Socialist-Revolutionaries and National-Democratic Parties) actively engaged in the electoral process. Parties explained the essence, purpose and importance of the Constituent Assembly to the population. By means of their published political platforms, they informed the electorate about their promises and called for their support.\n\nUnlike the socialist parties, National-Democrats talked about the model of future free Georgia instead of promises about democratic transformation of Russia.\n\nElections were held in the South Caucasus on November 12-18, 1917. 15 political organizations in the region took part in it. According to the received votes (27%) Social-Democrat Mensheviks won. The members of the Russian Constituent Assembly were: Noe Jordania, Isidore and Noe Ramishvili, Irakli Tsereteli, Karlo Chkheidze, Akaki Chkhenkeli, Evgeni Gegechkori, Grigol Giorgadze, Vladimer Jibladze and Arshak Zurabov. Ivane Lortkipanidze received the mandate of the SR party, - Federalists and National-Democrats remained without mandates.\n\nAfter the Bolsheviks dissolved the Constituent Assembly and the hope of democratic development of Russia came to a stop, the political spectrum of Georgia switched to preparation of the local Constituent Assembly.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64668165,"asset_id":44287040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55342371,"first_name":"Otar","last_name":"Janelidze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OtarJanelidze","display_name":"Otar Janelidze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OtarJanelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55342371/15347442/33577863/s65_otar.janelidze.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1287,"name":"Political Parties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Parties?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":8541,"name":"Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caucasus?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":33668,"name":"Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":1362824,"name":"Elections In Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elections_In_Georgia?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22133240" data-work_id="22133240" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22133240/Prospectus_Race_and_Firefighting_in_the_Antebellum_South_The_Demographics_of_Firefighters_in_Georgia_and_South_Carolina">Prospectus Race and Firefighting in the Antebellum South: The Demographics of Firefighters in Georgia and South Carolina</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The thesis of the paper is that Africans make up a significant portion of the makeup of southern fire departments. Municipalities of the 1700s and 1800s needed to provide fire protection in order to prevent the fires that could (and did)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22133240" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The thesis of the paper is that Africans make up a significant portion of the makeup of southern fire departments. Municipalities of the 1700s and 1800s needed to provide fire protection in order to prevent the fires that could (and did) destroy cities. The fire departments that developed to meet this need used many of the same equipment and tactics regardless of geographic location. However, fire departments in the South differed in character and demographics from their northern counterparts. These differences included the use of Africans as firefighters. The differences in the demographic make up and character of these fire departments reflect differences in the urban culture of the South and the North. The geographic and time constraints of the prospectus will likely be narrowed down as the research is carried out. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Boles, Durelle J., ed. Durelle Boles Collection of Southern Imprints,1829-1872</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22133240" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b9ed07efd40ab893bc7fb76a465c7d59" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42799499,"asset_id":22133240,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42799499/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42999991" href="https://lyondemere.academia.edu/LykeeDavis">Lykee Davis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42999991" type="text/json">{"id":42999991,"first_name":"Lykee","last_name":"Davis","domain_name":"lyondemere","page_name":"LykeeDavis","display_name":"Lykee Davis","profile_url":"https://lyondemere.academia.edu/LykeeDavis?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42999991/11556209/74020704/s65_lykee.davis.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22133240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22133240"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22133240, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22133240", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22133240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22133240; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22133240"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22133240 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22133240"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22133240; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22133240]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22133240").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22133240").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22133240"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6283" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery">History of Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6283" type="text/json">{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10968" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fire_Protection">Fire Protection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10968" type="text/json">{"id":10968,"name":"Fire Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fire_Protection?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22133240]'), work: {"id":22133240,"title":"Prospectus Race and Firefighting in the Antebellum South: The Demographics of Firefighters in Georgia and South Carolina","created_at":"2016-02-18T04:40:56.324-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22133240/Prospectus_Race_and_Firefighting_in_the_Antebellum_South_The_Demographics_of_Firefighters_in_Georgia_and_South_Carolina?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_22133240","summary":"The thesis of the paper is that Africans make up a significant portion of the makeup of southern fire departments. Municipalities of the 1700s and 1800s needed to provide fire protection in order to prevent the fires that could (and did) destroy cities. The fire departments that developed to meet this need used many of the same equipment and tactics regardless of geographic location. However, fire departments in the South differed in character and demographics from their northern counterparts. These differences included the use of Africans as firefighters. The differences in the demographic make up and character of these fire departments reflect differences in the urban culture of the South and the North. The geographic and time constraints of the prospectus will likely be narrowed down as the research is carried out. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Boles, Durelle J., ed. Durelle Boles Collection of Southern Imprints,1829-1872","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42799499,"asset_id":22133240,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42999991,"first_name":"Lykee","last_name":"Davis","domain_name":"lyondemere","page_name":"LykeeDavis","display_name":"Lykee Davis","profile_url":"https://lyondemere.academia.edu/LykeeDavis?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42999991/11556209/74020704/s65_lykee.davis.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":10968,"name":"Fire Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fire_Protection?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39207136" data-work_id="39207136" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39207136/Tedo_Dundua_Christianity_and_Mithraism_The_Georgian_Story_Report_The_Christianization_of_Caucasus_International_Symposium_Vienna_1999">Tedo Dundua. Christianity and Mithraism. The Georgian Story. Report. The Christianization of Caucasus.International Symposium. Vienna. 1999</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39207136" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1317f258b24b4c1e9db32340611bcdc4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59335823,"asset_id":39207136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59335823/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33678104" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/TedoDundua">Tedo Dundua</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33678104" type="text/json">{"id":33678104,"first_name":"Tedo","last_name":"Dundua","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"TedoDundua","display_name":"Tedo Dundua","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/TedoDundua?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33678104/18162375/19244619/s65_tedo.dundua.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39207136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39207136"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39207136, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39207136", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39207136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39207136").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39207136").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39207136"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29277" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Sea_region">Black Sea region</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29277" type="text/json">{"id":29277,"name":"Black Sea region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Sea_region?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40657" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mithraism">Mithraism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40657" type="text/json">{"id":40657,"name":"Mithraism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mithraism?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117820" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies">Georgian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="117820" type="text/json">{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="291123" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_and_Roman_Mithology">Greek and Roman Mithology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="291123" type="text/json">{"id":291123,"name":"Greek and Roman Mithology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_and_Roman_Mithology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39207136]'), work: {"id":39207136,"title":"Tedo Dundua. Christianity and Mithraism. The Georgian Story. Report. The Christianization of Caucasus.International Symposium. Vienna. 1999","created_at":"2019-05-20T23:21:56.894-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39207136/Tedo_Dundua_Christianity_and_Mithraism_The_Georgian_Story_Report_The_Christianization_of_Caucasus_International_Symposium_Vienna_1999?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_39207136","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59335823,"asset_id":39207136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33678104,"first_name":"Tedo","last_name":"Dundua","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"TedoDundua","display_name":"Tedo Dundua","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/TedoDundua?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33678104/18162375/19244619/s65_tedo.dundua.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":29277,"name":"Black Sea region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Sea_region?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":40657,"name":"Mithraism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mithraism?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":291123,"name":"Greek and Roman Mithology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_and_Roman_Mithology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44983463" data-work_id="44983463" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44983463/Contemporary_Georgian_architectural_theory_and_practice_The_legacy_of_Shota_Bostanashvili">Contemporary Georgian architectural theory and practice: The legacy of Shota Bostanashvili</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Shota Bostanashvili (1948-2013), a practising architect and a pioneer in developing the poetics of architecture, was a cultural theorist. His philosophy centred around an architectural discourse specifically addressing architecture and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44983463" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Shota Bostanashvili (1948-2013), a practising architect and a pioneer in developing the poetics of architecture, was a cultural theorist. His philosophy centred around an architectural discourse specifically addressing architecture and linguistic play, and the semiotics of architecture. The objective of this paper is to identify the themes underpinning his philosophy of architecture and his legacy relative to his contemporaries. This paper is based on primary sources including Bostanashvili’s buildings, monuments and publications together with unpublished material from the Shota Bostanashvili Archive (Tbilisi). Reference is also made to video footage from the Georgian Public Broadcast, conferences and other sources. This paper concludes by identifying outstanding milestones in Bostanashvili’s legacy, both on a pragmatic and a theoretical level. The former relates to the poetics and metapoetics of architecture whilst the latter correlates to architecture as a unique individual spiritual experience and to the poetics of space as part of cultural history rather than phenomenology. He opted for paper architecture as a mode of abstract and poetic expression to approach architecture design education. This paper delves into the margins of normative European architectural historiography. It is a first in documenting in detail the legacy of Shota Bostanashvili, an outstanding Georgian architect, academic, sculptor and poet who is barely known in Western countries, thereby highlighting his impact on the theory of architecture.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44983463" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="230ea7f79409d4022b27a00f9626598e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65523725,"asset_id":44983463,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65523725/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="274994" href="https://malta.academia.edu/LinoBianco">Lino Bianco</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="274994" type="text/json">{"id":274994,"first_name":"Lino","last_name":"Bianco","domain_name":"malta","page_name":"LinoBianco","display_name":"Lino Bianco","profile_url":"https://malta.academia.edu/LinoBianco?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/274994/219904/6107591/s65_lino.bianco.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44983463 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44983463"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44983463, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44983463", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44983463 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44983463; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44983463"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44983463 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44983463"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44983463; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44983463]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44983463").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44983463").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44983463"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21988" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture_and_Phenomenology">Architecture and Phenomenology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21988" type="text/json">{"id":21988,"name":"Architecture and Phenomenology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture_and_Phenomenology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33668" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia">Georgia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33668" type="text/json">{"id":33668,"name":"Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="105625" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_architecture_Visual_Arts_History_Poetry_Literature">History of Modern and Contemporary architecture; Visual Arts; History, Poetry, Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="105625" type="text/json">{"id":105625,"name":"History of Modern and Contemporary architecture; Visual Arts; History, Poetry, Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_architecture_Visual_Arts_History_Poetry_Literature?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117820" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies">Georgian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="117820" type="text/json">{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44983463]'), work: {"id":44983463,"title":"Contemporary Georgian architectural theory and practice: The legacy of Shota Bostanashvili","created_at":"2021-01-26T10:06:25.144-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44983463/Contemporary_Georgian_architectural_theory_and_practice_The_legacy_of_Shota_Bostanashvili?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_44983463","summary":"Shota Bostanashvili (1948-2013), a practising architect and a pioneer in developing the poetics of architecture, was a cultural theorist. His philosophy centred around an architectural discourse specifically addressing architecture and linguistic play, and the semiotics of architecture. The objective of this paper is to identify the themes underpinning his philosophy of architecture and his legacy relative to his contemporaries. This paper is based on primary sources including Bostanashvili’s buildings, monuments and publications together with unpublished material from the Shota Bostanashvili Archive (Tbilisi). Reference is also made to video footage from the Georgian Public Broadcast, conferences and other sources. This paper concludes by identifying outstanding milestones in Bostanashvili’s legacy, both on a pragmatic and a theoretical level. The former relates to the poetics and metapoetics of architecture whilst the latter correlates to architecture as a unique individual spiritual experience and to the poetics of space as part of cultural history rather than phenomenology. He opted for paper architecture as a mode of abstract and poetic expression to approach architecture design education. This paper delves into the margins of normative European architectural historiography. It is a first in documenting in detail the legacy of Shota Bostanashvili, an outstanding Georgian architect, academic, sculptor and poet who is barely known in Western countries, thereby highlighting his impact on the theory of architecture.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65523725,"asset_id":44983463,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":274994,"first_name":"Lino","last_name":"Bianco","domain_name":"malta","page_name":"LinoBianco","display_name":"Lino Bianco","profile_url":"https://malta.academia.edu/LinoBianco?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/274994/219904/6107591/s65_lino.bianco.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21988,"name":"Architecture and Phenomenology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture_and_Phenomenology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":33668,"name":"Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":105625,"name":"History of Modern and Contemporary architecture; Visual Arts; History, Poetry, Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_architecture_Visual_Arts_History_Poetry_Literature?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":570001,"name":"Poetics of Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetics_of_Architecture?f_ri=375477"},{"id":633840,"name":"Georgian Art and Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Art_and_Architecture?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18929800" data-work_id="18929800" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18929800/Renegotiating_the_empire_forging_the_nation_state_the_Georgian_case_through_the_political_economic_thought_of_Niko_Nikoladze_and_Noe_Zhordania_c_1870_1920">Renegotiating the empire, forging the nation-state: the Georgian case through the political economic thought of Niko Nikoladze and Noe Zhordania, c. 1870–1920</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article begins with an observation of a contemporary and yet reoccurring political dilemma that small nation-states face with respect to larger states in being either inside or outside of supranational political entities regarding... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18929800" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article begins with an observation of a contemporary and yet reoccurring political dilemma that small nation-states face with respect to larger states in being either inside or outside of supranational political entities regarding political and economic asymmetries. Employing an intellectual history approach, the article explores this dilemma with reference to the Georgian nation in late-nineteenth century Tsarist Russia and the early twentieth century, when that territory briefly became a nation(state): it explores this through the language of political economy articulated in the thoughts and actions of two founding Georgian national intellectual and political figures, the statesman Niko Nikoladze and Noe Zhordania, who was one of the first prime ministers. It argues that conceiving of the nation(state) primarily in economic terms, as opposed to exclusively nationalist ones, was more conducive to the option of remaining inside a supranational space.<br /><br />Keywords: Georgian nation-state; political economy; Russian empire; small versus large nation-states; Nikoladze; Zhordania</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18929800" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b01a0e781b30deadac0775ee643c654a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51389286,"asset_id":18929800,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51389286/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13558993" href="https://cuni.academia.edu/adrianBrisku">adrian Brisku</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13558993" type="text/json">{"id":13558993,"first_name":"adrian","last_name":"Brisku","domain_name":"cuni","page_name":"adrianBrisku","display_name":"adrian Brisku","profile_url":"https://cuni.academia.edu/adrianBrisku?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13558993/6793531/123772072/s65_adrian.brisku.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18929800 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18929800"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18929800, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18929800", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18929800 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18929800; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18929800"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18929800 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18929800"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18929800; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18929800]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18929800").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18929800").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18929800"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5329" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Economic_Thought">History of Political Economic Thought</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5329" type="text/json">{"id":5329,"name":"History of Political Economic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Economic_Thought?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_history">Eastern European history</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6327" type="text/json">{"id":6327,"name":"Eastern European history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_history?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15455" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History">Russian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15455" type="text/json">{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18929800]'), work: {"id":18929800,"title":"Renegotiating the empire, forging the nation-state: the Georgian case through the political economic thought of Niko Nikoladze and Noe Zhordania, c. 1870–1920","created_at":"2015-11-24T07:37:03.193-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18929800/Renegotiating_the_empire_forging_the_nation_state_the_Georgian_case_through_the_political_economic_thought_of_Niko_Nikoladze_and_Noe_Zhordania_c_1870_1920?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_18929800","summary":"This article begins with an observation of a contemporary and yet reoccurring political dilemma that small nation-states face with respect to larger states in being either inside or outside of supranational political entities regarding political and economic asymmetries. Employing an intellectual history approach, the article explores this dilemma with reference to the Georgian nation in late-nineteenth century Tsarist Russia and the early twentieth century, when that territory briefly became a nation(state): it explores this through the language of political economy articulated in the thoughts and actions of two founding Georgian national intellectual and political figures, the statesman Niko Nikoladze and Noe Zhordania, who was one of the first prime ministers. It argues that conceiving of the nation(state) primarily in economic terms, as opposed to exclusively nationalist ones, was more conducive to the option of remaining inside a supranational space.\n\nKeywords: Georgian nation-state; political economy; Russian empire; small versus large nation-states; Nikoladze; Zhordania\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51389286,"asset_id":18929800,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13558993,"first_name":"adrian","last_name":"Brisku","domain_name":"cuni","page_name":"adrianBrisku","display_name":"adrian Brisku","profile_url":"https://cuni.academia.edu/adrianBrisku?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13558993/6793531/123772072/s65_adrian.brisku.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":5329,"name":"History of Political Economic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Economic_Thought?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":6327,"name":"Eastern European history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_European_history?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":15455,"name":"Russian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":21219,"name":"Socialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socialism?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22107413" data-work_id="22107413" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22107413/Britain_and_the_Mahogany_Trade_of_the_Americas_in_the_18th_and_19th_Centuries">Britain and the Mahogany Trade of the Americas in the 18th and 19th Centuries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Britain and the Mahogany Trade of the Americas in the 18th and 19th Centuries I have often wondered many things about wood. I have looked at pieces of furniture and wondered how tall the tree was that it came from. I have wondered where... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22107413" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Britain and the Mahogany Trade of the Americas in the 18th and 19th Centuries I have often wondered many things about wood. I have looked at pieces of furniture and wondered how tall the tree was that it came from. I have wondered where it was from or if birds or other animals lived among its branches. I have wondered who cut it down, who milled it, who carved it, who owned it, and who used it. Of all the wood I have wondered about, my favorite one to wonder about was mahogany. I have for all of my life been surrounded by antique British furniture. My father began importing English furniture from Liverpool at almost the exact same time I was born nearly thirty years ago, and I have played around, worked and lived with it nearly everyday since. In recent years, I decided that mahogany was my favorite, and I wanted to know more about it. I wanted to know where it grew, why the British loved it so, and why they chose it so often to make their cabinetry and furniture. I have come to learn that Great Britain's dealings in Mahogany are far more interesting and complex than I had previously imagined. Mahogany and Britain is indeed a strange and interesting affair. The topic of Britain and mahogany offers insights into global trade, imperialism, race relations, and the environmental impact we as humans have on the world.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22107413" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4be8e6abb09f29395616c8ab14a5d276" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42776250,"asset_id":22107413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42776250/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43413546" href="https://utah.academia.edu/tylerevans">Tyler R Evans</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43413546" type="text/json">{"id":43413546,"first_name":"Tyler","last_name":"Evans","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"tylerevans","display_name":"Tyler R Evans","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/tylerevans?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43413546/11608511/70604798/s65_tyler.evans.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22107413 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22107413"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22107413, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22107413", }); 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I have looked at pieces of furniture and wondered how tall the tree was that it came from. I have wondered where it was from or if birds or other animals lived among its branches. I have wondered who cut it down, who milled it, who carved it, who owned it, and who used it. Of all the wood I have wondered about, my favorite one to wonder about was mahogany. I have for all of my life been surrounded by antique British furniture. My father began importing English furniture from Liverpool at almost the exact same time I was born nearly thirty years ago, and I have played around, worked and lived with it nearly everyday since. In recent years, I decided that mahogany was my favorite, and I wanted to know more about it. I wanted to know where it grew, why the British loved it so, and why they chose it so often to make their cabinetry and furniture. I have come to learn that Great Britain's dealings in Mahogany are far more interesting and complex than I had previously imagined. Mahogany and Britain is indeed a strange and interesting affair. The topic of Britain and mahogany offers insights into global trade, imperialism, race relations, and the environmental impact we as humans have on the world.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42776250,"asset_id":22107413,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43413546,"first_name":"Tyler","last_name":"Evans","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"tylerevans","display_name":"Tyler R Evans","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/tylerevans?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43413546/11608511/70604798/s65_tyler.evans.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1305,"name":"Victorian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victorian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":10997,"name":"Wood Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wood_Science?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":19332,"name":"19th Century (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_History_?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":35193,"name":"18th Century Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/18th_Century_Britain?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":35998,"name":"19th Century Britain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Britain?f_ri=375477"},{"id":56386,"name":"Mahogany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mahogany?f_ri=375477"},{"id":80240,"name":"Lumber industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lumber_industry?f_ri=375477"},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1630996,"name":"Lumber History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lumber_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38157553" data-work_id="38157553" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38157553/Vaxt_ang_I_Gorgasali_re_di_Kartli_Alle_origini_dell_autocefalia_della_Chiesa_ortodossa_di_Georgia">Vaxt’ang I Gorgasali re di Kartli. Alle origini dell’autocefalia della Chiesa ortodossa di Georgia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Vaxt’ang I Gorgasali († 502), re di Kartli (Georgia orientale e meridionale) – la Iberìa delle fonti greco-latine – nella seconda metà del V secolo, ha informato di sé la storia della Georgia e del Caucaso meridionale in generale. È stata... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38157553" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Vaxt’ang I Gorgasali († 502), re di Kartli (Georgia orientale e meridionale) – la Iberìa delle fonti greco-latine – nella seconda metà del V secolo, ha informato di sé la storia della Georgia e del Caucaso meridionale in generale. È stata indelebile l'impronta da lui lasciata sulla successiva evoluzione sociopolitica e culturale del Paese. Eppure, la sua vita e l'opera, molto celebrate nella storiografia in georgiano, ancora dopo un secolo e mezzo di studi presentano enigmi irrisolti. Nella presente monografia è vagliato, in tutta la sua complessità, il suo operato, con particolare attenzione alla riforma ecclesiastica che, attuata in seguito ad un conflitto sorto tra il re e il vescovo Michele, capo della Chiesa di Kartli, comportò l'istituzione del katholikosato, venendo così a costituire una tappa fondamentale nella storia della Chiesa ortodossa di Georgia. Un'approfondita disamina delle fonti e delle teorie formulate in tempi diversi in merito alla questione porta ad una nuova interpretazione degli avvenimenti. Al tempo stesso essa scaturisce anche, e forse soprattutto, da un approccio diverso alla lettura delle fonti, in particolare, basato sulla contestualizzazione delle fonti locali nel contesto eurasiatico di quel periodo e sulla lettura costantemente parallela dei dati tramandati dagli storici georgiani con la storia delle istituzioni ecclesiastiche. Questa ricerca originale, complessa ed interdisciplinare, propone nuove soluzioni di molte questioni finora oscure non solo della storia politica ed ecclesiastica della Georgia, ma anche della storia dello stesso impero romano d'Oriente della seconda metà del V secolo e della Chiesa siro-orientale, specificamente del titolo gerarchico del suo presule, ossia katholikos.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38157553" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a1ada1e63204311edbc38b205482dc30" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58190738,"asset_id":38157553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58190738/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="73399911" href="https://unior.academia.edu/GagaShurgaia">Gaga Shurgaia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="73399911" type="text/json">{"id":73399911,"first_name":"Gaga","last_name":"Shurgaia","domain_name":"unior","page_name":"GagaShurgaia","display_name":"Gaga Shurgaia","profile_url":"https://unior.academia.edu/GagaShurgaia?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73399911/18705350/18661842/s65_gaga.shurgaia.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38157553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38157553"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38157553, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38157553", }); 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Alle origini dell’autocefalia della Chiesa ortodossa di Georgia","created_at":"2019-01-15T08:42:39.767-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38157553/Vaxt_ang_I_Gorgasali_re_di_Kartli_Alle_origini_dell_autocefalia_della_Chiesa_ortodossa_di_Georgia?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_38157553","summary":"Vaxt’ang I Gorgasali († 502), re di Kartli (Georgia orientale e meridionale) – la Iberìa delle fonti greco-latine – nella seconda metà del V secolo, ha informato di sé la storia della Georgia e del Caucaso meridionale in generale. È stata indelebile l'impronta da lui lasciata sulla successiva evoluzione sociopolitica e culturale del Paese. Eppure, la sua vita e l'opera, molto celebrate nella storiografia in georgiano, ancora dopo un secolo e mezzo di studi presentano enigmi irrisolti. Nella presente monografia è vagliato, in tutta la sua complessità, il suo operato, con particolare attenzione alla riforma ecclesiastica che, attuata in seguito ad un conflitto sorto tra il re e il vescovo Michele, capo della Chiesa di Kartli, comportò l'istituzione del katholikosato, venendo così a costituire una tappa fondamentale nella storia della Chiesa ortodossa di Georgia. Un'approfondita disamina delle fonti e delle teorie formulate in tempi diversi in merito alla questione porta ad una nuova interpretazione degli avvenimenti. Al tempo stesso essa scaturisce anche, e forse soprattutto, da un approccio diverso alla lettura delle fonti, in particolare, basato sulla contestualizzazione delle fonti locali nel contesto eurasiatico di quel periodo e sulla lettura costantemente parallela dei dati tramandati dagli storici georgiani con la storia delle istituzioni ecclesiastiche. Questa ricerca originale, complessa ed interdisciplinare, propone nuove soluzioni di molte questioni finora oscure non solo della storia politica ed ecclesiastica della Georgia, ma anche della storia dello stesso impero romano d'Oriente della seconda metà del V secolo e della Chiesa siro-orientale, specificamente del titolo gerarchico del suo presule, ossia katholikos.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58190738,"asset_id":38157553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":73399911,"first_name":"Gaga","last_name":"Shurgaia","domain_name":"unior","page_name":"GagaShurgaia","display_name":"Gaga Shurgaia","profile_url":"https://unior.academia.edu/GagaShurgaia?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/73399911/18705350/18661842/s65_gaga.shurgaia.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2471,"name":"History of Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Christianity?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":111817,"name":"Church of 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ვეკუა - საქართველოს სუვერენიტეტი XVIII-XIX საუკუნეების მიჯნაზე: მითი თუ რეალობა</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">XIX-XX საუკუნეების მანძილზე ქართულ ისტორიოგრაფიაში მუსირებდა ხელოვნურად შეკოწიწებული აზრი, რომლის მიხედვითაც საქართველო გაქრობას რუსეთის იმპერიამ გადაარჩინა და რომ არა ეს უკანასკნელი, ქართველი ერი ვერ შეძლებდა ვერც აღმოსავლეთის ისლამური... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80192772" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">XIX-XX საუკუნეების მანძილზე ქართულ ისტორიოგრაფიაში მუსირებდა ხელოვნურად შეკოწიწებული აზრი, რომლის მიხედვითაც საქართველო გაქრობას რუსეთის იმპერიამ გადაარჩინა და რომ არა ეს უკანასკნელი, ქართველი ერი ვერ შეძლებდა ვერც აღმოსავლეთის ისლამური იმპერიების აგრესიის გამკლავებას და გაქრებოდა პირისაგან მიწისა. ასევე, მოცემული თეზისის თანამდევია ის შეხედულება, რომლის საფუძველზეც 1801 წლამდელი საქართველოს მდგომარეობა წარმოჩენილია, როგორც გამოუვალი და რომ თითქოს თვითონ ქართულ სამეფო-სამთავროებში არ შეიმჩნეოდა არანაირი საიმედო ძვრა მდგომარეობის გაუმჯობესების მიზნით. წყაროებსა და ისტორიულ რეალობაზე დაყრდნობით, ნაშრომში სწორედ საპირისპირო ხაზია გატარებული, რაც ამხელს ქართულ ისტორიოგრაფიაში ცრუ და ფსევდომეცნიერული მოსაზრებას და მისი ხელოვნურად გაბატონების მცდელობას.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80192772" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7cb97abf8a518ee9118a6a522adf0fbd" rel="nofollow" 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class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43357960/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_Giorgi_Kavtaradze_Leonidze_and_the_Idea_of_Freedom_of_Georgia_Historical_and_Literary_Essay_">გიორგი ქავთარაძე. ლეონიძე და საქართველოს თავისუფლების იდეა. ისტორიულ-ლიტერატურული ნარკვევი. - Giorgi Kavtaradze. Leonidze and the Idea of Freedom of Georgia (Historical and Literary Essay).</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">გიორგი ლეონიძის მთელი არსი, გააზრებული ცხოვრების დასაწყისიდან სიკვდილის კარამდე, გამსჭვალული იყო საქართველოს თავისუფლების იდეითა და დამპყრობელთაგან ერის გადარჩენის საჭიროებით. ვისაც ამის დანახვა არ უჭირს, ადვილად შეამჩნევს, რომ ეს ძირითად... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43357960" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">გიორგი ლეონიძის მთელი არსი, გააზრებული ცხოვრების დასაწყისიდან სიკვდილის კარამდე, გამსჭვალული იყო საქართველოს თავისუფლების იდეითა და დამპყრობელთაგან ერის გადარჩენის საჭიროებით. ვისაც ამის დანახვა არ უჭირს, ადვილად შეამჩნევს, რომ ეს ძირითად ლაიტმოტივად გასდევს მთელ მის შემოქმედებას, ყოველდღიურ საქმიანობას, საზოგადოებრივ მოღვაწეობას, ასახულია თანამედროვეთა მოგონებებში. პოეზია ხომ მისთვის უპირველესად სამშობლოს სამსახურია.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43357960" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6760c5044df04c465ba231b5e265dda" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63646535,"asset_id":43357960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63646535/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2455317" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze">Giorgi Kavtaradze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2455317" type="text/json">{"id":2455317,"first_name":"Giorgi","last_name":"Kavtaradze","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"GiorgiLeonKavtaradze","display_name":"Giorgi Kavtaradze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2455317/768936/35079865/s65_giorgi.kavtaradze.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43357960 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43357960"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43357960, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43357960", }); 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Leonidze and the Idea of Freedom of Georgia (Historical and Literary Essay).","created_at":"2020-06-16T08:39:27.785-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43357960/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_Giorgi_Kavtaradze_Leonidze_and_the_Idea_of_Freedom_of_Georgia_Historical_and_Literary_Essay_?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_43357960","summary":"გიორგი ლეონიძის მთელი არსი, გააზრებული ცხოვრების დასაწყისიდან სიკვდილის კარამდე, გამსჭვალული იყო საქართველოს თავისუფლების იდეითა და დამპყრობელთაგან ერის გადარჩენის საჭიროებით. ვისაც ამის დანახვა არ უჭირს, ადვილად შეამჩნევს, რომ ეს ძირითად ლაიტმოტივად გასდევს მთელ მის შემოქმედებას, ყოველდღიურ საქმიანობას, საზოგადოებრივ მოღვაწეობას, ასახულია თანამედროვეთა მოგონებებში. პოეზია ხომ მისთვის უპირველესად სამშობლოს სამსახურია.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63646535,"asset_id":43357960,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2455317,"first_name":"Giorgi","last_name":"Kavtaradze","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"GiorgiLeonKavtaradze","display_name":"Giorgi Kavtaradze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2455317/768936/35079865/s65_giorgi.kavtaradze.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56059,"name":"Georgian foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_foreign_policy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":87637,"name":"Georgian literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_literature?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":3664254,"name":"Giorgi Leonidze","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giorgi_Leonidze?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36257198" data-work_id="36257198" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36257198/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_1_pdf">საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები - ტომი 1.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36257198" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7db647aac683af0d6b566fc8d3b34c0f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56162355,"asset_id":36257198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56162355/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64953968" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava">natia jolokhava</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64953968" type="text/json">{"id":64953968,"first_name":"natia","last_name":"jolokhava","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"natiajolokhava","display_name":"natia jolokhava","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64953968/17743843/54602800/s65_natia.jolokhava.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36257198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36257198"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36257198, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36257198", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36257198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36257198; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36257198"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36257198 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36257198"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36257198; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36257198]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36257198").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36257198").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36257198"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36257198]'), work: {"id":36257198,"title":"საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები - ტომი 1.pdf","created_at":"2018-03-26T05:38:51.033-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36257198/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_1_pdf?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_36257198","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56162355,"asset_id":36257198,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":64953968,"first_name":"natia","last_name":"jolokhava","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"natiajolokhava","display_name":"natia jolokhava","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64953968/17743843/54602800/s65_natia.jolokhava.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73331411" data-work_id="73331411" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73331411/David_Agmashenebeli_Numismatic_Heritage_Typology_iconography_foreign_policy_">David Agmashenebeli. Numismatic Heritage. (Typology, iconography, foreign policy)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Numismatic heritage of David IV and his activities as an issuing authority has long become a subject of interest for both Georgian and foreign scholars. In 2021, within a span of one year, two coins discovered on the territory of Georgia... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73331411" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Numismatic heritage of David IV and his activities as an issuing authority has long become a subject of interest for both Georgian and foreign scholars. <br />In 2021, within a span of one year, two coins discovered on the territory of Georgia bearing the image of king David found their place at the Georgian National Museum. The present work attempts to study newly discovered coins and to introduce them to scientific community. <br />The present coin type issued by great king is important for at least two reasons. Firstly, a coin stored at the British Museum was supposed to be the unique specimen up to date. Besides, their iconography is as exclusive within a milieu of Georgian numismatic monuments as the reign of David IV in the history of Georgia. It is well known that aforementioned coin was acquired by the British Museum in 1857 and remained the unique one until the 21st century.  <br />Today, 164 years later, two new copper coins bearing portrayal of David appeared in the Georgian National Museum. New specimens give us the opportunity to shed light on a few iconographic and historical issues.  Along with the study of newly discovered coins, we present numismatic-metrological analysis of the well-known British sample, revisit its iconographic peculiarities that have enabled us to revise some assumptions about the historical context. The appearance of new specimens has enriched our knowledge about this specific coin type. It has revealed peculiar emphasis on David IV’s foreign policy – his relationship with the Crusaders in particular, which has been a matter of debates for the long time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73331411" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ff42f412e8e859ae1608aeeab641651" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81893672,"asset_id":73331411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81893672/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4894619" href="https://iliauni.academia.edu/MaiaPataridze">Maia Pataridze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4894619" type="text/json">{"id":4894619,"first_name":"Maia","last_name":"Pataridze","domain_name":"iliauni","page_name":"MaiaPataridze","display_name":"Maia Pataridze","profile_url":"https://iliauni.academia.edu/MaiaPataridze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4894619/2114787/125268994/s65_maia.pataridze.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73331411 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73331411"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73331411, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73331411", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73331411 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73331411; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73331411"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73331411 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73331411"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73331411; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73331411]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73331411").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73331411").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73331411"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47143" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_numismatics">Medieval numismatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47143" type="text/json">{"id":47143,"name":"Medieval numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_numismatics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="90199" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Iconography">Medieval Iconography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="90199" type="text/json">{"id":90199,"name":"Medieval Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Iconography?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="95298" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crusaders">Crusaders</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="95298" type="text/json">{"id":95298,"name":"Crusaders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crusaders?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73331411]'), work: {"id":73331411,"title":"David Agmashenebeli. Numismatic Heritage. (Typology, iconography, foreign policy)","created_at":"2022-03-08T09:36:58.015-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73331411/David_Agmashenebeli_Numismatic_Heritage_Typology_iconography_foreign_policy_?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_73331411","summary":"Numismatic heritage of David IV and his activities as an issuing authority has long become a subject of interest for both Georgian and foreign scholars.\r\nIn 2021, within a span of one year, two coins discovered on the territory of Georgia bearing the image of king David found their place at the Georgian National Museum. The present work attempts to study newly discovered coins and to introduce them to scientific community.\r\nThe present coin type issued by great king is important for at least two reasons. Firstly, a coin stored at the British Museum was supposed to be the unique specimen up to date. Besides, their iconography is as exclusive within a milieu of Georgian numismatic monuments as the reign of David IV in the history of Georgia. It is well known that aforementioned coin was acquired by the British Museum in 1857 and remained the unique one until the 21st century. \r\nToday, 164 years later, two new copper coins bearing portrayal of David appeared in the Georgian National Museum. New specimens give us the opportunity to shed light on a few iconographic and historical issues. Along with the study of newly discovered coins, we present numismatic-metrological analysis of the well-known British sample, revisit its iconographic peculiarities that have enabled us to revise some assumptions about the historical context. The appearance of new specimens has enriched our knowledge about this specific coin type. It has revealed peculiar emphasis on David IV’s foreign policy – his relationship with the Crusaders in particular, which has been a matter of debates for the long time.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81893672,"asset_id":73331411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":81892496,"asset_id":73331411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4894619,"first_name":"Maia","last_name":"Pataridze","domain_name":"iliauni","page_name":"MaiaPataridze","display_name":"Maia Pataridze","profile_url":"https://iliauni.academia.edu/MaiaPataridze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4894619/2114787/125268994/s65_maia.pataridze.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47143,"name":"Medieval numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_numismatics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":90199,"name":"Medieval Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Iconography?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":95298,"name":"Crusaders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crusaders?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":750433,"name":"Georgian Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Numismatics?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1225290,"name":"Bizans İKonografi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bizans_IKonografi?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50867808" data-work_id="50867808" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50867808/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_1218_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_Newly_Revealed_Fragments_of_the_Lost_Inscription_of_the_Catholicos_Patriarch_Etiphane_of_the_1218_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_100_Tbilisi_2018_301_314">კათოლიკოს-პატრიარქ ეტიფანეს 1218 წლის დაკარგული წარწერის ახლად მიკვლეული ფრაგმენტები [Newly Revealed Fragments of the Lost Inscription of the Catholicos-Patriarch Etiphane of the 1218], ელენე მეტრეველი - 100 (Tbilisi, 2018), 301-314</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50867808" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9d3ea18e6351ad2ce4bf27700a0ad8e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68749103,"asset_id":50867808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm 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skhirtladze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/zazaskhirtladze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2629186/63197929/64842200/s65_zaza.skhirtladze.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50867808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50867808"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50867808, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50867808", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50867808 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50867808; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50867808"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1707" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Studies">Armenian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1707" type="text/json">{"id":1707,"name":"Armenian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91218" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="91218" type="text/json">{"id":91218,"name":"Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50867808]'), work: {"id":50867808,"title":"კათოლიკოს-პატრიარქ ეტიფანეს 1218 წლის დაკარგული წარწერის ახლად მიკვლეული ფრაგმენტები [Newly Revealed Fragments of the Lost Inscription of the Catholicos-Patriarch Etiphane of the 1218], ელენე მეტრეველი - 100 (Tbilisi, 2018), 301-314","created_at":"2021-08-14T11:32:16.425-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50867808/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_1218_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_Newly_Revealed_Fragments_of_the_Lost_Inscription_of_the_Catholicos_Patriarch_Etiphane_of_the_1218_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_100_Tbilisi_2018_301_314?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_50867808","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68749103,"asset_id":50867808,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2629186,"first_name":"zaza","last_name":"skhirtladze","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"zazaskhirtladze","display_name":"zaza skhirtladze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/zazaskhirtladze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2629186/63197929/64842200/s65_zaza.skhirtladze.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":1707,"name":"Armenian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":91218,"name":"Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 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Georgian State. History and the Perspectives. Tbilisi. 2019</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40455361" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8ef4e0ce2316c11f2cdc202f5f993da0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60719249,"asset_id":40455361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60719249/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33678104" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/TedoDundua">Tedo Dundua</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33678104" type="text/json">{"id":33678104,"first_name":"Tedo","last_name":"Dundua","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"TedoDundua","display_name":"Tedo Dundua","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/TedoDundua?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33678104/18162375/19244619/s65_tedo.dundua.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40455361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40455361"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40455361, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40455361", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/78694368/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%92_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_From_the_History_of_Svaneti_the_Fight_for_Freedom_Against_the_Bolshevik_Occupation">ბოლშევიკური ოკუპაციის წინააღმდეგ სვანეთის განმათავისუფლებელი ბრძოლის ისტორიიდან / From the History of Svaneti, the Fight for Freedom Against the Bolshevik Occupation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x 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The accounts relate both to the Kenwood estate and to Lord Mansfield’s town-house and also to his personal expenditure, but not to his... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44626027" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An analysis of Lord Mansfield's Household Accounts between 7th August 1785 and 18th March 1793.  The accounts relate both to the Kenwood estate and to Lord Mansfield’s town-house and also to his personal expenditure, but not to his personal income or investments.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44626027" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e28d734098b73cdccfe666a18f77aa8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67278723,"asset_id":44626027,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67278723/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="158735975" rel="nofollow" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/IanTrackman">Ian Trackman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="158735975" type="text/json">{"id":158735975,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Trackman","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"IanTrackman","display_name":"Ian Trackman","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/IanTrackman?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158735975/49457978/37433736/s65_ian.trackman.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44626027 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44626027"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44626027, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44626027", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44626027]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44626027").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44626027").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44626027"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44626027]'), work: {"id":44626027,"title":"Lord Mansfield's Household Accounts 1785 to 1793","created_at":"2020-12-03T02:11:32.645-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44626027/Lord_Mansfields_Household_Accounts_1785_to_1793?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_44626027","summary":"An analysis of Lord Mansfield's Household Accounts between 7th August 1785 and 18th March 1793. The accounts relate both to the Kenwood estate and to Lord Mansfield’s town-house and also to his personal expenditure, but not to his personal income or investments.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67278723,"asset_id":44626027,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":67278722,"asset_id":44626027,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":158735975,"first_name":"Ian","last_name":"Trackman","domain_name":"manchester","page_name":"IanTrackman","display_name":"Ian Trackman","profile_url":"https://manchester.academia.edu/IanTrackman?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/158735975/49457978/37433736/s65_ian.trackman.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42234437" data-work_id="42234437" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42234437/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_XIX_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94">საქართველოს ისტორია XIX საუკუნე</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">ნაშრომში გაშუქებულია XIX საუკუნის საქართველოს ისტორიის კარდინალური საკითხები.<br />წიგნი განკუთვნილია არასპეციალური ფაკულტეტების სტუდენტებისათვის, ისტორიის მასწავლებლებისა და ჩვენი ქვეყნის წარსულით დაინტერესებული ფართო მკითხველისათვის.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42234437" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1c386fc63fb25233a31de3c85a6b125e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62383915,"asset_id":42234437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62383915/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55342371" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OtarJanelidze">Otar Janelidze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55342371" type="text/json">{"id":55342371,"first_name":"Otar","last_name":"Janelidze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OtarJanelidze","display_name":"Otar Janelidze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OtarJanelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55342371/15347442/33577863/s65_otar.janelidze.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42234437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42234437"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42234437, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42234437", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42234437]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42234437").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42234437").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42234437"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="134" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_History">Modern History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="134" type="text/json">{"id":134,"name":"Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117820" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies">Georgian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="117820" type="text/json">{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42234437]'), work: {"id":42234437,"title":"საქართველოს ისტორია XIX საუკუნე","created_at":"2020-03-16T12:27:14.348-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42234437/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_XIX_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_42234437","summary":"ნაშრომში გაშუქებულია XIX საუკუნის საქართველოს ისტორიის კარდინალური საკითხები.\nწიგნი განკუთვნილია არასპეციალური ფაკულტეტების სტუდენტებისათვის, ისტორიის მასწავლებლებისა და ჩვენი ქვეყნის წარსულით დაინტერესებული ფართო მკითხველისათვის.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62383915,"asset_id":42234437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55342371,"first_name":"Otar","last_name":"Janelidze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OtarJanelidze","display_name":"Otar Janelidze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OtarJanelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55342371/15347442/33577863/s65_otar.janelidze.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":134,"name":"Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":855780,"name":"XIXth Century History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/XIXth_Century_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_53356092 coauthored" data-work_id="53356092" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/53356092/Why_Abkhazia_is_Georgia_A_True_History_E">Why Abkhazia is Georgia A True History E</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The book represents the abridged translation of the Georgian-language book: "Abkhazia is Georgia. Historical Perspective" (Tbilisi, 2021). This is another attempt to give a convincing and scholarly substantiated answer to the new wave of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53356092" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The book represents the abridged translation of the Georgian-language book: "Abkhazia is Georgia. Historical Perspective" (Tbilisi, 2021). This is another attempt to give a convincing and scholarly substantiated answer to the new wave of falsification of historical past of Abkhazia, the integral part of the all-Georgian national, state, ethnical, and cultural universe. It summarizes 30-year-research of Georgian historians. The authors objectively and impartially analyse the main stages of the historical development of Abkhazia, the indigenous part of Georgia, from Ancient Times to the be ginning of 21st Century.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53356092" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2797992415c86f09a5bc9e400428e3aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70239360,"asset_id":53356092,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70239360/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38681521" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/KakhaberKalichava">Kakhaber Kalichava</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38681521" type="text/json">{"id":38681521,"first_name":"Kakhaber","last_name":"Kalichava","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"KakhaberKalichava","display_name":"Kakhaber Kalichava","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/KakhaberKalichava?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38681521/10731884/36909506/s65_kakhaber.kalichava.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-53356092">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-53356092"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sokhumi.academia.edu/KakhaKvashilava">Kakha N . 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ტომი 3.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ქართველების პირველი ცდა თბილისის განთავისუფლებისა 1037/8 წელს და მათი მარცხი, ალფ-არსლანის ლაშქრობა [106] , ქართველთა მიერ თბილისის განთავისუფლება (1122წ.), დავით აღმაშენებლის გარდაცვალება, ქართველი მეფის მიერ ანისის აღება (1161წ.),... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36257313" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ქართველების პირველი ცდა თბილისის განთავისუფლებისა 1037/8 წელს და მათი მარცხი, ალფ-არსლანის ლაშქრობა [106] , ქართველთა მიერ თბილისის განთავისუფლება (1122წ.), დავით აღმაშენებლის გარდაცვალება, ქართველი მეფის მიერ ანისის აღება (1161წ.), ბრძოლა შაჰარმენთან, ქართველთა მიერ არზრუმისა და დვინის დაკავება, ლაშქრობები აზერბაიჯანში (1165/ 6წ.), ხლათში, ყარსში; თამარ მეფის გარდაცვალება (1207წ.), თათარ-მონღოლთა გამოჩენა შუა აზიაში, მათ წინააღმდეგ საქართველოსა და მისი მეზობელი მუსლიმანური ქვეყნების კოალიციური ლაშქრობის მზადება ლაშა გიორგის ინიციატივით, მონღოლთა გამოჩენა ამიერკავკასიაში, ხვარაზმშაჰ ჯალალ ად-დინის ლაშქრობა საქართველოში. ავტორი თათარ-მონღოლი დამპყრობლების მოძულე ისტორიკოსია. "თარიხუ ლ-ქამილის" სრული ტექსტი პირველად 1851-1876 წლებში გამოსცა შვედმა არაბისტმა ტორნბერგმა 12 ტომად, რომელსაც დაურთო შესწორებები და საძიებლები 2 ტომად [107] . 12 ტომად დაიბეჭდა ის აგრეთვე კაიროში 1873/4და 1883/4 წლებში. იბნ ალ-ასირის ცნობები ამიერკავკასიის შესახებ რუსულ ენაზე თარგმნა პ. ჟუზემ [108] ფრაგმენტები ფრანგულად თარგმნეს დ ოსონმა [109] და დეფრემერიმ [110] რუსულად -ნ. ილმინსკიმ [111] და ვ. ტიზენჰაუზენმა [112] , ხოლო იმ ცნობების ნაწილი, რომელიც უშუალოდ საქართველოს ეხება, დეფრემერის ფრანგული თარგმანიდან გადმოაქართულა ივ. მაჭავარიანმა.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36257313" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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data-has-card-for-user="64953968" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava">natia jolokhava</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64953968" type="text/json">{"id":64953968,"first_name":"natia","last_name":"jolokhava","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"natiajolokhava","display_name":"natia jolokhava","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64953968/17743843/54602800/s65_natia.jolokhava.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36257313 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36257313"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36257313, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36257313", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36257313 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span 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საქართველოსა და მისი მეზობელი მუსლიმანური ქვეყნების კოალიციური ლაშქრობის მზადება ლაშა გიორგის ინიციატივით, მონღოლთა გამოჩენა ამიერკავკასიაში, ხვარაზმშაჰ ჯალალ ად-დინის ლაშქრობა საქართველოში. ავტორი თათარ-მონღოლი დამპყრობლების მოძულე ისტორიკოსია. \"თარიხუ ლ-ქამილის\" სრული ტექსტი პირველად 1851-1876 წლებში გამოსცა შვედმა არაბისტმა ტორნბერგმა 12 ტომად, რომელსაც დაურთო შესწორებები და საძიებლები 2 ტომად [107] . 12 ტომად დაიბეჭდა ის აგრეთვე კაიროში 1873/4და 1883/4 წლებში. იბნ ალ-ასირის ცნობები ამიერკავკასიის შესახებ რუსულ ენაზე თარგმნა პ. ჟუზემ [108] ფრაგმენტები ფრანგულად თარგმნეს დ ოსონმა [109] და დეფრემერიმ [110] რუსულად -ნ. ილმინსკიმ [111] და ვ. ტიზენჰაუზენმა [112] , ხოლო იმ ცნობების ნაწილი, რომელიც უშუალოდ საქართველოს ეხება, დეფრემერის ფრანგული თარგმანიდან გადმოაქართულა ივ. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/71563490/The_Ottoman_Tax_Register_of_the_Tiflis_Province_1728_Tiflis_%C9%99yal%C9%99tinin_m%C3%BCf%C9%99ss%C9%99l_d%C9%99ft%C9%99ri_Bor%C3%A7al%C4%B1_v%C9%99_Qazax_1728_ci_il_%C3%96n_s%C3%B6z_t%C9%99rc%C3%BCm%C9%99_v%C9%99_%C5%9F%C9%99rhl%C9%99rin_m%C3%BC%C9%99llifi_akademik_%C5%9Eahin_Mustafayev_2_ci_t%C9%99kmill%C9%99%C5%9Fdirilmi%C5%9F_n%C9%99%C5%9Fr_Bak%C4%B1_Elm_2022_352_s%C9%99h">The Ottoman Tax Register of the Tiflis Province (1728) - Tiflis əyalətinin müfəssəl dəftəri: Borçalı və Qazax (1728-ci il). Ön söz, tərcümə və şərhlərin müəllifi akademik Şahin Mustafayev. 2-ci təkmilləşdirilmiş nəşr. Bakı: “Elm”, 2022. – 352 səh.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">1720-ci illərdə Osmanlı imperiyasının Cənubi Qafqazı fəthi dövründə dövlətin maliyyə məmurları tərəfindən mövcud qaydalara uyğun olaraq yeni fəth olunmuş ərazilər üçün vergi reyestrləri (təhrir dəftərləri) tərtib edilmişdir. Oxucuların... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71563490" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">1720-ci illərdə Osmanlı imperiyasının Cənubi Qafqazı fəthi dövründə dövlətin maliyyə məmurları tərəfindən mövcud qaydalara uyğun olaraq yeni fəth olunmuş ərazilər üçün vergi reyestrləri (təhrir dəftərləri) tərtib edilmişdir. Oxucuların diqqətinə təqdim olunan “Tiflis əyalətinin müfəssəl dəftəri” də məhz həmin dövrün məhsuludur. Bir zamanlar vergi ödəyən əhalini qeydiyyata almaq və vergitoplama işlərini həyata keçirmək məqsədilə hazırlanmış bu sənəd hazırda XVIII əsrin ilk onilliklərində Borçalı və Qazax ellərinin sosial-iqtisadi tarixinə dair ən mötəbər və dəyərli qaynaqlardan biridir. Bu mənbədən tarixçilər, coğrafiyaçılar, iqtisadçılar, etnoqraflar, dilçilər, eləcə də geniş oxucu kütləsi faydalana bilər.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71563490" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2d557e425521ed3a3c22102f02a4f1c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80853318,"asset_id":71563490,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80853318/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5584959" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SMustafayev">Shahin Mustafayev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5584959" type="text/json">{"id":5584959,"first_name":"Shahin","last_name":"Mustafayev","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SMustafayev","display_name":"Shahin Mustafayev","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SMustafayev?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5584959/2497882/2902249/s65_shahin.mustafayev.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71563490 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71563490"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71563490, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71563490", }); 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Ön söz, tərcümə və şərhlərin müəllifi akademik Şahin Mustafayev. 2-ci təkmilləşdirilmiş nəşr. Bakı: “Elm”, 2022. – 352 səh.","created_at":"2022-02-14T23:31:58.342-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71563490/The_Ottoman_Tax_Register_of_the_Tiflis_Province_1728_Tiflis_%C9%99yal%C9%99tinin_m%C3%BCf%C9%99ss%C9%99l_d%C9%99ft%C9%99ri_Bor%C3%A7al%C4%B1_v%C9%99_Qazax_1728_ci_il_%C3%96n_s%C3%B6z_t%C9%99rc%C3%BCm%C9%99_v%C9%99_%C5%9F%C9%99rhl%C9%99rin_m%C3%BC%C9%99llifi_akademik_%C5%9Eahin_Mustafayev_2_ci_t%C9%99kmill%C9%99%C5%9Fdirilmi%C5%9F_n%C9%99%C5%9Fr_Bak%C4%B1_Elm_2022_352_s%C9%99h?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_71563490","summary":"1720-ci illərdə Osmanlı imperiyasının Cənubi Qafqazı fəthi dövründə dövlətin maliyyə məmurları tərəfindən mövcud qaydalara uyğun olaraq yeni fəth olunmuş ərazilər üçün vergi reyestrləri (təhrir dəftərləri) tərtib edilmişdir. Oxucuların diqqətinə təqdim olunan “Tiflis əyalətinin müfəssəl dəftəri” də məhz həmin dövrün məhsuludur. Bir zamanlar vergi ödəyən əhalini qeydiyyata almaq və vergitoplama işlərini həyata keçirmək məqsədilə hazırlanmış bu sənəd hazırda XVIII əsrin ilk onilliklərində Borçalı və Qazax ellərinin sosial-iqtisadi tarixinə dair ən mötəbər və dəyərli qaynaqlardan biridir. Bu mənbədən tarixçilər, coğrafiyaçılar, iqtisadçılar, etnoqraflar, dilçilər, eləcə də geniş oxucu kütləsi faydalana bilər. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80853318,"asset_id":71563490,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5584959,"first_name":"Shahin","last_name":"Mustafayev","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SMustafayev","display_name":"Shahin Mustafayev","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SMustafayev?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5584959/2497882/2902249/s65_shahin.mustafayev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":11208,"name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":15286,"name":"Ottoman Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Historiography?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":18629,"name":"Late Ottoman 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İmparatorluğu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osmanli_Imparatorlugu?f_ri=375477"},{"id":283461,"name":"Osmanlı Teşkilat Tarihi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osmanli_Teskilat_Tarihi?f_ri=375477"},{"id":298348,"name":"Osmanlı Tarihi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osmanl%C4%B1_Tarihi?f_ri=375477"},{"id":368760,"name":"Azerbaijan Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Azerbaijan_Economy?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30378723" data-work_id="30378723" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30378723/Damana_Melikishvili_Language_of_Ioane_Petritsi_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90">Damana Melikishvili - Language of Ioane Petritsi/ იოანე პეტრიწის ენა</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The Kartvelologist #19<br />ქართველოლოგი #19</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30378723" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="885bd449e59ac8a65bd3158528d308ae" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Language">Georgian Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4161" type="text/json">{"id":4161,"name":"Georgian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Language?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="87637" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_literature">Georgian literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="87637" type="text/json">{"id":87637,"name":"Georgian literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_literature?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117820" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies">Georgian Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="117820" type="text/json">{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian 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Kartvelologist\"","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JurnaliKartvelologi","display_name":"Journal \"The Kartvelologist\"","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JurnaliKartvelologi?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21189091/8544814/113807677/s65_journal._the_kartvelologist_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":4161,"name":"Georgian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Language?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":87637,"name":"Georgian literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_literature?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1291373,"name":"Georgian History, Georgian Language, Kartvelian Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History_Georgian_Language_Kartvelian_Languages?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1357451,"name":"Old Georgian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Old_Georgian_Literature?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1848583,"name":"Kartvelian/Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kartvelian_Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43872305" data-work_id="43872305" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43872305/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98">მარო მაყაშვილის დღიური</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Literature Museum, Tbilisi 2014</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43872305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5cc1a6ee17ec53bab7cdcf03302b48d7" rel="nofollow" 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$('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43872305]'), work: {"id":43872305,"title":"მარო მაყაშვილის დღიური","created_at":"2020-08-16T11:14:45.828-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43872305/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_43872305","summary":"Literature Museum, Tbilisi 2014 ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64195624,"asset_id":43872305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":64953968,"first_name":"natia","last_name":"jolokhava","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"natiajolokhava","display_name":"natia jolokhava","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64953968/17743843/54602800/s65_natia.jolokhava.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":1726,"name":"Women's History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":158158,"name":"History of Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Georgia?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":650171,"name":"History of Georgia and the Caucasus of the XVI-XX Centuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Georgia_and_the_Caucasus_of_the_XVI-XX_Centuries?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68584950" data-work_id="68584950" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68584950/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_About_the_One_Line_of_Grigol_Orbeliani_s_Poem_The_gold_chain_is_better_than_freedom_">გრიგოლ ორბელიანის ერთი ტაეპის შესახებ (“ოქროს ჯაჭვი სჯობს თავისუფლებას!”) / About the One Line of Grigol Orbeliani’s Poem(“The gold chain is better than freedom!”)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Grigol Orbeliani is a very interesting and controversial figure of 19th century Georgian literature. The poet’s public work in the 19th century deserved conflicting assessments. To this day, there is controversy over Orbeliani’s political... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68584950" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Grigol Orbeliani is a very interesting and controversial figure of 19th century Georgian literature. The poet’s public work in the 19th century deserved conflicting assessments. To this day, there is controversy over Orbeliani’s political views. Some scholars do not forgive Grigol Orbeliani for the words “the golden chain is better than freedom!”, which they consider to be an expression of the poet’s political beliefs. The opposite view is developed around this issue by Prof. Lado Minashvili, who in his work “Ilia Chavchavadze’s Relation to Grigol Orbeliani” points out that the words from the poem “Answer to Children”–“Golden Chain is better than freedom”–has an ironic subtext and does not express Grigol Orbeliani’s beliefs. Despite the convincing argument of the researcher, the old view still prevails in modern literary circles (today this view is repeated by R. Chkheidze, A. Nikoleishvili, S. Sigua, L. Gigineishvili, etc.). In such a situation, we think it is necessary to take into account the first printed text of the poem–“Answer to the Unworthy Children”–“Tsiskari”, 1874, N 7-8), which reveals a slight variation with the main text and which assures us that Grigol Orbeliani’s words undoubtedly have an ironic connotation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68584950" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b483ac9d4b4250bf5e7a81a016543e65" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79012307,"asset_id":68584950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79012307/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="157265523" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/LevanBeburishvili">Levan Beburishvili</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="157265523" type="text/json">{"id":157265523,"first_name":"Levan","last_name":"Beburishvili","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"LevanBeburishvili","display_name":"Levan Beburishvili","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/LevanBeburishvili?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/157265523/50342461/38354460/s65_levan.beburishvili.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68584950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68584950"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68584950, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68584950", }); 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The poet’s public work in the 19th century deserved conflicting assessments. To this day, there is controversy over Orbeliani’s political views. Some scholars do not forgive Grigol Orbeliani for the words “the golden chain is better than freedom!”, which they consider to be an expression of the poet’s political beliefs. The opposite view is developed around this issue by Prof. Lado Minashvili, who in his work “Ilia Chavchavadze’s Relation to Grigol Orbeliani” points out that the words from the poem “Answer to Children”–“Golden Chain is better than freedom”–has an ironic subtext and does not express Grigol Orbeliani’s beliefs. Despite the convincing argument of the researcher, the old view still prevails in modern literary circles (today this view is repeated by R. Chkheidze, A. Nikoleishvili, S. Sigua, L. Gigineishvili, etc.). In such a situation, we think it is necessary to take into account the first printed text of the poem–“Answer to the Unworthy Children”–“Tsiskari”, 1874, N 7-8), which reveals a slight variation with the main text and which assures us that Grigol Orbeliani’s words undoubtedly have an ironic connotation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79012307,"asset_id":68584950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":157265523,"first_name":"Levan","last_name":"Beburishvili","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"LevanBeburishvili","display_name":"Levan Beburishvili","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/LevanBeburishvili?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/157265523/50342461/38354460/s65_levan.beburishvili.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":87637,"name":"Georgian literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_literature?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":1848583,"name":"Kartvelian/Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kartvelian_Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42043952" data-work_id="42043952" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42043952/Dick_Turpin_The_Not_So_Dandy_Highwayman">Dick Turpin: The Not So Dandy Highwayman</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A biographical article on Dick Turpin for Inside History Magazine - 'Crime and the Underworld' number... In popular history, the name ‘Dick Turpin’ evokes a character at once handsome, brave and funny, his cry of ‘Stand and deliver!’... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42043952" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A biographical article on Dick Turpin for Inside History Magazine - 'Crime and the Underworld' number...<br /><br />In popular history, the name ‘Dick Turpin’ evokes a character at once handsome, brave and funny, his cry of ‘Stand and deliver!’ once causing many a lady traveller’s heart to flutter. Not as famous as he was in the seventies, perhaps, when he had his own TV show, but he remains a real Jack Sparrow, with a set of adventures ingrained in the national psyche, most notably his famous ride from London to York in a night on the equally legendary Black Bess. Like a Georgian Jesse James, the ‘gentleman highwayman’ is the outlaw king and a symbol of rebellious Englishness. The reality was, of course, much less glamourous.<br /><br />The best original biographical source is a chapbook entitled The Genuine HISTORY of the LIFE of RICHARD TURPIN, The noted Highwayman, Who was Executed at York for Horse-stealing, under the Name of John Palmer, on Saturday April, 7, 1739 as told by Richard Bayes and recorded by one J. Cole in conversation at the Green Man in Epping Forest. Not that such ‘histories’ are exactly accurate, but this one was at least based on contemporary witness testimony and an account of the trial is also appended. <br />According to Bayes and Cole, Turpin was born in Hempstead in 1705. He was taught to read and write by a tutor called James Smith, then apprenticed to a butcher in Whitechapel. There he married a local girl called Elizabeth Palmer, or Millington, depending on which chapbook you believe. The couple set up in business in Sutton, but the meat trade was no longer guilded and unregulated competition was fierce. Turpin took to stealing livestock until he was spotted, and a warrant drawn up. Evading capture, he next briefly tried his hand at smuggling before falling in with a band of deer poachers known as ‘Gregory’s Gang’ after its leaders, the brothers Samuel, Jeremiah and Jaspar Gregory. The gang soon diversified into housebreaking around Essex, Middlesex Surrey and Kent, stealing horses, sexually assaulting maidservants and demanding valuables with menaces. As a contemporary newspaper reported:<br /><br />On Saturday night last, about seven o’clock, five rogues entered the house of the Widow Shelley at Loughton in Essex, having pistols &c. and threatened to murder the old lady, if she would not tell them where her money lay, which she obstinately refusing for some time, they threatened to lay her across the fire, if she did not instantly tell them, which she would not do.<br /><br />Beatings, rapes, scaldings and severe burns were favourite forms of persuasion, until, pursued by dragoons with a £100 reward on each of their heads, several of the gang was cornered at a pub in Westminster. The youngest, a teenager called John Wheeler, turned King’s evidence and his compatriots were hanged in chains. Descriptions of the remaining outlaws were quickly circulated, including: ‘Richard Turpin, a Butcher by Trade, is a tall fresh colour’d Man, very much mark’d with the Small Pox, about 26 Years of Age, about Five Feet Nine Inches high, lived some Time ago at White-chappel and did lately Lodge somewhere about Millbank, Westminster, wears a Blew Grey Coat and a natural Wig’.<br /><br />On the run, Turpin held up a well-dressed gentleman who turned out to be the highwayman, Tom King. They rode together for three years, living in a cave in Epping Forest until their hideout was discovered by a bounty-hunting servant who Turpin murdered. On the run again, Turpin stole a horse near the Green Man, at which point Richard Bayes became directly involved in his own story, tracking Turpin and King to the Red Lyon in Whitechapel. Turpin took a shot at Bayes, hitting King instead and escaping in the confusion. King lived for another week, during which he cursed Turpin for a coward and gave up all their secrets. Bayes found the cave, but Turpin was long gone.<br /><br />Becoming ‘John Palmer’, Turpin relocated to Yorkshire as a ‘horse trader’, although he was really stealing them from neighbouring counties. The closest we get to ‘Black Bess’ is a black mare owned by a man called Thomas Creasy that Turpin stole in York during this period. Returning home drunk from a shooting party one day, Turpin shot a cockerel belonging to his landlord for a lark. His neighbour, a Mr. Hall, witnessed the event and declared, ‘You have done wrong, Mr Palmer in shooting your landlord’s cock’, to which Turpin replied that if he stood still while he reloaded, he would put a bullet in him too. Hall told their landlord and Turpin was arrested. Being new to the area, Turpin could not provide any character witnesses, and although he claimed to be a butcher from Long Sutton, something about his vague backstory did not ring true with the examining magistrate. He was detained while more enquiries were made in Lincolnshire, revealing that ‘John Palmer’ was a suspected horse thief. He was transferred to a cell at York Castle while further investigations were conducted. <br />Because Georgian prisoners had to pay for board and lodgings, Turpin wrote to his brother-in-law in Essex asking for money, but when the letter arrived postage was owed which the recipient refused the pay. It was returned to the post office at Saffron Walden, where Turpin’s former tutor was now the postmaster. Smith recognised the handwriting and informed the authorities. Turpin was indicted for stealing the black mare, and then identified in court by his old teacher. <br /><br />Turpin was hanged at Micklegate Bar in York on Saturday, April 7, 1739. He was thirty-three years old. Contemporary accounts agree that he died bravely and with style, having bought a new frock coat and shoes for the occasion. As Georgian hangings had a short drop, he took about five minutes to strangle under his own body weight. Bayes and Cole describe his corpse being borne through the streets like a martyred saint, before it was buried in lime to render it useless for surgical dissection. He supposedly lies in the graveyard of St George’s Church, Fishergate, although the headstone that now graces the spot was not there when an aspiring young novelist from Manchester called William Harrison Ainsworth looked for it in 1833...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42043952" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9bd1a5192be1597f1b89389f8f48eebf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62171022,"asset_id":42043952,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62171022/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3127733" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrStephenCarver">Stephen Carver</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3127733" type="text/json">{"id":3127733,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Carver","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrStephenCarver","display_name":"Stephen Carver","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrStephenCarver?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3127733/1115477/56809071/s65_stephen.carver.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42043952 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42043952"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42043952, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42043952", }); 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Not as famous as he was in the seventies, perhaps, when he had his own TV show, but he remains a real Jack Sparrow, with a set of adventures ingrained in the national psyche, most notably his famous ride from London to York in a night on the equally legendary Black Bess. Like a Georgian Jesse James, the ‘gentleman highwayman’ is the outlaw king and a symbol of rebellious Englishness. The reality was, of course, much less glamourous.\n\nThe best original biographical source is a chapbook entitled The Genuine HISTORY of the LIFE of RICHARD TURPIN, The noted Highwayman, Who was Executed at York for Horse-stealing, under the Name of John Palmer, on Saturday April, 7, 1739 as told by Richard Bayes and recorded by one J. Cole in conversation at the Green Man in Epping Forest. Not that such ‘histories’ are exactly accurate, but this one was at least based on contemporary witness testimony and an account of the trial is also appended. \nAccording to Bayes and Cole, Turpin was born in Hempstead in 1705. He was taught to read and write by a tutor called James Smith, then apprenticed to a butcher in Whitechapel. There he married a local girl called Elizabeth Palmer, or Millington, depending on which chapbook you believe. The couple set up in business in Sutton, but the meat trade was no longer guilded and unregulated competition was fierce. Turpin took to stealing livestock until he was spotted, and a warrant drawn up. Evading capture, he next briefly tried his hand at smuggling before falling in with a band of deer poachers known as ‘Gregory’s Gang’ after its leaders, the brothers Samuel, Jeremiah and Jaspar Gregory. The gang soon diversified into housebreaking around Essex, Middlesex Surrey and Kent, stealing horses, sexually assaulting maidservants and demanding valuables with menaces. As a contemporary newspaper reported:\n\nOn Saturday night last, about seven o’clock, five rogues entered the house of the Widow Shelley at Loughton in Essex, having pistols \u0026c. and threatened to murder the old lady, if she would not tell them where her money lay, which she obstinately refusing for some time, they threatened to lay her across the fire, if she did not instantly tell them, which she would not do.\n\nBeatings, rapes, scaldings and severe burns were favourite forms of persuasion, until, pursued by dragoons with a £100 reward on each of their heads, several of the gang was cornered at a pub in Westminster. The youngest, a teenager called John Wheeler, turned King’s evidence and his compatriots were hanged in chains. Descriptions of the remaining outlaws were quickly circulated, including: ‘Richard Turpin, a Butcher by Trade, is a tall fresh colour’d Man, very much mark’d with the Small Pox, about 26 Years of Age, about Five Feet Nine Inches high, lived some Time ago at White-chappel and did lately Lodge somewhere about Millbank, Westminster, wears a Blew Grey Coat and a natural Wig’.\n\nOn the run, Turpin held up a well-dressed gentleman who turned out to be the highwayman, Tom King. They rode together for three years, living in a cave in Epping Forest until their hideout was discovered by a bounty-hunting servant who Turpin murdered. On the run again, Turpin stole a horse near the Green Man, at which point Richard Bayes became directly involved in his own story, tracking Turpin and King to the Red Lyon in Whitechapel. Turpin took a shot at Bayes, hitting King instead and escaping in the confusion. King lived for another week, during which he cursed Turpin for a coward and gave up all their secrets. Bayes found the cave, but Turpin was long gone.\n\nBecoming ‘John Palmer’, Turpin relocated to Yorkshire as a ‘horse trader’, although he was really stealing them from neighbouring counties. The closest we get to ‘Black Bess’ is a black mare owned by a man called Thomas Creasy that Turpin stole in York during this period. Returning home drunk from a shooting party one day, Turpin shot a cockerel belonging to his landlord for a lark. His neighbour, a Mr. Hall, witnessed the event and declared, ‘You have done wrong, Mr Palmer in shooting your landlord’s cock’, to which Turpin replied that if he stood still while he reloaded, he would put a bullet in him too. Hall told their landlord and Turpin was arrested. Being new to the area, Turpin could not provide any character witnesses, and although he claimed to be a butcher from Long Sutton, something about his vague backstory did not ring true with the examining magistrate. He was detained while more enquiries were made in Lincolnshire, revealing that ‘John Palmer’ was a suspected horse thief. He was transferred to a cell at York Castle while further investigations were conducted. \nBecause Georgian prisoners had to pay for board and lodgings, Turpin wrote to his brother-in-law in Essex asking for money, but when the letter arrived postage was owed which the recipient refused the pay. It was returned to the post office at Saffron Walden, where Turpin’s former tutor was now the postmaster. Smith recognised the handwriting and informed the authorities. Turpin was indicted for stealing the black mare, and then identified in court by his old teacher. \n\nTurpin was hanged at Micklegate Bar in York on Saturday, April 7, 1739. He was thirty-three years old. Contemporary accounts agree that he died bravely and with style, having bought a new frock coat and shoes for the occasion. As Georgian hangings had a short drop, he took about five minutes to strangle under his own body weight. Bayes and Cole describe his corpse being borne through the streets like a martyred saint, before it was buried in lime to render it useless for surgical dissection. He supposedly lies in the graveyard of St George’s Church, Fishergate, although the headstone that now graces the spot was not there when an aspiring young novelist from Manchester called William Harrison Ainsworth looked for it in 1833... \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62171022,"asset_id":42043952,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3127733,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Carver","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrStephenCarver","display_name":"Stephen Carver","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrStephenCarver?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3127733/1115477/56809071/s65_stephen.carver.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":7299,"name":"Victorian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victorian_Literature?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":8265,"name":"Biography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biography?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":13618,"name":"Victorian cultural studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Victorian_cultural_studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":67360,"name":"Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":413088,"name":"Outlaws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Outlaws?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1203424,"name":"HIghwaymen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIghwaymen?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1345052,"name":"William Harrison Ainsworth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/William_Harrison_Ainsworth?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41407627" data-work_id="41407627" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41407627/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9C_%D0%9C_2019_%D0%9A_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%85_Proceedings_Institute_of_Georgian_History_XV_224_231">Чореф М.М. 2019. К вопросу о характере обращения грузинской серебряной монеты в Крыму при первых Гираях. Proceedings Institute of Georgian History XV, 224-231</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The objects of the study are silver coins with images of fish on the reverse. They are found in the Crimea, on the territory and near of Sudak and Qırq Yer. Six such coins have been found on the peninsula to date and three of them are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41407627" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The objects of the study are silver coins with images of fish on the reverse. They are found in the Crimea, on the territory and near of Sudak and Qırq Yer. Six such coins have been found on the peninsula to date and three of them are preserved in the Qırq Yer hoard. There is no reason to consider them as local issues. Similarly decorated coins were minted in the principality of Samtskhe-Saatabago under atabeg Quarkvare II Jakeli.<br />It is obvious that the inhabitants of Crimea knew and appreciated Georgian coins. Otherwise, they would not have been hidden in the Qırq Yer hoard. This circumstance makes it possible to clarify our ideas about the contacts of the population of Georgia and Crimea in the second half of the 15th century. Obviously, those links existed and were quite stable. Georgian coin was valued not only on the coast, but also in Qırq Yer.<br />We conclude that trade relations existed between Georgia and Crimea at<br />that time. We believe that silver of Quarkvare II Jakeli arrived on the peninsula in two ways: by land, by caravan roads passing through the southern regions of the steppe, and also by sea, from the Italian colonies of the Eastern Black Sea coast.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41407627" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86b718f85dbd46fb086e57c5c19d64ec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61595840,"asset_id":41407627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61595840/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYyOSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="590157" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/MikhailChoref">Michael Choref</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="590157" type="text/json">{"id":590157,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Choref","domain_name":"haifa","page_name":"MikhailChoref","display_name":"Michael Choref","profile_url":"https://haifa.academia.edu/MikhailChoref?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/590157/208420/114411381/s65_mikhail.choref.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41407627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41407627"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41407627, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41407627", }); 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К вопросу о характере обращения грузинской серебряной монеты в Крыму при первых Гираях. Proceedings Institute of Georgian History XV, 224-231","created_at":"2019-12-24T00:18:41.713-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41407627/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9C_%D0%9C_2019_%D0%9A_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%85_Proceedings_Institute_of_Georgian_History_XV_224_231?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_41407627","summary":"The objects of the study are silver coins with images of fish on the reverse. They are found in the Crimea, on the territory and near of Sudak and Qırq Yer. Six such coins have been found on the peninsula to date and three of them are preserved in the Qırq Yer hoard. There is no reason to consider them as local issues. Similarly decorated coins were minted in the principality of Samtskhe-Saatabago under atabeg Quarkvare II Jakeli.\nIt is obvious that the inhabitants of Crimea knew and appreciated Georgian coins. Otherwise, they would not have been hidden in the Qırq Yer hoard. This circumstance makes it possible to clarify our ideas about the contacts of the population of Georgia and Crimea in the second half of the 15th century. Obviously, those links existed and were quite stable. Georgian coin was valued not only on the coast, but also in Qırq Yer.\nWe conclude that trade relations existed between Georgia and Crimea at\nthat time. We believe that silver of Quarkvare II Jakeli arrived on the peninsula in two ways: by land, by caravan roads passing through the southern regions of the steppe, and also by sea, from the Italian colonies of the Eastern Black Sea coast. 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class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">წარმოდგენილი კოლექტიური გამოკვლევა არის კიდევ ერთი მცდელობა დამაჯერებელი და მეცნიერულად დასაბუთებული პასუხი გაეცეს საერთო ქართული ეროვნულ-სახელმწიფოებრივი და ეთნოკულტურული სხეულის განუყოფელი ნაწილის – აფხაზეთის ისტორიული წარსულის... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53356622" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">წარმოდგენილი კოლექტიური გამოკვლევა არის კიდევ ერთი მცდელობა დამაჯერებელი და მეცნიერულად დასაბუთებული პასუხი გაეცეს საერთო ქართული ეროვნულ-სახელმწიფოებრივი და ეთნოკულტურული სხეულის განუყოფელი ნაწილის – აფხაზეთის<br />ისტორიული წარსულის გაყალბების ახალ ტალღას. მასში შეჯამებულია ბოლო 30 წლის<br />განმავლობაში ქართველ ისტორიკოსთა კვლევების შედეგები; ობიექტურად და მიუკერძოებლადაა გაანალიზებული საქართველოს ძირძველი კუთხის – აფხაზეთის ისტორიული<br />განვითარების ძირითადი ეტაპები უძველესი დროიდან XXI ს. დამდეგის ჩათვლით; განსაკუთრებული ყურადღება გამახვილებულია ე.წ. „სადავო საკითხებზე“, რომელთა ირგვლივაც არ წყდება ფსევდომეცნიერული სპეკულაციები.<br />წიგნი განკუთვნილია სპეციალისტებისა და საქართველო-აფხაზეთის ისტორიით დაინტერესებულ მკითხველთა ფართო წრისათვის.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53356622" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="674507179e28d10016e3216a458c555f" rel="nofollow" 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ობიექტურად და მიუკერძოებლადაა გაანალიზებული საქართველოს ძირძველი კუთხის – აფხაზეთის ისტორიული\nგანვითარების ძირითადი ეტაპები უძველესი დროიდან XXI ს. დამდეგის ჩათვლით; განსაკუთრებული ყურადღება გამახვილებულია ე.წ. „სადავო საკითხებზე“, რომელთა ირგვლივაც არ წყდება ფსევდომეცნიერული სპეკულაციები.\nწიგნი განკუთვნილია სპეციალისტებისა და საქართველო-აფხაზეთის ისტორიით დაინტერესებულ მკითხველთა ფართო წრისათვის.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70239644,"asset_id":53356622,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38681521,"first_name":"Kakhaber","last_name":"Kalichava","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"KakhaberKalichava","display_name":"Kakhaber Kalichava","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/KakhaberKalichava?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38681521/10731884/36909506/s65_kakhaber.kalichava.jpg"},{"id":1788793,"first_name":"Kakha","last_name":"Kvashilava","domain_name":"sokhumi","page_name":"KakhaKvashilava","display_name":"Kakha N . 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Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia. Vol. III. From London to Sèvres to London, February-August 1920 AND Vol. IV. Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Review of Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia. Vol. III. From London to Sèvres to London, February-August 1920. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1996, xx, 534; AND Vol. IV. Between Crescent and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50820224" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Review of Richard G. Hovannisian. The Republic of Armenia. Vol. III. From London to Sèvres to London, February-August 1920. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1996, xx, 534; AND Vol. IV. Between Crescent and Sickle: Partition and Sovietization. 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Archaeologist","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63671251,"asset_id":2054552,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2455317,"first_name":"Giorgi","last_name":"Kavtaradze","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"GiorgiLeonKavtaradze","display_name":"Giorgi Kavtaradze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2455317/768936/35079865/s65_giorgi.kavtaradze.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":231245,"name":"Georgian archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":3664254,"name":"Giorgi Leonidze","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giorgi_Leonidze?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43346338" data-work_id="43346338" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43346338/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_The_Sense_of_Existence_of_the_Iberian_Kingdom_According_to_Historical_Sources_in_Georgian_">იბერიის სამეფოს “არსებობის არსი” ძველი საისტორიო წყაროების მიხედვით (The „Sense of Existence“ of the Iberian Kingdom According to Historical Sources. in Georgian)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The key importance of the location of the Caucasus was picturesquely stated already by Pliny the Elder (Plinius Magnus), in the first century, namely that the Caucasian Gates divides the world in two parts (NH, VI, XII, 30).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43346338" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The key importance of the location of the Caucasus was picturesquely stated already by Pliny the Elder (Plinius Magnus), in the first century, namely that the Caucasian Gates divides the world in two parts (NH, VI, XII, 30). Transcaucasia, as it was located in the edge of the civilized and barbarian worlds, was an area of influences of these two opposite models of the historical development, but the factor of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range determined its destination to be the outpost of the highly developed Eurasian periphery against Central Eurasia, characterized by a slow rate of development, or in other words, to be the stronghold of the civilized South and West against the barbarian North and East.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43346338" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c9dd365a577e539b1a344a82a003b15" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63633377,"asset_id":43346338,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63633377/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2455317" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze">Giorgi Kavtaradze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2455317" type="text/json">{"id":2455317,"first_name":"Giorgi","last_name":"Kavtaradze","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"GiorgiLeonKavtaradze","display_name":"Giorgi Kavtaradze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2455317/768936/35079865/s65_giorgi.kavtaradze.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43346338 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43346338"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43346338, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43346338", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43346338]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43346338").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43346338").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43346338"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15574" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caucasus_Politics">Caucasus Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15574" type="text/json">{"id":15574,"name":"Caucasus Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caucasus_Politics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34346" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Manuscripts">Georgian Manuscripts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34346" type="text/json">{"id":34346,"name":"Georgian Manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Manuscripts?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56059" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_foreign_policy">Georgian foreign policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56059" type="text/json">{"id":56059,"name":"Georgian foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_foreign_policy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88661" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Geopolitics">Eurasian Geopolitics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="88661" type="text/json">{"id":88661,"name":"Eurasian Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Geopolitics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43346338]'), work: {"id":43346338,"title":"იბერიის სამეფოს “არსებობის არსი” ძველი საისტორიო წყაროების მიხედვით (The „Sense of Existence“ of the Iberian Kingdom According to Historical Sources. in Georgian)","created_at":"2020-06-15T06:12:10.211-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43346338/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_The_Sense_of_Existence_of_the_Iberian_Kingdom_According_to_Historical_Sources_in_Georgian_?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_43346338","summary":"The key importance of the location of the Caucasus was picturesquely stated already by Pliny the Elder (Plinius Magnus), in the first century, namely that the Caucasian Gates divides the world in two parts (NH, VI, XII, 30). Transcaucasia, as it was located in the edge of the civilized and barbarian worlds, was an area of influences of these two opposite models of the historical development, but the factor of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range determined its destination to be the outpost of the highly developed Eurasian periphery against Central Eurasia, characterized by a slow rate of development, or in other words, to be the stronghold of the civilized South and West against the barbarian North and East.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63633377,"asset_id":43346338,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2455317,"first_name":"Giorgi","last_name":"Kavtaradze","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"GiorgiLeonKavtaradze","display_name":"Giorgi Kavtaradze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2455317/768936/35079865/s65_giorgi.kavtaradze.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15574,"name":"Caucasus Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caucasus_Politics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":34346,"name":"Georgian Manuscripts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Manuscripts?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":56059,"name":"Georgian foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_foreign_policy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":88661,"name":"Eurasian Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eurasian_Geopolitics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":260158,"name":"Scythian and other Eurasian Nomadic Horse Warrior Cultures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scythian_and_other_Eurasian_Nomadic_Horse_Warrior_Cultures?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":448361,"name":"Transcaucasia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcaucasia?f_ri=375477"},{"id":963142,"name":"Iberian Kingdom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iberian_Kingdom?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1848583,"name":"Kartvelian/Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kartvelian_Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477"},{"id":3666836,"name":"Ciscaucasia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciscaucasia?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38364485" data-work_id="38364485" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38364485/For_Beauty_Nation_and_God_The_Creation_of_the_Georgian_National_Treasure">For Beauty, Nation and God. The Creation of the Georgian National Treasure</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The following paper traces the origins and increased interest in the cultural heritage of Georgia on behalf of the local intelligentsia in the 19th century. After describing the circumstances that may have led the new generation of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38364485" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The following paper traces the origins and increased interest in the cultural heritage of Georgia on behalf of the local intelligentsia in the 19th century. After describing the circumstances that may have led the new generation of Georgian scholars to a systematic exploration of ancient remains in the Caucasus and medieval ecclesiastical monuments and treasuries, the paper will focus on the main archaeologists of Christian antiquity in Georgia, Dimitri Bakradze and Ekvtime Taqaishvili. Finally, the study outlines the creation of what has been called the Georgian National Treasure. The treasure items, collected from monasteries and settlements all over Georgia and protected from robberies and impetuous art collectors, were sent into exile in 1921, shortly before the short-lived Georgian Democratic Republic’s annexation to the Soviet Union. The thirty-nine boxes, containing manuscripts, icons, precious liturgical vessels and other priceless items, were sent from Batumi to Marseille, via Istanbul, and stored in France until 1945, when Ekvtime Taqaishvili, who had taken care of and protected them over those 24 years, accompanied them back to Tbilisi.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38364485" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32aa443ea25b88c277608b5724f6bf17" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58417700,"asset_id":38364485,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58417700/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5666080" href="https://muni.academia.edu/Al%C5%BEb%C4%9BtaFilipov%C3%A1">Alžběta Filipová</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5666080" type="text/json">{"id":5666080,"first_name":"Alžběta","last_name":"Filipová","domain_name":"muni","page_name":"AlžbětaFilipová","display_name":"Alžběta Filipová","profile_url":"https://muni.academia.edu/Al%C5%BEb%C4%9BtaFilipov%C3%A1?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5666080/2463455/14446689/s65_al_b_ta.filipov_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38364485 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38364485"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38364485, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38364485", }); 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The Creation of the Georgian National Treasure","created_at":"2019-02-16T00:33:37.970-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38364485/For_Beauty_Nation_and_God_The_Creation_of_the_Georgian_National_Treasure?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_38364485","summary":"The following paper traces the origins and increased interest in the cultural heritage of Georgia on behalf of the local intelligentsia in the 19th century. After describing the circumstances that may have led the new generation of Georgian scholars to a systematic exploration of ancient remains in the Caucasus and medieval ecclesiastical monuments and treasuries, the paper will focus on the main archaeologists of Christian antiquity in Georgia, Dimitri Bakradze and Ekvtime Taqaishvili. Finally, the study outlines the creation of what has been called the Georgian National Treasure. The treasure items, collected from monasteries and settlements all over Georgia and protected from robberies and impetuous art collectors, were sent into exile in 1921, shortly before the short-lived Georgian Democratic Republic’s annexation to the Soviet Union. The thirty-nine boxes, containing manuscripts, icons, precious liturgical vessels and other priceless items, were sent from Batumi to Marseille, via Istanbul, and stored in France until 1945, when Ekvtime Taqaishvili, who had taken care of and protected them over those 24 years, accompanied them back to Tbilisi.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58417700,"asset_id":38364485,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5666080,"first_name":"Alžběta","last_name":"Filipová","domain_name":"muni","page_name":"AlžbětaFilipová","display_name":"Alžběta Filipová","profile_url":"https://muni.academia.edu/Al%C5%BEb%C4%9BtaFilipov%C3%A1?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5666080/2463455/14446689/s65_al_b_ta.filipov_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":3524,"name":"Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":10495,"name":"Nationalism And State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_And_State_Building?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":15352,"name":"Historiography (in Art History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography_in_Art_History_?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":117820,"name":"Georgian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Studies?f_ri=375477"},{"id":118223,"name":"Centre-Periphery Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centre-Periphery_Relations?f_ri=375477"},{"id":253138,"name":"Medieval Culture and Art History - Treasures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Culture_and_Art_History_-_Treasures?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":633840,"name":"Georgian Art and Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Art_and_Architecture?f_ri=375477"},{"id":995178,"name":"Historiography of Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography_of_Art_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1212042,"name":"Medieval Georgian Christian Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Georgian_Christian_Art?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35740289" data-work_id="35740289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35740289/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_XX%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_2003_2_pdf">საქართველოს ისტორია XXს - 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ტომი 5.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">43. 2 В. К. Яцунский, Аграрное развитие России с 80-х годов XVIII века до 80-х годов XIX столетия (Рукопись доклада, прочитанного в г. Риме в мае 1966 года на коллоквиуме советско-италянских историков), გვ. 17.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36274572" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7e056f10aabff350987a10d513913b72" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56179457,"asset_id":36274572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56179457/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="64953968" href="https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava">natia jolokhava</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="64953968" type="text/json">{"id":64953968,"first_name":"natia","last_name":"jolokhava","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"natiajolokhava","display_name":"natia jolokhava","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/natiajolokhava?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/64953968/17743843/54602800/s65_natia.jolokhava.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36274572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36274572"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36274572, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36274572", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36274572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36274572; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36274572"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36274572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36274572"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36274572; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36274572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36274572").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36274572").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36274572"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36274572]'), work: {"id":36274572,"title":"საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები - ტომი 5.pdf","created_at":"2018-03-28T01:10:46.468-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36274572/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_5_pdf?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_36274572","summary":"43. 2 В. К. Яцунский, Аграрное развитие России с 80-х годов XVIII века до 80-х годов XIX столетия (Рукопись доклада, прочитанного в г. 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(essay & catalog)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE ROMAN PERIOD OF GEORGIA (Iberia-Colchis) by Gela Gamkrelidze (Essay & Catalog ). Tb. 2014. The present book discusses the history of the Roman period in Colchis and Iberia (1st c. BC - 4th c. AD).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32923731" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ARCHAEOLOGY OF  THE  ROMAN  PERIOD  OF  GEORGIA  (Iberia-Colchis) by  Gela Gamkrelidze  (Essay & Catalog ). Tb.  2014.<br />        The present book discusses the history of the Roman period in Colchis and Iberia (1st c. BC - 4th c. AD). Modern Georgia lies in the central and western part of Transcaucasia. The political-economic situation of ancient Georgia differed in various periods.  Study of the history of the relations of Iberia-Colchis and Rome is largely feasible on the basis of archaeological material, for written sources on this period are few. The archaeological excavations, carried on for years, have resulted in the accumulation of fairly diverse evidence (see Catalog).<br />        Romanization was the part of Globalization process, which meant wide spreading of Roman economical, political and cultural behavior in the provinces of the Empire and in neighboring countries. From the sixties of the 1st c.  BC, when the Georgian states first came in contact with Roman legions, and till the Roman Empire had ceased to exist, these states kept up close contacts. The process of Romanization in early Georgia took a peculiar, different course. Roman-European type culture did not emerge here, as the roots and influence of the so-called Eastern-Hellenistic culture were strong here. <br />      Stamps of Roman military units (in Ancient Georgia) constitute a significant historical source. Archaeologically attested stamps of Roman legions and subdivisions provide documentary evidence for the place, time and function of the deployment of Roman units in one or another region of the Empire.<br />      The impact of Roman civilization is seen in other fields (architecture, handicraft, etc) of native population of Iberia. These processes are becoming more intensive from the 2nd c. AD and last until the 4th c. AD. The process of Romanization is better represented in the towns of Black Sea Littoral and in the Capital of Iberian kingdom Mtskheta.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32923731" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4145a4add1aba93271c5df7f4fa3b86a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53058182,"asset_id":32923731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53058182/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4400233" href="https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze">Gela Gamkrelidze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4400233" type="text/json">{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela Gamkrelidze","profile_url":"https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4400233/1785195/2130593/s65_gela.gamkrelidze.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32923731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32923731"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32923731, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32923731", }); 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The archaeological excavations, carried on for years, have resulted in the accumulation of fairly diverse evidence (see Catalog).\n Romanization was the part of Globalization process, which meant wide spreading of Roman economical, political and cultural behavior in the provinces of the Empire and in neighboring countries. From the sixties of the 1st c. BC, when the Georgian states first came in contact with Roman legions, and till the Roman Empire had ceased to exist, these states kept up close contacts. The process of Romanization in early Georgia took a peculiar, different course. Roman-European type culture did not emerge here, as the roots and influence of the so-called Eastern-Hellenistic culture were strong here. \n Stamps of Roman military units (in Ancient Georgia) constitute a significant historical source. Archaeologically attested stamps of Roman legions and subdivisions provide documentary evidence for the place, time and function of the deployment of Roman units in one or another region of the Empire.\n The impact of Roman civilization is seen in other fields (architecture, handicraft, etc) of native population of Iberia. These processes are becoming more intensive from the 2nd c. AD and last until the 4th c. AD. The process of Romanization is better represented in the towns of Black Sea Littoral and in the Capital of Iberian kingdom Mtskheta.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53058182,"asset_id":32923731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela Gamkrelidze","profile_url":"https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4400233/1785195/2130593/s65_gela.gamkrelidze.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":829,"name":"Roman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":8541,"name":"Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caucasus?f_ri=375477"},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=375477"},{"id":9282,"name":"Turkish History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":13890,"name":"Byzantine History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":14641,"name":"Byzantine Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Archaeology?f_ri=375477"},{"id":21324,"name":"Roman Army","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Army?f_ri=375477"},{"id":23555,"name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Empire?f_ri=375477"},{"id":33668,"name":"Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia?f_ri=375477"},{"id":45913,"name":"Roman Period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Period?f_ri=375477"},{"id":99285,"name":"Roman Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Architecture?f_ri=375477"},{"id":226089,"name":"Colchis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colchis?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":518307,"name":"Ancient Colchis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Colchis?f_ri=375477"},{"id":634974,"name":"Roman Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Archaeology?f_ri=375477"},{"id":954305,"name":"Indo european and Ancient Near Eastern Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indo_european_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Culture?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65435099" data-work_id="65435099" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65435099/Iberia_Colchis_N11">Iberia-Colchis N11</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Journal: IBERIA-COLKHIS (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), N11. 2015. Editor-in-Chief: Gela Gamkrelidze. In the present journal (N 11) the authors considers some issues... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65435099" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Journal: IBERIA-COLKHIS (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia  in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), N11. 2015. Editor-in-Chief: Gela Gamkrelidze.<br />In the present journal (N 11) the authors considers some issues related to Iberia-Colchis, studying history and archaeology of Georgia. The journal is designated for the specialists and also for the readers concerned with history and archaeology of Georgia (in Caucasus). In this journal there are artistic reconstructions from written sources and archaeological data.<br />Papers in English: Musical instruments discovered in Georgia through archaeological excavations; Historical topography of greater Mtskheta; Colchis in the system of the pontic kingdom of Mitridates; Armazian script and etc. Papers (in Georgien & English summary): Glyptical monuments of Georgia; Colchis kingdom and Iran in 5th-4th centuries bc; the ovens with two sections; The house of a 5th century resident from Mtskheta; Iron weapons of 6th -3rd centuries bc. from Aragvi valley; Architectural monuments of Mtskheta of classical period; Archaeological excavations at Dedoflisgora in 2013 -2015 and etc.  <br />The full version of the journal is available on the web site of Library of The Parliament of Georgia and  AWOL - THE ANCIENT WORLD ONLINE.  See the web site:<br /><a href="http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html" rel="nofollow">http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html</a> <br /><a href="http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author&value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela" rel="nofollow">http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author&value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela</a>  <br /><a href="http://museum.ge/?lang_id=ENGGEO&sec_id=95" rel="nofollow">http://museum.ge/?lang_id=ENGGEO&sec_id=95</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65435099" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5afefeabf1102f6967835a4aeac1d60c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77173643,"asset_id":65435099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77173643/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4400233" href="https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze">Gela Gamkrelidze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4400233" type="text/json">{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela Gamkrelidze","profile_url":"https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4400233/1785195/2130593/s65_gela.gamkrelidze.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65435099 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65435099"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65435099, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65435099", }); 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Editor-in-Chief: Gela Gamkrelidze.\nIn the present journal (N 11) the authors considers some issues related to Iberia-Colchis, studying history and archaeology of Georgia. The journal is designated for the specialists and also for the readers concerned with history and archaeology of Georgia (in Caucasus). In this journal there are artistic reconstructions from written sources and archaeological data.\nPapers in English: Musical instruments discovered in Georgia through archaeological excavations; Historical topography of greater Mtskheta; Colchis in the system of the pontic kingdom of Mitridates; Armazian script and etc. Papers (in Georgien \u0026 English summary): Glyptical monuments of Georgia; Colchis kingdom and Iran in 5th-4th centuries bc; the ovens with two sections; The house of a 5th century resident from Mtskheta; Iron weapons of 6th -3rd centuries bc. from Aragvi valley; Architectural monuments of Mtskheta of classical period; Archaeological excavations at Dedoflisgora in 2013 -2015 and etc. \nThe full version of the journal is available on the web site of Library of The Parliament of Georgia and AWOL - THE ANCIENT WORLD ONLINE. See the web site:\nhttp://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html \nhttp://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author\u0026value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela \nhttp://museum.ge/?lang_id=ENGGEO\u0026sec_id=95 \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77173643,"asset_id":65435099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela 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class="summarized">საქართველოს სახელმწიფოებრივი კონცეფცია, ძირითადი იდეა თუ „არსებობის აზრი", გარდა დასავლეთ-აღმოსავლეთისა და ჩრდილოეთ-სამხრეთის კულტურულ-ეკონომიკური დაკავშირებისა, იყო კავკასიონის ქედის ცენტრალურ და დასავლეთ ნაწილზე გადმომავალ ზეკარებზე... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30077788" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">საქართველოს სახელმწიფოებრივი კონცეფცია, ძირითადი იდეა თუ „არსებობის აზრი", გარდა დასავლეთ-აღმოსავლეთისა და ჩრდილოეთ-სამხრეთის კულტურულ-ეკონომიკური დაკავშირებისა, იყო კავკასიონის ქედის ცენტრალურ და დასავლეთ ნაწილზე გადმომავალ ზეკარებზე კონტროლის განხორციელება, რაც, თავის მხრივ, ზემოაღნიშნულ დასავლეთ-აღმოსავლეთისა და ჩრდილოეთ-სამხრეთის კავშირ-ურთიერთობათა ეფექტური ფუნქციონირების წინაპირობასაც წარმოადგენდა. ქვეყნის ეს გეოპოლიტიკური დანიშნულება მისი ფიზიკურ-გეოგრაფიული მონაცემების ერთობლიობით იყო განპირობებული.</div></div></div><ul 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u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="268" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics">Political Geography and Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="268" type="text/json">{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="700827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Caucasus">The Caucasus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="700827" type="text/json">{"id":700827,"name":"The Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Caucasus?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30077788]'), work: {"id":30077788,"title":"საქართველო და კავკასიონი (საქართველოს სახელმწიფოებრივი კონცეპციისათვის)","created_at":"2016-11-24T14:25:18.387-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30077788/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_30077788","summary":"საქართველოს სახელმწიფოებრივი კონცეფცია, ძირითადი იდეა თუ „არსებობის აზრი\", გარდა დასავლეთ-აღმოსავლეთისა და ჩრდილოეთ-სამხრეთის კულტურულ-ეკონომიკური დაკავშირებისა, იყო კავკასიონის ქედის ცენტრალურ და დასავლეთ ნაწილზე გადმომავალ ზეკარებზე კონტროლის განხორციელება, რაც, თავის მხრივ, ზემოაღნიშნულ დასავლეთ-აღმოსავლეთისა და ჩრდილოეთ-სამხრეთის კავშირ-ურთიერთობათა ეფექტური ფუნქციონირების წინაპირობასაც წარმოადგენდა. ქვეყნის ეს გეოპოლიტიკური დანიშნულება მისი ფიზიკურ-გეოგრაფიული მონაცემების ერთობლიობით იყო განპირობებული.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63622834,"asset_id":30077788,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2455317,"first_name":"Giorgi","last_name":"Kavtaradze","domain_name":"tsu-ge","page_name":"GiorgiLeonKavtaradze","display_name":"Giorgi Kavtaradze","profile_url":"https://tsu-ge.academia.edu/GiorgiLeonKavtaradze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2455317/768936/35079865/s65_giorgi.kavtaradze.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":700827,"name":"The Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Caucasus?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65435106" data-work_id="65435106" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65435106/Iberia_Colchis_N7">Iberia-Colchis N7</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Journal: IBERIA-COLCHIS (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), Editor in Chief: Gela Gamkrelidze (GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM - Otar Lordkipanidze Institute of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65435106" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Journal: IBERIA-COLCHIS (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), Editor in Chief: Gela  Gamkrelidze (GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM -  Otar Lordkipanidze Institute of Archaeological Studies).<br />      In the journal the authors reviews some issues related to Iberia-Colchis, studying history and archaeology of Georgia. The journal is designated for the specialists and also for the readers concerned with history and archaeology of Georgia (in Caucasus). In this journal there are artistic reconstructions from written sources and archaeological data. In the journal PAPERS IN ENGLISH and PAPERS IN GEORGIAN  (also has summary in English).  REVIEW. <br />The full version of the journal is available on the web site of Library of The Parliament of Georgia and  AWOL - THE ANCIENT WORLD ONLINE.  See the web site:<br /><a href="http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html" rel="nofollow">http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html</a> <br /><a href="http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author&value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela" rel="nofollow">http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author&value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela</a>  <br /><a href="http://museum.ge/?lang_id=ENGGEO&sec_id=95" rel="nofollow">http://museum.ge/?lang_id=ENGGEO&sec_id=95</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65435106" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aafd07e46712ab58f0dad8c78620a46c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77172600,"asset_id":65435106,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77172600/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4400233" href="https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze">Gela Gamkrelidze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4400233" type="text/json">{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela Gamkrelidze","profile_url":"https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4400233/1785195/2130593/s65_gela.gamkrelidze.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65435106 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65435106"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65435106, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65435106", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65435106]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65435106").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65435106").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="65435106"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22878" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History">Ancient Greek History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22878" type="text/json">{"id":22878,"name":"Ancient Greek History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33668" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia">Georgia</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33668" type="text/json">{"id":33668,"name":"Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=65435106]'), work: {"id":65435106,"title":"Iberia-Colchis N7","created_at":"2021-12-22T00:07:57.148-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/65435106/Iberia_Colchis_N7?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_65435106","summary":" Journal: IBERIA-COLCHIS (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), Editor in Chief: Gela Gamkrelidze (GEORGIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM - Otar Lordkipanidze Institute of Archaeological Studies).\n In the journal the authors reviews some issues related to Iberia-Colchis, studying history and archaeology of Georgia. The journal is designated for the specialists and also for the readers concerned with history and archaeology of Georgia (in Caucasus). In this journal there are artistic reconstructions from written sources and archaeological data. In the journal PAPERS IN ENGLISH and PAPERS IN GEORGIAN (also has summary in English). REVIEW. \nThe full version of the journal is available on the web site of Library of The Parliament of Georgia and AWOL - THE ANCIENT WORLD ONLINE. See the web site:\nhttp://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2014/09/open-access-jpournal-iberia-kolxeti.html \nhttp://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author\u0026value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela \nhttp://museum.ge/?lang_id=ENGGEO\u0026sec_id=95 \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77172600,"asset_id":65435106,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela Gamkrelidze","profile_url":"https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4400233/1785195/2130593/s65_gela.gamkrelidze.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":22878,"name":"Ancient Greek History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":33668,"name":"Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgia?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43109046" data-work_id="43109046" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43109046/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C">ნარკვევები საქართველო-რუსეთის ურთიერთობის ისტორიიდან</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">წიგნში გაშუქებულია საქართველო-რუსეთის ურთიერთობის კარდინალური საკითხები, რომელთა ქრონოლოგია ძირითადად მე-18 საუკუნის ბოლოდან იწყება და 2010 წლამდე მოდის.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm 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რომელთა ქრონოლოგია ძირითადად მე-18 საუკუნის ბოლოდან იწყება და 2010 წლამდე მოდის.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63363484,"asset_id":43109046,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55342371,"first_name":"Otar","last_name":"Janelidze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"OtarJanelidze","display_name":"Otar Janelidze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/OtarJanelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/55342371/15347442/33577863/s65_otar.janelidze.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":5895,"name":"Russian 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34749158/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_Bayar_the_Nutsal_of_Avaria_and_his_coins_in_Russian_">Байар, нуцал Аварии, и его монеты [Bayar, the Nutsal of Avaria, and his coins; in Russian]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Article devoted to the bilingual coins of Bayar, Christian ruler (nutsal) of Avaria (south-western Daghestan). This copper coins were struck in the middle of the thirteenth century. On the side with Georgian Asomt'avruli inscriptions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34749158" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Article devoted to the bilingual coins of Bayar, Christian ruler (nutsal) of Avaria (south-western Daghestan). <br />This copper coins were struck in the middle of the thirteenth century. <br />On the side with Georgian Asomt'avruli inscriptions there is letter "B" (i.e. the name of Bayar) in the central circle, surrounded with phrase "saxelit'a γvt'isayt'a" (in the name of God) around letter B. On the other side placed highly distorted Arabic inscription: "malik / Bayār bin / Suraqa / al-masīḥī" (King Bayar, son of Suraqa, the Christian).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34749158" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1d81681dc8171c6e32729b1255c4080c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54607535,"asset_id":34749158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54607535/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="544050" href="https://ivran.academia.edu/AlexanderAkopyan">Alexander Akopyan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="544050" type="text/json">{"id":544050,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Akopyan","domain_name":"ivran","page_name":"AlexanderAkopyan","display_name":"Alexander Akopyan","profile_url":"https://ivran.academia.edu/AlexanderAkopyan?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/544050/195636/94066994/s65_alexander.akopyan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34749158 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34749158"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34749158, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34749158", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34749158]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34749158").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34749158").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34749158"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Language">Georgian Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4161" type="text/json">{"id":4161,"name":"Georgian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Language?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14544" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Numismatics">Islamic Numismatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14544" type="text/json">{"id":14544,"name":"Islamic Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Numismatics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17210" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17210" type="text/json">{"id":17210,"name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Caucasus?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20634" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relation">Muslim-Christian Relation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20634" type="text/json">{"id":20634,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relation?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34749158]'), work: {"id":34749158,"title":"Байар, нуцал Аварии, и его монеты [Bayar, the Nutsal of Avaria, and his coins; in Russian]","created_at":"2017-10-03T00:53:37.893-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34749158/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_Bayar_the_Nutsal_of_Avaria_and_his_coins_in_Russian_?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_34749158","summary":"Article devoted to the bilingual coins of Bayar, Christian ruler (nutsal) of Avaria (south-western Daghestan). \r\nThis copper coins were struck in the middle of the thirteenth century. \r\nOn the side with Georgian Asomt'avruli inscriptions there is letter \"B\" (i.e. the name of Bayar) in the central circle, surrounded with phrase \"saxelit'a γvt'isayt'a\" (in the name of God) around letter B. On the other side placed highly distorted Arabic inscription: \"malik / Bayār bin / Suraqa / al-masīḥī\" (King Bayar, son of Suraqa, the Christian).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54607535,"asset_id":34749158,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":544050,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Akopyan","domain_name":"ivran","page_name":"AlexanderAkopyan","display_name":"Alexander Akopyan","profile_url":"https://ivran.academia.edu/AlexanderAkopyan?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/544050/195636/94066994/s65_alexander.akopyan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4161,"name":"Georgian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Language?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":14544,"name":"Islamic Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Numismatics?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":17210,"name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Caucasus?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":20634,"name":"Muslim-Christian Relation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Muslim-Christian_Relation?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":34415,"name":"Medieval Islamic Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Islamic_Numismatics?f_ri=375477"},{"id":148731,"name":"Islamic Numismatic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Numismatic?f_ri=375477"},{"id":158158,"name":"History of Georgia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Georgia?f_ri=375477"},{"id":181833,"name":"Nakh-Daghestanian languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nakh-Daghestanian_languages?f_ri=375477"},{"id":226110,"name":"Dagestan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dagestan?f_ri=375477"},{"id":227651,"name":"History of Georgian Orthodox Church","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Georgian_Orthodox_Church?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"},{"id":387245,"name":"North Caucasian languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Caucasian_languages?f_ri=375477"},{"id":750433,"name":"Georgian Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_Numismatics?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32925081 coauthored" data-work_id="32925081" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32925081/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98">ქართლის ცხოვრების ტოპოარქეოლოგიური ლექსიკონი</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A TOPOARCHAEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia), 2013, Tb. by G. Gamkrelidze, D. Mindorashvili, Z. Bragvadze, M. Kvachadze & etc. (in Georgian), Published by Georgian National Museum. Edited... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32925081" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A  TOPOARCHAEOLOGICAL  DICTIONARY OF  Kartlis  Tskhovreba  (History of Georgia),  2013,  Tb. <br />by  G.  Gamkrelidze,  D. Mindorashvili,  Z.  Bragvadze,  M. Kvachadze & etc. (in Georgian), Published by Georgian National Museum. Edited by  G.  Gamkrelidze.<br />      A new book has been published recently about geographical localities mentioned in Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia). Topoarchaeology is a direction of scientific research at the crossing of various branches of historical science, involving a synthetic-systemic study of archaeology, historical geography, place names and written sources. The dictionary has been compiled precisely from this angle. Simon Qaukhchishvili’s academic edition of Kartlis Tskhovreba was taken as the basis; for it takes into account all the old copies. Vakhushti Bagrationi’s “Description of the Kingdom of Georgia” has also been used. This monumental work mentions up to 650 points: cities, towns, villages, hamlets, monasteries, fortresses, etc (e. g. Mtskheta, Sarkine, Uplistsikhe, Gremi, Akhaltsikhe, Rustavi, Dzalisa, and so on). Part of them continues to exist to the present day, while part were destroyed through the vicissitudes of time. Our purpose was to create a reference containing comprehensive archaeological and historical-source study done at modern standards on the points mentioned in the Kartlis Tskhovreba. Part of these points has been studied archaeologically. However, in many cases this information is not readily accessible to the broad readership interested in the past of Georgia.<br />      In the proposed dictionary already familiar and newly discovered archaeological, historical, historic-geographical and other type of material is brought together on each locality referred to in “Kartlis Tskhovreba” and as a result of a complex study, a scholarly paper containing exhaustive information on each city, village or fortress has been written, using a unified template.<br />        In working on the Dictionary of the historic-comparative and statistic-typological method of study of archaeological artefacts was made. In studying each site (city, village, fortress, etc.) the following data were given: 1) both old and new designations; 2) list of the written sources in which these points are mentioned; 3) the location of the sites; 4) their description and comments on the archaeological artefacts; 5) brief history of study and its findings; the present status of the study of the site; 6) comprehensive bibliography. The topoarchaeological study of “Kartlis Tskhovreba” has resulted in the compilation of a unique reference type work of encyclopedic character, arranged alphabetically. It will be of help to archaeologists, historians and all interested readers. The information on each place name, mentioned in “Kartslis Tskhovreba”, brought together in the Dictionary, will become available to the public.<br />        In the Classical period political hegemony on Georgian territory was gained by the kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, on the site and basis of these kingdoms a single Georgian state – Georgia – was formed. In the present Dictionary the principal context of the cultural-historical development of early Georgia is given on the basis of the available written sources and new archaeological material. Also in case of financing, the translation of the Dictionary into English and its issuing is envisaged in the future. <br />            You can buy the book at the book stores of the Georgian National Museum and the publishing house “Santa  <br />      Esperansa”.  The full version of the book is available on the web site of Library of The Parliament of Georgia:      <br /> <a href="http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author&value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela&locale=en" rel="nofollow">http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author&value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela&locale=en</a> <br /><br /> <a href="http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/41521?locale=en" rel="nofollow">http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/41521?locale=en</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32925081" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="49a106ac89fd24f714f5dcf4e1e27f96" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54866907,"asset_id":32925081,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54866907/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4400233" href="https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze">Gela Gamkrelidze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4400233" type="text/json">{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela Gamkrelidze","profile_url":"https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4400233/1785195/2130593/s65_gela.gamkrelidze.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-32925081">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-32925081"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/zurabbragvadze">Zurab Bragvadze</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-32925081'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-32925081').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32925081 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32925081"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32925081; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32925081]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32925081").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32925081").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32925081"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaelogy">Archaelogy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51422" type="text/json">{"id":51422,"name":"Archaelogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaelogy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="75162" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="75162" type="text/json">{"id":75162,"name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Caucasus?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="375477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History">Georgian History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="375477" type="text/json">{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32925081]'), work: {"id":32925081,"title":"ქართლის ცხოვრების ტოპოარქეოლოგიური ლექსიკონი","created_at":"2017-05-09T09:55:32.536-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32925081/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_32925081","summary":" A TOPOARCHAEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia), 2013, Tb. \nby G. Gamkrelidze, D. Mindorashvili, Z. Bragvadze, M. Kvachadze \u0026 etc. (in Georgian), Published by Georgian National Museum. Edited by G. Gamkrelidze.\n A new book has been published recently about geographical localities mentioned in Kartlis Tskhovreba (History of Georgia). Topoarchaeology is a direction of scientific research at the crossing of various branches of historical science, involving a synthetic-systemic study of archaeology, historical geography, place names and written sources. The dictionary has been compiled precisely from this angle. Simon Qaukhchishvili’s academic edition of Kartlis Tskhovreba was taken as the basis; for it takes into account all the old copies. Vakhushti Bagrationi’s “Description of the Kingdom of Georgia” has also been used. This monumental work mentions up to 650 points: cities, towns, villages, hamlets, monasteries, fortresses, etc (e. g. Mtskheta, Sarkine, Uplistsikhe, Gremi, Akhaltsikhe, Rustavi, Dzalisa, and so on). Part of them continues to exist to the present day, while part were destroyed through the vicissitudes of time. Our purpose was to create a reference containing comprehensive archaeological and historical-source study done at modern standards on the points mentioned in the Kartlis Tskhovreba. Part of these points has been studied archaeologically. However, in many cases this information is not readily accessible to the broad readership interested in the past of Georgia.\n In the proposed dictionary already familiar and newly discovered archaeological, historical, historic-geographical and other type of material is brought together on each locality referred to in “Kartlis Tskhovreba” and as a result of a complex study, a scholarly paper containing exhaustive information on each city, village or fortress has been written, using a unified template.\n In working on the Dictionary of the historic-comparative and statistic-typological method of study of archaeological artefacts was made. In studying each site (city, village, fortress, etc.) the following data were given: 1) both old and new designations; 2) list of the written sources in which these points are mentioned; 3) the location of the sites; 4) their description and comments on the archaeological artefacts; 5) brief history of study and its findings; the present status of the study of the site; 6) comprehensive bibliography. The topoarchaeological study of “Kartlis Tskhovreba” has resulted in the compilation of a unique reference type work of encyclopedic character, arranged alphabetically. It will be of help to archaeologists, historians and all interested readers. The information on each place name, mentioned in “Kartslis Tskhovreba”, brought together in the Dictionary, will become available to the public.\n In the Classical period political hegemony on Georgian territory was gained by the kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia, on the site and basis of these kingdoms a single Georgian state – Georgia – was formed. In the present Dictionary the principal context of the cultural-historical development of early Georgia is given on the basis of the available written sources and new archaeological material. Also in case of financing, the translation of the Dictionary into English and its issuing is envisaged in the future. \n You can buy the book at the book stores of the Georgian National Museum and the publishing house “Santa \n Esperansa”. The full version of the book is available on the web site of Library of The Parliament of Georgia: \n http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/browse?type=author\u0026value=Gamkrelidze%2C+Gela\u0026locale=en \n\n http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/41521?locale=en \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54866907,"asset_id":32925081,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4400233,"first_name":"Gela","last_name":"Gamkrelidze","domain_name":"georgiannationalmuseum","page_name":"GelaGamkrelidze","display_name":"Gela Gamkrelidze","profile_url":"https://georgiannationalmuseum.academia.edu/GelaGamkrelidze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4400233/1785195/2130593/s65_gela.gamkrelidze.jpg"},{"id":4669765,"first_name":"Zurab","last_name":"Bragvadze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"zurabbragvadze","display_name":"Zurab Bragvadze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/zurabbragvadze?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4669765/19812007/19644054/s65_zurab.bragvadze.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":51422,"name":"Archaelogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaelogy?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":75162,"name":"South Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Caucasus?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":693745,"name":"ისტორია","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90?f_ri=375477"},{"id":2184355,"name":"საქართველოს ისტორია","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37765572" data-work_id="37765572" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37765572/Pipelines_to_Cultural_Heritage">Pipelines to Cultural Heritage</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Pipelines to Cultural Heritage", edited with an Introduction by Paul Michael Taylor, brings together the papers presented at an international workshop on the archaeology of the BTC-SCP Pipeline Corridors, held from April 20-23, 2010, in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37765572" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Pipelines to Cultural Heritage", edited with an Introduction by Paul Michael Taylor, brings together the papers presented at an international workshop on the archaeology of the BTC-SCP Pipeline Corridors, held from April 20-23, 2010, in Baku, Azerbaijan, as one part of the collaborative work done by the Smithsonian Institution and the Institute of Arhaeology and Ethnography (Baku, Azerbaijan), the Gobustan Historic and Artistic Preserve (Azerbaijan), and the Georgian National Museum (Tbilisi, Georgia). This workshop brought together scholars of the region to assess and interpret cultural heritage findings along the BTC-SCP pipeline corridors through Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. Panels highlighted and attempted to interpret the linkages in the richly layered cultural history of this region, brought together again today through their participation in this pipeline project. Other panels addressed issues of historic site preservation, salvage archeology, and museum development.<br />These proceedings were  originally published online in 2011 within the "Uncover More" pages of a Smithsonian website about this project. This present 2018 revision and reformatting of that online publication presents the papers in a more convenient PDF and print format. In this publication, the papers that were not originally presented in English at that workshop are here presented in their original versions (in Russian, Azerbaijani, or Georgian) immediately after the added English translations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37765572" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="19d76e3ddcdaf184fcc229d63c631b35" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84873403,"asset_id":37765572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84873403/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81878957" href="https://si.academia.edu/PaulMichaelTaylor">Paul Michael Taylor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81878957" type="text/json">{"id":81878957,"first_name":"Paul Michael","last_name":"Taylor","domain_name":"si","page_name":"PaulMichaelTaylor","display_name":"Paul Michael Taylor","profile_url":"https://si.academia.edu/PaulMichaelTaylor?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81878957/19760627/19605816/s65_paul_michael.taylor.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37765572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37765572"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37765572, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37765572", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37765572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37765572").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37765572").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37765572"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="399" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology">Prehistoric Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="399" type="text/json">{"id":399,"name":"Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1657" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Museum_Studies">Museum Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1657" type="text/json">{"id":1657,"name":"Museum Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Museum_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7870" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Archaeology">Medieval Archaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7870" type="text/json">{"id":7870,"name":"Medieval Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Archaeology?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37765572]'), work: {"id":37765572,"title":"Pipelines to Cultural Heritage","created_at":"2018-11-13T14:13:34.746-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37765572/Pipelines_to_Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=375477","dom_id":"work_37765572","summary":"\"Pipelines to Cultural Heritage\", edited with an Introduction by Paul Michael Taylor, brings together the papers presented at an international workshop on the archaeology of the BTC-SCP Pipeline Corridors, held from April 20-23, 2010, in Baku, Azerbaijan, as one part of the collaborative work done by the Smithsonian Institution and the Institute of Arhaeology and Ethnography (Baku, Azerbaijan), the Gobustan Historic and Artistic Preserve (Azerbaijan), and the Georgian National Museum (Tbilisi, Georgia). This workshop brought together scholars of the region to assess and interpret cultural heritage findings along the BTC-SCP pipeline corridors through Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey. Panels highlighted and attempted to interpret the linkages in the richly layered cultural history of this region, brought together again today through their participation in this pipeline project. Other panels addressed issues of historic site preservation, salvage archeology, and museum development.\nThese proceedings were originally published online in 2011 within the \"Uncover More\" pages of a Smithsonian website about this project. This present 2018 revision and reformatting of that online publication presents the papers in a more convenient PDF and print format. 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I think the volume is unique as it treats sources... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73888978" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a collection of studies on the development of Christian historiography  in the Roman and Byzantine empires but also beyond, in the lands of the Arab conquest, and the Caucasus. I think the volume is unique as it treats sources written in Greek, Syriac, Arabic, Georgian and Armenian, and focuses on the genres other than the high-style Constantinopolitan historiographic genres that are traditionally in the focus of Byzantine studies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73888978" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ceeb773bbc6514b208b9daf534348ac2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82239788,"asset_id":73888978,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82239788/download_file?st=MTc0MDIzMTYzMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2795040" href="https://vu-nl.academia.edu/CornelisHoogerwerf">Cornelis Hoogerwerf</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2795040" type="text/json">{"id":2795040,"first_name":"Cornelis","last_name":"Hoogerwerf","domain_name":"vu-nl","page_name":"CornelisHoogerwerf","display_name":"Cornelis Hoogerwerf","profile_url":"https://vu-nl.academia.edu/CornelisHoogerwerf?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2795040/2957980/116602434/s65_cornelis.hoogerwerf.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-73888978">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-73888978"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ceu.academia.edu/Istv%C3%A1nPerczel">István Perczel</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-73888978'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-73888978').html(); 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Perczel","profile_url":"https://ceu.academia.edu/Istv%C3%A1nPerczel?f_ri=375477","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/540501/1410005/41753918/s65_istv_n.perczel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3524,"name":"Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historiography?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":5326,"name":"Early Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Christianity?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":10091,"name":"Byzantine Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Studies?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":14138,"name":"Armenian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_History?f_ri=375477","nofollow":true},{"id":15143,"name":"Syriac Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syriac_Studies?f_ri=375477"},{"id":28294,"name":"Arabic Historiography (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Historiography_History_?f_ri=375477"},{"id":42247,"name":"Caucasian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caucasian_Studies?f_ri=375477"},{"id":375477,"name":"Georgian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Georgian_History?f_ri=375477"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Georgian_History?after=50%2C73888978" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Georgian_History?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" 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